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De NV, Minh PN, Le TH, Dung DT, Duong TT, Tuan BV, Dong LT, Chau NVV, Cuervo PF, Bargues MD, Valero MA, Gabrielli AF, Montresor A, Mas-Coma S. A multidisciplinary analysis of over 53,000 fascioliasis patients along the 1995-2019 countrywide spread in Vietnam defines a new epidemiological baseline for One Health approaches. One Health 2024; 19:100869. [PMID: 39220760 PMCID: PMC11364005 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis, only foodborne trematodiasis of worldwide distribution, is caused by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, liver flukes transmitted by freshwater snails. Southern and southeastern Asia is an emerging hot spot of F. gigantica, despite its hitherto less involvement in human infection. In Vietnam, increasing cases have been reported since 1995, whereas only sixteen throughout 1800-1994. A database was created to include epidemiological data of fascioliasis patients from the 63 Vietnam provinces throughout 1995-2019. Case profiles were based on serology, symptoms, eosinophilia, imaging techniques, stool egg finding, and post-specific-treatment recovery. Radio broadcasting about symptoms and costless diagnosis/treatment led patients to hospitals after symptom onset. Yearly case numbers were modelled and spatio-temporally analyzed. Missing data and confounders were assessed. The countrywide spread has no precedent. It started in the central coast, including 53,109 patients, mostly adults and females. Seasonality, linked to vegetable consumption, peaks in June, although the intensity of this peak differs according to relief/climatic zones. Incidence data and logistic regression curves are obtained for the first time in human fascioliasis. Fasciolid hybrids accompanying the spreading F. gigantica flukes, and climate change assessed by risk index correlations, are both ruled out as outbreak causes. Human-guided movements of livestock from an original area prove to be the way used by fasciolids and lymnaeid vectors to expand geographically. Radix viridis, a highly efficient transmitting and colonizing vector, played a decisive role in the spread. The use of irrigated crop fields, widely inhabited by R. viridis, for livestock grazing facilitated the transmission and spread of the disease. General physician awareness and diagnostic capacity improvement proved the successful impact of such knowledge transfer in facilitating and increasing patient infection detection. Information, education and communication to the public by radio broadcasting demonstrated to be very helpful. Fasciola gigantica is able to cause epidemic and endemic situations similar to F. hepatica. The magnitude of the human outbreak in Vietnam is a health wake-up call for southern and southeastern countries of Asia which present the highest human population densities with increasing food demands, uncontrolled livestock inter-country exchange, foreign import practices, and monsoon's increasing climate change impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van De
- Ha Noi Medical University, 01 Ton That Tung, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Ngoc Minh
- Ha Noi Medical University, 01 Ton That Tung, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Institute of Biotechnology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Trung Dung
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thanh Duong
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Bui Van Tuan
- Quy Nhon Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Quy Nhon, Viet Nam
| | - Le Thanh Dong
- Ho Chi Minh Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | | | - Pablo F. Cuervo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Albis Francesco Gabrielli
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme (NTD), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme (NTD), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lee SO, Chu KB, Yoon KW, Eom GD, Mao J, Lee H, No JH, Song JH, Hong SJ, Kim SS, Quan FS. Efficacy assessment of miltefosine and curcumin against Clonorchis sinensis infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0064224. [PMID: 39082882 PMCID: PMC11373209 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00642-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is currently the only approved drug for treating clonorchiasis, but its poor efficacy against Clonorchis sinensis larvae has highlighted the need to develop newer drugs. In this study, to address this challenge, we investigated the anti-parasitic efficacy of miltefosine (MLT), curcumin (CUR), and PZQ against C. sinensis metacercariae (CsMC), newly excysted juvenile worms (CsNEJs), and adults. Larvicidal effects of MLT and CUR surpassed those elicited by PZQ in vitro. These two drugs exerted their effect against both CsMC and CsNEJs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To confirm the effect of these drugs in vivo, Syrian golden hamsters were orally infected with 100 CsMC and subsequently treated with MLT, CUR, or PZQ at 1 and 4 weeks post-infection (wpi). MLT and CUR reduced the worm recoveries at 1 and 4 wpi, indicating that these drugs were efficacious against both larvae and adult C. sinensis. PZQ was only efficacious against adult worms. Interestingly, both MLT and CUR showed lower levels of C. sinensis-specific IgG responses than the infection control group, implying that worm burden and bile IgG responses could be correlated. These results indicate that MLT and CUR are efficacious against both larval and adult stages of C. sinensis, thereby highlighting their potential for further development as alternative therapeutic options for clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ok Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Back Chu
- Department of Parasitology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Infectious Disease and Malaria, Paik Institute of Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryon Lee
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Song
- Department Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sota P, Andityas M, Kotepui M, Sripa B. Prevalence estimates of Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis infection in the Greater Mekong subregion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:33. [PMID: 38720371 PMCID: PMC11077858 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis, caused by Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, respectively, are significant yet neglected foodborne trematodiases in the Great Mekong Subregion (GMS). Despite the reporting of the prevalence of these human liver flukes in the region over the past decades, there has been a lack of a comprehensive and systematic consolidation of this data. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize and analyze time-trend prevalence estimates of both O. viverrini and C. sinensis across the GMS for the past 30 years. METHODS This study undertakes a systematic review using a comprehensive search for published articles in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane and Thai Journal Online databases until early 2023. The pooled prevalence of O. viverrini and C. sinensis infection was analyzed through a random-effects meta-analysis, with meta-regression analysis used to quantify associations with study characteristics. Sub-group analysis was conducted, whenever comparison data were available, to assess the risk of O. viverrini and C. sinensis infection in each GMS country. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the Q statistic and quantified by using the I 2 Index. RESULTS From a total of 2997 articles, 155 articles comprising 218 datasets and 751,108 participants were included for review. The GMS prevalence of O. viverrini was 21.11% [45,083/260,237; 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.74-24.47%]. Pooled prevalence estimates were highly observed in Laos (34.06%, 95% CI: 26.85-41.26%), followed by Thailand (18.19%, 95% CI: 13.86-22.51%), and Cambodia (10.48%, 95% CI: 5.52-15.45%). Myanmar and Vietnam had limited data sources for calculation. Clonorchis sinensis infection in GMS was 25.33% (95% CI: 18.32-32.34%), with Guangxi, China, exhibiting the highest prevalence rates at 26.89% (95% CI: 18.34-35.43%), while Vietnam had a prevalence rate of 20.30% (95% CI: 9.13-31.47%). O. viverrini prevalence decreased significantly over time, whereas C. sinensis infection appeared to be stable consistently over time in both China and Vietnam. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive study, drawing from the largest datasets to date, offers an in-depth systematic prevalence review of human liver flukes in the Greater Mekong Subregion. It underscores the imperative for systematic surveillance, data collection, and the implementation of intervention and control measures for these infectious diseases of poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornphutthachat Sota
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Morsid Andityas
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Veterinary Technology Study Program, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Manas Kotepui
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Medical Technology Program, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Nguyen TTB, Bui DT, Losson B, Dahma H, Nguyen ATT, Nhu HV, Do DT, Dorny P, Vandenberg O, Dermauw V. Effectiveness of health education in improving knowledge, attitude and practice related to foodborne zoonotic trematodes in Vietnam, with a particular focus on Clonorchis sinensis. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:280-291. [PMID: 38351498 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Foodborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT), which infect the liver, lungs and intestines of humans, are an emerging public health concern in tropical countries including Vietnam. In northern Vietnam, Clonorchis sinensis is recognised as the most important species of the FZT. Up to now, small-scale studies conducted in the country have indicated that health education could improve participants' knowledge and practices related to clonorchiasis, however strong evidence is still lacking. We conducted an intervention trial between 2020 and 2021 in four communes in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa province, aiming to evaluate the impact of an extended educational package on knowledge, attitude and practices related to clonorchiasis, as well as on knowledge on the large liver fluke and minute intestinal flukes. METHODS To this end, baseline and post-intervention questionnaires were conducted. Generalised estimating equations models were run to analyse the impact of the intervention on knowledge, attitudes and practices over time in the intervention versus control group. Finally, 172 people in the intervention group and 162 in the control group were included for analysis. RESULTS Results demonstrated that the intervention significantly improved clonorchiasis knowledge, attitudes and practices, with higher odds for a correct knowledge response (odds ratio (OR) = 2.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.84-4.27, p-value < 0.001), increased average mean attitude score (mean = 0.363, 95%CI = 0.182-0.544, p-value < 0.001), and a reduced odds of consuming raw fish (OR = 0.15, 95%CI = 0.06-0.40, p = 0.002) in the intervention group compared to the control group post-intervention versus baseline. Additionally, participants in the intervention group exhibited enhanced basic knowledge of the large liver fluke and minute intestinal flukes post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the potential of health education programs in preventing clonorchiasis in endemic areas, emphasising the importance of continued health education as a critical component of integrated control programs for clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thi Bich Nguyen
- Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research and Technology Innovation Unit, LHUB - ULB, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (GHUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dung Thi Bui
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bertrand Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Hafid Dahma
- Department of Microbiology, LHUB - ULB, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (GHUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anh Thi Tuyet Nguyen
- Department of International Medical Quarantine, Quangnam Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quang Nam, Vietnam
| | - Hung Van Nhu
- Vietnam Administration of HIV/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Trung Do
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Research and Technology Innovation Unit, LHUB - ULB, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (GHUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Qian MB, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Zhou XN. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000923. [PMID: 38169283 PMCID: PMC10938900 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus are important liver flukes that cause a considerable public health burden in eastern Asia, southeastern Asia, and eastern Europe, respectively. The life cycles are complex, involving humans, animal reservoirs, and two kinds of intermediate hosts. An interplay of biological, cultural, ecological, economic, and social factors drives transmission. Chronic infections are associated with liver and biliary complications, most importantly cholangiocarcinoma. With regard to diagnosis, stool microscopy is widely used in epidemiologic surveys and for individual diagnosis. Immunologic techniques are employed for screening purposes, and molecular techniques facilitate species differentiation in reference laboratories. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, usually combined with behavioral change through information, education and communication, and environmental control. Tribendimidine, a drug registered in the People's Republic of China for soil-transmitted helminth infections, shows potential against both C. sinensis and O. viverrini and, hence, warrants further clinical development. Novel control approaches include fish vaccine and biological control. Considerable advances have been made using multi-omics which may trigger the development of new interventions. Pressing research needs include mapping the current distribution, disentangling the transmission, accurately estimating the disease burden, and developing new diagnostic and treatment tools, which would aid to optimize control and elimination measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Zheng JX, Zhu HH, Xia S, Qian MB, Nguyen HM, Sripa B, Sayasone S, Khieu V, Bergquist R, Zhou XN. Natural variables separate the endemic areas of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini along a continuous, straight zone in Southeast Asia. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:24. [PMID: 38475922 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis, caused by the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini respectively, represent significant neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Asia. The co-existence of these pathogens in overlapping regions complicates effective disease control strategies. This study aimed to clarify the distribution and interaction of these diseases within Southeast Asia. METHODS We systematically collated occurrence records of human clonorchiasis (n = 1809) and opisthorchiasis (n = 731) across the Southeast Asia countries. Utilizing species distribution models incorporating environmental and climatic data, coupled machine learning algorithms with boosted regression trees, we predicted and distinguished endemic areas for each fluke species. Machine learning techniques, including geospatial analysis, were employed to delineate the boundaries between these flukes. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that the endemic range of C. sinensis and O. viverrini in Southeast Asia primarily spans across part of China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. During the period from 2000 to 2018, we identified C. sinensis infections in 84 distinct locations, predominantly in southern China (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) and northern Vietnam. In a stark contrast, O. viverrini was more widely distributed, with infections documented in 721 locations across Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Critical environmental determinants were quantitatively analyzed, revealing annual mean temperatures ranging between 14 and 20 °C in clonorchiasis-endemic areas and 24-30 °C in opisthorchiasis regions (P < 0.05). The machine learning model effectively mapped a distinct demarcation zone, demonstrating a clear separation between the endemic areas of these two liver flukes with AUC from 0.9 to1. The study in Vietnam delineates the coexistence and geographical boundaries of C. sinensis and O. viverrini, revealing distinct endemic zones and a transitional area where both liver fluke species overlap. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the critical role of specific climatic and environmental factors in influencing the geographical distribution of C. sinensis and O. viverrini. This spatial delineation offers valuable insights for integrated surveillance and control strategies, particularly in regions with sympatric transmission. The results underscore the need for tailored interventions, considering regional epidemiological variations. Future collaborations integrating eco-epidemiology, molecular epidemiology, and parasitology are essential to further elucidate the complex interplay of liver fluke distributions in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Zheng
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 20025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vectors Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vectors Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vectors Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vectors Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hung Manh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraparb Road, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly at the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, China.
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 20025, China.
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vectors Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Nguyen PTX, Dorny P, Van Hoang H, Losson B, Mignon B, Bui DT. Environmental influence on abundance and infection patterns of snail intermediate hosts of liver and intestinal flukes in North and Central Vietnam. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:134. [PMID: 38358614 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Liver and intestinal flukes (LIF) are important groups of foodborne zoonotic trematodes (FZTs) in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Their complex life cycles require specific freshwater snail species as the obligatory first intermediate hosts. In 2019, we conducted a longitudinal study in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces in North and Central Vietnam, respectively, to investigate the diversity of LIF and their infection prevalence in relation to snail host abundance and environmental factors. Using a combination of morphological and molecular identification techniques, we identified 10 LIF species infecting 11 snail host species. We observed significant seasonal variation in the mean abundance of several snail host species, with the majority of snails collected during the spring. We also detected seasonal changes in LIF species composition, with the highest species richness reported in the spring. Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola gigantica, two medically important human liver flukes in Asia, were found only in the spring in Yen Bai. Our study revealed that not all snail host species have the same probability of becoming infected, and we recorded seasonal variations in the prevalence of LIF infection in different snail species in relation to water parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Xuan Nguyen
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hien Van Hoang
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Bertrand Losson
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dung Thi Bui
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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Saijuntha W, Sithithaworn P, Wangboon C, Andrews RH, Petney TN. Liver Flukes: Clonorchis and Opisthorchis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:239-284. [PMID: 39008268 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and O. felineus are liver flukes of human and animal pathogens occurring across much of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, they are often underestimated compared to other, better known neglected diseases in spite of the fact that many millions of people are infected and hundreds of millions are at risk. This is possibly because of the chronic nature of the infection and disease and that it takes several decades prior to a life-threatening pathology to develop. Several studies in the past decade have provided more information on the molecular biology of the liver flukes which clearly lead to better understanding of parasite biology, systematics and population genetics. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are characterized by a chronic infection that induces hepatobiliary inflammation, especially periductal fibrosis, which can be detected by ultrasonography. These chronic inflammations eventually lead to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a usually fatal bile duct cancer that develops in some infected individuals. In Thailand alone, opisthorchiasis-associated CCA kills up to 20,000 people every year and is therefore of substantial public health importance. Its socioeconomic impacts on impoverished families and communities are considerable. To reduce hepatobiliary morbidity and CCA, the primary intervention measures focus on control and elimination of the liver fluke. Accurate diagnosis of liver fluke infections in both human and other mammalian, snail and fish intermediate hosts is important for achieving these goals. While the short-term goal of liver fluke control can be achieved by praziquantel chemotherapy, a comprehensive health education package targeting school children is believed to be more beneficial for a long-term goal/solution. It is recommended that transdisciplinary research or multisectoral control approach including one health and/or eco health intervention strategy should be applied to combat the liver flukes and hence contribute to reduction of CCA in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Chompunoot Wangboon
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- CASCAP, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor N Petney
- CASCAP, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe, Germany
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9
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Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antolí C, Toledo R, Ash LR. Diagnosis of Human Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:541-582. [PMID: 39008275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes form a major group of human parasites, affecting a large number of humans, especially in endemic foci. Over 100 species have been reported infecting humans, including blood, lung, liver and intestinal parasites. Traditionally, trematode infections have been diagnosed by parasitological methods based on the detection and the identification of eggs in different clinical samples. However, this is complicated due to the morphological similarity between eggs of different trematode species and other factors such as lack of sensitivity or ectopic locations of the parasites. Moreover, the problem is currently aggravated by migratory flows, international travel, international trade of foods and changes in alimentary habits. Although efforts have been made for the development of immunological and molecular techniques, the detection of eggs through parasitological techniques remains as the gold standard for the diagnosis of trematodiases. In the present chapter, we review the current status of knowledge on diagnostic techniques used when examining feces, urine, and sputum and also analyze the most relevant characteristics used to identify eggs with a quick key for the identification of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antolí
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lawrence R Ash
- Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Won JY, Louis JM, Roh ES, Cha SH, Han JH. Functional characterization of Clonorchis sinensis choline transporter. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2023; 61:428-438. [PMID: 38043538 PMCID: PMC10693965 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is commonly found in East Asian countries. Clonorchiasis is prevalent in these countries and can lead to various clinical symptoms. In this study, we used overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system to isolate a cDNA encoding the choline transporter of C. sinensis (CsChT). We subsequently characterized recombinant CsChT. Expression of CsChT in X. laevis oocytes enabled efficient transport of radiolabeled choline, with no detectable uptake of arginine, α-ketoglutarate, p-aminohippurate, taurocholate, and estrone sulfate. Influx and efflux experiments showed that CsChT-mediated choline uptake was time- and sodium-dependent, with no exchange properties. Concentration-dependent analyses of revealed saturable kinetics consistent with the Michaelis-Menten equation, while nonlinear regression analyses revealed a Km value of 8.3 μM and a Vmax of 61.0 pmol/oocyte/h. These findings contribute to widen our understanding of CsChT transport properties and the cascade of choline metabolisms within C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yeon Won
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Johnsy Mary Louis
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eui Sun Roh
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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11
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Tantrawatpan C, Maleewong W, Thanchomnang T, Pilap W, Agatsuma T, Andrews RH, Sithithaworn P, Saijuntha W. Intron Regions as Genetic Markers for Population Genetic Investigations of Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato and Clonorchis sinensis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3200. [PMID: 37893924 PMCID: PMC10603628 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis are prevalent in Southeast and Far-East Asia, which are caused by the group 1 carcinogenic liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato and Clonorchis sinensis infection. There have been comprehensive investigations of systematics and genetic variation of these liver flukes. Previous studies have shown that O. viverrini is a species complex, called "O. viverrini sensu lato". More comprehensive investigations of molecular systematics and population genetics of each of the species that make up the species complex are required. Thus, other polymorphic genetic markers need to be developed. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the intron regions of taurocyamine kinase gene (TK) to examine the genetic variation and population genetics of O. viverrini and C. sinensis collected from different geographical isolates and from a range of animal hosts. We screened seven intron regions embedded in TK. Of these, we selected an intron 5 of domain 1 (TkD1Int5) region to investigate the genetic variation and population genetics of theses liver flukes. The high nucleotide and haplotype diversity of TkD1Int5 was detected in O. viverrine. Heterozygosity with several insertion/deletion (indel) regions were detected in TkD1Int5 of the O. viverrine samples, whereas only an indel nucleotide was detected in one C. sinensis sample. Several O. viverrine samples contained three different haplotypes within a particular heterozygous sample. There were no genetic differences between C. sinensis isolated from various animal host. Heterozygous patterns specifically detected in humans was observed in C. sinensis. Thus, TkD1Int5 is a high polymorphic genetic marker, which could be an alternative marker for further population genetic investigations of these carcinogenic liver flukes and other related species from a wide geographical distribution and variety of animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairat Tantrawatpan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Research, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Khlong Nueng 12120, Thailand;
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.M.); (P.S.)
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Warayutt Pilap
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Kham Riang 44150, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity Research, Mahasarakham University, Kham Riang 44150, Thailand
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko, Nankoku 783-8505, Kochi, Japan;
| | - Ross H. Andrews
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.M.); (P.S.)
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Kham Riang 44000, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity Research, Mahasarakham University, Kham Riang 44150, Thailand
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12
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Nguyen TTB, Dermauw V, Bui DT, Dahma H, Le DT, Nguyen HTT, Do DT, Dorny P, Losson B, Vandenberg O. Incidence of fish-borne trematode infections and associated factors: results from a cohort study in highly endemic communities in northern Vietnam. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1415-1425. [PMID: 37072586 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Fish-borne trematodes (FiBT) are an important group of zoonotic parasites negatively affecting human health, mainly in Asia. Most studies on FiBT have applied a cross-sectional design, which provides weaker evidence on potential risk factors for transmission than a cohort study. This cohort study aimed to estimate the incidence and identify associated risk factors for FiBT infection in Vietnam. Between April 2018 and May 2019, two communes in Yen Bai province, a highly endemic area for FiBT, were visited for sampling. Participants with a negative stool result for FiBT at baseline, were invited for follow-up and data collection, at months 4, 9, and 13. Stools were examined using Kato-Katz and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration techniques to detect FiBT eggs, whereas a questionnaire was used for interviewing participants to determine the risk factors for FiBT infection during each follow-up period. The incidence risk and the incidence rate were calculated, and univariate and multivariable models were run to identify the risk factors for FiBT. A total of 194 people, negative for FiBT eggs at the baseline survey, were invited to participate in the study, and 111 people agreed to enroll in the follow-up. The incidence risk at months 4, 9, and 13 was 9.0%, 6.4%, and 5.1%, respectively. We finally used data from 95 participants for the risk factor analysis, excluding 16 people lost for the follow-up. Overall, 20 people became infected with FiBT (IR = 21.1%). The incidence rate of FiBT infection was 21.4/100 person-year. In the univariate analysis, consumption of raw fish was the main risk factor (RR = 4.59, 95%CI = 1.95-10.82), followed by being male (RR = 3.41, 95%CI = 1.56-7.45) and drinking alcohol (RR = 3.25, 95%CI = 1.49-7.11). In the multivariable analysis, only consumption of raw-fish dishes was significantly associated with FiBT infection. The people who consumed raw fish were 3.44 (95%CI = 1.11-10.70) times more at risk of infection with FiBT as compared to individuals who did not consume raw fish. It can be concluded that the FiBT incidence is high in the study area. More awareness campaigns are needed to stop eating raw fish in these areas to reduce FBT infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thi Bich Nguyen
- Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dung Thi Bui
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hafid Dahma
- Department of Microbiology, LHUB - ULB, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (GHUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dung Thuy Le
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Trung Do
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Innovation and Business Development Unit, LHUB - ULB, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (GHUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Zoonotic helminths - why the challenge remains. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e21. [PMID: 36790130 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Helminth zoonoses remain a global problem to public health and the economy of many countries. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques and sequencing have resolved many taxonomic issues and are now essential to understanding the epidemiology of helminth zoonotic infections and the ecology of the causative agents. This is clearly demonstrated from research on Echinococcus (echinococcosis) and Trichinella (trichinosis). Unfortunately, a variety of anthropogenic factors are worsening the problems caused by helminth zoonoses. These include cultural factors, urbanization and climate change. Wildlife plays an increasingly important role in the maintenance of many helminth zoonoses making surveillance and control increasingly difficult. The emergence or re-emergence of helminth zoonoses such as Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Toxocara, Dracunculus and Thelazia exacerbate an already discouraging scenario compounding the control of a group of long neglected diseases.
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14
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Nguyen HM, Do DT, Greiman SE, Nguyen HV, Hoang HV, Phan TQ, Pham-Duc P, Madsen H. An overview of human helminthioses in Vietnam: Their prevention, control and lessons learnt. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106753. [PMID: 36375522 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In Vietnam, helminthioses remain a major threat to public health and contribute to the maintenance of poverty in highly endemic regions. Through increased awareness of the damaging effects caused by helminthioses, the Vietnamese government has implemented many national programs over the past 30 years for the prevention and control of the most important helminthioses, such as, lymphatic filariasis, soil transmitted helminths, food borne zoonotic helminths, and others. Various control strategies have been applied to reduce or eliminate these worms, e.g. mass drug administration, economic development, control of vectors or intermediate hosts, public health interventions through education, proper composting procedures for excreta potentially containing helminth eggs, and the expansion of food supply chains and improved technologies for the production and inspection of food products. These control measures have resulted in a significant reduction in the distribution and transmission of helminth infections and have improved the overall living conditions and health outcomes of the Vietnamese citizens. However, the persistence of several helminth diseases continues in some endemic areas, especially where poverty is widespread and local traditions include the consumption of raw foods, especially fish and meats. This manuscript provides an overview of the helminth infection prevention and control programs conducted in Vietnam, their achieved results, learned lessons, and future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Dung Trung Do
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, 34 Trung Van Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Stephen E Greiman
- Georgia Southern University, 4324 Old Register Road, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Ha Van Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hien Van Hoang
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Toan Quoc Phan
- The Center for Entomology and Parasitology Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 3 Quang Trung Street, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Phuc Pham-Duc
- Institute of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, 32/12/3A To Ngoc Van Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Henry Madsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark
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Saijuntha W, Andrews RH, Sithithaworn P, Petney TN. Opisthorchis viverrini Life Cycle, Distribution, Systematics, and Population Genetics. Recent Results Cancer Res 2023; 219:7-25. [PMID: 37660329 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35166-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini plays a key role as the carcinogenic liver fluke causing bile duct cancer in Southeast Asia. A comprehensive understanding of its life cycle, distribution, systematics, and population genetics is critically important as they underpin the effective development and establishment of future prevention and control programs that center on opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma. This chapter provides detailed information concerning the basic biology and updated information of O. viverrini related to its host life cycle, transmission route via raw, partially cooked or fermented freshwater cyprinid fish, endemic areas, and the discovery of new foci. Previous sequential studies over the last two decades on the phylogenetic and systematic relationships, genetic variation, and population genetics of O. viverrini as well as its snail intermediate host Bithynia spp. are presented and discussed, which have led to the currently known complex species level systematics and population genetics framework of this host-parasite system. Additionally, further directions for comprehensive research are suggested to provide a more complete understanding of liver fluke, O. viverrini-related cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand.
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Departments of Zoology and Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Liver flukes diagnosed by ERCP in a local immigrant community. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 96:1058-1061. [PMID: 35932814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2022.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although a common pathogen in much of Asia, liver flukes are believed to be a rare cause of disease in the United States. In this series, we describe 3 patients diagnosed with Clonorchis sinensis during ERCP within 1 year at our institution. METHODS Three patients referred to a large community hospital underwent ERCP with direct visualization of a worm in the biliary tree and subsequent histopathologic confirmation. RESULTS The patients had variable clinical presentations, and 2 had repeat negative stool studies for ova and parasites. Each patient had imaging studies showing abnormalities within the biliary tree, after which ERCP was performed with direct visualization and extraction of a wormlike structure. It was confirmed that all 3 patients had emigrated from China within the last decade. The epidemiologic data and the histopathologic characteristics of the fluke eggs in utero were consistent with a diagnosis of C sinensis. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of clonorchiasis should remain on the differential diagnosis for patients with nonspecific biliary symptoms who have known risk factors for this uncommonly common pathogen.
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Bradbury RS, Sapp SGH, Potters I, Mathison BA, Frean J, Mewara A, Sheorey H, Tamarozzi F, Couturier MR, Chiodini P, Pritt B. Where Have All the Diagnostic Morphological Parasitologists Gone? J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0098622. [PMID: 36314793 PMCID: PMC9667774 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00986-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in laboratory techniques have revolutionized parasitology diagnostics over the past several decades. Widespread implementation of rapid antigen detection tests has greatly expanded access to tests for global parasitic threats such as malaria, while next-generation amplification and sequencing methods allow for sensitive and specific detection of human and animal parasites in complex specimen matrices. Recently, the introduction of multiplex panels for human gastrointestinal infections has enhanced the identification of common intestinal protozoa in feces along with bacterial and viral pathogens. Despite the benefits provided by novel diagnostics, increased reliance on nonmicroscopy-based methods has contributed to the progressive, widespread loss of morphology expertise for parasite identification. Loss of microscopy and morphology skills has the potential to negatively impact patient care, public health, and epidemiology. Molecular- and antigen-based diagnostics are not available for all parasites and may not be suitable for all specimen types and clinical settings. Furthermore, inadequate morphology experience may lead to missed and inaccurate diagnoses and erroneous descriptions of new human parasitic diseases. This commentary highlights the need to maintain expert microscopy and morphological parasitology diagnostic skills within the medical and scientific community. We proposed that light microscopy remains an important part of training and practice in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases and that efforts should be made to train the next generation of morphological parasitologists before the requisite knowledge, skills, and capacity for this complex and important mode of diagnosis are lost. In summary, the widespread, progressive loss of morphology expertise for parasite identification negatively impacts patient care, public health, and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah G. H. Sapp
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Idzi Potters
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Blaine A. Mathison
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John Frean
- Parasitology Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harsha Sheorey
- Microbiology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Marc Roger Couturier
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bobbi Pritt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Nguyen HM, Greiman SE, Van Hoang H, Ngoc CN, Van Nguyen H, Pham TC, Madsen H. THE DIVERSITY OF CERCARIAE FROM FRESHWATER SNAILS IN LOWLAND AREAS OF BINH DINH AND PHU YEN PROVINCES, VIETNAM. J Parasitol 2022; 108:601-612. [PMID: 36538391 DOI: 10.1645/21-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey was conducted in the lowland areas of Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces in south central Vietnam to study the diversity of digenean cercariae within freshwater snails. These regions are known as highly endemic areas for the transmission of liver flukes, Fasciola spp. and Opisthorchis viverrini. In total, 13 snail species were found, and 3 of these were dominant, comprising 51.9% of all collected snails, i.e., Bithynia funiculata, Melanoides tuberculata, and Radix auriculata. Cercariae were found in 5 snail species, and among these, Indoplanorbis exustus had the highest overall prevalence of infection (38.5%). No cercarial infections were found in viviparid and ampullariid snails. Morphological identification resulted in 10 cercariae types that were illustrated and measured. Among them, xiphidiocercariae and echinostomata were the most common, causing 70.55% of all cercariae infections. Bithynia species had the most diverse digenean fauna. Molecular data revealed the presence of cercariae of 13 digenean species, including O. viverrini. The 18S rDNA sequences of echinostomata and xiphidiocercariae type 3, which were shed from different snail hosts, were similar to 2 and 3 digenean species, respectively. In conclusion, our findings highlight the diversity of digenean fauna in Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Stephen E Greiman
- Georgia Southern University, 4324 Old Register Road, Statesboro, Georgia 30460
| | - Hien Van Hoang
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Nguyen Ngoc
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Ha Van Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Thien Cu Pham
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Duong Vuong Street, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam
| | - Henry Madsen
- Department of Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pakharukova MY, Mordvinov VA. Similarities and differences among the Opisthorchiidae liver flukes: insights from Opisthorchis felineus. Parasitology 2022; 149:1306-1318. [PMID: 35570685 PMCID: PMC11010525 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne liver trematode Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) is a member of the triad of phylogenetically related epidemiologically important Opisthorchiidae trematodes, which also includes O. viverrini (Poirier, 1886) and Clonorchis sinensis (Loos, 1907). Despite similarity in the life cycle, Opisthorchiidae liver flukes also have marked differences. Two species (O. viverrini and C. sinensis) are recognized as Group 1A biological carcinogens, whereas O. felineus belongs to Group 3A. In this review, we focus on these questions: Are there actual differences in carcinogenicity among these 3 liver fluke species? Is there an explanation for these differences? We provide a recent update of our knowledge on the liver fluke O. felineus and highlight its differences from O. viverrini and C. sinensis. In particular, we concentrate on differences in the climate of endemic areas, characteristics of the life cycle, the range of intermediate hosts, genomic and transcriptomic features of the pathogens, and clinical symptoms and morbidity of the infections in humans. The discussion of these questions can stimulate new developments in comparative studies on the pathogenicity of liver flukes and should help to identify species-specific features of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y. Pakharukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), 10 Akad. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), 10 Akad. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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20
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Epidemiology and determinants of Clonorchis sinensis infection: A community-based study in southeastern China. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106545. [PMID: 35649496 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is caused by the ingestion of raw freshwater fish and causes high burden in East Asia. The epidemiological profiles and determinants of C. sinensis infection, knowledge, practice and attitude related to clonorchiasis were demonstrated in Hengxian county, Guangxi, China. The overall prevalence of C. sinensis was 60.3%, which was higher in male than in female and in elder population compared to children. The percentage knowing local transmission, transmission route and harm of C. sinensis was 20.9%, 31.4% and 32.5%. A percentage of 60.4% reported ingestion of raw freshwater fish, while 70.1% persons would like to accept treatment if infected with C. sinensis. Of the individuals ingesting raw freshwater fish, 82.0% did at home and 81.3% drunk alcohol when ingesting raw freshwater fish. Sixty-two percent showed the persistence on ingestion of raw freshwater fish in future. The ingestion of raw freshwater fish varied by seasons, with a proportion of 57.8% in spring, 48.3% in summer, 60.2% in autumn and 92.2% in winter. In multivariable regression models, age groups, history with C. sinensis treatment, and frequency on ingesting raw freshwater fish were related to C. sinensis infection, while gender, educational level, history with C. sinensis infection, and knowing local transmission were related to the practice of ingesting raw freshwater fish. Gender, history with C. sinensis treatment, frequency on ingesting raw freshwater fish, duration of ingesting raw freshwater fish and drinking alcohol when ingesting raw freshwater fish were associated to the attitude to the ingestion of raw freshwater fish in future. Great efforts are needed to combat clonorchiasis, in which the heterogeneity of population in knowledge, practice, attitude and infection needs to be considered. Men are of crucial importance in term of the morbidity control through chemotherapy. Meanwhile, massive education is expected to implement, which needs to promote the change of ingesting raw freshwater fish for sustainable control of clonorchiasis.
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Xie Y, Kanankege KST, Jiang Z, Liu S, Yang Y, Wan X, Perez AM. Epidemiological characterization of Clonorchis sinensis infection in humans and freshwater fish in Guangxi, China. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:263. [PMID: 35303819 PMCID: PMC8932281 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchiasis is a widespread yet neglected foodborne disease with over 85% of all cases found in China. Guangxi province, located in southeastern China, ranks among the highest endemic provinces. We explore the epidemiological status and determinants of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection in humans and freshwater fish in Guangxi, China. Methods Data on C. sinensis infection in humans from January 2008 to December 2017were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. An active surveillance of C. sinensis infection in fish was conducted in 2016–2017. County level data including potential environmental, social-economical and behavioral determinants was also collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the determinants of C. sinensis infection in humans and fish. Simple and multiple zero-inflated Poisson regression models were fit to assess the associated factors of clonorchiasis in humans at the county level. Results Totally, 4526 C. sinensis cases were reported between 2008 and 2017, with an annual prevalencerate of 0.96/100,000 persons. Of 101 counties in Guangxi, 97 reported at least 1 case. Among 2,098 fish samples, 203 (9.7%) from 70 counties contained C. sinensis. The rate was higher in small fish including Pseudorasbora parva (45.3%), Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (41.2%), Hemicculter leuciclus (34.5%), unclassified small fishes (30.9%), Cyprinidae (20.0%), Cirrhinus molitorella (16.4%), Carassius auratus (13.6%) and Cyprinus carpio (13.3%), while it was lower in fish species that are usually used in preparing raw fish dishes including Ctenopharyngodon idellus (3.6%), Spinibarbus denticulatus (3.7%), Monopterus albus (6.4%), Cyprinus carpio (4.4%), Oreochromis mossambicus (3.3%) and Spualiobarbus Curriculus (6.6%). The C. sinensis infection in fish was only associated with fish species. The estimated human clonorchiasis prevalence at the county level was positively associated with raw fish consumption habits and certain rivers. Conclusions Clonorchiasis is highly prevalent in both humans and freshwater fish in Guangxi. Environmental, social-economic and behavioral determinants contribute to the high prevalence as well as the significant differential distribution by county. Regular surveillance should be implemented for clonorchiasis to demonstrate the change in epidemiology and burden, which will benefit the design of interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07244-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, P.O. Box 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Kaushi S T Kanankege
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, P.O. Box 55414, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Division of Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, P.O. Box 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, P.O. Box 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yichao Yang
- Division of Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, P.O. Box 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Division of Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, P.O. Box 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Andres M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, P.O. Box 55414, Minneapolis, USA
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Saijuntha W, Andrews RH, Sithithaworn P, Petney TN. Current assessment of the systematics and population genetics of Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) and its first intermediate host Bithynia siamensis sensu lato (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae) in Thailand and Southeast Asia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 97:105182. [PMID: 34902557 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The group 1 carcinogen, the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the causative agent of opisthorchiasis and subsequent bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma; CCA), which is an important public health problem in Southeast Asia. Bithynia snails are known to be the sole intermediate host of O. viverrini, and distributed throughout endemic areas of opisthorchiasis. Since 2001, the genetic variation investigation of O. viverrini has progressively been investigated. Comprehensive genetic variation studies of O. viverrini and Bithynia snails were undertaken and consecutively published in 2007 by Saijuntha and colleagues. These studies provided genetic evidence that O. viverrini and Bithynia snails are both species complex with evidence of co-evolution. Later, several studies have provided data in support of this finding, and have continuously to date reinforced that both O. viverrini and Bithynia are species complexes. Moreover, studies have shown that genetic variation of O. viverrini is related to geographical, temporal, fish host species including geographical genetic variation of its snail host, Bithynia siamensis sensu lato. This is significant and important in our understanding of the evolution and phylogenetic relationships between species within the O. viverrini and Bithynia species complexes. A comprehensive knowledge of the systematics and population genetics of O. viverrini and Bithynia snails provides a sound basis to instigate and develop effective prevention and control programs targeting opisthorchiasis and CCA in the endemic areas of Southeast Asia. Thus, this review examines the historical series of investigations of the systematics and population genetics of O. viverrini including Bithynia spp. in Southeast Asia since molecular genetic investigations commenced some 20 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Departments of Zoology and Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106133. [PMID: 34509453 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is a trans-national region of the Mekong River basin in Southeast Asia comprising Cambodia, the People's Republic of China (specifically Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam home to more than 340 million people or almost 4.5% of the global population. Human liver fluke infections caused by Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis have been major public health problems in this region for decades. Opisthorchiasis caused by O. viverrini is prevalent in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and central-southern Vietnam with more than 12 million people infected. Clonorchiasis caused by C. sinensis is endemic in northern Vietnam and Guangxi with estimated 3.5 -5 million infected. The infections can cause several liver and biliary diseases such as cholangitis, periductal fibrosis, gallstones, and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a fatal bile duct cancer. Key determinants of the geographical distribution differences of the two liver fluke species are snail species and geographic barriers. Main risk behaviour of the infections is the culture of eating raw fish "the raw attitude" of people in the GMS, especially the Tai/Dai/Thai/Laos ethnic groups, the major population in the GMS. Over the past 20 years, there is a big change in prevalence of the infections. Opisthorchiasis has long been endemic, particularly in northern and northeastern Thailand and Lao PDR with over 8-10 million cases estimated. However, after several rounds of national campaign against opisthorchiasis using integrated control approach in Thailand over the past three decades, the prevalence of O. viverrini infection has reduced from over 15% in 1996 to 2.2% in 2019. High prevalence of O. viverrini infection continues in Lao PDR and central Vietnam. Emerging high prevalence, up to a maximum of 47.5%, has been noted in Cambodia during the past 10 years possibly due to more studies being conducted rather than increasing prevalence. O. viverrini infection has now also been reported in Lower Myanmar in recent years. Clonorchiasis has been known in northern Vietnam and southern China for a long time. Several surveys have reported infections in Guangxi in the last 10 years, and until now liver fluke infected cases have not been reported in Yunnan. Overall, nowadays, there is a shift in high risk areas for GMS liver fluke infection from northeastern Thailand to Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Guangxi P.R. China. Urgent systematic disease mapping and integrated liver fluke control using One Health approaches should be implemented nationwide in GMS countries.
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Brindley PJ, Bachini M, Ilyas SI, Khan SA, Loukas A, Sirica AE, Teh BT, Wongkham S, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34504109 PMCID: PMC9246479 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system, which can be classified as intrahepatic, perihilar and distal. Each anatomic subtype has distinct genetic aberrations, clinical presentations and therapeutic approaches. In endemic regions, liver fluke infection is associated with CCA, owing to the oncogenic effect of the associated chronic biliary tract inflammation. In other regions, CCA can be associated with chronic biliary tract inflammation owing to choledocholithiasis, cholelithiasis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis, but most CCAs have no identifiable cause. Administration of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel decreases the risk of CCA from liver flukes, but reinfection is common and future vaccination strategies may be more effective. Some patients with CCA are eligible for potentially curative surgical options, such as resection or liver transplantation. Genetic studies have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of CCA, and two aberrations that drive the pathogenesis of non-fluke-associated intrahepatic CCA, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 fusions and isocitrate dehydrogenase gain-of-function mutations, can be therapeutically targeted. CCA is a highly desmoplastic cancer and targeting the tumour immune microenvironment might be a promising therapeutic approach. CCA remains a highly lethal disease and further scientific and clinical insights are needed to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sumera I. Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shahid A. Khan
- Liver Unit, Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alphonse E. Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
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Qian MB, Zhuang SF, Zhu SQ, Deng XM, Li ZX, Zhou XN. Epidemiology and determinants of clonorchiasis in school children in southeastern China. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105752. [PMID: 33188749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is an important food-borne parasitic disease in China because of the popularity in ingesting raw freshwater fish. To explore the epidemiology and determinants of clonorchiasis in children, a cross-sectional survey was implemented in two middle schools in Qiyang county, Hunan province, in southeastern China. Questionnaire survey and fecal examination were implemented. Questionnaires were fed back by 627 students, while stool samples were collected from 557 students, out of which 545 ones also provided questionnaire information. The percentage of students ingesting raw freshwater fish was 40.5% (254/627), while the prevalence with Clonorchis sinensis infection was 18.9% (105/557). Such factors contributed significantly to the students' practice in eating raw freshwater fish including boys, fathers' eating raw freshwater fish, mothers' eating raw freshwater fish, and preparation of raw freshwater fish at home, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.3-2.8), 3.9 (95% CI: 2.3-6.5), 3.0 (95% CI: 1.8-4.8) and 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8-4.5), correspondingly. Ingestion of raw freshwater fish, fathers' eating raw freshwater fish and preparation of raw freshwater fish at home were risk factors of C. sinensis infection in students, and the adjusted odds ratio was 3.2 (95% CI: 1.9-5.5), 2.1 (95% CI: 1.1-3.9) and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.0-3.2), respectively. Thus, clonorchiasis was endemic in the surveyed schools due to the ingestion of raw freshwater fish, which is influenced by family environment. Education should be implemented in schools to promote behavioral change of eating raw freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Shi-Feng Zhuang
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Shi-Qiao Zhu
- Qiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qiyang 426100, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Deng
- Qiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qiyang 426100, China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Li
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Qian MB, Li HM, Jiang ZH, Yang YC, Lu MF, Wei K, Wei SL, Chen Y, Zhou CH, Chen YD, Zhou XN. Severe hepatobiliary morbidity is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection: The evidence from a cross-sectional community study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009116. [PMID: 33507969 PMCID: PMC7880442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis infection is highly prevalent in Asia. Diverse hepatobiliary morbidity has been documented for C. sinensis infection. This study aimed to assess the association between C. sinensis infection and hepatobiliary morbidity, taking into consideration of the control, confounders and infection intensity. A cross-sectional community survey was implemented in Hengxian county, southeastern China. Helminth infections were detected by fecal examination. Physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography were then conducted. After excluding confounding effects from gender, age and alcohol drinking, quantitative association between C. sinensis infection and hepatobiliary morbidity was assessed, and the effect from infection intensity was also evaluated, through adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). 696 villagers older than 10 years were enrolled. The prevalence and infection intensity of C. sinensis were higher in male, elder people and the individuals consuming alcohol. Light C. sinensis infection was associated with the increase of diarrhoea (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–4.5). C. sinensis infection was associated with the increase of fatty liver (aOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.2), and the effect was similar in different infection intensities. Moderate C. sinensis infection was associated with the increase of gallbladder stone (aOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.1–8.6), while moderate and heavy infections with the increase of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.0–4.9 and aOR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.9–9.9, respectively). C. sinensis infection had an effect on the development of periductal fibrosis (aOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.1–4.9), which showed increasing trend by infection intensity. The length and width of gallbladder in those with C. sinensis infection were enlarged, especially in those over 30 years old. C. sinensis infection is significantly associated with hepatobiliary morbidity. The occurrence of some morbidity was strongly related to the infection intensity. Awareness on harm of clonorchiasis should be raised both for policy-makers and villagers to adopt effective interventions. Clonorchiasis is caused by ingestion of raw freshwater fish, which carries the larvae of Clonorchis sinensis. In this study, we aimed to assess the damages associated with clonorchiasis. A cross-sectional field survey was carried out in Hengxian county, southeastern China. Stool samples were collected and examined for helminth infections. Then, physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography were conducted. In total, 696 villagers older than 10 years were included. The prevalence and infection intensity of C. sinensis were higher in male, elder people and those drinking alcohol. Excluding the impact from gender, age and alcohol drinking, it was demonstrated that light C. sinensis infection was associated with the increase of diarrhoea, moderate infection with gallbladder stone, and moderate and heavy infections with intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. C. sinensis infection was relevant to the increase of fatty liver, and the effect was similar in different infection intensities. C. sinensis infection was associated with the development of periductal fibrosis and the effect increased by infection intensity. The length and width of gallbladder in individuals with C. sinensis infection were enlarged, especially in those over 30 years old. Thus, our study demonstrates that C. sinensis infection is associated with severe hepatobiliary morbidity, and the effect is strongly related to infection intensity for some morbidity. Concerted efforts should be exerted to tackle the morbidity in clonorchiasis endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Jiang
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yi-Chao Yang
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | | | - Kang Wei
- Hengxian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hengxian, China
| | - Si-Liang Wei
- Hengxian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hengxian, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Hengxian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hengxian, China
| | - Chang-Hai Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Dan Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen HM, Van HH, Ho LT, Tatonova YV, Madsen H. Are Melanoides tuberculata and Tarebia granifera (Gastropoda, Thiaridae), suitable first intermediate hosts of Clonorchis sinensis in Vietnam? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009093. [PMID: 33493224 PMCID: PMC7872296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two thiarid snail species, Melanoides tuberculata and Tarebia granifera have been reported as first intermediate hosts of the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis; however, their role as true first intermediate hosts has not been verified. Thus, the present study aimed to clarify the suitability of these two snail species as first intermediate hosts of C. sinensis. This was accomplished by collecting snails from a highly endemic area for C. sinensis in Vietnam, the Thac Ba reservoir, and identifying shed cercariae using molecular techniques. We also conducted experimental infections of five snail species including M. tuberculata and T. granifera with eggs of C. sinensis. Methodology/Principal findings A total of 11,985 snails, representing 10 species were sampled. Five snail species, M. tuberculata, T. granifera, Lymnaea swinhoei, Parafossarulus manchouricus, and Bithynia fuchsiana were found shedding cercariae with an overall prevalence of infection ranging from 0.7% to 11.5%. Seven cercarial types were recorded. Cercariae of C. sinensis were only found in Parafossarulus manchouricus. Using a multiplex PCR approach for detecting C. sinensis infection, the prevalence in P. manchouricus was 4.2%. Additionally, all five snail species were experimentally exposed to C. sinensis eggs, however only P. manchouricus was successfully infected with an infection rate of 7.87%. Conclusions/Significance We confirmed that in the Thac Ba reservoir, Vietnam, the two thiarids, M. tuberculata and T. granifera are not suitable first intermediate hosts of C. sinensis. Only P. manchouricus was found infected by C. sinensis in nature, and was the only species that became infected experimentally. Currently 13 snail species are reported as first intermediate hosts of Clonorchis sinensis, including two species of the Thiaridae, Melanoides tuberculata and Tarebia granifera. Both snail species have wide distributions in tropical and subtropical waters across the World, while the distribution of C. sinensis is much narrower and only occurs in endemic areas of East Asia. The role that these two thiarid snail species plays as successful hosts of C. sinensis, however, has been refuted in other studies. The present study was conducted to clarify this issue. Based on the results from field surveys in a newly discovered and highly endemic area for C. sinensis, as well as, data obtained under experimental conditions, we confirm that in Northern Vietnam, the two thiarid snail species are not successful first intermediate host of C. sinensis. C. sinensis was only detected in a single snail species, Parafossarulus manchouricus, through observation, molecular analyses and experimental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Hien Hoang Van
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Loan Thi Ho
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yulia V. Tatonova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Henry Madsen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhao TT, Feng YJ, Doanh PN, Sayasone S, Khieu V, Nithikathkul C, Qian MB, Hao YT, Lai YS. Model-based spatial-temporal mapping of opisthorchiasis in endemic countries of Southeast Asia. eLife 2021; 10:59755. [PMID: 33432926 PMCID: PMC7870142 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis is an overlooked danger to Southeast Asia. High-resolution disease risk maps are critical but have not been available for Southeast Asia. Georeferenced disease data and potential influencing factor data were collected through a systematic review of literatures and open-access databases, respectively. Bayesian spatial-temporal joint models were developed to analyze both point- and area-level disease data, within a logit regression in combination of potential influencing factors and spatial-temporal random effects. The model-based risk mapping identified areas of low, moderate, and high prevalence across the study region. Even though the overall population-adjusted estimated prevalence presented a trend down, a total of 12.39 million (95% Bayesian credible intervals [BCI]: 10.10–15.06) people were estimated to be infected with O. viverrini in 2018 in four major endemic countries (i.e., Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam), highlighting the public health importance of the disease in the study region. The high-resolution risk maps provide valuable information for spatial targeting of opisthorchiasis control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jing Feng
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pham Ngoc Doanh
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Choosak Nithikathkul
- Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Si Lai
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Nguyen PTX, Van Hoang H, Dinh HTK, Dorny P, Losson B, Bui DT, Lempereur L. Insights on foodborne zoonotic trematodes in freshwater snails in North and Central Vietnam. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:949-962. [PMID: 33426572 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne zoonotic trematode (FZT) infections are common neglected tropical diseases in Southeast Asia. Their complicated life cycles involve freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces in North and Central Vietnam, to investigate the diversity of cercariae of potential FZT and to construct the phylogenetic relationship of trematode cercariae based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Among 17 snail species collected from various habitats, 13 were infected by 10 cercarial groups among which parapleurolophocercous, pleurolophocercous, and echinostome cercariae were of zoonotic importance. The monophyletic tree separated cercarial sequences into different groups following the description of the cercariae families in which Haplorchidae, Opisthorchiidae, Echinochasmidae, and Echinostomatidae are important families of FZT. The overall prevalence was different among snail species and habitats and showed a seasonal trend. Parapleurolophocercous and echinostome cercariae emerged as the most common cercariae in snails in Yen Bai, while monostome, echinostome, and megalura cercariae were most common in Thanh Hoa. Using a molecular approach, we identified Parafossarulus striatulus as the first intermediate snail host of Clonorchis sinensis in Thac Ba Lake. Melanoides tuberculata and Bithynia fuchsiana were we identified preferred intermediate snail hosts of a diverse range of trematode species including intestinal flukes (i.e., Haplorchis pumilio and Echinochasmus japonicus) in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Xuan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Hien Van Hoang
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Khanh Dinh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dung Thi Bui
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
| | - Laetitia Lempereur
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Williams M, Hernandez-Jover M, Shamsi S. Fish substitutions which may increase human health risks from zoonotic seafood borne parasites: A review. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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31
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Nguyen TTB, Dermauw V, Dahma H, Bui DT, Le TTH, Phi NTT, Lempereur L, Losson B, Vandenberg O, Do DT, Dorny P. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Clonorchis sinensis infections in rural communities in northern Vietnam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008483. [PMID: 32745095 PMCID: PMC7425981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchiasis, caused by the fish-borne trematode Clonorchis sinensis, is a neglected tropical disease and a public health issue in endemic countries. In Vietnam, an in-depth analysis of risk factors for the condition is missing up to now. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. sinensis infection and associated risk factors in rural communities in northern Vietnam. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 4 communes in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces where clonorchiasis is known to be present and raw fish consumption is a common. Using a simple random sampling approach, stool was collected from 841 participants over 6 years old for coprological examination, and a questionnaire measured knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to clonorchiasis in 757 participants over 15 years old. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were run to identify risk factors for infection with C. sinensis. The overall prevalence of C. sinensis infection was 40.4%, with commune prevalences ranging between 26.5% and 53.3%. In the final model, males were significantly more likely to be infected with C. sinensis (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.31-3.05). Recent (i.e. last year) consumption of raw fish (OR 8.00, 95% CI 4.78-13.36), low education level (OR 5.57; 95% CI 2.37-13.07), lack of treatment (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.15-2.89), being between 19 to 39 years old (OR 6.46; 95% CI 1.25-33.37), and the presence of an unhygienic toilet (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.53-4.92) were significantly associated with C. sinensis infection. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated a high prevalence of C. sinensis infection in rural communities in northern Vietnam. Thus, control measures including, mass drug administration for those communes should be applied to reduce the prevalence. Moreover, specific health education activities should be developed for risk groups in C. sinensis endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T. B. Nguyen
- School of public health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Public health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hafid Dahma
- Department of Microbiology, LHUB—ULB, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (GHUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dung Thi Bui
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang T. H. Le
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ngan T. T. Phi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Laetitia Lempereur
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Innovation and Business Development Unit, LHUB—ULB, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (GHUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dung Trung Do
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
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Qian MB, Gan XQ, Zhao JG, Zheng WJ, Li W, Jiang ZH, Zhu TJ, Zhou XN. Effectiveness of health education in improving knowledge, practice and belief related to clonorchiasis in children. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105436. [PMID: 32278640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is caused by the ingestion of raw freshwater fish containing Clonorchis sinensis larvae. Health education is crucial in sustainable control of clonorchiasis but extremely challenging when dealing with adults. To investigate if education in children would be a beneficial long-term approach, a cluster-controlled trial was implemented in two primary schools between 2017 and 2019 in Binyang county, Guangxi, China. A baseline survey was conducted in both schools, and then comprehensive education activities were implemented in the interventional one. Six and 12 months later, all pupils were subjected to a survey to assess the potential change of knowledge, practice and belief related to clonorchiasis. Finally, 247 pupils in interventional school and 151 ones in control were eligible for analysis. In the interventional school, the percentage of pupils with knowledge on transmission route, early symptoms, complications and carcinogenicity increased from 15.0% to 78.5% (p < 0.001), from 6.5% to 36.8% (p < 0.001), from 4.0% to 93.9% (p < 0.001) and from 4.5% to 49.4% (p < 0.001) after 12 months. In this school, 16 pupils (6.5%) had eaten raw freshwater fish during the year immediately before the baseline survey, a number that decreased to 3 (1.2%) (p = 0.002) 12 months later. The percentage of students had the belief on the ability not to eat raw freshwater fish in the future was 70.9% at the baseline and 97.2% 12 months later (p < 0.001). Although knowledge related to clonorchiasis also increased in the control school, the absolute percentage of changes was lower; in particular, practice and belief had not changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025,China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025,China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Gan
- Binyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binyang 530400, China
| | - Jia-Guang Zhao
- Binyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binyang 530400, China
| | - Wei-Jie Zheng
- Binyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binyang 530400, China
| | - Wei Li
- Binyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binyang 530400, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Jiang
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ting-Jun Zhu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025,China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025,China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025,China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025,China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Dai F, Hong SJ, Pak JH, Le TH, Choi SH, Na BK, Sohn WM. High Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis and Other Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from a Local Market in Yen Bai Province, Northern Vietnam. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:333-338. [PMID: 32615748 PMCID: PMC7338896 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A small survey was performed to investigate the recent infection status of Clonorchis sinensis and other zoonotic trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from a local market of Yen Bai city, Yen Bai province, northern Vietnam. A total of 118 fish in 7 species were examined by the artificial digestion method on March 2016. The metacercariae of 4 species of zoonotic trematodes, i.e., C. sinensis, Haplorchis pumilio, Haplorchis taichui, and Centrocestus formosanus, were detected. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were found in 62 (69.7%) out of 89 fish (5 species), and their intensity of infection was very high, 81.2 per fish infected. Prevalences of 3 intestinal flukes, H. pumilio, H. taichui and C. formosanus, were 75.0%, 47.6%, and 31.7% in positive fish species, respectively, with the metacercarial intensities of 15.5, 10.3, and 2.2 per fish infected. From the above results, it has been confirmed that various species of freshwater fish continue to play the role of the infection source of C. sinensis and other zoonotic trematodes in Yen Bai city, Yen Bai province, northern Vietnam. It is of particular note that the prevalence and intensity of C. sinensis metacercariae are much higher than those reported in previous studies in fish in northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhong Dai
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea.,Department of Parasitology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Seung-Ho Choi
- Society of Korean Naturalist, Institute of Ecology and Conservation, Yangpyeong 12563, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
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Familial assimilation in transmission of raw-freshwater fish-eating practice leading to clonorchiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008263. [PMID: 32352962 PMCID: PMC7233597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is caused by raw-freshwater fish-eating practice and causes high burden in Asia. Transmission mechanism of this behavior hasn't been illuminated, which hinders the adoption of sustainable control activities. A cross-sectional survey was implemented in students from four endemic provinces in China. Data with 23,222 students aged 9-18 and their parents were eligible. Familial clustering of raw-eating practice, impact of parents' practice on children, interaction of spouses' practice was analyzed. Raw-eating practice met β-binomial distribution (χ2 = 0.8, p>0.05). Clustering coefficient increased by students' age (R2 = 0.82, p<0.001) and was higher in those families with boys compared to girls (t = 4.1, p<0.01). The proportion of students with raw-eating practice increased yearly by 8.9% in girls and 10.5% in boys. Compared to those without parents' raw-eating practice, adjusted odds ratio of students' raw-eating practice was 10.5 (95% confidential intervals (95% CI): 9.4-11.7) in those with fathers' practice, 33.6 (95% CI: 26.3-42.9) in those with mothers' practice and 47.1 (95% CI: 42.0-52.8) in those with both parents' practice. There existed interaction between spouses' practice (χ2 = 6713.1, p<0.001) and the impact from husband on his wife was higher than that from wife on her husband. Familial assimilation characterizes the transmission of raw-freshwater fish-eating practice, consisted of vertical intergenerational assimilation from parents to their children and horizontal martial assimilation between spouses. A sustainable strategy against clonorchiasis should interrupt the transmission of raw-freshwater fish-eating practice. Additionally, further studies are expected to explore more information, e.g. the frequency in raw-eating practice and type of raw freshwater fish, infection status of C. sinensis in participants, as well as direct collection of parents' eating information from themselves.
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Qian MB, Zhou CH, Zhu HH, Zhu TJ, Huang JL, Chen YD, Zhou XN. From awareness to action: NIPD's engagement in the control of food-borne clonorchiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 110:245-267. [PMID: 32563327 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is caused by ingestion of raw freshwater fish containing infective larvae of Clonorchis sinensis. China harbours the largest number of people with C. sinensis infection. During the past three decades, the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, affiliated to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NIPD) conducted many studies to facilitate the control on clonorchiasis. Three national surveys have shown the updated epidemiology of clonorchiasis in China. Recently, a national surveillance system has also been established, which will enable the production of high-resolution map. The evaluation of the disease burden has enhanced the awareness on clonorchiasis. Diverse diagnosis techniques including rapid screening by questionnaire, serological tests, faecal examination and a molecular method have been developed or evaluated. The NIPD also participated in the early evaluation of praziquantel against clonorchiasis, which enhanced its application in China. Also, the NIPD has verified the efficacy of tribendimidine against clonorchiasis. A new sustainable strategy is also being explored. However, more research is expected to further facilitate control of clonorchiasis in China, as well as international cooperation in fighting human liver fluke infections in Asia.
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Genetic structure and geographical variation of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos sensu lato (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae), the snail intermediate host of Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) in the Lower Mekong Basin revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Int J Parasitol 2019; 50:55-62. [PMID: 31863765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater snail Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos sensu lato is widely distributed in the Lower Mekong Basin where it acts as the first intermediate host of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, a group 1 carcinogen causing cholangiocarcinoma. This study explores the genetic structure and geographical variation of B. s. goniomphalos from eight previously studied catchments and eight new catchments. These catchments belong to five previously studied catchment systems and one new catchment system (Tonlesap) in the Lower Mekong Basin. Two new catchment systems, Prachin Buri and Bang Pakong from eastern and central Thailand, respectively, were also examined. We collected 289 specimens of B. s. goniomphalos from 15 previously studied localities and 18 new localities in Thailand, Lao PDR (People's Democratic Republic), and Cambodia. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 16S ribosomal DNA sequences were used to determine genetic variation. Classification of haplotypes specified 100 at the cox1 locus and 15 at the rrnL locus. Comparison between 16 catchment populations found significant genetic differences (ФST) between all populations. The phylogenetic tree and haplotype network analyses classified B. s. goniomphalos into three evolutionary lineages (lineage I-III). Lineage I contained B. s. goniomphalos from the Mekong, Chi, Mun, Prachin Buri and Bang Pakong catchments in Thailand, including the Nam Ngum catchment in Lao PDR. Lineage II contained all specimens from the Tonlesap catchment, whereas lineage III contained specimens from the Mekong and Sea Bang Heang catchments in Thailand and Lao PDR, respectively. Interestingly, Bithynia siamensis siamensis was placed between lineages I and II of B. s. goniomphalos. This study supports the hypothesis that B. s. goniomphalos is a species complex containing at least three distinct evolutionary lineages in the Lower Mekong Basin, and that comprehensive molecular genetic analyses need to be conducted to further our understanding of the evolutionary and systematic relationships of these Bithynia snail taxa.
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Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antoli C, Toledo R, Ash LR. Diagnosis of Human Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:437-471. [PMID: 31297770 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes form a major group of human parasites, affecting a large number of humans, especially in endemic foci. Over 100 species have been reported infecting humans, including blood, lung, liver, and intestinal parasites. Traditionally, trematode infections have been diagnosed by parasitological methods based on the detection and the identification of eggs in different clinical samples. However, this is complicated due to the morphological similarity between eggs of different trematode species and other factors such as lack of sensitivity or ectopic locations of the parasites. Moreover, the problem is currently aggravated by migratory flows, international travel, international trade of foods, and changes in alimentary habits. Although efforts have been made for the development of immunological and molecular techniques, the detection of eggs through parasitological techniques remains as the gold standard for the diagnosis of trematodiases. In this chapter, we review the current status of knowledge on diagnostic techniques used when examining feces, urine, and sputum and also analyze the most relevant characteristics used to identify eggs with a quick key for the identification of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lawrence R Ash
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Tran AKT, Doan HT, Do AN, Nguyen VT, Hoang SX, Le HTT, Hoang HT, Le NH, Le QBT, Le TA. Prevalence, Species Distribution, and Related Factors of Fish-Borne Trematode Infection in Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8581379. [PMID: 31467915 PMCID: PMC6699318 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8581379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis viverrini and minute intestinal flukes (MIF) such as Haplorchis pumilio and H. taichui are fish-borne trematodes (FBT) that may coexist in regions where local people have a habit of eating raw fish like Vietnam. Responses to FBT should be verified according to the data on the distribution of these flukes. This study aims to explore the prevalence of different species of FBT and related factors among local people in a northern province of Vietnam. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kim Son and Yen Khanh districts, Ninh Binh province, between March 2016 and March 2017. Four hundred people aged 15 years or older were interviewed and gave stool samples. The FBT eggs in faecal samples were enumerated by modified formalin-ether technique and identified by sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region. Result. Among the 400 persons, 19.5% were infected with FBT. On univariate analysis, eating raw fish was the main risk factor (odds ratios (OR)) of 6.769 (95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.655-17.259) followed by being of male gender (3.994 (CI95% 2.117-7.536)) and drinking alcohol (2.680 (CI95% 1.440-4.986)), respectively. There was no risk of increased infection among those living at home without hygienic latrines, those living close to rivers or having ponds, or those raising cats or dogs. By multivariate analysis, FBT infection was only related to the consumption of raw fish and gender. Seventy stool samples with a sufficient amount of faecal matter were subjected to DNA extraction, 42.85% of them yielded DNA production, and all were of Clonorchis sinensis. Conclusion. Results of the study showed the high prevalence of infection of fish-borne trematode, mostly C. sinensis among humans in Ninh Binh province. The prevention of FBT should be strengthened with programs detailed according to the distribution of FBT in different endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Kieu Thi Tran
- Paediatric Department, Vinh Medical University, 161 Nguyen Phong Sac, Vinh, Nghe An, Vietnam
| | | | - Anh Ngoc Do
- Department of Parasitology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Van Thi Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Su Xuan Hoang
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogens, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thu Thi Le
- Department of Microbiology and Biology, Ha Noi University of Pharmacy, 13 Le Thanh Tong, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Hoang
- Fundamental Medicine Department, Nam Dinh University of Nursing, 257 Han Thuyen Street, Nam Dinh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Hoang Le
- Ninh Binh Centre for Disease Control, Le Thai To Road, Nam Thanh Ward, Ninh Binh City, Ninh Binh province, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran-Anh Le
- Department of Parasitology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Qian MB, Zhuang SF, Zhu SQ, Deng XM, Li ZX, Zhou XN. Improving diagnostic performance of the Kato-Katz method for Clonorchis sinensis infection through multiple samples. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:336. [PMID: 31287026 PMCID: PMC6613260 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchiasis is caused by eating of raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the larvae of Clonorchis sinensis; the Kato-Katz method is widely applied in diagnosis. The improvement of repeated Kato-Katz smears from multiple stool samples has been well illuminated in many helminths other than C. sinensis. METHODS A cross-sectional investigation was implemented to capture the epidemiology and risk factors of clonorchiasis among middle school students in Qiyang county, China. Students with complete data of six Kato-Katz thick smears from two stool samples were included in this analysis. Data on the habits of eating raw freshwater fish were also collected and compared. RESULTS Altogether, 397 students had complete information of six smears, out of which 394 reported the information on eating habits. According to the 'gold' standard by six smears, 77 students (19.4%) were detected with C. sinensis. However, only 45 (11.3%) were detected using a single smear, with an underestimation of 41.6% compared to the 'gold' standard. However, the geometric mean of eggs per gram of feces in detected cases was 126.4 in a single smear, overestimated by 105.2% compared to 61.6 by the 'gold' standard. The linear relationship between prevalence and infection intensity of detected cases based on different smears was significantly negative. The habits of eating raw freshwater fish in the false negative cases was similar to those in the detected cases, but these two groups had significantly higher levels for habits of eating raw freshwater fish than negative individuals. CONCLUSIONS In low endemicity situations, underestimation of C. sinensis infection could not be avoided based on a limited number of Kato-Katz smears. Thus, repeated smears from at least two stool samples should be considered when an individual eats raw freshwater fish, drug efficacy is evaluated or elimination of C. sinensis is verified. Additionally, when logistics are insufficient for multiple samples to be taken for diagnosis for survey and surveillance in the areas or populations of low endemicity, prevalence accuracy needs to be corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shi-Feng Zhuang
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Shi-Qiao Zhu
- Qiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qiyang, 426100, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Deng
- Qiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qiyang, 426100, China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Li
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA dataset suggests that Hepatiarius sudarikovi Feizullaev, 1961 is a member of the genus Opisthorchis Blanchard, 1895 (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae). Parasitol Res 2019; 118:807-815. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saijuntha W, Sithithaworn P, Kiatsopit N, Andrews RH, Petney TN. Liver Flukes: Clonorchis and Opisthorchis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:139-180. [PMID: 31297762 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and O. felineus are liver flukes of human and animal pathogens occurring across much of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, they are often underestimated compared to other, better known neglected diseases in spite of the fact that many millions of people are infected and hundreds of millions are at risk. This is possibly because of the chronic nature of the infection and disease and that it takes several decades prior to a life-threatening pathology to develop. Several studies in the past decade have provided more information on the molecular biology of the liver flukes which clearly lead to better understanding of parasite biology, systematics, and population genetics. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are characterized by a chronic infection that induces hepatobiliary inflammation, especially periductal fibrosis, which can be detected by ultrasonography. These chronic inflammations eventually lead to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a usually fatal bile duct cancer that develops in some infected individuals. In Thailand alone, opisthorchiasis-associated CCA kills up to 20,000 people every year and is therefore of substantial public health importance. Its socioeconomic impacts on impoverished families and communities are considerable. To reduce hepatobiliary morbidity and CCA, the primary intervention measures focus on control and elimination of the liver fluke. Accurate diagnosis of liver fluke infections in both human and other mammalian, snail and fish intermediate hosts, are important for achieving these goals. While the short-term goal of liver fluke control can be achieved by praziquantel chemotherapy, a comprehensive health education package targeting school children is believed to be more beneficial for a long-term goal/solution. It is recommended that a transdisciplinary research or multisectoral control approach including one health and/or eco health intervention strategy should be applied to combat the liver flukes, and hence contribute to reduction of cholangiocarcinoma in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- CASCAP, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor N Petney
- CASCAP, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Harrington D, Lamberton PHL, McGregor A. Human liver flukes. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2:680-689. [PMID: 28786389 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fluke infections occur in people worldwide. In some low-income regions, a combination of ecological, agricultural, and culinary factors leads to a very high prevalence of infection but, in higher-income regions, infections are uncommon. Infection is associated with substantial morbidity and several liver fluke species are recognised as biological carcinogens. Here, we review the epidemiology, clinical significance, and diagnostic and treatment strategies of human infection with these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Harrington
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alastair McGregor
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Laithavewat L, Grundy-Warr C, Khuntikeo N, Andrews RH, Petney TN, Yongvanit P, Banchonhattakit P, Sithithaworn P. Analysis of a school-based health education model to prevent opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma in primary school children in northeast Thailand. Glob Health Promot 2018; 27:15-23. [DOI: 10.1177/1757975918767622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the major causative factor inducing cholangiocarcinoma in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia. Northeast Thailand has the highest incidence of this cancer worldwide leading to about 20,000 deaths every year. Infection with the liver fluke comes from eating raw or undercooked fish, a tradition in this area that can potentially be countered by education programs at school level. Here we develop a school-based health education model, based on protection motivation theory (PMT), including module design, learning materials, student activities, and capacity building amongst teachers. This education program was applied and tested in primary school to pupils (9–13 years) in Khon Kaen province, northeast Thailand. Using a randomized control trial, four schools served as intervention groups ( n = 118 pupils) and another four acted as controls ( n = 113 pupils). Based on PMT constructs, we found that the pupils in the intervention group had significantly greater knowledge and perceived the severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy parameters concerning the dangers of eating raw fish and of developing cholangiocarcinoma than those in the control schools ( p < 0.05). All of the PMT constructs measured were significantly intercorrelated with each other ( p < 0.001). At the same time, some background knowledge, from community-based education programs, was present in the control schools. The result from this initial study suggests that PMT can be used to predict protective attitude as well as behavior changes in evaluating the consequence of school health intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxana Laithavewat
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control 6, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Ross H. Andrews
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Trevor N. Petney
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Characterization of a novel organic solute transporter homologue from Clonorchis sinensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006459. [PMID: 29702646 PMCID: PMC5942847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is a liver fluke that can dwell in the bile ducts of mammals. Bile acid transporters function to maintain the homeostasis of bile acids in C. sinensis, as they induce physiological changes or have harmful effects on C. sinensis survival. The organic solute transporter (OST) transports mainly bile acid and belongs to the SLC51 subfamily of solute carrier transporters. OST plays a critical role in the recirculation of bile acids in higher animals. In this study, we cloned full-length cDNA of the 480-amino acid OST from C. sinensis (CsOST). Genomic analysis revealed 11 exons and nine introns. The CsOST protein had a 'Solute_trans_a' domain with 67% homology to Schistosoma japonicum OST. For further analysis, the CsOST protein sequence was split into the ordered domain (CsOST-N) at the N-terminus and disordered domain (CsOST-C) at the C-terminus. The tertiary structure of each domain was built using a threading-based method and determined by manual comparison. In a phylogenetic tree, the CsOST-N domain belonged to the OSTα and CsOST-C to the OSTβ clade. These two domains were more highly conserved with the OST α- and β-subunits at the structure level than at sequence level. These findings suggested that CsOST comprised the OST α- and β-subunits. CsOST was localized in the oral and ventral suckers and in the mesenchymal tissues abundant around the intestine, vitelline glands, uterus, and testes. This study provides fundamental data for the further understanding of homologues in other flukes.
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Nguyen HM, Tatonova YV, Madsen H. Infections by Hepatic Trematodes in Cats from Slaughterhouses in Vietnam. J Parasitol 2018; 104:306-309. [PMID: 29466091 DOI: 10.1645/18-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic cats are a final host for some hepatic trematodes, and cat meat is used for human consumption in several parts of northern Vietnam. Since there is no tradition for commercial cat rearing in the area, cats are purchased alive from other areas as well, i.e., southern Vietnam and neighboring countries, and brought to slaughterhouses. This uncontrolled trade in live cats could pose a risk for spread of various parasites, including hepatic trematodes. Hence, in this study, we investigated the infections by hepatic trematodes in cats from the slaughterhouses. Cat livers were sampled from 12 slaughterhouses. Clonorchis sinensis and Platynosomum fastosum were found in 14 of 78 necropsied cats of local origin, while more than half of the non-local cats (170 of 318) were infected by C. sinensis, P. fastosum, or Opisthorchis viverrini. The non-local cats had higher prevalence (odds ratio = 6.61, P < 0.01, 95% CI: 2.34-19.41) and intensity of infection (count ratio = 6.47, P < 0.01, 95% CI: 1.77-23.59) by C. sinensis than local cats. Prevalence of P. fastosum infection did not differ significantly between the 2 groups of cats. Opisthorchis viverrini was found at low prevalence (2.5%) in non-local cats. The presence of O. viverrini in cats sampled in northern Vietnam and the high prevalence and intensity of infection in cats of non-local origin suggest that cats are transported over great distances, and this poses a risk of spreading these trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Nguyen
- 1 Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yulia V Tatonova
- 2 Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 100-letiya St., Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Henry Madsen
- 3 Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fedorova OS, Fedotova MM, Sokolova TS, Golovach EA, Kovshirina YV, Ageeva TS, Kovshirina AE, Kobyakova OS, Ogorodova LM, Odermatt P. Opisthorchis felineus infection prevalence in Western Siberia: A review of Russian literature. Acta Trop 2018; 178:196-204. [PMID: 29191519 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study we reviewed Russian scientific literature (scientific publications, book chapters, monographs) published between 1 January 1979 and 31 August 2015 from two sources: Main database of the Russian Scientific Electronic Library (eLIBRARY, http://elibrary.ru/), and the Scientific Medical Library of Siberian State Medical University (http://medlib.tomsk.ru/). Specifically, the review details the infection prevalence of Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus) in Western Siberia, Russian Federation. From the primary key words screening, 1591 records were identified from which 32 Russian-language publications were relevant. The lowest O. felineus infection rate of 0.4% was reported in Tatarstan Republic, and the highest reached 83.9% in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The infection prevalence was lower in children than in adults and increased with age. O. felineus infection was detected more often in indigenous population than in migrants. Infection intensity in western regions (Permskaya, Bryanskaya Oblast) was low and varied from 15 to 336 eggs per gram stool (epg), while in endemic regions it reached more than 2000 epg. In some settlements the mean intensity infection was 5234 epg. The high rates of intensity were registered in regions with a high prevalence of infection. Based on obtained data, a map of O. felineus infection prevalence in Western Siberia was developed. After mapping the results, the highest prevalence was detected in Tyumenskaya Oblast with over 60%, while the Tomskaya Oblast had the lowest prevalence at fewer than 19.0%. Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomus Okrug, Altaiskii Krai, Novosibirskaya Oblast and Omskaya Oblast had an average level of O. felineus infection of 20-39%. According to the results of the review, Western Siberia must be considered as highly endemic region for opisthorchiasis in the Russian Federation. The development of a control program specific for the Russian community is warranted.
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Abstract
Background Clonorchiasis caused by Clonorchis sinensis and opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini are prevalent in the Far East, including Vietnam. The causal relationship between the 2 liver flukes and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has been well documented. Cholangiocarcinoma, a rare tumor of bile ducts, usually occurs in the sixth-seventh decade of life. In the United States, 8000 people are diagnosed with CCA each year. US Vietnam Veterans, 5 decades after the end of the war, are being diagnosed with CCA. Although CCA is linked to several conditions, no study has been done to our knowledge linking C. sinensis or O. viverrini as the culprits for CCA diagnosis in Vietnam Veterans. Methods A pilot prospective epidemiological study was performed at the Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center. We screened Vietnam Veterans for exposure to eating raw or undercooked fish from the rivers in Vietnam during their service. Serological testing was performed by the multiantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in Seoul National University of Medicine, South Korea. Results Of the 97 Veterans screened, 50 met the inclusion criteria with 1 Veteran being diagnosed with CCA. Of the 50 Veterans, 24% tested positive for serum IgG antibodies to C. sinensis. Those who tested positive had no detectable liver fluke parasites by fecal examination. Conclusions Our study is the first to show evidence of exposure to liver flukes in US soldiers during their service in the Vietnam War. Further research is needed to examine the possible link of liver fluke infection and risk for developing CCA in Vietnam Veterans.
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Clonorchis sinensis and Clonorchiasis: The Relevance of Exploring Genetic Variation. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 100:155-208. [PMID: 29753338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic trematodes (flukes) cause substantial mortality and morbidity in humans. The Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, is one of the most destructive parasitic worms in humans in China, Vietnam, Korea and the Russian Far East. Although C. sinensis infection can be controlled relatively well using anthelmintics, the worm is carcinogenic, inducing cholangiocarcinoma and causing major suffering in ~15 million people in Asia. This chapter provides an account of C. sinensis and clonorchiasis research-covering aspects of biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity, diagnosis, treatment and control, genetics and genomics. It also describes progress in the area of molecular biology (genetics, genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics) and highlights challenges associated with comparative genomics and population genetics. It then reviews recent advances in the sequencing and characterisation of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes for a Korean isolate of C. sinensis and summarises salient comparative genomic work and the implications thereof. The chapter concludes by considering how advances in genomic and informatics will enable research on the genetics of C. sinensis and related parasites, as well as the discovery of new fluke-specific intervention targets.
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Petney TN, Andrews RH, Saijuntha W, Tesana S, Prasopdee S, Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P. Taxonomy, Ecology and Population Genetics of Opisthorchis viverrini and Its Intermediate Hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 101:1-39. [PMID: 29907251 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the systematics and ecology of Opisthorchis viverrini; however, this new knowledge has not only clarified but also complicated the situation. We now know that what was once considered to be a single species is, in fact, a species complex, with the individual species being confined to specific wetland areas. There is also a strong genetic association between the members of the O. viverrini species complex and their Bithynia snail intermediate hosts. Although this does not negate data collected before the recognition of this situation, it does lead to the caveat that regional and temporal variations in data collected may be related to the species examined. The advances in ecology have generally been spatially limited and have led, in part, to contradictory results that may well be related to nonrecognition of the species studied. It may also be related to natural temporal and spatial variation related, for example, to habitat characteristics. To understand the variation present, it will be necessary to conduct long-term (several years at least) sampling projects after defining the genetic characteristics of O. viverrini sensu lato and its Bithynia snail intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor N Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Institute of Zoology 1: Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Suwannatrai A, Saichua P, Haswell M. Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 101:41-67. [PMID: 29907255 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis in the Lower Mekong Subregion is a parasitic disease caused by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. This parasite has a well-documented distribution in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Myanmar and Southern Vietnam. In this chapter, we describe the current knowledge of the epidemiology of O. viverrini infection, highlighting advances in control efforts made in the last four decades in Thailand and identifying ongoing gaps in our epidemiological knowledge which need to be filled to support efforts to permanently overcome the heavy morbidity and mortality burden caused by these parasites within their endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiporn Suwannatrai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Melissa Haswell
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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