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Charrier G, Améglio T. Dynamic modeling of stem water content during the dormant period in walnut trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad128. [PMID: 37847599 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Water content (WC) is a key variable in plant physiology even during the winter period. To simulate stem WC during the dormant season, a series of experiments were carried out on walnut trees under controlled conditions. In the field, WC was significantly correlated with soil temperature at 50 cm depth (R2 = 0.526). In the greenhouse, WC remained low as long as soil temperature was kept cold (<+5 °C) and increased after the soil temperature was warmed to +15 °C regardless of the date. Stem dehydration rate was significantly influenced by the WC and evaporative demand. A parsimonious model with functions describing the main experimental results was calibrated and validated with field data from 13 independent winter dynamics in Juglans regia L. orchards. Three functions of water uptake were tested, and these gave equivalent accuracies (root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 0.127-8; predictive root-mean-square error = 0.116). However, only a sigmoid function describing the relationship between the root water uptake and soil temperature gave values in agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the simulated WC provided a similar accuracy in predicting frost hardiness compared with the measured WC (RMSE ca 3 °C) and was excellent in spring (RMSE ca 2 °C). This model may be a relevant tool for predicting the risk of spring frost in walnut trees. Its genericity should be tested in other fruit and forest tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
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2
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Li Z, Li X, He F. Non-structural carbohydrates contributed to cold tolerance and regeneration of Medicago sativa L. PLANTA 2023; 257:116. [PMID: 37171508 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Soil water content only affected regeneration time, whereas the NSC content was related to the success of alfalfa regeneration. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are important factors influencing the overwintering and regeneration of alfalfa. In this study, we analyzed eight in-situ samplings at three depths of coarse roots (crown, 20 and 40 cm depths) during the overwintering period and assessed the dynamic change and allocation of root NSCs under three irrigation frequencies (irrigation once every second day/4 days/8 days). Primary results showed that: (i) before cold acclimation, irrigation once every second day was beneficial to the accumulation of soluble sugars and starch in crown tissues, which would be maintained until the following spring and accelerate the regeneration time of alfalfa; (ii) during the overwintering process, the soluble sugars and starch contents in the crown were significantly higher than those in deeper roots, and there was an asynchronous effect caused by the change in soluble sugars and starch among roots at three depths; and (iii) the change trend of soluble sugar and starch contents was consistent with that of semi-lethal temperature, and there was a significant negative correlation between the content of soluble sugar (R2 = 0.8046) and starch (R2 = 0.6332) and the semi-lethal temperature. This study demonstrated that NSCs are the key driver of cold tolerance and regeneration under the three irrigation frequencies evaluated. Our results provide further insight into the allocation of NSCs in winter. This improved understanding of the mechanism of overwintering will allow for improved water management of alfalfa in high latitude areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensong Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xianglin Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Feng He
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Piper FI, Fajardo A. Carbon stress causes earlier budbreak in shade-tolerant species and delays it in shade-intolerant species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:1-11. [PMID: 36696584 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Climate change may lead to C stress (negative C balance) in trees. Because nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are required during metabolic reactivation in the spring, C stress might delay budbreak timing. This effect is expected to be greater in shade-intolerant than in shade-tolerant species, owing to the faster C economy in the shade-intolerant. METHODS We experimentally induced C stress in saplings of six temperate tree species that differed in their light requirements by exposing them to either full light or shade from summer to spring, then recorded the date of first budbreak for the individuals. Because the levels of C reserves that represent effective C stress may differ among species, we estimated the degree of C stress by recording survival during the experiment and measuring whole-sapling NSC concentrations after budbreak. RESULTS Shade reduced NSC concentrations and increased the sugar fraction in the NSC in all species. In the shade, shade-intolerant species had higher mortality and generally lower NSC concentrations than the shade-tolerant species, indicating a trend for more severe C stress in species with faster C economy. In shade-intolerant species, budbreak started earlier and proceeded faster in full light than in shade, but in shade-tolerant species budbreak was delayed in full light. The effects of the light environments on budbreak were not greater in shade-intolerant than in shade-tolerant species. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a correspondence between budbreak responses to light and the light requirements of the species. This finding confirms that C metabolism has a significant role in triggering budbreak and demonstrates that whether C stress accelerates or delays budbreak depends on the species' light requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Chile. Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Chile. Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Universidad de Talca, Chile
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Singh RK, Bhalerao RP, Maurya JP. When to branch: seasonal control of shoot architecture in trees. FEBS J 2022; 289:8062-8070. [PMID: 34652884 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived perennial plants optimize their shoot architecture by responding to seasonal cues. The main strategy used by plants of temperate and boreal regions with respect to surviving the extremely unfavourable conditions of winter comprises the protection of their apical and lateral meristematic tissues. This involves myriads of transcriptional, translational and metabolic changes in the plants because shoot architecture is controlled by multiple pathways that regulate processes such as bud formation and flowering, small RNAs, environmental factors (especially light quality, photoperiod and temperature), hormones, and sugars. Recent studies have begun to reveal how these pathways are recruited for the seasonal adaptation and regulation of shoot architecture in perennial plants, including the role of a regulatory module consisting of antagonistic players terminal flower 1 (TFL1) and like-ap1 (LAP1) in the hybrid aspen. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the genetic control of shoot architecture in perennials compared to in annuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jay P Maurya
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pramsohler M, Lichtenberger E, Neuner G. Seasonal Xylem Sap Acidification Is Governed by Tree Phenology, Temperature and Elevation of Growing Site. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2058. [PMID: 35956536 PMCID: PMC9370224 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
pH of xylem sap (pHx) was determined in three trees (Malus domestica (apple tree), Picea abies and Pinus cembra) in response to seasonal changes. Conifer trees from lowland (600 m) were compared to trees growing at the alpine timberline (1950 m a.s.l.). Xylem sap was extracted with a Scholander pressure bomb and pHx was measured with a pH microsensor. In all species, pHx changed markedly with season. In spring, pHx was acidic; during winter, the pHx was more alkaline. In apple trees, the pHx did not show a significant correlation with temperature but was rather affected by developmental stage. During flushing in spring, xylem sap acidification took place concomitant to the developmental stage “tight cluster”, when foliar development enables a significant transpiration and a consequent movement of water in the xylem. The xylem sap of the two studied conifers showed a significantly larger seasonal alkalinisation (+2.1) than found in apple trees (+1.2) and was significantly more pronounced at the timberline. Xylem sap acidification took place before bud break. pHx had a significant negative correlation with soil temperatures and corresponded to already reported pHx of angiosperms. Overall, pHx appears to be a sensitive stress marker and indicator of activity status in tree xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pramsohler
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten/Vadena, 39040 Auer/Ora, Italy
| | - Edith Lichtenberger
- Unit of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Unit of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Crespel L, Le Bras C, Amoroso T, Dubuc B, Citerne S, Perez-Garcia MD, Sakr S. Involvement of sugar and abscisic acid in the genotype-specific response of rose to far-red light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:929029. [PMID: 35937351 PMCID: PMC9355296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture determines yield (fruit or flowers) and product quality in many horticultural species. It results from growth and branching processes and is dependent on genetic and environmental factors such as light quality. Highly significant genotype and light quality effects and their interaction have been demonstrated on the architecture of rose. Far-red (FR) light is known for its favourable effect on plant growth and development. We evaluated the effect of FR on rose growth and development and its interaction with the genotype through architectural, eco-physiological (net photosynthesis rate) and biochemical (sugar and hormone concentrations) approaches. Two cultivars ('The Fairy' - TF - and Knock Out® Radrazz - KO) with contrasting architectures were grown in a climate chamber under FR or in the absence of FR at an average photosynthetic photon flux density (400-700 nm) of 181.7 ± 12.8 μmol m-2 s-1 for 16 h. A significant effect of FR on the architecture of TF was demonstrated, marked by greater stem elongation, shoot branching and flowering, while KO remained insensitive to FR, supporting a genotype x FR interaction. The response of TF to FR was associated with improved photosynthetic capabilities, while KO exhibited an elevated level of abscisic acid (ABA) in its leaves. FR-dependent ABA accumulation might inhibit photosynthesis and prevent the increased plant carbon status required for growth. From a practical perspective, these findings argue in favour of a better reasoning of the choice of the cultivars grown in lighted production systems. Further investigations will be necessary to better understand these genotype-specific responses to FR and to unravel their molecular determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Crespel
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Camille Le Bras
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Amoroso
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
- ASTREDHOR, Institut des professionnels du végétal, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Dubuc
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
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7
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Dominguez PG, Niittylä T. Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:458-487. [PMID: 34542151 PMCID: PMC8919412 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants constitute 80% of the biomass on earth, and almost two-thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon (C)-demanding process and relies on C transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here, we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate C in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which C is transported in plants, and it is found in the phloem sap of all tree species investigated so far. However, in several tree species, sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Furthermore, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular C recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C-carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in C transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate-related environmental factors will not explain the diversity of C transport forms. However, the consideration of C-transport mechanisms in relation to tree-rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Guadalupe Dominguez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires B1686IGC, Argentina
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
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Löiez S, Piper FI. Phenology explains different storage remobilization in two congeneric temperate tree species with contrasting leaf habit. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:501-512. [PMID: 34542156 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of trees on carbon and nutrient storage is critical to predicting the forest vulnerability under climate change, but whether evergreen and deciduous species differ in their use and allocation of stored resources during spring phenology is unclear. Using a high temporal resolution, we evaluated the role of spring phenology and shoot growth as determinants of the carbon and nutrient storage dynamics in contrasting leaf habits. We recorded the phenology and shoot elongation and determined the concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), starch, soluble carbohydrates, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in buds, expanding shoots and previously formed shoots of two sympatric Nothofagus species with contrasting leaf habit. Species reached similar shoot lengths, though shoot expansion started 35 days earlier and lasted c. 40 days more in the deciduous species. Thus, although the deciduous species had a relatively constant shoot growth rate, the evergreen species experienced a conspicuous growth peak for c. 20 days. In the evergreen species, the greatest decreases in NSC concentrations of previously formed shoots and leaves coincided with the maximum shoot expansion rate and fruit filling, with minimums of 63 and 65% relative to values at bud dormancy, respectively. In contrast, minimum NSC concentrations of the previously formed shoots of the deciduous species were only 73% and occurred prior to the initiation of shoot expansion. Bud N and P concentrations increased during budbreak, whereas previously formed shoots generally did not decrease their nutrient concentrations. Late spring phenology and overlapping of phenophases contributed to the greater dependence on storage of proximal tissues in the studied evergreen compared with deciduous species, suggesting that phenology is a key determinant of the contrasting patterns of storage use in evergreen and deciduous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonie Löiez
- Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, Rennes Cedex 35042, France
| | - Frida I Piper
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
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van Bel AJE. The plant axis as the command centre for (re)distribution of sucrose and amino acids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153488. [PMID: 34416599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increase in size required for optimal colonization of terrestrial niches, channels for bidirectional bulk transport of materials in land plants evolved during a period of about 100 million years. These transport systems are essentially still in operation - though perfected over the following 400 million years - and make use of hydrostatic differentials. Substances are accumulated or released at the loading and unloading ends, respectively, of the transport channels. The intermediate stretch between the channel termini is bifunctional and executes orchestrated release and retrieval of solutes. Analyses of anatomical and physiological data demonstrate that the release/retrieval zone extends deeper into sources and sinks than is commonly thought and covers usually much more than 99% of the translocation stretch. This review sketches the significance of events in the intermediate stretch for distribution of organic materials over the plant body. Net leakage from the channels does not only serve maintenance and growth of tissues along the pathway, but also diurnal, short-term or seasonal storage of reserve materials, and balanced distribution of organic C- and N-compounds over axial and terminal sinks. Release and retrieval are controlled by plasma-membrane transporters at the vessel/parenchyma interface in the contact pits along xylem vessels and by plasma-membrane transporters at the interface between companion cells and phloem parenchyma along sieve tubes. The xylem-to-phloem pathway vice versa is a bifacial, radially oriented system comprising a symplasmic pathway, of which entrance and exit are controlled at specific membrane checkpoints, and a parallel apoplasmic pathway. A broad range of specific sucrose and amino-acid transporters are deployed at the checkpoint plasma membranes. SUCs, SUTs, STPs, SWEETs, and AAPs, LTHs, CATs are localized to the plasma membranes in question, both in monocots and eudicots. Presence of Umamits in monocots is uncertain. There is some evidence for endo- and exocytosis at the vessel/parenchyma interface supplementary to the transporter-mediated uptake and release. Actions of transporters at the checkpoints are equally decisive for storage and distribution of amino acids and sucrose in monocots and eudicots, but storage and distribution patterns may differ between both taxa. While the majority of reserves is sequestered in vascular parenchyma cells in dicots, lack of space in monocot vasculature urges "outsourcing" of storage in ground parenchyma around the translocation path. In perennial dicots, specialized radial pathways (rays) include the sites for seasonal alternation of storage and mobilization. In dicots, apoplasmic phloem loading and a correlated low rate of release along the path would favour supply with photoassimilates of terminal sinks, while symplasmic phloem loading and a correlated higher rate of release along the path favours supply of axial sinks and transfer to the xylem. The balance between the resource acquisition by terminal and axial sinks is an important determinant of relative growth rate and, hence, for the fitness of plants in various habitats. Body enlargement as the evolutionary drive for emergence of vascular systems and mass transport propelled by hydrostatic differentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J E van Bel
- Institute of Phythopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Noronha H, Garcia V, Silva A, Delrot S, Gallusci P, Gerós H. Molecular reprogramming in grapevine woody tissues at bud burst. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 311:110984. [PMID: 34482904 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perennial woody plants undergo a period of dormancy from the beginning of autumn until the end of spring. Whereas the molecular and physiological events that characterize dormancy release of buds have been described in detail, those occurring in woody tissues underneath the buds are mostly unknown. To bridge this gap, the mRNA populations of cane segments located underneath the bud were analyzed at bud dormancy (E-L 1) and at bud burst (E-L 4). They revealed an important reprogramming of gene expression suggesting that cell division, cell wall metabolism and the mobilization of sugars are the main metabolic and cellular events occurring in cane woody tissues at bud burst. Also, the upregulation of several genes of sugar metabolism, encoding starch- and sucrose-degrading enzymes and sugar transporters, correlates with the decrease in starch and soluble sugars in woody tissues concomitant with increased sucrose synthase and α-amylolytic biochemical activities. The latter is likely due to the VviAMY2 gene that encodes a functional α-amylase as observed after its heterologous expression in yeast. Taken together, these results are consistent with starch and sugar mobilization in canes being primarily involved in grapevine secondary growth initiation and supporting the growth of the emerging bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Noronha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Virginie Garcia
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Angélica Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Serge Delrot
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Philippe Gallusci
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France.
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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11
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Amico Roxas A, Orozco J, Guzmán-Delgado P, Zwieniecki MA. Spring phenology is affected by fall non-structural carbohydrate concentration and winter sugar redistribution in three Mediterranean nut tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1425-1438. [PMID: 34383074 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deciduous trees mostly rely on non-structural carbohydrates (NSC-soluble carbohydrates and starch) stored prior to dormancy to sustain both spring bloom and the initial phase of spring growth prior to the transition of leaves from sink to source. Winter management of NSC, their loss due to respiration, reallocation patterns and remobilization during spring, seems to be key to a timely and synchronous bloom. To assess tree dependence on NSC during dormancy, we tested whether the interruption of local branch NSC accumulation prior to dormancy by defoliation and the interruption of NSC translocation by phloem girdling influence spring phenology in three major deciduous Mediterranean nut crop species: Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A Webb, a hybrid between Pistacia integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) and P. atlantica Desf. (referred to as P. integerrima), and Juglans regia L. Defoliation treatments had different effects on NSC concentration in different species depending on the time of application. However, despite the significant initial impact (increase or decrease of NSC concentration), with time this impact diminished resulting in overall similar concentrations between control and defoliated branches suggesting the presence of NSC reallocation during dormancy. Phloem girdling in P. dulcis and P. integerrima resulted in reduced export activity and greater NSC concentrations, while in J. regia girdling resulted in lower NSC concentrations, indicating that this species requires a net import of NSC during dormancy. Bud break was distinctly delayed by both defoliation and phloem girdling in all the three species, providing evidence of the significant roles that fall NSC accumulation and winter NSC management play in priming trees for spring growth resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Amico Roxas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jessica Orozco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Savage JA, Chuine I. Coordination of spring vascular and organ phenology in deciduous angiosperms growing in seasonally cold climates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1700-1715. [PMID: 33608961 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In seasonally cold climates, many woody plants tolerate chilling and freezing temperatures by ceasing growth, shedding leaves and entering dormancy. At the same time, transport within these plants often decreases as the vascular system exhibits reduced functionality. As spring growth requires water and nutrients, we ask the question: how much does bud, leaf and flower development depend on the vasculature in spring? In this review, we present what is known about leaf, flower and vascular phenology to sort out this question. In early stages of bud development, buds rely on internal resources and do not appear to require vascular support. The situation changes during organ expansion, after leaves and flowers reconnect to the stem vascular system. However, there are major gaps in our understanding of the timing of vascular development, especially regarding the phloem, as well as the synchronization among leaves, flowers, stem and root vasculature. We believe these gaps are mainly the outcome of research completed in silo and urge future work to take a more integrative approach. We highlight current challenges and propose future directions to make rapid progress on this important topic in upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55811, USA
| | - Isabelle Chuine
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, FR-34293, Cedex 5, France
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13
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Abstract
Pecan is native to the United States. The US is the world’s largest pecan producer with an average yearly production of 250 to 300 million pounds; 80 percent of the world’s supply. Georgia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Oklahoma, California, Louisiana, and Florida are the major US pecan producing states. Pecan trees frequently suffer from spring freeze at bud break and bloom as the buds are quite sensitive to freeze damage. This leads to poor flower and nut production. This review focuses on the impact of spring freeze during bud differentiation and flower development. Spring freeze kills the primary terminal buds, the pecan tree has a second chance for growth and flowering through secondary buds. Unfortunately, secondary buds have less bloom potential than primary buds and nut yield is reduced. Spring freeze damage depends on severity of the freeze, bud growth stage, cultivar type and tree age, tree height and tree vigor. This review discusses the impact of temperature on structure and function of male and female reproductive organs. It also summarizes carbohydrate relations as another factor that may play an important role in spring growth and transition of primary and secondary buds to flowers.
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14
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Zhang T, Yuan Y, Zhan Y, Cao X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Gai S. Metabolomics analysis reveals Embden Meyerhof Parnas pathway activation and flavonoids accumulation during dormancy transition in tree peony. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:484. [PMID: 33096979 PMCID: PMC7583197 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bud dormancy is a sophisticated strategy which plants evolve to survive in tough environments. Endodormancy is a key obstacle for anti-season culture of tree peony, and sufficient chilling exposure is an effective method to promote dormancy release in perennial plants including tree peony. However, the mechanism of dormancy release is still poorly understood, and there are few systematic studies on the metabolomics during chilling induced dormancy transition. RESULTS The tree peony buds were treated with artificial chilling, and the metabolmics analysis was employed at five time points after 0-4 °C treatment for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d, respectively. A total of 535 metabolites were obtained and devided into 11 groups including flavonoids, amino acid and its derivatives, lipids, organic acids and its derivates, nucleotide and its derivates, alkaloids, hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, carbohydrates and alcohols, phytohormones, coumarins and vitamins. Totally, 118 differential metabolites (VIP ≥ 1, P < 0.05) during chilling treatment process were detected, and their KEGG pathways involved in several metabolic pathways related to dormancy. Sucrose was the most abundant carbohydrate in peony bud. Starch was degradation and Embden Meyerhof Parnas (EMP) activity were increased during the dormancy release process, according to the variations of sugar contents, related enzyme activities and key genes expression. Flavonoids synthesis and accumulation were also promoted by prolonged chilling. Moreover, the variations of phytohormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid) indicated they played different roles in dormancy transition. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that starch degradation, EMP activation, and flavonoids accumulation were crucial and associated with bud dormancy transition in tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Xinzhe Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Chunying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Shupeng Gai
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109 China
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15
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Liu H, Wen Y, Cui M, Qi X, Deng R, Gao J, Cheng Z. Histological, Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveal Gibberellin-Induced Axillary Meristem Formation in Garlic ( Allium sativum). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9080970. [PMID: 32751960 PMCID: PMC7464525 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The number of cloves in a garlic bulb is controlled by axillary meristem differentiation, which directly determines the propagation efficiency. Our previous study showed that injecting garlic plants with gibberellins (GA3) solution significantly increased clove number per bulb. However, the physiological and molecular mechanism of GA-induced axillary bud formation is still unknown. Herein, dynamic changes in histology, phytohormones, sugars and related genes expression at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days after treatment (DAT) were investigated. Histological results indicated two stages (axillary meristem initiation and dormancy) were in the period of 0-30 days after GA3 treatment. Application of GA3 caused a significant increase of GA3 and GA4, and the downregulation of AsGA20ox expression. Furthermore, the change trends in zeatin riboside (ZR) and soluble sugar were the same, in which a high level of ZR at 2 DAT and high content of soluble sugar, glucose and fructose at 4 DAT were recorded, and a low level of ZR and soluble sugar arose at 16 and 32 DAT. Overall, injection of GA3 firstly caused the downregulation of AsGA20ox, a significant increase in the level of ZR and abscisic acid (ABA), and the upregulation of AsCYP735 and AsAHK to activate axillary meristem initiation. Low level of ZR and soluble sugar and a high level of sucrose maintained axillary meristem dormancy.
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16
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Samarah LZ, Tran TH, Stacey G, Vertes A. In Vivo Chemical Analysis of Plant Sap from the Xylem and Single Parenchymal Cells by Capillary Microsampling Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7299-7306. [PMID: 32343130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In plants, long-distance transport of chemicals from source to sink takes place through the transfer of sap inside complex trafficking systems. Access to this information provides insight into the physiological responses that result from the interactions between the organism and its environment. In vivo analysis offers minimal perturbation to the physiology of the organism, thus providing information that represents the native physiological state more accurately. Here we describe capillary microsampling with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the in vivo analysis of xylem sap directly from plants. Initially, fast MS profiling was performed by ESI from the whole sap exuding from wounds of living plants in their native environment. This sap, however, originated from the xylem and phloem and included the cytosol of damaged cells. Combining capillary microsampling with ESI-MS enabled targeted sampling of the xylem sap and single parenchymal cells in the pith, thereby differentiating their chemical compositions. With this method we analyzed soybean plants infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and uninfected plants to investigate the effects of symbiosis on chemical transport through the sap. Infected plants exhibited higher abundances for certain nitrogen-containing metabolites in their sap, namely allantoin, allantoic acid, hydroxymethylglutamate, and methylene glutamate, compared to uninfected plants. Using capillary microsampling, we localized these compounds to the xylem, which indicated their transport from the roots to the upper parts of the plant. Differences between metabolite levels in sap from the infected and uninfected plants indicated that the transport of nitrogen-containing and other metabolites is regulated depending on the source of nitrogen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Tina H Tran
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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17
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Tixier A, Guzmán-Delgado P, Sperling O, Amico Roxas A, Laca E, Zwieniecki MA. Comparison of phenological traits, growth patterns, and seasonal dynamics of non-structural carbohydrate in Mediterranean tree crop species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:347. [PMID: 31941910 PMCID: PMC6962427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) importance for tree productivity and resilience, little is known about their seasonal regulations and trade-off with growth and reproduction. We characterize the seasonal dynamics of NSC in relation to the aboveground phenology and temporal growth patterns of three deciduous Mediterranean species: almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb), walnut (Juglans regia L.) and pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Seasonal dynamics of NSC were synchronous between wood tissues from trunk, branches and twigs. Almond had almost identical levels and patterns of NSC variation in twigs, branches and trunks whereas pistachio and walnut exhibited clear concentration differences among plant parts whereby twigs had the highest and most variable NSC concentration, followed by branches and then trunk. While phenology had a significant influence on NSC seasonal trends, there was no clear trade-off between NSC storage and growth suggesting that both were similarly strong sinks for NSC. A temporal trade-off observed at the seasonal scale was influenced by the phenology of the species. We propose that late senescing species experience C allocation trade-off at the end of the growing season because of C-limiting thermal conditions and priority allocation to storage in order to survive winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Tixier
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, AgroSup/INRA/uB, Dijon, France.
| | | | - Or Sperling
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Negev, Israel
| | - Adele Amico Roxas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emilio Laca
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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Signorelli S, Shaw J, Hermawaty D, Wang Z, Verboven P, Considine JA, Considine MJ. The initiation of bud burst in grapevine features dynamic regulation of the apoplastic pore size. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:719-729. [PMID: 31037309 PMCID: PMC6946006 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The physiological constraints on bud burst in woody perennials, including vascular development and oxygenation, remain unresolved. Both light and tissue oxygen status have emerged as important cues for vascular development in other systems; however, grapevine buds have only a facultative light requirement, and data on the tissue oxygen status have been confounded by the spatial variability within the bud. Here, we analysed apoplastic development at early stages of grapevine bud burst and combined molecular modelling with histochemical techniques to determine the pore size of cell walls in grapevine buds. The data demonstrate that quiescent grapevine buds were impermeable to apoplastic dyes (acid fuchsin and eosin Y) until after bud burst was established. The molecular exclusion size was calculated to be 2.1 nm, which would exclude most macromolecules except simple sugars and phytohormones until after bud burst. We used micro-computed tomography to demonstrate that tissue oxygen partial pressure data correlated well with structural heterogeneity of the bud and differences in tissue density, confirming that the primary bud complex becomes rapidly and preferentially oxygenated during bud burst. Taken together, our results reveal that the apoplastic porosity is highly regulated during the early stages of bud burst, suggesting a role for vascular development in the initial, rapid oxygenation of the primary bud complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Signorelli
- The School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jeremy Shaw
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Dina Hermawaty
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zi Wang
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John A Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael J Considine
- The School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Correspondence: or
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19
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Wang M, Ogé L, Voisine L, Perez-Garcia MD, Jeauffre J, Hibrand Saint-Oyant L, Grappin P, Hamama L, Sakr S. Posttranscriptional Regulation of RhBRC1 ( Rosa hybrida BRANCHED1) in Response to Sugars is Mediated via its Own 3' Untranslated Region, with a Potential Role of RhPUF4 (Pumilio RNA-Binding Protein Family). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153808. [PMID: 31382685 PMCID: PMC6695800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The shoot branching pattern is a determining phenotypic trait throughout plant development. During shoot branching, BRANCHED1 (BRC1) plays a master regulator role in bud outgrowth, and its transcript levels are regulated by various exogenous and endogenous factors. RhBRC1 (the homologous gene of BRC1 in Rosa hybrida) is a main branching regulator whose posttranscriptional regulation in response to sugar was investigated through its 3'UTR. Transformed Rosa calluses containing a construction composed of the CaMV35S promoter, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, and the 3'UTR of RhBRC1 (P35S:GFP::3'UTRRhBRC1) were obtained and treated with various combinations of sugars and with sugar metabolism effectors. The results showed a major role of the 3'UTR of RhBRC1 in response to sugars, involving glycolysis/the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In Rosa vegetative buds, sequence analysis of the RhBRC1 3'UTR identified six binding motifs specific to the Pumilio/FBF RNA-binding protein family (PUF) and probably involved in posttranscriptional regulation. RhPUF4 was highly expressed in the buds of decapitated plants and in response to sugar availability in in-vitro-cultured buds. RhPUF4 was found to be close to AtPUM2, which encodes an Arabidopsis PUF protein. In addition, sugar-dependent upregulation of RhPUF4 was also found in Rosa calluses. RhPUF4 expression was especially dependent on the OPPP, supporting its role in OPPP-dependent posttranscriptional regulation of RhBRC1. These findings indicate that the 3'UTR sequence could be an important target in the molecular regulatory network of RhBRC1 and pave the way for investigating new aspects of RhBRC1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Laurent Ogé
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Linda Voisine
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Julien Jeauffre
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Philippe Grappin
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Latifa Hamama
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France.
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20
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Słupianek A, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Myśkow E, Turzańska M, Sokołowska K. Endocytosis acts as transport pathway in wood. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1846-1861. [PMID: 30548617 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In trees, dead and living cells of secondary xylem (wood) function collectively, rendering cell-to-cell communication challenging. Water and solutes are transported over long distances from the roots to the above-ground organs via vessels, the main component of wood, and then radially over short distances to the neighboring cells. This enables proper functioning of trees and integrates whole-plant activity. In this study, tracer loading, immunolocalization experiments and inhibitor assays were used to decipher the mechanisms enabling transport in wood of Acer pseudoplatanus (maple), Fraxinus excelsior (ash) and Populus tremula × tremuloides (poplar) trees. We show that tracer uptake from dead water-conducting vessels, elements of the apoplasm, to living vessel-associated cells (VACs) of the xylem parenchyma of the symplasm system proceeds via the endocytic pathway, including clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent processes. These findings enhance our understanding of the transport pathways in complex wood tissue, providing experimental evidence of the involvement of VACs and endocytosis in radial uptake from vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Słupianek
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Myśkow
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
| | - Magdalena Turzańska
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sokołowska
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
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21
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Deslauriers A, Fournier MP, Cartenì F, Mackay J. Phenological shifts in conifer species stressed by spruce budworm defoliation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:590-605. [PMID: 30597102 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synchrony between host budburst and insect emergence greatly influences the time window for insect development and survival. A few alterations of bud phenology have been reported under defoliation without clear consensus regarding the direction of effects, i.e., advance or delay. Here, we compared budburst phenology between conifers in defoliation and control treatments, and measured carbon allocation as a potential mechanistic explanation of changes in phenology. In a 2-year greenhouse experiment, saplings of balsam fir, black spruce and white spruce of two different provenances (north and south) were subjected to either control (no larvae) or natural defoliation treatment (larvae added) by spruce budworm. Bud and instar phenology, primary and secondary growth, defoliation and non-structural carbohydrates were studied during the growing season. No differences were observed in bud phenology during the first year of defoliation. After 1 year of defoliation, bud phenology advanced by 6-7 days in black spruce and balsam fir and by 3.5 days in white spruce compared with the control. Because of this earlier bud break, apical and shoot growth exceeded 50% of its final length before mature instar defoliation occurred, which decreased the overall level of damage. A sugar-mediated response, via earlier starch breakdown, and higher sugar availability to buds explains the advanced budburst in defoliated saplings. The advanced phenological response to defoliation was consistent across the conifer species and provenances except for one species × provenance combination. Allocation of carbon to buds and shoots growth at the expense of wood growth in the stem and reserve accumulation represents a shift in the physiological resources priorities to ensure tree survival. This advancement in bud phenology could be considered as a physiological response to defoliation based on carbohydrate needs for primary growth, rather than a resistance trait to spruce budworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Fournier
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - John Mackay
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Gautier F, Label P, Eliášová K, Leplé JC, Motyka V, Boizot N, Vondráková Z, Malbeck J, Trávníčková A, Le Metté C, Lesage-Descauses MC, Lomenech AM, Trontin JF, Costa G, Lelu-Walter MA, Teyssier C. Cytological, Biochemical and Molecular Events of the Embryogenic State in Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.]). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30873184 PMCID: PMC6403139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis techniques have been developed for most coniferous species, but only using very juvenile material. To extend the techniques' scope, better integrated understanding of the key biological, physiological and molecular characteristics of embryogenic state is required. Therefore, embryonal masses (EMs) and non-embryogenic calli (NECs) have been compared during proliferation at multiple levels. EMs and NECs originating from a single somatic embryo (isogenic lines) of each of three unrelated genotypes were used in the analyses, which included comparison of the lines' anatomy by transmission light microscopy, transcriptomes by RNAseq Illumina sequencing, proteomes by free-gel analysis, contents of endogenous phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins and ABA) by LC-MS analysis, and soluble sugar contents by HPLC. EMs were characterized by upregulation (relative to levels in NECs) of transcripts, proteins, transcription factors and active cytokinins associated with cell differentiation accompanied by histological, carbohydrate content and genetic markers of cell division. In contrast, NECs were characterized by upregulation (relative to levels in EMs) of transcripts, proteins and products associated with responses to stimuli (ABA, degradation forms of cytokinins, phenols), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species) and carbohydrate storage (starch). Sub-Network Enrichment Analyses that highlighted functions and interactions of transcripts and proteins that significantly differed between EMs and NECs corroborated these findings. The study shows the utility of a novel approach involving integrated multi-scale transcriptomic, proteomic, biochemical, histological and anatomical analyses to obtain insights into molecular events associated with embryogenesis and more specifically to the embryogenic state of cell in Douglas-fir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gautier
- BioForA, INRA, ONF, Orléans, France
- PEIRENE, Sylva LIM, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Kateřina Eliášová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Malbeck
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Trávníčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Anne-Marie Lomenech
- Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Plateforme Protéome, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Guy Costa
- PEIRENE, Sylva LIM, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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23
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Pérez FJ, Noriega X. Sprouting of paradormant and endodormant grapevine buds under conditions of forced growth: similarities and differences. PLANTA 2018; 248:837-847. [PMID: 29936547 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bud-break assays under forced growth conditions suggest that a drop in ABA content and an increase in sugars are common features in the sprouting of paradormant (PD) and endodormant (ED) grapevine buds. However, increases in cell division and in respiration are unique characteristics of the ED budding. In tropical and subtropical regions where the variations in day length and temperatures are minor throughout the year, the rupture of grapevine buds can be achieved during the current growing season given rise to a double-cropping system annually. However, it is unknown whether the breaking buds are in the paradormancy (PD) or endodormancy (ED) stage. In this study, we compared the breakage of PD and ED buds under conditions of forced growth. To do this, the expression of genes related to the metabolism of phytohormones and sugars, and of relevant physiological functions such as respiration and cell division was analyzed temporally throughout the incubation period in both types of buds. An early fall in the expression of the ABA biosynthesis gene (VvNCED1) and increases in genes related to sugar metabolism and transports were observed during the incubation period in both types of buds. However, while in the PD buds, the genes related to respiration and the cell cycle did not undergo significant changes in their expression during the incubation period, in the ED buds, the expression of these genes together with those related to auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis experienced a large increase. The results suggest that a drop in ABA content and an increase in sugars are early signals for the onset of bud break in both PD and ED vines, while the increase in respiration and cell division are unique characteristics of the ED buds, which reflect its transition from a resting state to a state of active growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Pérez
- Fac. Ciencias, Lab. de Bioquímica Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ximena Noriega
- Fac. Ciencias, Lab. de Bioquímica Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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Yuan C, Ahmad S, Cheng T, Wang J, Pan H, Zhao L, Zhang Q. Red to Far-Red Light Ratio Modulates Hormonal and Genetic Control of Axillary bud Outgrowth in Chrysanthemum ( Dendranthema grandiflorum 'Jinba'). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061590. [PMID: 29843424 PMCID: PMC6032274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-flower cut Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum 'Jinba') holds a unique status in global floriculture industry. However, the extensive axillary bud outgrowth presents a major drawback. Shade is an environment cue that inhibits shoot branching. Present study was aimed at investigating the effect of ratio of red to far-red light (R:FR) in regulating the lateral bud outgrowth of Chrysanthemum and the detailed mechanism. Results showed that the fate of axillary buds at specific positions in stem exhibited difference in response to R:FR. Decreasing R:FR resulted in elevation of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in axillary buds. Expression of ABA, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and strigolactones (SL) -related metabolism and signal transduction genes was significantly changed in response to low R:FR. In addition, low R:FR caused the re-distribution of sucrose across the whole plant, driving more sucrose towards bottom buds. Our results indicate that low R:FR not always inhibits bud outgrowth, rather its influence depends on the bud position in the stem. ABA, SL and auxin pathways were involved in the process. Interestingly, sucrose also appears to be involved in the process which is necessary to pay attention in the further studies. The present study also lays the foundation for developing methods to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in Chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunquan Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liangjun Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Le Moigne MA, Guérin V, Furet PM, Billard V, Lebrec A, Spíchal L, Roman H, Citerne S, Morvan-Bertrand A, Limami A, Vian A, Lothier J. Asparagine and sugars are both required to sustain secondary axis elongation after bud outgrowth in Rosa hybrida. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:17-27. [PMID: 29353122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is required for optimal plant growth, especially in young organs such as secondary axes (axes II) after axillary bud outgrowth. Several studies have shown an increase of nitrogen concentration in xylem sap concomitantly with bud outgrowth, but the relation between nitrogen, sugars and plant hormones in axis II still remains unclear. We investigated in Rosa hybrida the involvement of nitrogen nutrition in axis II elongation in relation with sugars and cytokinins using 15N-labeled nitrate and sugars, amino acids and cytokinin quantifications. Besides, we measured the effect of the exogenous supply of these compounds on axis II elongation using in vitro excised bud culture. We demonstrated that nitrogen in the axis II comes mainly from new root uptake after decapitation. Asparagine, which concentration increases in sap exudates and tissues during axis II elongation, was the sole amino acid able to sustain an efficient elongation in vitro when supplied in combination with sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Le Moigne
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Vincent Guérin
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Maxime Furet
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Vincent Billard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Anita Lebrec
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hanaé Roman
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Centre de Versailles-Grignon (IJPB), INRA, Agro-ParisTech, CNRS, Versailles, France
| | - Annette Morvan-Bertrand
- Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et nutritions N.C.S Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INRA, EVA, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Anis Limami
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Alain Vian
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France.
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Charrier G, Lacointe A, Améglio T. Dynamic Modeling of Carbon Metabolism During the Dormant Period Accurately Predicts the Changes in Frost Hardiness in Walnut Trees Juglans regia L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1746. [PMID: 30568664 PMCID: PMC6290248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The leafless period is often considered as inactive, although trees have to actively modulate their metabolism through the cold acclimation/deacclimation processes, to cope with frost exposure during winter and to restore growth ability in spring. Carbon metabolism is a key component of these processes through the osmotic control of extracellular ice formation and the trophic control of bud growth. The influence of temperature on the inter-conversion between starch and soluble carbohydrate has been evidenced for years, but we are currently missing an operational tool to predict starch vs. soluble carbohydrate contents during this period, which should allow to better predict frost hardiness. For this purpose, we exposed 1-year-old branches of Juglans regia to constant temperature for one to 3 weeks and measured the changes in carbohydrate composition at three periods (autumn, winter, and spring). As expected, the temperature significantly affected the changes in carbohydrate composition, but the water content and the sampling period were also relevant. Higher starch hydrolysis was observed at low temperature (<5°C) for all sampling periods. Starch hydrolysis was also observed at warm temperature, but in autumn only. These data were used to compare three modeling approaches simulating the changes in carbohydrate composition through enzymatic analogy. The most empirical and the most mechanistic approach did not succeed to simulate external observations (Root Mean Standard Error of Prediction (RMSEP) > 30 mg.g DM-1, Efficiency (Eff) <0), whereas the intermediate model was more efficient (RMSEP = 15.19 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.205 and 16.61 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.366, for GFS (Glucose + Fructose + Sucrose) and starch, respectively). The accuracy of the model was further improved when using field data for calibration (RMSEP = 5.86 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.962; RMSEP = 10.56 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.752, for GFS and starch, respectively). This study provided an operative tool to simulate carbohydrate dynamics over leafless period that could predict frost hardiness with approx. 3.4°C accuracy with temperature, water content and initial starch and soluble carbohydrate measurements. It should now be tested under various meteorological conditions and biological systems.
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Corot A, Roman H, Douillet O, Autret H, Perez-Garcia MD, Citerne S, Bertheloot J, Sakr S, Leduc N, Demotes-Mainard S. Cytokinins and Abscisic Acid Act Antagonistically in the Regulation of the Bud Outgrowth Pattern by Light Intensity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1724. [PMID: 29067031 PMCID: PMC5641359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bud outgrowth is a key process in the elaboration of yield and visual quality in rose crops. Although light intensity is well known to affect bud outgrowth, little is known on the mechanisms involved in this regulation. The objective of this work was to test if the control of bud outgrowth pattern along the stem by photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) is mediated by sugars, cytokinins and/or abscisic acid in intact rose plants. Rooted cuttings of Rosa hybrida 'Radrazz' were grown in growth chambers under high PPFD (530 μmol m-2 s-1) until the floral bud visible stage. Plants were then either placed under low PPFD (90 μmol m-2 s-1) or maintained under high PPFD. Bud outgrowth inhibition by low PPFD was associated with lower cytokinin and sugar contents and a higher abscisic acid content in the stem. Interestingly, cytokinin supply to the stem restored bud outgrowth under low PPFD. On the other hand, abscisic acid supply inhibited outgrowth under high PPFD and antagonized bud outgrowth stimulation by cytokinins under low PPFD. In contrast, application of sugars did not restore bud outgrowth under low PPFD. These results suggest that PPFD regulation of bud outgrowth in rose involves a signaling pathway in which cytokinins and abscisic acid play antagonistic roles. Sugars can act as nutritional and signaling compounds and may be involved too, but do not appear as the main regulator of the response to PPFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Corot
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hanaé Roman
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Odile Douillet
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hervé Autret
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Centre de Versailles-Grignon (IJPB), INRA, Agro-ParisTech, CNRS, Versailles, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Nathalie Leduc
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
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Tixier A, Sperling O, Orozco J, Lampinen B, Amico Roxas A, Saa S, Earles JM, Zwieniecki MA. Spring bud growth depends on sugar delivery by xylem and water recirculation by phloem Münch flow in Juglans regia. PLANTA 2017; 246:495-508. [PMID: 28488188 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During spring, bud growth relies on long-distance transport of remotely stored carbohydrates. A new hypothesis suggests this transport is achieved by the interplay of xylem and phloem. During the spring, carbohydrate demand of developing buds often exceeds locally available storage, thus requiring the translocation of sugars from distant locations like limbs, stems and roots. Both the phloem and xylem have the capacity for such long-distance transport, but their functional contribution is unclear. To address this ambiguity, the spatial and temporal dynamics of carbohydrate availability in extension shoots of Juglans regia L. were analyzed. A significant loss of extension shoot carbohydrates in remote locations was observed while carbohydrate availability near the buds remained unaffected. This pattern of depletion of carbohydrate reserves supports the notion of long-distance translocation. Girdling and dye perfusion experiments were performed to assess the role of phloem and xylem in the transport of carbohydrate and water towards the buds. Girdling caused a decrease in non-structural carbohydrate concentration above the point of girdling and an unexpected concurrent increase in water content associated with impeded xylem transport. Based on experimental observations and modeling, we propose a novel mechanism for maintenance of spring carbohydrate translocation in trees where xylem transports carbohydrates and this transport is maintained with the recirculation of water by phloem Münch flow. Phloem Münch flow acts as a pump for generating water flux in xylem and allows for transport and mobilization of sugars from distal locations prior to leaves photosynthetic independence and in the absence of transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Tixier
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Or Sperling
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Gilat Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jessica Orozco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce Lampinen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Adele Amico Roxas
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sebastian Saa
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4D, Quillota, Chile
| | - J Mason Earles
- School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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29
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El Yaacoubi A, Malagi G, Oukabli A, Citadin I, Hafidi M, Bonhomme M, Legave JM. Differentiated dynamics of bud dormancy and growth in temperate fruit trees relating to bud phenology adaptation, the case of apple and almond trees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:1695-1710. [PMID: 27103152 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have focused on the characterization of bud dormancy and growth dynamics for temperate fruit species in temperate and mild cropping areas, although this is an appropriate framework to anticipate phenology adaptation facing future warming contexts which would potentially combine chill declines and heat increases. To examine this issue, two experimental approaches and field observations were used for high- and low-chill apple cultivars in temperate climate of southern France and in mild climates of northern Morocco and southern Brazil. Low-chill almond cultivars offered an additional relevant plant material for comparison with apple in northern Morocco. Divergent patterns of dormancy and growth dynamics were clearly found in apple tree between southern France and southern Brazil. Divergences were less pronounced between France and Morocco. A global view outlined main differences in the dormancy chronology and intensity, the transition between endordormancy and ecodormancy and the duration of ecodormancy. A key role of bud rehydration in the transition period was shown. High-chill cultivars would be submitted in mild conditions to heterogeneous rehydration capacities linked to insufficient chill fulfillment and excessive forcing linked to high temperatures. This would favor bud competitions and consequently excessive flowering durations and weak flowering. Low chilling requirements in apple and almond would conversely confer biological capacities to tolerate superficial dormancy and abrupt transition from endordormancy to ecodormancy without important heterogeneous rehydration states within buds. It may also assume that low-chill cultivars can also tolerate high temperatures during ecodormancy as well as extended flowering durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane El Yaacoubi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Moulay Ismaïl University, BP 11 201 Zitoune, Meknès, 50000, Morocco.
| | - Gustavo Malagi
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ahmed Oukabli
- INRA, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Regional Agricultural Research, Center of Meknès, Box 578, Meknès, Morocco
| | - Idemir Citadin
- Universidade Tecnologica Federal de Parana, 85503-390, Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| | - Majida Hafidi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Moulay Ismaïl University, BP 11 201 Zitoune, Meknès, 50000, Morocco
| | - Marc Bonhomme
- INRA et Université Blaise Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 547, PIAF, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Michel Legave
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales, 34398, Montpellier, France
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Budzinski IGF, Moon DH, Morosini JS, Lindén P, Bragatto J, Moritz T, Labate CA. Integrated analysis of gene expression from carbon metabolism, proteome and metabolome, reveals altered primary metabolism in Eucalyptus grandis bark, in response to seasonal variation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:149. [PMID: 27364638 PMCID: PMC4929727 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal variation is presumed to play an important role in the regulation of tree growth, especially for Eucalyptus grandis, a fast-growing tree. This variation may induce changes in the whole tree at transcriptional, protein and metabolite levels. Bark represents an important group of tissues that protect trees from desiccation and pathogen attack, and it has been identified as potential feedstock for lignocellulosic derived biofuels. Despite the growing interest, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulates bark metabolism, particularly in tropical countries. RESULTS In this study we report the changes observed in the primary metabolism of E. grandis bark during two contrasting seasons in Brazil, summer (wet) and winter (dry), through the combination of transcripts (RT-qPCR), proteome (2-DE gels) and metabolome (GC-MS) analysis, in an integrated manner. Twenty-four genes, involved in carbon metabolism, were analyzed in the two seasons. Eleven were up-regulated in summer, three were up-regulated in winter and ten did not show statistical differences in the expression pattern. The proteomic analysis using 2-DE gels showed 77 proteins expressing differences in abundance, with 38 spots up-regulated in summer and 37 in winter. Different metabolites significantly accumulated during winter. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a metabolic reconfiguration in the primary metabolism of E. grandis bark, triggered by seasonal variation. Transcripts and protein data suggests that during winter carbohydrate formation seems to be favored by tree metabolism. Glucose, fructose and sucrose accumulated at significant levels during the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilara Gabriela Frasson Budzinski
- />Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brasil
| | - David H. Moon
- />Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brasil
| | - Júlia Silva Morosini
- />Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brasil
| | - Pernilla Lindén
- />Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83 Sweden
| | - Juliano Bragatto
- />Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brasil
| | - Thomaz Moritz
- />Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83 Sweden
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- />Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brasil
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Farci D, Collu G, Kirkpatrick J, Esposito F, Piano D. RhVI1 is a membrane-anchored vacuolar invertase highly expressed in Rosa hybrida L. petals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3303-12. [PMID: 27083698 PMCID: PMC4892724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Invertases are a widespread group of enzymes that catalyse the conversion of sucrose into fructose and glucose. Plants invertases and their substrates are essential factors that play an active role in primary metabolism and in cellular differentiation and by these activities they sustain development and growth. Being naturally present in multiple isoforms, invertases are known to be highly differentiated and tissue specific in such a way that every isoform is characteristic of a specific part of the plant. In this work, we report the identification of the invertase RhVI1 that was found to be highly expressed in rose petals. A characterization of this protein revealed that RhVI1 is a glycosylated membrane-anchored protein associated with the cytosolic side of the vacuolar membrane which occurs in vivo in a monomeric form. Purification yields have shown that the levels of expression decreased during the passage of petals from buds to mature and pre-senescent flowers. Moreover, the activity assay indicates RhVI1 to be an acidic vacuolar invertase. The physiological implications of these findings are discussed, suggesting a possible role of this protein during anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Collu
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna Kirkpatrick
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari,Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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32
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Neghliz H, Cochard H, Brunel N, Martre P. Ear Rachis Xylem Occlusion and Associated Loss in Hydraulic Conductance Coincide with the End of Grain Filling for Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:920. [PMID: 27446150 PMCID: PMC4921477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed dehydration is the normal terminal event in the development of orthodox seeds and is physiologically related to the cessation of grain dry mass accumulation and crop grain yield. For a better understanding of grain dehydration, we evaluated the hypothesis that hydraulic conductance of the ear decreases during the latter stages of development and that this decrease results from disruption or occlusion of xylem conduits. Whole ear, rachis, and stem nodes hydraulic conductance and percentage loss of xylem conductivity were measured from flowering to harvest-ripeness on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Récital grown under controlled environments. Flag leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and grain and ear water potentials were also measured during grain development. We show that grain dehydration was not related with whole plant physiology and leaf senescence, but closely correlated with the hydraulic properties of the xylem conduits irrigating the grains. Indeed, there was a substantial decrease in rachis hydraulic conductance at the onset of the grain dehydration phase. This hydraulic impairment was not caused by the presence of air embolism in xylem conduits of the stem internodes or rachis but by the occlusion of the xylem lumens by polysaccharides (pectins and callose). Our results demonstrate that xylem hydraulics plays a key role during grain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayet Neghliz
- UMR GDEC, INRA, Blaise Pascal UniversityClermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Végétale, Ecole Normale SupérieureKouba, Algeria
| | | | | | - Pierre Martre
- UMR GDEC, INRA, Blaise Pascal UniversityClermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Pierre Martre,
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Budzinski IGF, Moon DH, Lindén P, Moritz T, Labate CA. Seasonal Variation of Carbon Metabolism in the Cambial Zone of Eucalyptus grandis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:932. [PMID: 27446160 PMCID: PMC4923158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus species are the most widely hardwood planted in the world. It is one of the successful examples of commercial forestry plantation in Brazil and other tropical and subtropical countries. The tree is valued for its rapid growth, adaptability and wood quality. Wood formation is the result of cumulative annual activity of the vascular cambium. This cambial activity is generally related to the alternation of cold and warm, and/or dry and rainy seasons. Efforts have focused on analysis of cambial zone in response to seasonal variations in trees from temperate zones. However, little is known about the molecular changes triggered by seasonal variations in trees from tropical countries. In this work we attempted to establish a global view of seasonal alterations in the cambial zone of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, emphasizing changes occurring in the carbon metabolism. Using transcripts, proteomics and metabolomics we analyzed the tissues harvested in summer-wet and winter-dry seasons. Based on proteomics analysis, 70 proteins that changed in abundance were successfully identified. Transcripts for some of these proteins were analyzed and similar expression patterns were observed. We identified 19 metabolites differentially abundant. Our results suggest a differential reconfiguration of carbon partioning in E. grandis cambial zone. During summer, pyruvate is primarily metabolized via ethanolic fermentation, possibly to regenerate NAD(+) for glycolytic ATP production and cellular maintenance. However, in winter there seems to be a metabolic change and we found that some sugars were highly abundant. Our results revealed a dynamic change in E. grandis cambial zone due to seasonality and highlight the importance of glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation for energy generation and maintenance in Eucalyptus, a fast growing tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilara G. F. Budzinski
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - David H. Moon
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Pernilla Lindén
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå, Sweden
| | - Carlos A. Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carlos A. Labate
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Barbier FF, Lunn JE, Beveridge CA. Ready, steady, go! A sugar hit starts the race to shoot branching. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:39-45. [PMID: 25938609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the classical theory of apical dominance, auxin depletion from the stem releases bud dormancy. Recent studies have revealed a poor correlation between the initial bud release and auxin depletion from the stem after decapitation. Sucrose mobility in plants and its accumulation in buds correlates well with the onset of bud release and is able to trigger bud outgrowth. The diversion of sugars away from axillary buds decreases bud release even where hormones are at levels generally considered conducive to bud release. This impact of sugars on bud outgrowth may be mediated by specific sugar and hormonal signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- François F Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Barbier F, Péron T, Lecerf M, Perez-Garcia MD, Barrière Q, Rolčík J, Boutet-Mercey S, Citerne S, Lemoine R, Porcheron B, Roman H, Leduc N, Le Gourrierec J, Bertheloot J, Sakr S. Sucrose is an early modulator of the key hormonal mechanisms controlling bud outgrowth in Rosa hybrida. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2569-82. [PMID: 25873679 PMCID: PMC4986866 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugar has only recently been identified as a key player in triggering bud outgrowth, while hormonal control of bud outgrowth is already well established. To get a better understanding of sugar control, the present study investigated how sugar availability modulates the hormonal network during bud outgrowth in Rosa hybrida. Other plant models, for which mutants are available, were used when necessary. Buds were grown in vitro to manipulate available sugars. The temporal patterns of the hormonal regulatory network were assessed in parallel with bud outgrowth dynamics. Sucrose determined bud entrance into sustained growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Sustained growth was accompanied by sustained auxin production in buds, and sustained auxin export in a DR5::GUS-expressing pea line. Several events occurred ahead of sucrose-stimulated bud outgrowth. Sucrose upregulated early auxin synthesis genes (RhTAR1, RhYUC1) and the auxin efflux carrier gene RhPIN1, and promoted PIN1 abundance at the plasma membrane in a pPIN1::PIN1-GFP-expressing tomato line. Sucrose downregulated both RwMAX2, involved in the strigolactone-transduction pathway, and RhBRC1, a repressor of branching, at an early stage. The presence of sucrose also increased stem cytokinin content, but sucrose-promoted bud outgrowth was not related to that pathway. In these processes, several non-metabolizable sucrose analogues induced sustained bud outgrowth in R. hybrida, Pisum sativum, and Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that sucrose was involved in a signalling pathway. In conclusion, we identified potential hormonal candidates for bud outgrowth control by sugar. They are central to future investigations aimed at disentangling the processes that underlie regulation of bud outgrowth by sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Barbier
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Thomas Péron
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Marion Lecerf
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Quentin Barrière
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Jakub Rolčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Boutet-Mercey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Remi Lemoine
- UMR-CNRS-UP 6503, LACCO - Laboratoire de Catalyse en Chimie Organique, Equipe Physiologie Moléculaire du Transport de Sucres, Université de Poitiers, 40 av. du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Benoît Porcheron
- UMR-CNRS-UP 6503, LACCO - Laboratoire de Catalyse en Chimie Organique, Equipe Physiologie Moléculaire du Transport de Sucres, Université de Poitiers, 40 av. du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Hanaé Roman
- Université d'Angers, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Nathalie Leduc
- Université d'Angers, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - José Le Gourrierec
- Université d'Angers, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
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Rameau C, Bertheloot J, Leduc N, Andrieu B, Foucher F, Sakr S. Multiple pathways regulate shoot branching. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:741. [PMID: 25628627 PMCID: PMC4292231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching patterns result from the spatio-temporal regulation of axillary bud outgrowth. Numerous endogenous, developmental and environmental factors are integrated at the bud and plant levels to determine numbers of growing shoots. Multiple pathways that converge to common integrators are most probably involved. We propose several pathways involving not only the classical hormones auxin, cytokinins and strigolactones, but also other signals with a strong influence on shoot branching such as gibberellins, sugars or molecular actors of plant phase transition. We also deal with recent findings about the molecular mechanisms and the pathway involved in the response to shade as an example of an environmental signal controlling branching. We propose the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF transcription factor TB1/BRC1 and the polar auxin transport stream in the stem as possible integrators of these pathways. We finally discuss how modeling can help to represent this highly dynamic system by articulating knowledges and hypothesis and calculating the phenotype properties they imply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | | | - Nathalie Leduc
- UMR1345 IRHS, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- UMR1091 EGC, INRA, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- UMR1091 EGC, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Soulaiman Sakr
- UMR1345 IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
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Leduc N, Roman H, Barbier F, Péron T, Huché-Thélier L, Lothier J, Demotes-Mainard S, Sakr S. Light Signaling in Bud Outgrowth and Branching in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:223-50. [PMID: 27135502 PMCID: PMC4844300 DOI: 10.3390/plants3020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Branching determines the final shape of plants, which influences adaptation, survival and the visual quality of many species. It is an intricate process that includes bud outgrowth and shoot extension, and these in turn respond to environmental cues and light conditions. Light is a powerful environmental factor that impacts multiple processes throughout plant life. The molecular basis of the perception and transduction of the light signal within buds is poorly understood and undoubtedly requires to be further unravelled. This review is based on current knowledge on bud outgrowth-related mechanisms and light-mediated regulation of many physiological processes. It provides an extensive, though not exhaustive, overview of the findings related to this field. In parallel, it points to issues to be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leduc
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hanaé Roman
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - François Barbier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Thomas Péron
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Lydie Huché-Thélier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Demotes-Mainard
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
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Pramsohler M, Neuner G. Dehydration and osmotic adjustment in apple stem tissue during winter as it relates to the frost resistance of buds. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:807-16. [PMID: 23939553 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In deciduous trees, measurement of stem water potential can be difficult during the leafless period in winter. By using thermocouple psychrometry, osmotic water potentials (Ψo; actual Ψo: Ψo(act); Ψo at full saturation: Ψo(sat)) of expressed sap of bark and bud tissue were measured in order to test if the severity of winter desiccation in apple stems could be sufficiently assessed with Ψo. Water potentials were related to frost resistance and freezing behaviour of buds. The determination of Ψo reliably allowed winter desiccation and osmotic adjustments in apple stem tissue to be assessed. In winter in bark tissue, a pronounced decrease in Ψo(act) and Ψo(sat) was found. Decreased Ψo(sat) indicates active osmotic adjustment in the bark as observed earlier in the leaves of evergreen woody plants. In terminal bud meristems, no significant osmotic adjustments occurred and dehydration during winter was much less. Osmotic water potentials, Ψo(act) and Ψo(sat), of bud tissue were always less negative than in the bark. To prevent water movement and dehydration of the bud tissue via this osmotic gradient, it must be compensated for either by a sufficiently high turgor pressure (Ψp) in bark tissue or by the isolation of the bud tissue from the bark during midwinter. During freezing of apple buds, freeze dehydration and extra-organ freezing could be demonstrated by significantly reduced Ψo(act) values of bud meristems that had been excised in the frozen state. Infrared video thermography was used to monitor freezing patterns in apple twigs. During extracellular freezing of intact and longitudinally dissected stems, infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA) images showed that the bud meristem remains ice free. Even if cooled to temperatures below the frost-killing temperature, no freezing event could be detected in bud meristems during winter. In contrast, after bud break, terminal buds showed a second freezing at the frost-killing temperature that indicates deep supercooling. Our results demonstrate the applicability of thermocouple psychrometry for the assessment of winter desiccation in stem tissues of deciduous trees and corroborate the finding that dormant apple buds survive by extra-organ freezing and do not deep supercool. In addition, they indicate that significant changes of the frost-survival mechanism can occur during the apple bud development in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pramsohler
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Unit Functional Plant Biology, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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De Schepper V, Bühler J, Thorpe M, Roeb G, Huber G, van Dusschoten D, Jahnke S, Steppe K. (11)C-PET imaging reveals transport dynamics and sectorial plasticity of oak phloem after girdling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:200. [PMID: 23785380 PMCID: PMC3684848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon transport processes in plants can be followed non-invasively by repeated application of the short-lived positron-emitting radioisotope (11)C, a technique which has rarely been used with trees. Recently, positron emission tomography (PET) allowing 3D visualization has been adapted for use with plants. To investigate the effects of stem girdling on the flow of assimilates, leaves on first order branches of two-year-old oak (Quercus robur L.) trees were labeled with (11)C by supplying (11)CO2-gas to a leaf cuvette. Magnetic resonance imaging gave an indication of the plant structure, while PET registered the tracer flow in a stem region downstream from the labeled branches. After repeated pulse labeling, phloem translocation was shown to be sectorial in the stem: leaf orthostichy determined the position of the phloem sieve tubes containing labeled (11)C. The observed pathway remained unchanged for days. Tracer time-series derived from each pulse and analysed with a mechanistic model showed for two adjacent heights in the stem a similar velocity but different loss of recent assimilates. With either complete or partial girdling of bark within the monitored region, transport immediately stopped and then resumed in a new location in the stem cross-section, demonstrating the plasticity of sectoriality. One day after partial girdling, the loss of tracer along the interrupted transport pathway increased, while the velocity was enhanced in a non-girdled sector for several days. These findings suggest that lateral sugar transport was enhanced after wounding by a change in the lateral sugar transport path and the axial transport resumed with the development of new conductive tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle De Schepper
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Bühler
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Michael Thorpe
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
- Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
- High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre, CSIRO Plant IndustryCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gerhard Roeb
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Gregor Huber
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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The effect of summer shading on flower bud morphogenesis in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Open Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to assess whether imposed summer shading treatments in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) can affect the main phenological phases related to the floral morphogenesis (floral differentiation, xylogenesis), flower bud growth and quality in terms of bud capacity to set fruit. Experimental trials were carried out on fully-grown trees of ‘San Castrese’ and ‘Stark Early Orange’ cultivars characterized by different biological and agronomical traits to which shadings were imposed in July and August. Histological analysis was carried out from summer onwards in order to determine the evolution of floral bud differentiation, and the acropetal progression of primary xylem differentiation along the flower bud axis. Periodical recordings to evaluate the bud drop, blooming time, flowering and fruit set rates were performed also. These shade treatments determined a temporary shutdown of floral differentiation, slowed xylem progression up to the resumption of flower bud growth and a reduced entity of flowering and fruit set. These events were particularly marked in ‘San Castrese’ cultivar, which is well known for its adaptability to different climatic conditions. These findings suggest that adequate light penetration within the canopy during the summer season could be the determining factor when defining the qualitative traits of flower buds and their regular growth, and ultimately to obtain good and constant crops.
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Choubane D, Rabot A, Mortreau E, Legourrierec J, Péron T, Foucher F, Ahcène Y, Pelleschi-Travier S, Leduc N, Hamama L, Sakr S. Photocontrol of bud burst involves gibberellin biosynthesis in Rosa sp. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1271-80. [PMID: 22749285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light is a critical determinant of plant shape by controlling branching patterns and bud burst in many species. To gain insight into how light induces bud burst, we investigated whether its inductive effect in rose was related to gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. In axillary buds of beheaded plants subject to light, the expression of two GA biosynthesis genes (RoGA20ox and RoGA3ox) was promptly and strongly induced, while that of a GA-catabolism genes (RoGA2ox) was reduced. By contrast, lower expression levels of these two GA biosynthesis genes were found in darkness, and correlated with a total inhibition of bud burst. This effect was dependent on both light intensity and quality. In in vitro cultured buds, the inductive effect of light on the growth of preformed leaves and SAM organogenic activity was inhibited by ancymidol and paclobutrazol, two effectors of GA biosynthesis. This effect was concentration-dependent, and negated by GA(3). However, GA(3) alone could not rescue bud burst in the dark. GA biosynthesis was also required for the expression and activity of a vacuolar invertase, and therefore for light-induced sugar metabolism within buds. These findings are evidence that GA biosynthesis contributes to the light effect on bud burst and lay the foundations of a better understanding of its exact role in plant branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djillali Choubane
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
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Rabot A, Henry C, Ben Baaziz K, Mortreau E, Azri W, Lothier J, Hamama L, Boummaza R, Leduc N, Pelleschi-Travier S, Le Gourrierec J, Sakr S. Insight into the role of sugars in bud burst under light in the rose. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1068-82. [PMID: 22505690 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bud burst is a decisive process in plant architecture that requires light in Rosa sp. This light effect was correlated with stimulation of sugar transport and metabolism in favor of bud outgrowth. We investigated whether sugars could act as signaling entities in the light-mediated regulation of vacuolar invertases and bud burst. Full-length cDNAs encoding two vacuolar invertases (RhVI1 and RhVI2) were isolated from buds. Unlike RhVI2, RhVI1 was preferentially expressed in bursting buds, and was up-regulated in buds of beheaded plants exposed to light. To assess the importance of sugars in this process, the expression of RhVI1 and RhVI2 and the total vacuolar invertase activity were further characterized in buds cultured in vitro on 100 mM sucrose or mannitol under light or in darkness for 48 h. Unlike mannitol, sucrose promoted the stimulatory effect of light on both RhVI1 expression and vacuolar invertase activity. This up-regulation of RhVI1 was rapid (after 6 h incubation) and was induced by as little as 10 mM sucrose or fructose. No effect of glucose was found. Interestingly, both 30 mM palatinose (a non-metabolizable sucrose analog) and 5 mM psicose (a non-metabolizable fructose analog) promoted the light-induced expression of RhVI1 and total vacuolar invertase activity. Sucrose, fructose, palatinose and psicose all promoted bursting of in vitro cultured buds under light. These findings indicate that soluble sugars contribute to the light effect on bud burst and vacuolar invertases, and can function as signaling entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Rabot
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
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Voelker SL, Noirot-Cosson PE, Stambaugh MC, McMurry ER, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, Guyette RP. Spring temperature responses of oaks are synchronous with North Atlantic conditions during the last deglaciation. ECOL MONOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Steppe K, Cochard H, Lacointe A, Améglio T. Could rapid diameter changes be facilitated by a variable hydraulic conductance? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:150-7. [PMID: 21902698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Adequate radial water transport between elastic bark tissue and xylem is crucial in trees, because it smoothens abrupt changes in xylem water potential, greatly reducing the likelihood of suffering dangerous levels of embolism. The radial hydraulic conductance involved is generally thought to be constant. Evidence collected about variable root and leaf hydraulic conductance led us to speculate that radial hydraulic conductance in stem/branches might also be variable and possibly modulated by putative aquaporins. We therefore correlated diameter changes in walnut (Juglans regia L.) with changes in water potential, altered by perfusion of twig samples with D-mannitol solutions having different osmotic potentials. Temperature and cycloheximide (CHX; a protein synthesis inhibitor) treatments were performed. The temperature response and diameter change inhibition found in CHX-treated twigs underpinned our hypothesis that radial hydraulic conductance is variable and likely mediated by a putative aquaporin abundance and/or activity. Our data demonstrate that radial water transport in stem/branches can take two routes in parallel: an apoplastic and a cell-to-cell route. The contribution of either route depends on the hydraulic demand and is closely linked to a boost of putative aquaporins, causing radial conductance to be variable. This variability should be considered when interpreting and modelling diameter changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Henry C, Rabot A, Laloi M, Mortreau E, Sigogne M, Leduc N, Lemoine R, Sakr S, Vian A, Pelleschi-Travier S. Regulation of RhSUC2, a sucrose transporter, is correlated with the light control of bud burst in Rosa sp. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1776-89. [PMID: 21635271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In roses, light is a central environmental factor controlling bud break and involves a stimulation of sugar metabolism. Very little is known about the role of sucrose transporters in the bud break process and its regulation by light. In this study, we show that sugar promotes rose bud break and that bud break is accompanied by an import of sucrose. Radio-labelled sucrose accumulation is higher in buds exposed to light than to darkness and involves an active component. Several sucrose transporter (RhSUC1, 2, 3 and 4) transcripts are expressed in rose tissues, but RhSUC2 transcript level is the only one induced in buds exposed to light after removing the apical dominance. RhSUC2 is preferentially expressed in bursting buds and stems. Functional analyses in baker's yeast demonstrate that RhSUC2 encodes a sucrose/proton co-transporter with a K(m) value of 2.99 mm at pH 4.5 and shows typical features of sucrose symporters. We therefore propose that bud break photocontrol partly depends upon the modulation of sucrose import into buds by RhSUC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Henry
- Universite D'Angers, UFR Sciences, UMR-462 SAGAH, 2 Bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers Cedex, France
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Slewinski TL. Diverse functional roles of monosaccharide transporters and their homologs in vascular plants: a physiological perspective. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:641-62. [PMID: 21746702 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants contain two gene families that encode monosaccharide transporter proteins. The classical monosaccharide transporter(-like) gene superfamily is large and functionally diverse, while the recently identified SWEET transporter family is smaller and, thus far, only found to transport glucose. These transporters play essential roles at many levels, ranging from organelles to the whole plant. Many family members are essential for cellular homeostasis and reproductive success. Although most transporters do not directly participate in long-distance transport, their indirect roles greatly impact carbon allocation and transport flux to the heterotrophic tissues of the plant. Functional characterization of some members from both gene families has revealed their diverse roles in carbohydrate partitioning, phloem function, resource allocation, plant defense, and sugar signaling. This review highlights the broad impacts and implications of monosaccharide transport by describing some of the functional roles of the monosaccharide transporter(-like) superfamily and the SWEET transporter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slewinski
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 262 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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