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Xia W, Wang S, Liu X, Chen Y, Lin C, Liu R, Liu H, Li J, Zhu J. Chromosome-level genome provides new insight into the overwintering process of Korla pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:773. [PMID: 39138412 PMCID: PMC11323677 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Korla pear has a unique taste and aroma and is a breeding parent of numerous pear varieties. It is susceptible to Valsa mali var. pyri, which invades bark wounded by freezing injury. Its genetic relationships have not been fully defined and could offer insight into the mechanism for freezing tolerance and disease resistance. We generated a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly for Korla pear via the Illumina and PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) platforms and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C). The Korla pear genome is ~ 496.63 Mb, and 99.18% of it is assembled to 17 chromosomes. Collinearity and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Korla might be derived from Pyrus pyrifolia and that it diverged ~ 3.9-4.6 Mya. During domestication, seven late embryogenesis abundant (LEA), two dehydrin (DHN), and 54 disease resistance genes were lost from Korla pear compared with P. betulifolia. Moreover, 21 LEA and 31 disease resistance genes were common to the Korla pear and P. betulifolia genomes but were upregulated under overwintering only in P. betulifolia because key cis elements were missing in Korla pear. Gene deletion and downregulation during domestication reduced freezing tolerance and disease resistance in Korla pear. These results could facilitate the breeding of novel pear varieties with high biotic and abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Caixia Lin
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tiemenguan, 841007, China
| | - Ruina Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China.
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China.
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Li P, Liang C, Jiao J, Ruan Z, Sun M, Fu X, Zhao J, Wang T, Zhong S. Exogenous priming of chitosan induces resistance in Chinese prickly ash against stem canker caused by Fusarium zanthoxyli. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129119. [PMID: 38185296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Stem canker is a highly destructive disease that threatens prickly ash plantations in China. This study demonstrated the effective control of stem canker in prickly ash using chitosan priming, reducing lesion areas by 46.77 % to 75.13 % across all chitosan treatments. The mechanisms underlying chitosan-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in prickly ash were further investigated. Chitosan increased H2O2 levels and enhanced peroxidase and catalase enzyme activities. A well-constructed regulatory network depicting the genes involved in the SAR and their corresponding expression levels in prickly ash plants primed with chitosan was established based on transcriptomic analysis. Additionally, 224 ZbWRKYs were identified based on the whole genome of prickly ash, and their phylogenetic evolution, conserved motifs, domains and expression patterns of ZbWRKYs were comprehensively illustrated. The expression of 12 key genes related to the SAR was significantly increased by chitosan, as determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the activities of defensive enzymes and the accumulation of lignin and flavonoids in prickly ash were significantly enhanced by chitosan treatment. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the chitosan-mediated activation of the immune system in prickly ash, offering a promising eco-friendly approach for forest stem canker control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoqiong Liang
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Wen SH, Li PH, Lu LY, Yang X, Zhang CJ, Guo LY, Wang D, Zhu XQ. LysM protein BdLM1 of Botryosphaeria dothidea plays an important role in full virulence and inhibits plant immunity by binding chitin and protecting hyphae from hydrolysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1320980. [PMID: 38259918 PMCID: PMC10800735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1320980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dothidea infects hundreds of woody plants and causes a severe economic loss to apple production. In this study, we characterized BdLM1, a protein from B. dothidea that contains one LysM domain. BdLM1 expression was dramatically induced at 6 h post-inoculation in wounded apple fruit, strongly increased at 7 d post-inoculation (dpi), and peaked at 20 dpi in intact shoots. The knockout mutants of BdLM1 had significantly reduced virulence on intact apple shoots (20%), wounded apple shoots (40%), and wounded apple fruit (40%). BdLM1 suppressed programmed cell death caused by the mouse protein BAX through Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, reduced H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition, downregulated resistance gene expression, and promoted Phytophthora nicotianae infection in N. benthamiana. Moreover, BdLM1 inhibited the active oxygen burst induced by chitin and flg22, bound chitin, and protected fungal hyphae against degradation by hydrolytic enzymes. Taken together, our results indicate that BdLM1 is an essential LysM effector required for the full virulence of B. dothidea and that it inhibits plant immunity. Moreover, BdLM1 could inhibit chitin-triggered plant immunity through a dual role, i.e., binding chitin and protecting fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-hui Wen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-hang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu-yi Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-jie Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-yun Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-qiong Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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Xiao M, Chen D, Liu S, Chen A, Fang A, Tian B, Yu Y, Bi C, Kang Z, Yang Y. A chitin deacetylase PsCDA2 from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici confers disease pathogenicity by suppressing chitin-triggered immunity in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1467-1479. [PMID: 37486146 PMCID: PMC10632782 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have the ability to recognize the essential chitin molecule present in the fungal cell wall, which stimulates the immune response. Phytopathogenic fungi have developed various strategies to inhibit the chitin-triggered immune response. Here, we identified a chitin deacetylase of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), known as PsCDA2, that was induced during the initial invasion of wheat and acted as an inhibitor of plant cell death. Knockdown of PsCDA2 in wheat enhanced its resistance against Pst, highlighting the significance of PsCDA2 in the host-pathogen interaction. Moreover, PsCDA2 can protect Pst urediniospores from being damaged by host chitinase in vitro. PsCDA2 also suppressed the basal chitin-induced plant immune response, including the accumulation of callose and the expression of defence genes. Overall, our results demonstrate that Pst secretes PsCDA2 as a chitin deacetylase involved in establishing infection and modifying the acetyl group to prevent the breakdown of chitin in the cell wall by host endogenous chitinases. Our research unveils a mechanism by which the fungus suppresses plant immunity, further contributing to the understanding of wheat stripe rust control. This information could have significant implications for the development of suitable strategies for protecting crops against the devastating effects of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muye Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dezhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Saifei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Anle Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Agriculture SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Anfei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Binnian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chaowei Bi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yuheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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5
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Child HT, Deeks MJ, Rudd JJ, Bates S. Comparison of the impact of two key fungal signalling pathways on Zymoseptoria tritici infection reveals divergent contribution to invasive growth through distinct regulation of infection-associated genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1220-1237. [PMID: 37306534 PMCID: PMC10502814 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The lifecycle of Zymoseptoria tritici requires a carefully regulated asymptomatic phase within the wheat leaf following penetration of the mesophyll via stomata. Here we compare the roles in this process of two key fungal signalling pathways, mutants of which were identified through forward genetics due to their avirulence on wheat. Whole-genome resequencing of avirulent Z. tritici T-DNA transformants identified disruptive mutations in ZtBCK1 from the kinase cascade of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, and the adenylate cyclase gene ZtCYR1. Targeted deletion of these genes abolished the pathogenicity of the fungus and led to similar in vitro phenotypes to those associated with disruption of putative downstream kinases, both supporting previous studies and confirming the importance of these pathways in virulence. RNA sequencing was used to investigate the effect of ZtBCK1 and ZtCYR1 deletion on gene expression in both the pathogen and host during infection. ZtBCK1 was found to be required for the adaptation to the host environment, controlling expression of infection-associated secreted proteins, including known virulence factors. Meanwhile, ZtCYR1 is implicated in controlling the switch to necrotrophy, regulating expression of effectors associated with this transition. This represents the first study to compare the influence of CWI and cAMP signalling on in planta transcription of a fungal plant pathogen, providing insights into their differential regulation of candidate effectors during invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason J. Rudd
- Department of Protecting Crops and the EnvironmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Steven Bates
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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6
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Liu S, Xiao M, Fang A, Tian B, Yu Y, Bi C, Ma D, Yang Y. LysM Proteins TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 are Involved in Immune Responses Mediated by Chitin Coreceptor TaCERK1 in Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13535-13545. [PMID: 37665660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant lysin motif (LysM) ectodomain receptors interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and have critical functions in plant-microbe interactions. In this study, 65 LysM family genes were identified using the recent version of the reference sequence of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), in which 23, 16, 20, and 6 members belonged to LysM-containing receptor-like kinases (LYKs), LysM-containing receptor-like proteins (LYPs), extracellular LysM proteins (LysMes), and intracellular nonsecretory LysM proteins (LysMns), respectively. The study found that TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 were highly responsive to PAMP elicitors and phytopathogens, with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 binding directly to chitin. TaCERK1 acted as a coreceptor with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves exhibited enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Subsequently, knocking down TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 genes with barley stripe mosaic virus-VIGS compromised the wheat defense response to an avirulent strain of Puccinia striiformis. The study concluded that wheat has two synergistic chitin perception systems for detecting pathogen elicitors, with the activated CERK1 intracellular kinase domain leading to signaling transduction. This research provides valuable insights into the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of wheat LysM members under biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muye Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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7
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Prusky D, Romanazzi G. Induced Resistance in Fruit and Vegetables: A Host Physiological Response Limiting Postharvest Disease Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:279-300. [PMID: 37201920 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021722-035135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Harvested fruit and vegetables are perishable, subject to desiccation, show increased respiration during ripening, and are colonized by postharvest fungal pathogens. Induced resistance is a strategy to control diseases by eliciting biochemical processes in fruits and vegetables. This is accomplished by modulating the progress of ripening and senescence, which maintains the produce in a state of heightened resistance to decay-causing fungi. Utilization of induced resistance to protect produce has been improved by scientific tools that better characterize physiological changes in plants. Induced resistance slows the decline of innate immunity after harvest and increases the production of defensive responses that directly inhibit plant pathogens. This increase in defense response in fruits and vegetables contributes to higher amounts of phenols and antioxidant compounds, improving both the quality and appearance of the produce. This review summarizes mechanisms and treatments that induce resistance in harvested fruits and vegetables to suppress fungal colonization. Moreover, it highlights the importance of host maturity and stage of ripening as limiting conditions for the improved expression of induced-resistance processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy;
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8
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Trinh J, Li T, Franco JY, Toruño TY, Stevens DM, Thapa SP, Wong J, Pineda R, de Dios EÁ, Kahn TL, Seymour DK, Ramadugu C, Coaker GL. Variation in microbial feature perception in the Rutaceae family with immune receptor conservation in citrus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:689-707. [PMID: 37144828 PMCID: PMC10686701 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about the responses of model plants to microbial features, we still lack an understanding of the extent of variation in immune perception across members of a plant family. In this work, we analyzed immune responses in Citrus and wild relatives, surveying 86 Rutaceae genotypes with differing leaf morphologies and disease resistances. We found that responses to microbial features vary both within and between members. Species in 2 subtribes, the Balsamocitrinae and Clauseninae, can recognize flagellin (flg22), cold shock protein (csp22), and chitin, including 1 feature from Candidatus Liberibacter species (csp22CLas), the bacterium associated with Huanglongbing. We investigated differences at the receptor level for the flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) and the chitin receptor LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) in citrus genotypes. We characterized 2 genetically linked FLS2 homologs from "Frost Lisbon" lemon (Citrus ×limon, responsive) and "Washington navel" orange (Citrus ×aurantium, nonresponsive). Surprisingly, FLS2 homologs from responsive and nonresponsive genotypes were expressed in Citrus and functional when transferred to a heterologous system. "Washington navel" orange weakly responded to chitin, whereas "Tango" mandarin (C. ×aurantium) exhibited a robust response. LYK5 alleles were identical or nearly identical between the 2 genotypes and complemented the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lyk4/lyk5-2 mutant with respect to chitin perception. Collectively, our data indicate that differences in chitin and flg22 perception in these citrus genotypes are not the results of sequence polymorphisms at the receptor level. These findings shed light on the diversity of perception of microbial features and highlight genotypes capable of recognizing polymorphic pathogen features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Trinh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tianrun Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jessica Y Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tania Y Toruño
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shree P Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Justin Wong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rebeca Pineda
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Emmanuel Ávila de Dios
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tracy L Kahn
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Danelle K Seymour
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chandrika Ramadugu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gitta L Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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9
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Zhang L, Li S, Fang X, An H, Zhang X. Genome-wide analysis of LysM gene family members and their expression in response to Colletotrichum fructicola infection in Octoploid strawberry( Fragaria × ananassa). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1105591. [PMID: 36756233 PMCID: PMC9900028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an economically important fruit that is planted worldwide. The lysin motif (LysM) protein family is composed of the major class of plant pattern recognition receptors, which play important roles in sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and subsequently triggers downstream plant immunity. In the present study, a comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of F. × ananassa LysM (FaLysM) genes was performed to investigate gene structures, phylogenic relationships, chromosome location, collinear relationships, transcription factor binding sites, and protein model analysis. We aimed to identify the LysM genes involved in the defense against plant pathogens. A total of 14 FaLysM genes were identified in the F. × ananassa genome and divided into 2 subgroups (LYP and LYK) on the basis of the phylogenetic analysis. The Ka/Ks ratio for the duplicated pair of most FaLysM genes was less than 1, which indicates that the selection pressure was mostly subject to the purifying selection during evolution. The protein model analysis revealed that FaLysM2-10 contain conserved mode of chitin binding, which suggest the potential role of FaLysM2-10 in pathogen perception and plant immunity. The RNA-Seq results showed the differential regulation of 14 FaLysM genes in response to Colletotrichum fructicola infection, implying the complex interaction between C. fructicola and strawberry. Knockout of candidate effector gene CfLysM2, which was previously proved to be highly expressed during C. fructicola infection, resulted in the up-regulation of six FaLysM genes (FaLysM1, FaLysM2, FaLysM3, FaLysM7, FaLysM8, and FaLysM12), indicating the competitive relations between CfLysM2 and FaLysM genes. Overall, this study provides fundamental information on the roles of LysM proteins in octoploid strawberry and its interaction with C. fructicola, laying useful information for further investigation on the C. fructicola-strawberry interaction and strawberry resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haishan An
- *Correspondence: Haishan An, ; Xueying Zhang,
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10
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Zhao L, Liao Z, Feng L, An B, He C, Wang Q, Luo H. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Cg2LysM contributed to virulence toward rubber tree through affecting invasive structure and inhibiting chitin-triggered plant immunity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1129101. [PMID: 36876102 PMCID: PMC9982014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1129101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal chitin, as a typical microorganism-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), was recognized by plant LysM-containing protein to induce immunity called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). To successfully infect host plant, fungal pathogens secreted LysM-containing effectors to inhibit chitin-induced plant immunity. Filamentous fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides caused rubber tree anthracnose which resulted in serious loss of natural rubber production worldwide. However, little is known about the pathogenesis mediated by LysM effector of C. gloeosporioide. In this study, we identified a two LysM-containing effector in C. gloeosporioide and named as Cg2LysM. Cg2LysM was involved not only in conidiation, appressorium formation, invasion growth and the virulence to rubber tree, but also in melanin synthesis of C. gloeosporioides. Moreover, Cg2LysM showed chitin-binding activity and suppression of chitin-triggered immunity of rubber tree such as ROS production and the expression of defense relative genes HbPR1, HbPR5, HbNPR1 and HbPAD4. This work suggested that Cg2LysM effector facilitate infection of C. gloeosporioides to rubber tree through affecting invasive structure and inhibiting chitin-triggered plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiwen Liao
- College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Liping Feng
- College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Chaozu He
- College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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11
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Zhang H, Kim MS, Huang J, Yan H, Yang T, Song L, Yu W, Shim WB. Transcriptome analysis of maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides revealed FvLcp1, a secreted protein with type-D fungal LysM and chitin-binding domains, that plays important roles in pathogenesis and mycotoxin production. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127195. [PMID: 36126492 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is a key maize pathogen and produces fumonisins, a group of mycotoxins detrimental to humans and animals. Unfortunately, our understanding on how this fungus interacts with maize to trigger mycotoxin biosynthesis is limited. We performed a systematic computational network-based analysis of large-scale F. verticillioides RNA-seq datasets to identify gene subnetwork modules associated with virulence and fumonisin regulation. F. verticillioides was inoculated on two different maize lines, moderately resistant line hybrid 33K44 and highly susceptible line maize inbred line B73, to generate time-course RNA-Seq data. Among the highly discriminative subnetwork modules, we identified a putative hub gene FvLCP1, which encodes a putative a type-D fungal LysM protein with a signal peptide, three LysM domains, and two chitin binding domains. FvLcp1 is a unique protein that harbors these domains amongst five representative Fusarium species. FvLcp1 is a secreted protein important for fumonisin production with the LysM domain playing a critical role. The chitin-binding domain was essential for in vitro chitin binding. Using Magnaporthe oryzae, we learned that FvLcp1 accumulates in appressoria, suggesting that FvLcp1 is involved in host recognition and infection. Full length FvLcp1 suppressed BAX-triggered plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. This unique type-D LysM secreted protein with a chitin-binding domain in F. verticillioides was shown to be potentially involved in suppressing host cell death and promoting fumonisin biosynthesis while the pathogen colonizes maize kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA.
| | - Man S Kim
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Huang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huijuan Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linlin Song
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Won Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA.
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12
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Yang C, Wang E, Liu J. CERK1, more than a co-receptor in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1606-1613. [PMID: 35297054 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CERK1 (Chitin Elicitor Receptor Kinase 1), a lysin motif-containing pattern recognition receptor (PRR), perceives chitooligosaccharides (COs) to mount immune and symbiotic responses. However, CERK1, for a relatively long time, has been regarded as a co-receptor in plant immunity, mainly due to its lack of high binding affinity to known elicitors. Recent studies demonstrated several novel carbohydrates as ligands of CERK1 in different plant species and recognized CERK1 as a key receptor in plant immunity and symbiosis. This review summarizes recent knowledge acquired on the role of CERK1 in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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13
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Prediction of effector proteins and their implications in pathogenicity of phytopathogenic filamentous fungi: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:188-202. [PMID: 35227707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi encode and secrete effector proteins to promote pathogenesis. In recent years, the important role of effector proteins in fungi and plant host interactions has become increasingly prominent. In this review, the functional characterization and molecular mechanisms by which fungal effector proteins modulate biological processes and suppress the defense of plant hosts are discussed, with an emphasis on cell localization during fungal infection. This paper also provides a comprehensive review of bioinformatic and experimental methods that are currently available for the identification of fungal effector proteins. We additionally summarize the secretion pathways and the methods for verifying the presence effector proteins in plant host cells. For future research, comparative genomic studies of different pathogens with varying life cycles will allow comprehensive and systematic identification of effector proteins. Additionally, functional analysis of effector protein interactions with a wider range of hosts (especially non-model crops) will provide more detailed repertoires of fungal effectors. Identifying effector proteins and verifying their functions will improve our understanding of their role in causing disease and in turn guide future strategies for combatting fungal infections.
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14
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Hao G, Tiley H, McCormick S. Chitin Triggers Tissue-Specific Immunity in Wheat Associated With Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832502. [PMID: 35222488 PMCID: PMC8864176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the primary causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and barley. FHB reduces grain yield and contaminates grain with various mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON). DON acts as a virulence factor to promote the fungus passing the rachis node and spreading throughout the head of wheat but not barley. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the earliest defense responses during plant and pathogen interactions. However, the complex roles of ROS during FHB development remain unclear. We investigated immune responses in wheat triggered by chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls. Although no ROS burst was detected in chitin-treated wheat leaves from eight tested varieties, a robust ROS peak was triggered by chitin in tested barley leaves. Interestingly, ROS were induced by chitin in wheat rachises and rachis nodes, which are critical barriers for FHB spread in wheat. We demonstrated that ROS were induced in wheat rachis nodes from both FHB susceptible and resistant wheat varieties. Further, we showed different defense gene expression patterns in rachis nodes and wheat heads treated with chitin, and wheat heads inoculated with F. graminearum. Our study showed the tissue-specific immune responses induced by chitin in wheat, which may play an important role during F. graminearum infection.
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15
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Analyses of Lysin-motif Receptor-like Kinase ( LysM-RLK) Gene Family in Allotetraploid Brassica napus L. and Its Progenitor Species: An In Silico Study. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010037. [PMID: 35011598 PMCID: PMC8750388 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The LysM receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) play a crucial role in plant symbiosis and response to environmental stresses. Brassica napus, B. rapa, and B. oleracea are utilized as valuable vegetables. Different biotic and abiotic stressors affect these crops, resulting in yield losses. Therefore, genome-wide analysis of the LysM-RLK gene family was conducted. From the genome of the examined species, 33 LysM-RLK have been found. The conserved domains of Brassica LysM-RLKs were divided into three groups: LYK, LYP, and LysMn. In the BrassicaLysM-RLK gene family, only segmental duplication has occurred. The Ka/Ks ratio for the duplicated pair of genes was less than one indicating that the genes’ function had not changed over time. The BrassicaLysM-RLKs contain 70 cis-elements, indicating that they are involved in stress response. 39 miRNA molecules were responsible for the post-transcriptional regulation of 12 Brassica LysM-RLKs. A total of 22 SSR loci were discovered in 16 Brassica LysM-RLKs. According to RNA-seq data, the highest expression in response to biotic stresses was related to BnLYP6. According to the docking simulations, several residues in the active sites of BnLYP6 are in direct contact with the docked chitin and could be useful in future studies to develop pathogen-resistant B. napus. This research reveals comprehensive information that could lead to the identification of potential genes for Brassica species genetic manipulation.
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16
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Manes N, Brauer EK, Hepworth S, Subramaniam R. MAMP and DAMP signaling contributes resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6628-6639. [PMID: 34405877 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive externally produced microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and endogenously produced danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to activate inducible immunity. While several inducible immune responses have been observed during Fusarium graminearum infection, the identity of the signaling pathways involved is only partly known. We screened 227 receptor kinase and innate immune response genes in Arabidopsis to identify nine genes with a role in F. graminearum resistance. Resistance-promoting genes included the chitin receptors LYK5 and CERK1, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing NADPH oxidase RbohF, which were required for full inducible immune responses during infection. Two of the genes identified in our screen, APEX and the PAMP-induced peptide 1 (PIP1) DAMP receptor RLK7, repressed F. graminearum resistance. Both RbohF and RLK7 were required for full chitin-induced immune responses and PIP1 precursor expression was induced by chitin and F. graminearum infection. Together, this indicates that F. graminearum resistance is mediated by MAMP and DAMP signaling pathways and that chitin-induced signaling is enhanced by PIP1 perception and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrat Manes
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth K Brauer
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Shelley Hepworth
- Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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17
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Upadhyaya NM, Mago R, Panwar V, Hewitt T, Luo M, Chen J, Sperschneider J, Nguyen-Phuc H, Wang A, Ortiz D, Hac L, Bhatt D, Li F, Zhang J, Ayliffe M, Figueroa M, Kanyuka K, Ellis JG, Dodds PN. Genomics accelerated isolation of a new stem rust avirulence gene-wheat resistance gene pair. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1220-1228. [PMID: 34294906 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) is a devastating disease of the global staple crop wheat. Although this disease was largely controlled in the latter half of the twentieth century, new virulent strains of Pgt, such as Ug99, have recently evolved1,2. These strains have caused notable losses worldwide and their continued spread threatens global wheat production. Breeding for disease resistance provides the most cost-effective control of wheat rust diseases3. A number of rust resistance genes have been characterized in wheat and most encode immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class4, which recognize pathogen effector proteins known as avirulence (Avr) proteins5. However, only two Avr genes have been identified in Pgt so far, AvrSr35 and AvrSr50 (refs. 6,7), and none in other cereal rusts8,9. The Sr27 resistance gene was first identified in a wheat line carrying an introgression of the 3R chromosome from Imperial rye10. Although not deployed widely in wheat, Sr27 is widespread in the artificial crop species Triticosecale (triticale), which is a wheat-rye hybrid and is a host for Pgt11,12. Sr27 is effective against Ug99 (ref. 13) and other recent Pgt strains14,15. Here, we identify both the Sr27 gene in wheat and the corresponding AvrSr27 gene in Pgt and show that virulence to Sr27 can arise experimentally and in the field through deletion mutations, copy number variation and expression level polymorphisms at the AvrSr27 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana M Upadhyaya
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vinay Panwar
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Tim Hewitt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ming Luo
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hoa Nguyen-Phuc
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Aihua Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Diana Ortiz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Luch Hac
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Dhara Bhatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael Ayliffe
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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18
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Friesen TL, Faris JD. Characterization of Effector-Target Interactions in Necrotrophic Pathosystems Reveals Trends and Variation in Host Manipulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:77-98. [PMID: 33909478 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-120320-012807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in defining the details of the plant defense response involving biotrophic fungal and bacterial pathogens. The groundwork for the current model was laid by H.H. Flor and others who defined the gene-for-gene hypothesis, which is now known to involve effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is also a highly effective response to most pathogens because of the recognition of common pathogen molecules by pattern recognition receptors. In this article, we consider the three pathogens that make up the foliar disease complex of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Parastagonospora nodorum, to review the means by which necrotrophic pathogens circumvent, or outright hijack, the ETI and PTI pathways to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Friesen
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA; ,
| | - Justin D Faris
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA; ,
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19
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Fagundes WC, Haueisen J, Stukenbrock EH. Dissecting the Biology of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici: A Laboratory Workflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 59:e128. [PMID: 33175475 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is one of the most devastating pathogens of wheat. Aside from its importance as a disease-causing agent, this species has emerged as a powerful model system for evolutionary genetic studies of crop-infecting fungal pathogens. Z. tritici exhibits exceptionally high levels of genetic and phenotypic diversity as well as morphological plasticity, which can make experimental studies and comparability of results obtained in different laboratories, e.g., from infection assays, challenging. Therefore, standardized experimental methods are crucial for research on Z. tritici biology and the interaction of this fungus with its wheat host. Here, we describe a suite of well-tested and optimized protocols ranging from isolation of Z. tritici field specimens to analyses of virulence assays under controlled conditions. Several biological and technical aspects of working with Z. tritici under laboratory conditions are considered and carefully described in each protocol. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Purification of Z. tritici field isolates from leaf material Basic Protocol 2: Molecular identification of Z. tritici isolates Support Protocol 1: Rapid extraction of Z. tritici genomic DNA Support Protocol 2: Extraction of high-quality Z. tritici genomic DNA Basic Protocol 3: In vitro culture and long-term storage of Z. tritici isolates Basic Protocol 4: Analysis of Z. tritici virulence in wheat Support Protocol 3: Preparation of Z. tritici inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner C Fagundes
- Environmental Genomics Group, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Janine Haueisen
- Environmental Genomics Group, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics Group, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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20
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Wang C, Milgate AW, Solomon PS, McDonald MC. The identification of a transposon affecting the asexual reproduction of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:800-816. [PMID: 33949756 PMCID: PMC8232023 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, is a fungal wheat pathogen that causes significant global yield losses. Within Z. tritici populations, quantitative differences in virulence among different isolates are commonly observed; however, the genetic components that underpin these differences remain elusive. In this study, intraspecific comparative transcriptomic analysis was used to identify candidate genes that contribute to differences in virulence on the wheat cultivar WW2449. This led to the identification of a multicopy gene that was not expressed in the high-virulence isolate when compared to the medium- and low-virulence isolates. Further investigation suggested this gene resides in a 7.9-kb transposon. Subsequent long-read sequencing of the isolates used in the transcriptomic analysis confirmed that this gene did reside in an active Class II transposon, which is composed of four genes named REP9-1 to -4. Silencing and overexpression of REP9-1 in two distinct genetic backgrounds demonstrated that its expression alone reduces the number of pycnidia produced by Z. tritici during infection. The REP9-1 gene identified within a Class II transposon is the first discovery of a gene in a transposable element that influences the virulence of Z. tritici. This discovery adds further complexity to genetic loci that contribute to quantitative virulence in this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Andrew W. Milgate
- NSW Department of Primary IndustriesWagga Wagga Agricultural InstituteWagga WaggaNSWAustralia
| | - Peter S. Solomon
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Megan C. McDonald
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
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21
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Machado Wood AK, Panwar V, Grimwade-Mann M, Ashfield T, Hammond-Kosack KE, Kanyuka K. The vesicular trafficking system component MIN7 is required for minimizing Fusarium graminearum infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5010-5023. [PMID: 33877328 PMCID: PMC8364293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed intricate defense mechanisms, referred to as innate immunity, to defend themselves against a wide range of pathogens. Plants often respond rapidly to pathogen attack by the synthesis and delivery to the primary infection sites of various antimicrobial compounds, proteins, and small RNA in membrane vesicles. Much of the evidence regarding the importance of vesicular trafficking in plant-pathogen interactions comes from studies involving model plants whereas this process is relatively understudied in crop plants. Here we assessed whether the vesicular trafficking system components previously implicated in immunity in Arabidopsis play a role in the interaction with Fusarium graminearum, a fungal pathogen well-known for its ability to cause Fusarium head blight disease in wheat. Among the analysed vesicular trafficking mutants, two independent T-DNA insertion mutants in the AtMin7 gene displayed a markedly enhanced susceptibility to F. graminearum. Earlier studies identified this gene, encoding an ARF-GEF protein, as a target for the HopM1 effector of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which destabilizes MIN7 leading to its degradation and weakening host defenses. To test whether this key vesicular trafficking component may also contribute to defense in crop plants, we identified the candidate TaMin7 genes in wheat and knocked-down their expression through virus-induced gene silencing. Wheat plants in which TaMin7 genes were silenced displayed significantly more Fusarium head blight disease. This suggests that disruption of MIN7 function in both model and crop plants compromises the trafficking of innate immunity signals or products resulting in hypersusceptibility to various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Machado Wood
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Vinay Panwar
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Mike Grimwade-Mann
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Tom Ashfield
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
- Crop Health and Protection (CHAP), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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22
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Tian H, MacKenzie CI, Rodriguez‐Moreno L, van den Berg GCM, Chen H, Rudd JJ, Mesters JR, Thomma BPHJ. Three LysM effectors of Zymoseptoria tritici collectively disarm chitin-triggered plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:683-693. [PMID: 33797163 PMCID: PMC8126183 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a major structural component of fungal cell walls and acts as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) that, on recognition by a plant host, triggers the activation of immune responses. To avoid the activation of these responses, the Septoria tritici blotch (STB) pathogen of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, secretes LysM effector proteins. Previously, the LysM effectors Mg1LysM and Mg3LysM were shown to protect fungal hyphae against host chitinases. Furthermore, Mg3LysM, but not Mg1LysM, was shown to suppress chitin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Whereas initially a third LysM effector gene was disregarded as a presumed pseudogene, we now provide functional data to show that this gene also encodes a LysM effector, named Mgx1LysM, that is functional during wheat colonization. While Mg3LysM confers a major contribution to Z. tritici virulence, Mgx1LysM and Mg1LysM contribute to Z. tritici virulence with smaller effects. All three LysM effectors display partial functional redundancy. We furthermore demonstrate that Mgx1LysM binds chitin, suppresses the chitin-induced ROS burst, and is able to protect fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis. Finally, we demonstrate that Mgx1LysM is able to undergo chitin-induced polymerization. Collectively, our data show that Z. tritici utilizes three LysM effectors to disarm chitin-triggered wheat immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Craig I. MacKenzie
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez‐Moreno
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y FisiologíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | | | - Hongxin Chen
- Department of Bio‐Interactions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- Department of Bio‐Interactions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | | | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneCologneGermany
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Polonio Á, Fernández‐Ortuño D, de Vicente A, Pérez‐García A. A haustorial-expressed lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from the cucurbit powdery mildew pathogen Podosphaera xanthii contributes to the suppression of chitin-triggered immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:580-601. [PMID: 33742545 PMCID: PMC8035642 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Podosphaera xanthii is the main causal agent of cucurbit powdery mildew and a limiting factor of crop productivity. The lifestyle of this fungus is determined by the development of specialized parasitic structures inside epidermal cells, termed haustoria, that are responsible for the acquisition of nutrients and the release of effectors. A typical function of fungal effectors is the manipulation of host immunity, for example the suppression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls, and chitin oligosaccharides are well-known PAMP elicitors. In this work, we examined the role of PHEC27213, the most highly expressed, haustorium-specific effector candidate of P. xanthii. According to different computational predictions, the protein folding of PHEC27213 was similar to that of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and included a conserved histidine brace; however, PHEC27213 had low sequence similarity with LPMO proteins and displayed a putative chitin-binding domain that was different from the canonical carbohydrate-binding module. Binding and enzymatic assays demonstrated that PHEC27213 was able to bind and catalyse colloidal chitin, as well as chitooligosaccharides, acting as an LPMO. Furthermore, RNAi silencing experiments showed the potential of this protein to prevent the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Moreover, proteins with similar features were found in other haustorium-forming fungal pathogens. Our results suggest that this protein is a new fungal LPMO that catalyses chitooligosaccharides, thus contributing to the suppression of plant immunity during haustorium development. To our knowledge, this is the first mechanism identified in the haustorium to suppress chitin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de MicrobiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de MálagaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM−UMA−CSIC)MálagaSpain
| | - Dolores Fernández‐Ortuño
- Departamento de MicrobiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de MálagaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM−UMA−CSIC)MálagaSpain
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- Departamento de MicrobiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de MálagaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM−UMA−CSIC)MálagaSpain
| | - Alejandro Pérez‐García
- Departamento de MicrobiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de MálagaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM−UMA−CSIC)MálagaSpain
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Hu SP, Li JJ, Dhar N, Li JP, Chen JY, Jian W, Dai XF, Yang XY. Lysin Motif (LysM) Proteins: Interlinking Manipulation of Plant Immunity and Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063114. [PMID: 33803725 PMCID: PMC8003243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins with lysin motif (LysM) are carbohydrate-binding protein modules that play a critical role in the host-pathogen interactions. The plant LysM proteins mostly function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense chitin to induce the plant's immunity. In contrast, fungal LysM blocks chitin sensing or signaling to inhibit chitin-induced host immunity. In this review, we provide historical perspectives on plant and fungal LysMs to demonstrate how these proteins are involved in the regulation of plant's immune response by microbes. Plants employ LysM proteins to recognize fungal chitins that are then degraded by plant chitinases to induce immunity. In contrast, fungal pathogens recruit LysM proteins to protect their cell wall from hydrolysis by plant chitinase to prevent activation of chitin-induced immunity. Uncovering this coevolutionary arms race in which LysM plays a pivotal role in manipulating facilitates a greater understanding of the mechanisms governing plant-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (S.-P.H.); (J.-P.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Jun-Jiao Li
- c/o State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.-J.L.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Nikhilesh Dhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Salinas, CA 93905, USA;
| | - Jun-Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (S.-P.H.); (J.-P.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- c/o State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.-J.L.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Wei Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (S.-P.H.); (J.-P.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- c/o State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.-J.L.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.-F.D.); (X.-Y.Y.)
| | - Xing-Yong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (S.-P.H.); (J.-P.L.); (W.J.)
- Correspondence: (X.-F.D.); (X.-Y.Y.)
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25
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Karki SJ, Reilly A, Zhou B, Mascarello M, Burke J, Doohan F, Douchkov D, Schweizer P, Feechan A. A small secreted protein from Zymoseptoria tritici interacts with a wheat E3 ubiquitin ligase to promote disease. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:733-746. [PMID: 33095257 PMCID: PMC7853600 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is a major threat to wheat production worldwide. The Z. tritici genome encodes many small secreted proteins (ZtSSPs) that are likely to play a key role in the successful colonization of host tissues. However, few of these ZtSSPs have been functionally characterized for their role during infection. In this study, we identified and characterized a small, conserved cysteine-rich secreted effector from Z. tritici which has homologues in other plant pathogens in the Dothideomycetes. ZtSSP2 was expressed throughout Z. tritici infection in wheat, with the highest levels observed early during infection. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed an interaction between ZtSSP2 and wheat E3 ubiquitin ligase (TaE3UBQ) in yeast, and this was further confirmed in planta using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation. Down-regulation of this wheat E3 ligase using virus-induced gene silencing increased the susceptibility of wheat to STB. Together, these results suggest that TaE3UBQ is likely to play a role in plant immunity to defend against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Jung Karki
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aisling Reilly
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Binbin Zhou
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Maurizio Mascarello
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Charles Deberiotstraat 8 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Burke
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Fiona Doohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Cytogenetics, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Cytogenetics, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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26
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Saur IML, Hückelhoven R. Recognition and defence of plant-infecting fungal pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153324. [PMID: 33249386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempted infections of plants with fungi result in diverse outcomes ranging from symptom-less resistance to severe disease and even death of infected plants. The deleterious effect on crop yield have led to intense focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain the difference between resistance and susceptibility. This research has uncovered plant resistance or susceptibility genes that explain either dominant or recessive inheritance of plant resistance with many of them coding for receptors that recognize pathogen invasion. Approaches based on cell biology and phytochemistry have contributed to identifying factors that halt an invading fungal pathogen from further invasion into or between plant cells. Plant chemical defence compounds, antifungal proteins and structural reinforcement of cell walls appear to slow down fungal growth or even prevent fungal penetration in resistant plants. Additionally, the hypersensitive response, in which a few cells undergo a strong local immune reaction, including programmed cell death at the site of infection, stops in particular biotrophic fungi from spreading into surrounding tissue. In this review, we give a general overview of plant recognition and defence of fungal parasites tracing back to the early 20th century with a special focus on Triticeae and on the progress that was made in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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27
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Genome-Wide Analysis of LysM-Containing Gene Family in Wheat: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis during Development and Defense. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010031. [PMID: 33383636 PMCID: PMC7823900 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysin motif (LysM) family comprise a number of defense proteins that play important roles in plant immunity. The LysM family includes LysM-containing receptor-like proteins (LYP) and LysM-containing receptor-like kinase (LYK). LysM generally recognizes the chitin and peptidoglycan derived from bacteria and fungi. Approximately 4000 proteins with the lysin motif (Pfam PF01476) are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Our study identified 57 LysM genes and 60 LysM proteins in wheat and renamed these genes and proteins based on chromosome distribution. According to the phylogenetic and gene structure of intron-exon distribution analysis, the 60 LysM proteins were classified into seven groups. Gene duplication events had occurred among the LysM family members during the evolution process, resulting in an increase in the LysM gene family. Synteny analysis suggested the characteristics of evolution of the LysM family in wheat and other species. Systematic analysis of these species provided a foundation of LysM genes in crop defense. A comprehensive analysis of the expression and cis-elements of LysM gene family members suggested that they play an essential role in defending against plant pathogens. The present study provides an overview of the LysM family in the wheat genome as well as information on systematic, phylogenetic, gene duplication, and intron-exon distribution analyses that will be helpful for future functional analysis of this important protein family, especially in Gramineae species.
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Deng Y, Ning Y, Yang DL, Zhai K, Wang GL, He Z. Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance and Perspectives on Breeding Strategies for Resistance Improvement in Crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1402-1419. [PMID: 32979566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide, which affects global food security. The use of resistance (R) genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases. Here, we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling, and susceptibility (S) gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery, how to balance resistance and yield, and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance. With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences, the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable, and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keran Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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29
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Kanja C, Hammond‐Kosack KE. Proteinaceous effector discovery and characterization in filamentous plant pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1353-1376. [PMID: 32767620 PMCID: PMC7488470 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The complicated interplay of plant-pathogen interactions occurs on multiple levels as pathogens evolve to constantly evade the immune responses of their hosts. Many economically important crops fall victim to filamentous pathogens that produce small proteins called effectors to manipulate the host and aid infection/colonization. Understanding the effector repertoires of pathogens is facilitating an increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence as well as guiding the development of disease control strategies. The purpose of this review is to give a chronological perspective on the evolution of the methodologies used in effector discovery from physical isolation and in silico predictions, to functional characterization of the effectors of filamentous plant pathogens and identification of their host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kanja
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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30
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Jia X, Rajib MR, Yin H. Recognition Pattern, Functional Mechanism and Application of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Sustainable Agriculture. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3508-3521. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200617165915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Application of chitin attracts much attention in the past decades as the second abundant
polysaccharides in the world after cellulose. Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOS) and its deacetylated derivative chitosan
oligosaccharides (COS) were shown great potentiality in agriculture by enhancing plant resistance to abiotic
or biotic stresses, promoting plant growth and yield, improving fruits quality and storage, etc. Those applications
have already served huge economic and social benefits for many years. However, the recognition mode and functional
mechanism of CTOS and COS on plants have gradually revealed just in recent years.
Objective:
Recognition pattern and functional mechanism of CTOS and COS in plant together with application
status of COS in agricultural production will be well described in this review. By which we wish to promote
further development and application of CTOS and COS–related products in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mijanur R. Rajib
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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31
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Benbow HR, Brennan CJ, Zhou B, Christodoulou T, Berry S, Uauy C, Mullins E, Doohan FM. Insights into the resistance of a synthetically-derived wheat to Septoria tritici blotch disease: less is more. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:407. [PMID: 32883202 PMCID: PMC7469286 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the initial, symptomless (latent) phase of the devastating wheat disease Septoria tritici blotch. However, speculations as to its impact on fungal success and disease severity in the field have suggested that a long latent phase is beneficial to the host and can reduce inoculum build up in the field over a growing season. The winter wheat cultivar Stigg is derived from a synthetic hexaploid wheat and contains introgressions from wild tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides, which contribute to cv. Stigg's exceptional STB resistance, hallmarked by a long latent phase. We compared the early transcriptomic response to Zymoseptoria tritici of cv. Stigg to a susceptible wheat cultivar, to elucidate the mechanisms of and differences in pathogen recognition and disease response in these two hosts. RESULTS The STB-susceptible cultivar Longbow responds to Z. tritici infection with a stress response, including activation of hormone-responsive transcription factors, post translational modifications, and response to oxidative stress. The activation of key genes associated with these pathways in cv. Longbow was independently observed in a second susceptible wheat cultivar based on an independent gene expression study. By comparison, cv. Stigg is apathetic in response to STB, and appears to fail to activate a range of defence pathways that cv. Longbow employs. Stigg also displays some evidence of sub-genome bias in its response to Z. tritici infection, whereas the susceptible cv. Longbow shows even distribution of Z. tritici responsive genes across the three wheat sub-genomes. CONCLUSIONS We identify a suite of disease response genes that are involved in early pathogen response in susceptible wheat cultivars that may ultimately lead to susceptibility. In comparison, we hypothesise that rather than an active defence response to stave off disease progression, cv. Stigg's defence strategy is molecular lethargy, or a lower-amplitude of pathogen recognition that may stem from cv. Stigg's wild wheat-derived ancestry. Overall, we present insights into cv. Stigg's exceptional resistance to STB, and present key biological processes for further characterisation in this pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R Benbow
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ciarán J Brennan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Binbin Zhou
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thalia Christodoulou
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simon Berry
- Limagrain UK Ltd, Windmill Avenue, Woolpit, Suffolk, IP30 9UP, UK
| | | | - Ewen Mullins
- Teagasc Crops Research, Oak Park, Co. Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, UCD Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Narula K, Elagamey E, Abdellatef MAE, Sinha A, Ghosh S, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S. Chitosan-triggered immunity to Fusarium in chickpea is associated with changes in the plant extracellular matrix architecture, stomatal closure and remodeling of the plant metabolome and proteome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:561-583. [PMID: 32170889 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) initiate complex defense responses by reorganizing the biomolecular dynamics of the host cellular machinery. The extracellular matrix (ECM) acts as a physical scaffold that prevents recognition and entry of phytopathogens, while guard cells perceive and integrate signals metabolically. Although chitosan is a known MAMP implicated in plant defense, the precise mechanism of chitosan-triggered immunity (CTI) remains unknown. Here, we show how chitosan imparts immunity against fungal disease. Morpho-histological examination revealed stomatal closure accompanied by reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate as early responses in chitosan-treated seedlings upon vascular fusariosis. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed ECM fortification leading to oligosaccharide signaling, as documented by increased galactose, pectin and associated secondary metabolites. Multiomics approach using quantitative ECM proteomics and metabolomics identified 325 chitosan-triggered immune-responsive proteins (CTIRPs), notably novel ECM structural proteins, LYM2 and receptor-like kinases, and 65 chitosan-triggered immune-responsive metabolites (CTIRMs), including sugars, sugar alcohols, fatty alcohols, organic and amino acids. Identified proteins and metabolites are linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, stomatal movement, root nodule development and root architecture coupled with oligosaccharide signaling that leads to Fusarium resistance. The cumulative data demonstrate that ROS, NO and eATP govern CTI, in addition to induction of PR proteins, CAZymes and PAL activities, besides accumulation of phenolic compounds downstream of CTI. The immune-related correlation network identified functional hubs in the CTI pathway. Altogether, these shifts led to the discovery of chitosan-responsive networks that cause significant ECM and guard cell remodeling, and translate ECM cues into cell fate decisions during fusariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Eman Elagamey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 9 Gamaa St, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Magdi A E Abdellatef
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 9 Gamaa St, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Arunima Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Wood AKM, Walker C, Lee WS, Urban M, Hammond-Kosack KE. Functional evaluation of a homologue of plant rapid alkalinisation factor (RALF) peptides in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:753-765. [PMID: 32883427 PMCID: PMC7487784 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cereal infecting fungus Fusarium graminearum is predicted to possess a single homologue of plant RALF (rapid alkalinisation factor) peptides. Fusarium mutant strains lacking FgRALF were generated and found to exhibit wildtype virulence on wheat and Arabidopsis floral tissue. Arabidopsis lines constitutively overexpressing FgRALF exhibited no obvious change in susceptibility to F. graminearum leaf infection. In contrast transient virus-mediated over-expression (VOX) of FgRALF in wheat prior to F. graminearum infection, slightly increased the rate of fungal colonisation of floral tissue. Ten putative Feronia (FER) receptors of RALF peptide were identified bioinformatically in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). Transient silencing of two wheat FER homoeologous genes prior to F. graminearum inoculation did not alter the subsequent interaction outcome. Collectively, our VOX results show that the fungal RALF peptide may be a minor contributor in F. graminearum virulence but results from fungal gene deletion experiments indicate potential functional redundancy within the F. graminearum genome. We demonstrate that virus-mediated over-expression is a useful tool to provide novel information about gene/protein function when results from gene deletion/disruption experimentation were uninformative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K M Wood
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Catherine Walker
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Wing-Sham Lee
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Martin Urban
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Zhou B, Benbow HR, Brennan CJ, Arunachalam C, Karki SJ, Mullins E, Feechan A, Burke JI, Doohan FM. Wheat Encodes Small, Secreted Proteins That Contribute to Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch. Front Genet 2020; 11:469. [PMID: 32477410 PMCID: PMC7235427 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, pathogens secrete many rapidly evolving, small secreted proteins (SSPs) that can modify plant defense and permit pathogens to colonize plant tissue. The fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat, globally. Z. tritici is a strictly apoplastic pathogen that can secrete numerous proteins into the apoplast of wheat leaves to promote infection. We sought to determine if, during STB infection, wheat also secretes small proteins into the apoplast to mediate the recognition of pathogen proteins and/or induce defense responses. To explore this, we developed an SSP-discovery pipeline to identify small, secreted proteins from wheat genomic data. Using this pipeline, we identified 6,998 SSPs, representing 2.3% of all proteins encoded by the wheat genome. We then mined a microarray dataset, detailing a resistant and susceptible host response to STB, and identified 141 Z. tritici- responsive SSPs, representing 4.7% of all proteins encoded by Z. tritici - responsive genes. We demonstrate that a subset of these SSPs have a functional signal peptide and can interact with Z. tritici SSPs. Transiently silencing two of these wheat SSPs using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) shows an increase in susceptibility to STB, confirming their role in defense against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhou
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harriet R. Benbow
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciarán J. Brennan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chanemougasoundharam Arunachalam
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sujit J. Karki
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Angela Feechan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James I. Burke
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Scala V, Pietricola C, Farina V, Beccaccioli M, Zjalic S, Quaranta F, Fornara M, Zaccaria M, Momeni B, Reverberi M, Iori A. Tramesan Elicits Durum Wheat Defense against the Septoria Disease Complex. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040608. [PMID: 32295231 PMCID: PMC7225966 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Septoria Leaf Blotch Complex (SLBC), caused by the two ascomycetes Zymoseptoria tritici and Parastagonospora nodorum, can reduce wheat global yearly yield by up to 50%. In the last decade, SLBC incidence has increased in Italy; notably, durum wheat has proven to be more susceptible than common wheat. Field fungicide treatment can efficiently control these pathogens, but it leads to the emergence of resistant strains and adversely affects human and animal health and the environment. Our previous studies indicated that active compounds produced by Trametes versicolor can restrict the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and the biosynthesis of their secondary metabolites (e.g., mycotoxins). Specifically, we identified Tramesan: a 23 kDa α-heteropolysaccharide secreted by T. versicolor that acts as a pro-antioxidant molecule in animal cells, fungi, and plants. Foliar-spray of Tramesan (3.3 μM) on SLBC-susceptible durum wheat cultivars, before inoculation of causal agents of Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch (SNB) and Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB), significantly decreased disease incidence both in controlled conditions (SNB: -99%, STB: -75%) and field assays (SNB: -25%, STB: -30%). We conducted these tests were conducted under controlled conditions as well as in field. We showed that Tramesan increased the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), a plant defense-related hormone. Tramesan also increased the early expression (24 hours after inoculation - hai) of plant defense genes such as PR4 for SNB infected plants, and RBOH, PR1, and PR9 for STB infected plants. These results suggest that Tramesan protects wheat by eliciting plant defenses, since it has no direct fungicidal activity. In field experiments, the yield of durum wheat plants treated with Tramesan was similar to that of healthy untreated plots. These results encourage the use of Tramesan to protect durum wheat against SLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scala
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Via C.G. Bertero, 22, 00156 Roma, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pietricola
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Valentina Farina
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Ulica Mihovila Pavlinovića bb, 23000 ZADAR, Croatia;
| | - Fabrizio Quaranta
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma, Italy; (F.Q.); (M.F.); (A.I.)
| | - Mauro Fornara
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma, Italy; (F.Q.); (M.F.); (A.I.)
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; (M.Z.); (B.M.)
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; (M.Z.); (B.M.)
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela Iori
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma, Italy; (F.Q.); (M.F.); (A.I.)
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Habig M, Bahena‐Garrido SM, Barkmann F, Haueisen J, Stukenbrock EH. The transcription factor Zt107320 affects the dimorphic switch, growth and virulence of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:124-138. [PMID: 31702117 PMCID: PMC6913241 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is a filamentous fungus causing Septoria tritici blotch in wheat. The pathogen has a narrow host range and infections of grasses other than susceptible wheat are blocked early after stomatal penetration. During these abortive infections, the fungus shows a markedly different gene expression pattern. However, the underlying mechanisms causing differential gene expression during host and non-host interactions are largely unknown, but likely include transcriptional regulators responsible for the onset of an infection programme in compatible hosts. MoCOD1, a member of the fungal Zn(II)2 Cys6 transcription factor family, has been shown to directly affect pathogenicity in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we analyse the role of the putative transcription factor Zt107320, a homologue of MoCOD1, during infection of compatible and incompatible hosts by Z. tritici. We show for the first time that Zt107320 is differentially expressed in host versus non-host infections and that lower expression corresponds to an incompatible infection of non-hosts. Applying reverse genetics approaches, we further show that Zt107320 regulates the dimorphic switch as well as the growth rate of Z. tritici and affects fungal cell wall composition in vitro. Moreover, ∆Zt107320 mutants showed reduced virulence during compatible infections of wheat. We conclude that Zt107320 directly influences pathogen fitness and propose that Zt107320 is involved in the regulation of growth processes and pathogenicity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Habig
- Environmental GenomicsChristian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Sharon Marie Bahena‐Garrido
- Environmental GenomicsChristian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Present address:
National Research Institute of Brewing3‐7‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐0046Japan
| | - Friederike Barkmann
- Environmental GenomicsChristian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Janine Haueisen
- Environmental GenomicsChristian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Eva Holtgrewe Stukenbrock
- Environmental GenomicsChristian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
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Zeng T, Rodriguez‐Moreno L, Mansurkhodzaev A, Wang P, van den Berg W, Gasciolli V, Cottaz S, Fort S, Thomma BPHJ, Bono J, Bisseling T, Limpens E. A lysin motif effector subverts chitin-triggered immunity to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:448-460. [PMID: 31596956 PMCID: PMC6916333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi greatly improve mineral uptake by host plants in nutrient-depleted soil and can intracellularly colonize root cortex cells in the vast majority of higher plants. However, AM fungi possess common fungal cell wall components such as chitin that can be recognized by plant chitin receptors to trigger immune responses, raising the question as to how AM fungi effectively evade chitin-triggered immune responses during symbiosis. In this study, we characterize a secreted lysin motif (LysM) effector identified from the model AM fungal species Rhizophagus irregularis, called RiSLM. RiSLM is one of the highest expressed effector proteins in intraradical mycelium during the symbiosis. In vitro binding assays show that RiSLM binds chitin-oligosaccharides and can protect fungal cell walls from chitinases. Moreover, RiSLM efficiently interferes with chitin-triggered immune responses, such as defence gene induction and reactive oxygen species production in Medicago truncatula. Although RiSLM also binds to symbiotic (lipo)chitooligosaccharides it does not interfere significantly with symbiotic signalling in Medicago. Host-induced gene silencing of RiSLM greatly reduces fungal colonization levels. Taken together, our results reveal a key role for AM fungal LysM effectors to subvert chitin-triggered immunity in symbiosis, pointing to a common role for LysM effectors in both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez‐Moreno
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Artem Mansurkhodzaev
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Willy van den Berg
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University & Research6708 WEWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvain Cottaz
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Sébastien Fort
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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38
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Chaudhari Y, Cairns TC, Sidhu Y, Attah V, Thomas G, Csukai M, Talbot NJ, Studholme DJ, Haynes K. The Zymoseptoria tritici ORFeome: A Functional Genomics Community Resource. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1564-1570. [PMID: 31272284 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-19-0123-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Libraries of protein-encoding sequences can be generated by identification of open reading frames (ORFs) from a genome of choice that are then assembled into collections of plasmids termed ORFeome libraries. These represent powerful resources to facilitate functional genomic characterization of genes and their encoded products. Here, we report the generation of an ORFeome for Zymoseptoria tritici, which causes the most serious disease of wheat in temperate regions of the world. We screened the genome of strain IP0323 for high confidence gene models, identifying 4,075 candidates from 10,933 predicted genes. These were amplified from genomic DNA, were cloned into the Gateway entry vector pDONR207, and were sequenced, providing a total of 3,022 quality-controlled plasmids. The ORFeome includes genes predicted to encode effectors (n = 410) and secondary metabolite biosynthetic proteins (n = 171) in addition to genes residing at dispensable chromosomes (n = 122) or those that are preferentially expressed during plant infection (n = 527). The ORFeome plasmid library is compatible with our previously developed suite of Gateway destination vectors, which have various combinations of promoters, selection markers, and epitope tags. The Z. tritici ORFeome constitutes a powerful resource for functional genomics and offers unparalleled opportunities to understand the biology of Z. tritici.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Graham Thomas
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Michael Csukai
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR47UH, U.K
| | | | - Ken Haynes
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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39
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Kay WT, Fones HN, Gurr SJ. Rapid loss of virulence during submergence of Z. tritici asexual spores. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 128:14-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Schmitz AM, Pawlowska TE, Harrison MJ. A short LysM protein with high molecular diversity from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis. MYCOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Jiang X, Bao H, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Immune Responses of Mammals and Plants to Chitin-Containing Pathogens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:61-81. [PMID: 31102242 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin-containing organisms, such as fungi and arthropods, use chitin as a structural component to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions. Hosts such as mammals and plants, however, sense chitin to initiate innate and adaptive immunity and exclude chitin-containing organisms. A number of protein factors are then expressed, and several signaling pathways are triggered. In this chapter, we focus on the responses and signal transduction pathways that are activated in mammals and plants upon invasion by chitin-containing organisms. As host chitinases play important roles in the glycolytic processing of chitin, which is then recognized by pattern-recognition receptors, we also pay special attention to the chitinases that are involved in immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Han Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry and Biology - Molecular Biology, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China. .,State Laboratory of Biology for Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection at Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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42
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Derbyshire MC, Gohari AM, Mehrabi R, Kilaru S, Steinberg G, Ali S, Bailey A, Hammond-Kosack K, Kema GHJ, Rudd JJ. Phosphopantetheinyl transferase (Ppt)-mediated biosynthesis of lysine, but not siderophores or DHN melanin, is required for virulence of Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17069. [PMID: 30459352 PMCID: PMC6244202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease of wheat. Z. tritici is an apoplastic fungal pathogen, which does not penetrate plant cells at any stage of infection, and has a long initial period of symptomless leaf colonisation. During this phase it is unclear to what extent the fungus can access host plant nutrients or communicate with plant cells. Several important primary and secondary metabolite pathways in fungi are regulated by the post-translational activator phosphopantetheinyl transferase (Ppt) which provides an essential co-factor for lysine biosynthesis and the activities of non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS). To investigate the relative importance of lysine biosynthesis, NRPS-based siderophore production and PKS-based DHN melanin biosynthesis, we generated deletion mutants of ZtPpt. The ∆ZtPpt strains were auxotrophic for lysine and iron, non-melanised and non-pathogenic on wheat. Deletion of the three target genes likely affected by ZtPpt loss of function (Aar- lysine; Nrps1-siderophore and Pks1- melanin), highlighted that lysine auxotrophy was the main contributing factor for loss of virulence, with no reduction caused by loss of siderophore production or melanisation. This reveals Ppt, and the lysine biosynthesis pathway, as potential targets for fungicides effective against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- BioIntercations and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Amir Mirzadi Gohari
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | | | | | - Solaf Ali
- Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Qrga, Wrme Street, Mardin 327, Alley 76, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Sulaimani Governorate, Iraq
| | - Andy Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, UK
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- BioIntercations and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Gert H J Kema
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Phytopathology, PO box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jason J Rudd
- BioIntercations and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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44
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Lv Z, Huang Y, Ma B, Xiang Z, He N. LysM1 in MmLYK2 is a motif required for the interaction of MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in the chitin signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1101-1112. [PMID: 29846768 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two LysM-containing proteins, namely, MmLYP1 and MmLYK2, were identified in mulberry. These proteins might be involved in chitin signaling. The LysM1 of MmLYK2 is critical for their interactions. Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls and acts as an elicitor in plant innate immunity. Lysin motif (LysM)-containing proteins are essential for chitin recognition. However, related studies have been rarely reported in woody plants. In this study, in mulberry, the expression of a LysM-containing protein, MmLYP1, was significantly up-regulated after treatment with chitin and pathogenic fungi. In addition, MmLYP1 has an affinity for insoluble chitin polymers. Thus, MmLYP1 might function in chitin signaling. Since MmLYP1 lacks an intracellular domain, additional protein kinases are required for this signaling. An LysM-containing kinase, MmLYK2, was then identified. Expression of the MmLYK2 did not change significantly after chitin treatment, and the affinity of MmLYK2 for insoluble chitin was not high. The structure of MmLYP1 is similar to that of the chitin elicitor-binding proteins in rice and Arabidopsis. However, MmLYK2 has two LysM motifs, while the chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 proteins in rice and Arabidopsis have one and three LysM motifs, respectively. The LysM1 of MmLYK2 interacted with all four LysM motifs in MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in yeast. The chimera lacking the LysM1 of MmLYK2 did not interact with MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The LysM1 in MmLYK2 is the key motif in the interaction between MmLYP1 and MmLYK2, which may be involved in chitin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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45
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Yan Y, Yuan Q, Tang J, Huang J, Hsiang T, Wei Y, Zheng L. Colletotrichum higginsianum as a Model for Understanding Host⁻Pathogen Interactions: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2142. [PMID: 30041456 PMCID: PMC6073530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus that causes economically important anthracnose diseases on numerous monocot and dicot crops worldwide. As a model pathosystem, the Colletotrichum⁻Arabidopsis interaction has the significant advantage that both organisms can be manipulated genetically. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the system and to point out recent significant studies that update our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. higginsianum and resistance mechanisms of Arabidopsis against this hemibiotrophic fungus. The genome sequence of C. higginsianum has provided insights into how genome structure and pathogen genetic variability has been shaped by transposable elements, and allows systematic approaches to longstanding areas of investigation, including infection structure differentiation and fungal⁻plant interactions. The Arabidopsis-Colletotrichum pathosystem provides an integrated system, with extensive information on the host plant and availability of genomes for both partners, to illustrate many of the important concepts governing fungal⁻plant interactions, and to serve as an excellent starting point for broad perspectives into issues in plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qinfeng Yuan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jintian Tang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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46
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Duba A, Goriewa-Duba K, Wachowska U. A Review of the Interactions between Wheat and Wheat Pathogens: Zymoseptoria tritici, Fusarium spp. and Parastagonospora nodorum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1138. [PMID: 29642627 PMCID: PMC5979484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is a hemibiotrophic pathogen which causes Septoria leaf blotch in wheat. The pathogenesis of the disease consists of a biotrophic phase and a necrotrophic phase. The pathogen infects the host plant by suppressing its immune response in the first stage of infection. Hemibiotrophic pathogens of the genus Fusarium cause Fusarium head blight, and the necrotrophic Parastagonosporanodorum is responsible for Septoria nodorum blotch in wheat. Cell wall-degrading enzymes in plants promote infections by necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, and trichothecenes, secondary fungal metabolites, facilitate infections caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. There are no sources of complete resistance to the above pathogens in wheat. Defense mechanisms in wheat are controlled by many genes encoding resistance traits. In the wheat genome, the characteristic features of loci responsible for resistance to pathogenic infections indicate that at least several dozen genes encode resistance to pathogens. The molecular interactions between wheat and Z. tritici, P. nodorum and Fusarium spp. pathogens have been insufficiently investigated. Most studies focus on the mechanisms by which the hemibiotrophic Z. tritici suppresses immune responses in plants and the role of mycotoxins and effector proteins in infections caused by P. nodorum and Fusarium spp. fungi. Trichothecene glycosylation and effector proteins, which are involved in defense responses in wheat, have been described at the molecular level. Recent advances in molecular biology have produced interesting findings which should be further elucidated in studies of molecular interactions between wheat and fungal pathogens. The Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/ CRISPR associated (CRISPR/Cas) system can be used to introduce targeted mutations into the wheat genome and confer resistance to selected fungal diseases. Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing are also useful tools for analyzing wheat-pathogens interactions which can be used to develop new strategies for controlling fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Duba
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Goriewa-Duba
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Urszula Wachowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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47
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Chen J, Upadhyaya NM, Ortiz D, Sperschneider J, Li F, Bouton C, Breen S, Dong C, Xu B, Zhang X, Mago R, Newell K, Xia X, Bernoux M, Taylor JM, Steffenson B, Jin Y, Zhang P, Kanyuka K, Figueroa M, Ellis JG, Park RF, Dodds PN. Loss of AvrSr50 by somatic exchange in stem rust leads to virulence for Sr50 resistance in wheat. Science 2018; 358:1607-1610. [PMID: 29269475 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Race-specific resistance genes protect the global wheat crop from stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) but are often overcome owing to evolution of new virulent races of the pathogen. To understand virulence evolution in Pgt, we identified the protein ligand (AvrSr50) recognized by the Sr50 resistance protein. A spontaneous mutant of Pgt virulent to Sr50 contained a 2.5 mega-base pair loss-of-heterozygosity event. A haustorial secreted protein from this region triggers Sr50-dependent defense responses in planta and interacts directly with the Sr50 protein. Virulence alleles of AvrSr50 have arisen through DNA insertion and sequence divergence, and our data provide molecular evidence that in addition to sexual recombination, somatic exchange can play a role in the emergence of new virulence traits in Pgt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Chen
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Judith and David Coffey Life Lab, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney
| | - Narayana M Upadhyaya
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Diana Ortiz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Clement Bouton
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Susan Breen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chongmei Dong
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
| | - Bo Xu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kim Newell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xiaodi Xia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Taylor
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brian Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Yue Jin
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert F Park
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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48
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Wheat receptor-kinase-like protein Stb6 controls gene-for-gene resistance to fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Nat Genet 2018; 50:368-374. [PMID: 29434355 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Deployment of fast-evolving disease-resistance genes is one of the most successful strategies used by plants to fend off pathogens1,2. In gene-for-gene relationships, most cloned disease-resistance genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat proteins (NLRs) recognizing pathogen-secreted isolate-specific avirulence (Avr) effectors delivered to the host cytoplasm3,4. This process often triggers a localized hypersensitive response, which halts further disease development 5 . Here we report the map-based cloning of the wheat Stb6 gene and demonstrate that it encodes a conserved wall-associated receptor kinase (WAK)-like protein, which detects the presence of a matching apoplastic effector6-8 and confers pathogen resistance without a hypersensitive response 9 . This report demonstrates gene-for-gene disease resistance controlled by this class of proteins in plants. Moreover, Stb6 is, to our knowledge, the first cloned gene specifying resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici, an important foliar fungal pathogen affecting wheat and causing economically damaging septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease10-12.
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49
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Kettles GJ, Bayon C, Sparks CA, Canning G, Kanyuka K, Rudd JJ. Characterization of an antimicrobial and phytotoxic ribonuclease secreted by the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:320-331. [PMID: 28895153 PMCID: PMC5724701 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) disease of wheat leaves. Zymoseptoria tritici secretes many functionally uncharacterized effector proteins during infection. Here, we characterized a secreted ribonuclease (Zt6) with an unusual biphasic expression pattern. Transient expression systems were used to characterize Zt6, and mutants thereof, in both host and non-host plants. Cell-free protein expression systems monitored the impact of Zt6 protein on functional ribosomes, and in vitro assays of cells treated with recombinant Zt6 determined toxicity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi. We demonstrated that Zt6 is a functional ribonuclease and that phytotoxicity is dependent on both the presence of a 22-amino-acid N-terminal 'loop' region and its catalytic activity. Zt6 selectively cleaves both plant and animal rRNA species, and is toxic to wheat, tobacco, bacterial and yeast cells, but not to Z. tritici itself. Zt6 is the first Z. tritici effector demonstrated to have a likely dual functionality. The expression pattern of Zt6 and potent toxicity towards microorganisms suggest that, although it may contribute to the execution of wheat cell death, it is also likely to have an important secondary function in antimicrobial competition and niche protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J. Kettles
- Biointeractions & Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - Carlos Bayon
- Biointeractions & Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | | | - Gail Canning
- Biointeractions & Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions & Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- Biointeractions & Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
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50
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Thapa G, Gunupuru LR, Hehir JG, Kahla A, Mullins E, Doohan FM. A Pathogen-Responsive Leucine Rich Receptor Like Kinase Contributes to Fusarium Resistance in Cereals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 29997638 PMCID: PMC6029142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases form the largest family of receptors in plants and play an important role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and modulating the plant immune responses to invasive fungi, including cereal defenses against fungal diseases. But hitherto, none have been shown to modulate the wheat response to the economically important Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of small-grain cereals. Homologous genes were identified on barley chromosome 6H (HvLRRK-6H) and wheat chromosome 6DL (TaLRRK-6D), which encode the characteristic domains of surface-localized receptor like kinases. Gene expression studies validated that the wheat TaLRRK-6D is highly induced in heads as an early response to both the causal pathogen of FHB disease, Fusarium graminearum, and its' mycotoxic virulence factor deoxynivalenol. The transcription of other wheat homeologs of this gene, located on chromosomes 6A and 6B, was also up-regulated in response to F. graminearum. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the barley HvLRRK-6H compromised leaf defense against F. graminearum. VIGS of TaLRRK-6D in two wheat cultivars, CM82036 (resistant to FHB disease) and cv. Remus (susceptible to FHB), confirmed that TaLRRK-6D contributes to basal resistance to FHB disease in both genotypes. Although the effect of VIGS did not generally reduce grain losses due to FHB, this experiment did reveal that TaLRRK-6D positively contributes to grain development. Further gene expression studies in wheat cv. Remus indicated that VIGS of TaLRRK-6D suppressed the expression of genes involved in salicylic acid signaling, which is a key hormonal pathway involved in defense. Thus, this study provides the first evidence of receptor like kinases as an important component of cereal defense against Fusarium and highlights this gene as a target for enhancing cereal resistance to FHB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Thapa
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Lokanadha R. Gunupuru
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - James G. Hehir
- Crop Science Department, Oak Park Crops Research Centre, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Amal Kahla
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crop Science Department, Oak Park Crops Research Centre, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Fiona M. Doohan,
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