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Chen G, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu W, Gou X. Hydrothermal environments lead to differences in the radial growth response of Pinus tabulaeformis to climate in the monsoon marginal zone, Northwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175739. [PMID: 39182773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Regional climatic differences increase the complexity of tree radial growth responses to climate change in the monsoon marginal zones and may alter the carbon sequestration capacity of forests. In this study, we collected cores of Pinus tabulaeformis trees at nine sampling sites across different regions. We analysed the relationship between tree-ring width chronology and climatic factors at different sites using dendroecological methods. We used the tree-ring index to calculate resistance, recovery, and resilience as well as to explore the capacity of radial growth to cope with drought events. The results indicate that (1) Drought was the primary factor limiting tree growth, and tree-ring climate response patterns varied across three regions. Tree growth was sensitive to both temperature and precipitation in the eastern Qilian Mountains, while it was more sensitive to temperature in the Hassan Mountains and more sensitive to precipitation in the Helan Mountains. (2) The tree-ring climate response pattern remained unstable over time, and the relative influence of current climate on tree growth increased. (3) The ecological resilience of trees to extreme events varies across three regions, which could be attributed to regional moisture conditions and the duration of drought. In the context of the management and protection of trees in the study area in the future, more attention should be paid to the elasticity of tree growth after drought events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems of the Ministry of Education, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems of the Ministry of Education, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Liancheng Forest Ecosystem Field Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaohua Gou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems of the Ministry of Education, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Liancheng Forest Ecosystem Field Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Zhang X, Qin H, Kan Z, Liu D, Wang B, Fan S, Jiang P. Growth and non-structural carbohydrates response patterns of Eucommia ulmoides under salt and drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1436152. [PMID: 39091320 PMCID: PMC11291362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1436152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Salinity and droughts are severe abiotic stress factors that limit plant growth and development. However, the differences and similarities of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) responses patterns of trees under the two stress conditions remain unclear. Methods We determined and compared the growth, physiology, and NSCs response patterns and tested the relationships between growth and NSCs concentrations (or pool size) of Eucommia ulmoides seedlings planted in field under drought and salt stress with different intensities and durations. Results and discussion We found that drought and salt stress can inhibit the growth of E. ulmoides, and E. ulmoides tended to enhance its stress resistance by increasing proline concentration and leaf thickness or density but decreasing investment in belowground biomass in short-term stress. During short-term drought and salt stress, the aboveground organs showed different NSCs response characteristics, while belowground organs showed similar change characteristics: the starch (ST) and NSCs concentrations in the coarse roots decreased, while the ST and soluble sugar (SS) concentrations in the fine roots increased to enhance stress resistance and maintain water absorption function. As salt and drought stress prolonged, the belowground organs represented different NSCs response patterns: the concentrations of ST and SS in fine roots decreased as salt stress prolonged; while ST in fine roots could still be converted into SS to maintain water absorption as drought prolonged, resulting in an increase of SS and a decrease of ST. Significant positive relationships were found between growth and the SS and total NSCs concentrations in leaves and branches, however, no significant correlations were found between growth and below-ground organs. Moreover, relationships between growth and NSCs pool size across organs could be contrast. Conclusion Our results provide important insights into the mechanisms of carbon balance and carbon starvation and the relationship between tree growth and carbon storage under stress, which were of great significance in guiding for the management of artificial forest ecosystem under the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Zhang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Zhenchao Kan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest and Grass Germplasm Resources, Ji’nan, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- Dalin Eucommia planting company of Gaomi County, Weifang, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Peipei Jiang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
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Shestakova TA, Sin E, Gordo J, Voltas J. Tree-ring isotopic imprints on time series of reproductive effort indicate warming-induced co-limitation by sink and source processes in stone pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad147. [PMID: 38079520 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that tree growth processes, including reproduction, can be either sink- or source-limited, or simultaneously co-limited by sink and source, depending on the interplay between internal and environmental factors. We tested the hypothesis that the relative strengths of photosynthate supply and demand by stem growth and reproduction create variable competition for substrate that is imprinted in the tree-ring isotopes (C and O) of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.), a masting gymnosperm with large costs of reproduction, under warming-induced drought. Across five representative stands of the Spanish Northern Plateau, we also identified reproductive phases where weather drivers of cone yield (CY) have varied over a 60-year period (1960-2016). We found that these drivers gradually shifted from winter-spring conditions 3 years before seed rain (cone setting) to a combination of 3- and 1-year lagged effects (kernel filling). Additionally, we observed positive regional associations between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of the year of kernel filling and CY arising at the turn of this century, which progressively offset similarly positive relationships between Δ13C of the year of cone setting and CY found during the first half of the study period. Altogether, these results pinpoint the increasing dependence of reproduction on fresh assimilates and suggest sink and source co-limitation superseding the sink-limited functioning of reproduction dominant before 2000. Under climate warming, it could be expected that drier conditions reinforce the role of source limitation on reproduction and, hence, on regeneration, forest structure and economic profit of the nutlike seeds of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Shestakova
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
| | - Ester Sin
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
| | - Javier Gordo
- Servicio Territorial de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Castilla y León, Duque de la Victoria 5, Valladolid, Castile and León E-47071, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
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Chang CY, Unda F, Mansfield SD, Ensminger I. Rapid response of nonstructural carbohydrate allocation and photosynthesis to short photoperiod, low temperature, or elevated CO 2 in Pinus strobus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14095. [PMID: 38148184 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
During autumn, decreasing photoperiod and temperature temporarily perturb the balance between carbon uptake and carbon demand in overwintering plants, requiring coordinated adjustments in photosynthesis and carbon allocation to re-establish homeostasis. Here we examined adjustments of photosynthesis and allocation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) following a sudden shift to short photoperiod, low temperature, and/or elevated CO2 in Pinus strobus seedlings. Seedlings were initially acclimated to 14 h photoperiod (22/15°C day/night) and ambient CO2 (400 ppm) or elevated CO2 (800 ppm). Seedlings were then shifted to 8 h photoperiod for one of three treatments: no temperature change at ambient CO2 (22/15°C, 400 ppm), low temperature at ambient CO2 (12/5°C, 400 ppm), or no temperature change at elevated CO2 (22/15°C, 800 ppm). Short photoperiod caused all seedlings to exhibit partial nighttime depletion of starch. Short photoperiod alone did not affect photosynthesis. Short photoperiod combined with low temperature caused hexose accumulation and repression of photosynthesis within 24 h, followed by a transient increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Under long photoperiod, plants grown under elevated CO2 exhibited significantly higher NSCs and photosynthesis compared to ambient CO2 plants, but carbon uptake exceeded sink capacity, leading to elevated NPQ; carbon sink capacity was restored and NPQ relaxed within 24 h after shift to short photoperiod. Our findings indicate that P. strobus rapidly adjusts NSC allocation, not photosynthesis, to accommodate short photoperiod. However, the combination of short photoperiod and low temperature, or long photoperiod and elevated CO2 disrupts the balance between photosynthesis and carbon sink capacity, resulting in increased NPQ to alleviate excess energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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He Y, Yu M, Ding G, Zhang F. Precipitation pattern changed the content of non-structural carbohydrates components in different organs of Artemisia ordosica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:505. [PMID: 37864141 PMCID: PMC10589927 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a significant role in plant growth and defense and are an important component of carbon cycling in desert ecosystems. However, regarding global change scenarios, it remains unclear how NSCs in desert plants respond to changing precipitation patterns. [Methods] Three precipitation levels (natural precipitation, a 30% reduction in precipitation, and a 30% increase in precipitation) and two precipitation intervals levels (5 and 15 d) were simulated to study NSC (soluble sugar and starch) responses in the dominant shrub Artemisia ordosica. RESULTS Precipitation level and interval interact to affect the NSC (both soluble sugar and starch components) content of A. ordosica. The effect of precipitation on NSC content and its components depended on extended precipitation interval. With lower precipitation and extended interval, soluble sugar content in roots increased and starch content decreased, indicating that A. ordosica adapts to external environmental changes by hydrolyzing root starch into soluble sugars. At 5 d interval, lower precipitation increased the NSC content of stems and especially roots. CONCLUSIONS A. ordosica follows the "preferential allocation principle" to preferentially transport NSC to growing organs, which is an adaptive strategy to maintain a healthy physiological metabolism under drought conditions. The findings help understand the adaptation and survival mechanisms of desert vegetation under the changing precipitation patterns and are important in exploring the impact of carbon cycling in desert systems under global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Minghan Yu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Guodong Ding
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fuchong Zhang
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Li M, Wang H, Zhao X, Feng W, Ding G, Quan W. Effect of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on the Drought Resistance of Pinus massoniana Seedlings. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040471. [PMID: 37108925 PMCID: PMC10146878 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) play an important role in understanding the mechanisms of plant responses to drought stress. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) on the content and distribution of NSCs in Pinus massoniana seedlings under different drought intensities and to further explore the possible mechanism by which ECMF enhances the stress resistance of host plants. We conducted a pot experiment using P. massoniana seedlings that were inoculated (M) or non-inoculated (NM) with Suillus luteus (Sl) under well-watered, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions. The results showed that drought significantly reduced the photosynthetic capacity of P. massoniana seedlings and inhibited their growth rate. P. massoniana could respond to different degrees of drought stress by increasing the accumulation of NSCs and increasing WUE. However, compared with well-watered treatment, NSCs consumption began to appear in the roots of NM due to the decrease in starch content under severe drought, whereas NSCs content in M seedlings was higher than that in the well-watered treatment, showing that the ability to maintain C balance was higher in M seedlings. Compared with NM, inoculation with Sl increased the growth rate and biomass of roots, stems, and leaves under moderate and severe drought. In addition, Sl can also improve the gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance) of P. massoniana seedlings compared with NM seedlings, which was conducive to the hydraulic regulation of seedlings and improved their C fixation capacity. Meanwhile, the content of NSCs in M seedlings was higher. Moreover, the soluble sugar content and SS/St ratio of leaves, roots, and whole plants were higher under drought stress after Sl inoculation, indicating that Sl could also change the C distribution mode, regulate more soluble sugar to respond to drought stress, which was conducive to improving the osmotic adjustment ability of seedlings, and providing more available C sources for plant growth and defense. Overall, inoculation with Sl could enhance the drought resistance of seedlings and promote their growth under drought stress by improving NSCs storage, increasing soluble sugar distribution, and improving the plant water balance of P. massoniana seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haoyun Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xizhou Zhao
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wanyan Feng
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenxuan Quan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
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Schmied G, Hilmers T, Mellert KH, Uhl E, Buness V, Ambs D, Steckel M, Biber P, Šeho M, Hoffmann YD, Pretzsch H. Nutrient regime modulates drought response patterns of three temperate tree species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161601. [PMID: 36646222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of global change, the intensity, duration, and frequency of droughts are projected to increase and threaten forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree responses to drought are complex and likely to vary among species, drought characteristics, and site conditions. Here, we examined the drought response patterns of three major temperate tree species, s. fir (Abies alba), E. beech (Fagus sylvatica), and N. spruce (Picea abies), along an ecological gradient in the South - Central - East part of Germany that included a total of 37 sites with varying climatic and soil conditions. We relied on annual tree-ring data to assess the influence of different drought characteristics and (micro-) site conditions on components of tree resilience and to detect associated temporal changes. Our study revealed that nutrient regime, drought frequency, and hydraulic conditions in the previous and subsequent years were the main determinants of drought responses, with pronounced differences among species. Specifically, we found that (a) higher drought frequency was associated with higher resistance and resilience for N. spruce and E. beech; (b) more favorable climatic conditions in the two preceding and following years increased drought resilience and determined recovery potential of E. beech after extreme drought; (c) a site's nutrient regime, rather than micro-site differences in water availability, determined drought responses, with trees growing on sites with a balanced nutrient regime having a higher capacity to withstand extreme drought stress; (d) E. beech and N. spruce experienced a long-term decline in resilience. Our results indicate that trees under extreme drought stress benefit from a balanced nutrient supply and highlight the relevance of water availability immediately after droughts. Observed long-term trends confirm that N. spruce is suffering from persistent climatic changes, while s. fir is coping better. These findings might be especially relevant for monitoring, scenario analyses, and forest ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schmied
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Torben Hilmers
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Mellert
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Enno Uhl
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vincent Buness
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Ambs
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mathias Steckel
- Forst Baden-Württemberg (AöR), State Forest Enterprise Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Peter Biber
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Muhidin Šeho
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Yves-Daniel Hoffmann
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Blumstein M, Gersony J, Martínez-Vilalta J, Sala A. Global variation in nonstructural carbohydrate stores in response to climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1854-1869. [PMID: 36583374 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Woody plant species store nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) for many functions. While known to buffer against fluctuations in photosynthetic supply, such as at night, NSC stores are also thought to buffer against environmental extremes, such as drought or freezing temperatures by serving as either back-up energy reserves or osmolytes. However, a clear picture of how NSCs are shaped by climate is still lacking. Here, we update and leverage a unique global database of seasonal NSC storage measurements to examine whether maximum total NSC stores and the amount of soluble sugars are associated with clinal patterns in low temperatures or aridity, indicating they may confer a benefit under freezing or drought conditions. We examine patterns using the average climate at each study site and the unique climatic conditions at the time and place in which the sample was taken. Altogether, our results support the idea that NSC stores act as critical osmolytes. Soluble Sugars increase with both colder and drier conditions in aboveground tissues, indicating they can plastically increase a plants' tolerance of cold or arid conditions. However, maximum total NSCs increased, rather than decreased, with average site temperature and had no relationship to average site aridity. This result suggests that the total amount of NSC a plant stores may be more strongly determined by its capacity to assimilate carbon than by environmental stress. Thus, NSCs are unlikely to serve as reservoir of energy. This study is the most comprehensive synthesis to date of global NSC variation in relation to climate and supports the idea that NSC stores likely serve as buffers against environmental stress. By clarifying their role in cold and drought tolerance, we improve our ability to predict plant response to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Gersony
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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Martínez‐Sancho E, Treydte K, Lehmann MM, Rigling A, Fonti P. Drought impacts on tree carbon sequestration and water use - evidence from intra-annual tree-ring characteristics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:58-70. [PMID: 35576102 PMCID: PMC9542003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate extremes on forest ecosystems is poorly understood but important for predicting carbon and water cycle feedbacks to climate. Some knowledge gaps still remain regarding how drought-related adjustments in intra-annual tree-ring characteristics directly impact tree carbon and water use. In this study we quantified the impact of an extreme summer drought on the water-use efficiency and carbon sequestration of four mature Norway spruce trees. We used detailed observations of wood formation (xylogenesis) and intra-annual tree-ring properties (quantitative wood anatomy and stable carbon isotopes) combined with physiological water-stress monitoring. During 41 d of tree water deficit, we observed an enrichment in 13 C but a reduction in cell enlargement and wall-thickening processes, which impacted the anatomical characteristics. These adjustments diminished carbon sequestration by 67% despite an 11% increase in water-use efficiency during drought. However, with the resumption of a positive hydric state in the stem, we observed a fast recovery of cell formation rates based on the accumulated assimilates produced during drought. Our findings enhance our understanding of carbon and water fluxes between the atmosphere and forest ecosystems, providing observational evidence on the tree intra-annual carbon sequestration and water-use efficiency dynamics to improve future generations of vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez‐Sancho
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco M. Lehmann
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETHUniversitaetsstrasse 168092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Peleja VL, Peleja PL, Lara TS, Tribuzy ES, de Moura JMS. Seasonality and Phosphate Fertilization in Carbohydrates Storage: Carapa guianensis Aubl. Seedlings Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1956. [PMID: 35956434 PMCID: PMC9370796 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The low availability of phosphorus and water in soil can promote the remobilization of carbohydrates in the plant, releasing energy to mitigate stress. In this context, our objective was to analyze the production and allocation of carbohydrates in plants of Carapa guianensis Aubl. submitted to different doses of phosphate fertilization, during the rainy and dry seasons, in the western region of Pará. We used three phosphorus dosages (0, 50, 250 kg ha−1) as treatments. We evaluated the plants during the dry and wet seasons. We quantified dry matter production, phosphorus content, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, and starch. Phosphate fertilization and different evaluation periods influenced carbohydrate concentrations (p < 0.05) in plants. The highest levels of P in the leaves were registered in October and, in the roots the content decreased with the passage of time in all treatments. The control had higher dry matter production in leaves and stems. During the dry season, there was an accumulation of carbohydrates in plants and a low production of dry matter. Soluble sugars and sucrose tended to be allocated to the stem, reducing sugars to the leaves and starch to the roots, in most periods. In general, C. guianensis seedlings were not very responsive to phosphorus addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Leão Peleja
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém CEP 68040-255, Brazil; (P.L.P.); (E.S.T.)
| | - Poliana Leão Peleja
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém CEP 68040-255, Brazil; (P.L.P.); (E.S.T.)
| | - Túlio Silva Lara
- Institute of Water Science and Technology, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém CEP 68040-255, Brazil;
| | - Edgard Siza Tribuzy
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém CEP 68040-255, Brazil; (P.L.P.); (E.S.T.)
| | - José Mauro Sousa de Moura
- Interdisciplinary Training Center, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém CEP 68040-255, Brazil;
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11
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Tsuji C, Dannoura M, Desalme D, Angeli N, Takanashi S, Kominami Y, Epron D. Drought affects the fate of non-structural carbohydrates in hinoki cypress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:784-796. [PMID: 34635913 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tree species that close stomata early in response to drought are likely to suffer from an imbalance between limited carbohydrate supply due to reduced photosynthesis and metabolic demand. Our objective was to clarify the dynamic responses of non-structural carbohydrates to drought in a water-saving species, the hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). To this end, we pulse-labeled young trees with 13CO2 10 days after the beginning of the drought treatment. Trees were harvested 7 days later, early during drought progression, and 86 days later when they had suffered from a long and severe drought. The labeled carbon (C) was traced in phloem extract, in the organic matter and starch of all the organs, and in the soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) of the most metabolically active organs (foliage, green branches and fine roots). No drought-related changes in labeled C partitioning between belowground and aboveground organs were observed. The C allocation between non-structural carbohydrates was altered early during drought progression: starch concentration was lower by half in the photosynthetic organs, while the concentration of almost all soluble sugars tended to increase. The preferential allocation of labeled C to glucose and fructose reflected an increased demand for soluble sugars for osmotic adjustment. After 3 months of a lethal drought, the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were admittedly lower in drought-stressed trees than in the controls, but the pool of non-structural carbohydrates was far from completely depleted. However, the allocation to storage had been impaired by drought; photosynthesis and the sugar translocation rate had also been reduced by drought. Failure to maintain cell turgor through osmoregulation and to refill embolized xylem due to the depletion in soluble sugars in the roots could have resulted in tree mortality in hinoki cypress, though the total pool of carbohydrate was not completely depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dorine Desalme
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Nicolas Angeli
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kansai Research Centre, 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Daniel Epron
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
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12
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Peltier DMP, Guo J, Nguyen P, Bangs M, Wilson M, Samuels-Crow K, Yocom LL, Liu Y, Fell MK, Shaw JD, Auty D, Schwalm C, Anderegg WRL, Koch GW, Litvak ME, Ogle K. Temperature memory and non-structural carbohydrates mediate legacies of a hot drought in trees across the southwestern USA. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:71-85. [PMID: 34302167 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trees are long-lived organisms that integrate climate conditions across years or decades to produce secondary growth. This integration process is sometimes referred to as 'climatic memory.' While widely perceived, the physiological processes underlying this temporal integration, such as the storage and remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), are rarely explicitly studied. This is perhaps most apparent when considering drought legacies (perturbed post-drought growth responses to climate), and the physiological mechanisms underlying these lagged responses to climatic extremes. Yet, drought legacies are likely to become more common if warming climate brings more frequent drought. To quantify the linkages between drought legacies, climate memory and NSC, we measured tree growth (via tree ring widths) and NSC concentrations in three dominant species across the southwestern USA. We analyzed these data with a hierarchical mixed effects model to evaluate the time-scales of influence of past climate (memory) on tree growth. We then evaluated the role of climate memory and the degree to which variation in NSC concentrations were related to forward-predicted growth during the hot 2011-2012 drought and subsequent 4-year recovery period. Populus tremuloides exhibited longer climatic memory compared to either Pinus edulis or Juniperus osteosperma, but following the 2011-2012 drought, P. tremuloides trees with relatively longer memory of temperature conditions showed larger (more negative) drought legacies. Conversely, Pinus edulis trees with longer temperature memory had smaller (less negative) drought legacies. For both species, higher NSC concentrations followed more negative (larger) drought legacies, though the relevant NSC fraction differed between P. tremuloides and P. edulis. Our results suggest that differences in tree NSC are also imprinted upon tree growth responses to climate across long time scales, which also underlie tree resilience to increasingly frequent drought events under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jessica Guo
- Communications and Cyber Technologies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Phiyen Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Michael Bangs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Michelle Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kimberly Samuels-Crow
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Larissa L Yocom
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael K Fell
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - John D Shaw
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT 84401, USA
| | - David Auty
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Christopher Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - George W Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Marcy E Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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13
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Fang J, Lutz JA, Shugart HH, Yan X, Xie W, Liu F. Improving intra‐ and inter‐annual GPP predictions by using individual tree inventories and leaf growth dynamics. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing China
- Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - James A. Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Herman H. Shugart
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Wenqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
- Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
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14
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Piper FI. Putting non-structural compounds on the map of plant life history strategies: a commentary on Schoonmaker et al. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1559-1562. [PMID: 34274975 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
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15
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Song Y, Sass-Klaassen U, Sterck F, Goudzwaard L, Akhmetzyanov L, Poorter L. Growth of 19 conifer species is highly sensitive to winter warming, spring frost and summer drought. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:545-557. [PMID: 34216460 PMCID: PMC8422889 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Conifers are key components of many temperate and boreal forests and are important for forestry, but species differences in stem growth responses to climate are still poorly understood and may hinder effective management of these forests in a warmer and drier future. METHODS We studied 19 Northern Hemisphere conifer species planted in a 50-year-old common garden experiment in the Netherlands to (1) assess the effect of temporal dynamics in climate on stem growth, (2) test for a possible positive relationship between the growth potential and climatic growth sensitivity across species, and (3) evaluate the extent to which stem growth is controlled by phylogeny. KEY RESULTS Eighty-nine per cent of the species showed a significant reduction in stem growth to summer drought, 37 % responded negatively to spring frost and 32 % responded positively to higher winter temperatures. Species differed largely in their growth sensitivity to climatic variation and showed, for example, a four-fold difference in growth reduction to summer drought. Remarkably, we did not find a positive relationship between productivity and climatic sensitivity, but instead observed that some species combined a low growth sensitivity to summer drought with high growth potential. Both growth sensitivity to climate and growth potential were partly phylogenetically controlled. CONCLUSIONS A warmer and drier future climate is likely to reduce the productivity of most conifer species. We did not find a relationship between growth potential and growth sensitivity to climate; instead, some species combined high growth potential with low sensitivity to summer drought. This may help forest managers to select productive species that are able to cope with a warmer and drier future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Song
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Goudzwaard
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Linar Akhmetzyanov
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Fajardo A, Piper FI. How to cope with drought and not die trying: Drought acclimation across tree species with contrasting niche breadth. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3)Universidad de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Frida I. Piper
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3)Universidad de Talca Talca Chile
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17
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Fotelli MN, Lyrou FG, Avtzis DN, Maurer D, Rennenberg H, Spyroglou G, Polle A, Radoglou K. Effective Defense of Aleppo Pine Against the Giant Scale Marchalina hellenica Through Ecophysiological and Metabolic Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581693. [PMID: 33362812 PMCID: PMC7758410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and in other areas of the world, where it has been introduced due to its adaptive capacity to xerothermic conditions. The giant pine scale Marchalina hellenica often infests Aleppo pine, as well as other pines, in several southeastern European countries, causing pine declines. When combined with the expected intensified heat and drought events in eastern Mediterranean, the impact of this biotic parameter on the host pines may be exacerbated. The importance of understanding the defense mechanisms of Aleppo pine is emphasized by the recent invasion of the pine scale in new regions, like Australia, lacking the insect's natural enemies, where more intense negative effects on pine species may occur. To date, Aleppo pine's physiological responses to the infestation by M. hellenica are largely unknown. This study aimed at assessing the responses of Aleppo pine to the giant pine scale attack, both on an ecophysiological and a metabolic level. For this purpose, gas exchange, needle water status, and carbon and nitrogen content were measured during 1 year on healthy and infested adult trees. M etabolic profiling of Aleppo pine needles was also performed before, during, and after the high feeding activity of the insect. The maintenance of stable relative water content, δ13C signatures, and chlorophyll fluorescence in the needles of infested pines indicated that infestation did not induce drought stress to the host pines. At the peak of infestation, stomatal closure and a pronounced reduction in assimilation were observed and were associated with the accumulation of sugars in the needles, probably due to impaired phloem loading. At the end of the infestation period, tricarboxylic acids were induced and phenolic compounds were enhanced in the needles of infested pines. These metabolic responses, together with the recovery of photosynthesis after the end of M. hellenica intense feeding, indicate that in the studied region and under the current climate, Aleppo pine is resilient to the infestation by the giant pine scale. Future research should assess whether these promising defense mechanisms are also employed by other host pines, particularly in regions of the world recently invaded by the giant pine scale, as well as under more xerothermic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela N. Fotelli
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani G. Lyrou
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N. Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Maurer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gavriil Spyroglou
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Radoglou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
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18
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Arab L, Seegmueller S, Dannenmann M, Eiblmeier M, Albasher G, Alfarraj S, Rennenberg H. Foliar traits of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl) seedlings are largely determined by site properties rather than seed origin. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1648-1667. [PMID: 32705139 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to climate change, sessile oak (Quercus petraea) seedlings experience an increasing risk of drought during regeneration of forest stands by management practices. The present study was aimed at elucidating the potential of sessile oak seedlings originating from sites with different aridity and nitrogen (N) supply to acclimate to contrasting water availability. For this purpose, a free-air cross-exchange experiment was conducted between a dry and a humid forest stand with high and low soil N contents, respectively, during two consecutive years differing in aridity before harvest. Almost all structural and physiological foliar traits analyzed did not differ consistently between seed origins during both years, when cultivated at the same site. As an exception, the arid provenance upregulated foliar ascorbate contents under drought, whereas the humid provenance accumulated the phenolic antioxidants vescalagin and castalagin (VC) under favorable weather conditions and consumed VC upon drought. Apparently, differences in long-term aridity at the forest sites resulted in only few genetically fixed differences in foliar traits between the provenances. However, structural and physiological traits strongly responded to soil N contents and weather conditions before harvest. Foliar N contents and their partitioning were mostly determined by the differences in soil N availability at the sites, but still were modulated by weather conditions before harvest. In the first year, differences in aridity before harvest resulted in differences between most foliar traits. In the second year, when weather conditions at both sites were considerably similar and more arid compared to the first year, differences in foliar traits were almost negligible. This pattern was observed irrespective of seed origin. These results support the view that leaves of sessile oak seedlings generally possess a high plasticity to cope with extreme differences in aridity by immediate acclimation responses that are even better developed in plants of arid origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Seegmueller
- Zentralstelle der Forstverwaltung, Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft, Hauptstraße 16, 67705 Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Dannenmann
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Monika Eiblmeier
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ghada Albasher
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
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19
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Urrutia-Jalabert R, Lara A, Barichivich J, Vergara N, Rodriguez CG, Piper FI. Low Growth Sensitivity and Fast Replenishment of Non-structural Carbohydrates in a Long-Lived Endangered Conifer After Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:905. [PMID: 32733500 PMCID: PMC7357304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate on whether a drought induced carbohydrate limitation (source limitation) or a direct effect of water shortage (sink limitation) limit growth under drought. In this study, we investigated the effects of the two driest summers recorded in southern Chile in the last seven decades, on the growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentrations of the slow-growing conifer Fitzroya cupressoides. Specifically, we studied the seasonal variation of NSC in saplings and adults one and two years after the occurrence of a 2 year-summer drought at two sites of contrasting precipitation and productivity (mesic-productive vs. rainy-less productive). We also evaluated radial growth before, during and after the drought, and predicted that drought could have reduced growth. If drought caused C source limitation, we expected that NSCs will be lower during the first than the second year after drought. Conversely, similar NSC concentrations between years or higher NSC concentrations in the first year would be supportive of sink limitation. Also, due to the lower biomass of saplings compared with adults, we expected that saplings should experience stronger seasonal NSC remobilization than adults. We confirmed this last expectation. Moreover, we found no significant growth reduction during drought in the rainy site and a slightly significant growth reduction at the mesic site for both saplings and adults. Across organs and in both sites and age classes, NSC, starch, and sugar concentrations were generally higher in the first than in the second year following drought, while NSC seasonal remobilization was generally lower. Higher NSC concentrations along with lower seasonal NSC remobilization during the first post-drought year are supportive of sink limitation. However, as these results were found at both sites while growth decreased slightly and just at the mesic site, limited growth only is unlikely to have caused NSC accumulation. Rather, these results suggest that the post-drought dynamics of carbohydrate storage are partly decoupled from the growth dynamics, and that the rebuild of C reserves after drought may be a priority in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Urrutia-Jalabert
- Instituto Forestal INFOR, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jonathan Barichivich
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, IPSL, CRNS/CEA/UVSQ, Paris, France
| | - Nicolás Vergara
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Gloria Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile
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20
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Guo JS, Gear L, Hultine KR, Koch GW, Ogle K. Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics associated with antecedent stem water potential and air temperature in a dominant desert shrub. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1467-1483. [PMID: 32112440 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are necessary for plant growth and affected by plant water status, but the temporal dynamics of water stress impacts on NSC are not well understood. We evaluated how seasonal NSC concentrations varied with plant water status (predawn xylem water potential, Ψ) and air temperature (T) in the evergreen desert shrub Larrea tridentata. Aboveground sugar and starch concentrations were measured weekly or monthly for ~1.5 years on 6-12 shrubs simultaneously instrumented with automated stem psychrometers; leaf photosynthesis (Anet ) was measured monthly for 1 year. Leaf sugar increased during the dry, premonsoon period, associated with lower Ψ (greater water stress) and high T. Leaf sugar accumulation coincided with declines in leaf starch and stem sugar, suggesting the prioritization of leaf sugar during low photosynthetic uptake. Leaf starch was strongly correlated with Anet and peaked during the spring and monsoon seasons, while stem starch remained relatively constant except for depletion during the monsoon. Recent photosynthate appeared sufficient to support spring growth, while monsoon growth required the remobilization of stem starch reserves. The coordinated responses of different NSC fractions to water status, photosynthesis, and growth demands suggest that NSCs serve multiple functions under extreme environmental conditions, including severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Linnea Gear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation, and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - George W Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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21
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Piper FI. Decoupling between growth rate and storage remobilization in broadleaf temperate tree species. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Coyhaique Chile
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22
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Godfrey JM, Riggio J, Orozco J, Guzmán-Delgado P, Chin ARO, Zwieniecki MA. Ray fractions and carbohydrate dynamics of tree species along a 2750 m elevation gradient indicate climate response, not spatial storage limitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2314-2330. [PMID: 31808954 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parenchyma cells in the xylem store nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), providing reserves of energy that fuel woody perennials through periods of stress and/or limitations to photosynthesis. If the capacity for storage is subject to selection, then the fraction of wood occupied by living parenchyma should increase towards stressful environments. Ray parenchyma fraction (RPF) and seasonal NSC dynamics were quantified for 12 conifers and three oaks along a transect spanning warm dry foothills (500 m above sea level) to cold wet treeline (3250 m asl) in California's central Sierra Nevada. Mean RPF was lower for both conifer and oak species with warmer dryer ranges. RPF variability increased with elevation or in relation to associated climatic variables in conifers - treeline-dominant Pinus albicaulis had the lowest mean RPF measured (c. 3.7%), but the highest environmentally standardized variability index. Conifer RPF variability was explained by environment, increasing predominantly towards cooler wetter range edges. In oaks, NSC was explained by environment - values increasing for evergreen and decreasing for deciduous oaks with elevation. Lastly, all species surveyed appear to prioritize filling available RPF with sugar to achieve molarities that balance reasonable tensions over starch to maximize stored carbon. RPF responds to environment but is unlikely to spatially constrain NSC storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M Godfrey
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason Riggio
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jessica Orozco
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Alana R O Chin
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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23
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Peltier DMP, Ogle K. Legacies of more frequent drought in ponderosa pine across the western United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3803-3816. [PMID: 31155807 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread interest in drought legacies-multiyear impacts of drought on tree growth-the key implication of reported drought legacies remains unaddressed: as impaired growth and slow recovery associated with drought legacies are pervasive across forest ecosystems, what is the impact of more frequent drought conditions? We investigated the assumption that either multiple drought years occurring during a short period (multiyear droughts), or droughts occurring during the recovery period from previous drought (compounded droughts), are detrimental to subsequent growth. There is evidence that drought responses may vary among populations of widespread species, leading us to examine regional differences in responses of the conifer Pinus ponderosa to historic drought frequency in the western United States. More frequent drought conditions incurred additional growth declines and shifts in growth-climate sensitivities in the years following drought relative to single-drought events, with 'triple-droughts' being worse than 'double-droughts'. Notably, prediction skill was not strongly reduced when ignoring compounded droughts, a consequence of the temporally comprehensive formulation of our stochastic antecedent model that accounts for the climatic memory of tree growth. We argue that incorporating drought-induced temporal variability in tree growth sensitivities can aid inference gained from statistical models, where more simplistic models could overestimate the severity of drought legacies. We also found regional differences in response to repeated drought, and suggest plastic post-drought sensitivities and climatic memory may represent beneficial physiological adjustments in interior regions. Within-species variability may thus mediate forest responses to increasing drought frequency under future climate change, but experimental approaches using more species are necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie drought legacy effects on tree growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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24
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Fuenzalida TI, Hernández-Moreno Á, Piper FI. Secondary leaves of an outbreak-adapted tree species are both more resource acquisitive and more herbivore resistant than primary leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1499-1511. [PMID: 31384949 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and frequency of insect outbreaks are predicted to increase in forests, but how trees cope with severe outbreak defoliation is not yet fully understood. Winter deciduous trees often produce a secondary leaf flush in response to defoliation (i.e., compensatory leaf regrowth or refoliation), which promotes fast replenishment of carbon (C) storage and eventually tree survival. However, secondary leaf flushes may imply a high susceptibility to insect herbivory, especially in the event of an ongoing outbreak. We hypothesized that in winter deciduous species adapted to outbreak-driven defoliations, secondary leaves are both more C acquisitive and more herbivore resistant than primary leaves. During an outbreak by Ormiscodes amphimone F. affecting Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser forests, we (i) quantified the defoliation and subsequent refoliation by analyzing the seasonal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and (ii) compared the physiological traits and herbivore resistance of primary and secondary leaves. Comparisons of the NDVI of the primary and second leaf flushes relative to the NDVI of the defoliated forest indicated 31% refoliation, which is close to the leaf regrowth reported by a previous study in juvenile N. pumilio trees subjected to experimental defoliation. Primary leaves had higher leaf mass per area, size, carbon:nitrogen ratio and soluble sugar concentration than secondary leaves, along with lower nitrogen and starch concentrations, and similar total polyphenol and phosphorus concentrations. In both a choice and a non-choice bioassay, the leaf consumption rates by O. amphimone larvae were significantly higher (>50%) for primary than for secondary leaves, indicating higher herbivore resistance in the latter. Our study shows that secondary leaf flushes in outbreak-adapted tree species can be both C acquisitive and herbivore resistant, and suggests that these two features mediate the positive effects of the compensatory leaf regrowth on the tree C balance and forest resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás I Fuenzalida
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Austral National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Ángela Hernández-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Camino Baguales, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Camino Baguales, Coyhaique, Chile
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25
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Forest Decline Triggered by Phloem Parasitism-Related Biotic Factors in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis). FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate models predict increasing mean temperatures and reduced precipitation for Mediterranean ecosystems already subjected to major hydrological fluctuations. Forest decline phenomena relate extreme droughts or heat waves with other organisms, e.g., insects or microorganisms acting as pests, but their role needs to be elucidated. A biotic factor responsible for forest diseases is Candidatus Phytoplasma pini which is a phloem-parasitism that negatively affects Spanish pine forests in drought-prone areas. In several healthy and declining Aleppo pine stands, we monitored pine infection by PCR (Polimerase Chain Reation), determined the tree phloem tissue terpene composition, carbohydrate content, measured several relevant morpho-physiological variables and examined trees affected by bark beetles. PCR confirmed C. P. pini infection was widespread in all stands, regardless of to the presence of symptomatically affected trees. However, visible symptomatic decline only occurred in trees living under more stressful conditions. The terpene composition of pines in declining stands differed from those in healthy ones, and could be related with bark beetle attacks when pines were previously weakened by the phytoplasma disease. Our results indicate that biotic factors, such as C. P. pini, affecting phloem tissue may be triggering factors for drought-mediated forest decline and suggest that phloem diseases can play a key role in forest declining processes during extreme drought.
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26
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Lauder JD, Moran EV, Hart SC. Fight or flight? Potential tradeoffs between drought defense and reproduction in conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1071-1085. [PMID: 30924877 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently exhibit tradeoffs between reproduction and growth when resources are limited, and often change these allocation patterns in response to stress. Shorter-lived plants such as annuals tend to allocate relatively more resources toward reproduction when stressed, while longer-lived plants tend to invest more heavily in survival and stress defense. However, severe stress may affect the fitness implications of allocating relatively more resources to reproduction versus stress defense. Increased drought intensity and duration have led to widespread mortality events in coniferous forests. In this review, we ask how potential tradeoffs between reproduction and survival influence the likelihood of drought-induced mortality and species persistence. We propose that trees may exhibit what we call 'fight or flight' behaviors under stress. 'Fight' behaviors involve greater resource allocation toward survival (e.g., growth, drought-resistant xylem and pest defense). 'Flight' consists of higher relative allocation of resources to reproduction, potentially increasing both offspring production and mortality risk for the adult. We hypothesize that flight behaviors increase as drought stress escalates the likelihood of mortality in a given location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Lauder
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Emily V Moran
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Stephen C Hart
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, USA
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27
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Deepening Rooting Depths Improve Plant Water and Carbon Status of a Xeric Tree during Summer Drought. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10070592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the effects of drought on trees of different sizes is an important research topic because the size-dependent mortality pattern of the major dominant species significantly affects the structure and function of plant communities. Here we studied the physiological performance and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) dynamics of a small xeric tree species, Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) of different tree size with varying rooting depth, during summer drought. We measured predawn (Ψpd) and midday (Ψm) leaf water potential, osmotic potential at saturated turgor (π100), and turgor lost point (Ψtlp), stomatal conductance (gs) at noon, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in the morning, and NSCs concentration, from June–September. Our results demonstrated that the summer drought reduces the overall performance of physiological traits of the small young trees more than the larger adult trees. Ψpd, gs and Fv/Fm dropped larger in the small-diameter groups than the larger diameter groups. Substantial osmotic adjustments were observed in small size individuals (with lower π100 and Ψtlp) to cope with summer drought. Furthermore, mean concentration of NSCs for the leaf and shoot were higher in September than in July in every basal stem diameter classes suggested the leaf and shoot acted as reserve for NSC. However the root NSCs concentrations within each basal stem diameter class exhibited less increase in September than in the July. At the same time, the small young tress had lower root NSCs concentrations than the larger adult tree in both July and September. The contrasting root NSC concentrations across the basal stem diameter classes indicated that the roots of smaller trees may be more vulnerable to carbon starvation under non-lethal summer drought. The significant positive relationship between rooting depth and physiological traits & root NSCs concentration emphasize the importance of rooting depth in determining the seasonal variation of water status, gas exchange and NSCs.
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28
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Seidel H, Matiu M, Menzel A. Compensatory Growth of Scots Pine Seedlings Mitigates Impacts of Multiple Droughts Within and Across Years. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31105722 PMCID: PMC6491932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tree seedling resistance to and recovery from abiotic stressors such as drought and warming are crucial for forest regeneration and persistence. Selection of more resilient provenances and their use in forest management programs might alleviate pressures of climate change on forest ecosystems. Scots pine forests in particular have suffered frequent drought-induced mortality, suggesting high vulnerability to extreme events. Here, we conducted an experiment using potted Scots pine seedlings from ten provenances of its south-western distribution range to investigate provenance-specific impacts of multiple drought events. Seedlings were grown under ambient and elevated temperatures for 1.5 years and were subjected to consecutive droughts during spring and summer. Growth (height, diameter, and needle) and spring phenology were monitored during the whole study period and complemented by biomass assessments (bud, needle, wood, and needle/wood ratio) as well as measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and of needle stable carbon isotope ratio. Phenology, growth and biomass parameters as well as carbon isotope ratio and their (direct) responses to reoccurring droughts differed between provenances, indicating genotypic adaptation. Seedling growth was plastic during drought with intra- and inter-annual compensatory growth after drought stress release (carryover effects), however, not fully compensating the initial impact. For (smaller) seedlings from southern/drier origins, sometimes greater drought resistance was observed which diminished under warmer conditions in the greenhouse. Warming increased diameter growth and advanced phenological development, which was (partly) delayed by drought in 2013, but advanced in 2014. Earlier phenology was linked to higher growth in 2013, but interestingly later phenology had positive effects on wood and needle biomass when subjected to drought. Lastly, stable carbon isotope ratios indicated a clear drought response of carbon assimilation. Drought-induced reduction of the photosystem II efficiency was only observed under warmer conditions but showed compensation under ambient temperatures. Besides these direct drought impacts, also interactive effects of previous drought events were shown, either reinforcing or sometimes attenuating the actual impact. Thus, depending on amount and timing of events, Scots pine seedlings, particularly from southern origins, might be well adapted and resilient to drought stress and should be considered when discussing assisted migration under changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Seidel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Matiu
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Earth Observation, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Annette Menzel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
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29
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Zlobin IE, Ivanov YV, Kartashov AV, Sarvin BA, Stavrianidi AN, Kreslavski VD, Kuznetsov VV. Impact of weak water deficit on growth, photosynthetic primary processes and storage processes in pine and spruce seedlings. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:307-323. [PMID: 29779192 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of 40 days of drought on growth, storage processes and primary photosynthetic processes in 3-month-old Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings growing in perlite culture. Water stress significantly affected seedling water status, whereas absolute dry biomass growth was not substantially influenced. Water stress induced an increase in non-structural carbohydrate content (sugars, sugar alcohols, starch) in the aboveground part of pine seedlings in contrast to spruce seedlings. Due to the relatively low content of sugars and sugar alcohols in seedling organs, their expected contribution to osmotic potential changes was quite low. In contrast to biomass accumulation and storage, photosynthetic primary processes were substantially influenced by water shortage. In spruce seedlings, PSII was more sensitive to water stress than PSI. In particular, electron transport in PSI was stable under water stress despite the substantial decrease of electron transport in PSII. The increase in thermal energy dissipation due to enhancement of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was evident in both species under water stress. Simultaneously, the yields of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII were decreased in pine seedlings under drought. A relationship between growth, photosynthetic activities and storage processes is analysed under weak water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury V Ivanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Kartashov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Vladimir D Kreslavski
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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30
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Belmecheri S, Wright WE, Szejner P, Morino KA, Monson RK. Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionations in tree rings reveal interactions between cambial phenology and seasonal climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2758-2772. [PMID: 29995977 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed novel approaches for using the isotope composition of tree-ring subdivisions to study seasonal dynamics in tree-climate relations. Across a 30-year time series, the δ13 C and δ18 O values of the earlywood (EW) cellulose in the annual rings of Pinus ponderosa reflected relatively high intrinsic water-use efficiencies and high evaporative fractionation of 18 O/16 O, respectively, compared with the false latewood (FLW), summerwood (SW), and latewood (LW) subdivisions. This result is counterintuitive, given the spring origins of the EW source water and midsummer origins of the FLW, SW, and LW. With the use of the Craig-Gordon (CG), isotope-climate model revealed that the isotope ratios in all of the ring subdivision are explained by the existence of seasonal lags, lasting several weeks, between the initial formation of tracheids and the production of cellulosic secondary cell walls during maturation. In contrast to some past studies, modification of the CG model according to conventional methods to account for mixing of needle water between fractionated and nonfractionated sources did not improve the accuracy of predictions. Our results reveal new potential in the use of tree-ring isotopes to reconstruct past intra-annual tree-climate relations if lags in cambial phenology are reconciled with isotope ratio observations and included in theoretical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - William E Wright
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul Szejner
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kiyomi A Morino
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Russell K Monson
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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31
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Jin Y, Li J, Liu C, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Sha L, Wang Z, Song Q, Lin Y, Zhou R, Chen A, Li P, Fei X, Grace J. Carbohydrate dynamics of three dominant species in a Chinese savanna under precipitation exclusion. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1371-1383. [PMID: 29474710 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of drought on the carbon balance in plants has gained great attention. Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics have been suggested as an important trait reflecting carbon balance under drought conditions. However, NSC dynamics under drought and the response mechanisms of NSC to drought remain unclear, especially in water-limited savanna ecosystems. A precipitation exclusion experiment was performed to simulate different drought intensities in a savanna ecosystem in Yuanjiang valley in southwestern China. Growth, total NSC concentration and diurnal change of NSC were determined for the leaves and non-photosynthetic organs of three dominant species (Lannea coromandelica, Polyalthia cerasoides and Heteropogon contortus) throughout the growing season. Drought significantly reduced the growth of all the three species. Total NSC concentration averaged ~8.1%, varying with species, organ and sampling period, and did not significantly decrease under drought stress. By contrast, the diurnal change of NSC in these three species increased under drought stress. These results indicate that these three dominant species did not undergo carbon limitation. Thus, relative change in NSC is a more sensitive and effective indicator than carbon reserves in evaluation of plant carbon balance. These findings provide new insights for the understanding of carbon balance and the mechanisms of carbon starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Yuntong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Liqing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Youxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiwu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, China
| | - Peiguang Li
- Yellow River Delta Ecological Research Station of Coastal Wetland, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xuehai Fei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John Grace
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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32
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Ryan MG, Oren R, Waring RH. Fruiting and sink competition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1261-1266. [PMID: 30285254 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard H Waring
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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