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Tang T, Ding Y, Guo W. Development of an Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 System in Fusarium verticillioides and Its Application in Reducing Mycotoxin Contamination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14229-14240. [PMID: 38797952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides (F. verticillioides) is a globally recognized and highly impactful fungal pathogen of maize, causing yield losses and producing harmful mycotoxins that pose a threat to human and animal health. However, the genetic tools available for studying this crucial fungus are currently limited in comparison to other important fungal pathogens. To address this, an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system based on an autonomously replicating plasmid with an AMA1 sequence was established in this study. First, gene disruption of pyrG and pyrE via nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway was successfully achieved, with efficiency ranging from 66 to 100%. Second, precise gene deletions were achieved with remarkable efficiency using a dual sgRNA expression strategy. Third, the developed genome editing system can be applied to generate designer chromosomes in F. verticillioides, as evidenced by the deletion of a crucial 38 kb fragment required for fumonisin biosynthesis. Fourth, the pyrG recycling system has been established and successfully applied in F. verticillioides. Lastly, the developed ΔFUM1 and ΔFUM mutants can serve as biocontrol agents to reduce the fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination produced by the toxigenic strain. Taken together, these significant advancements in genetic manipulation and biocontrol strategies provide valuable tools for studying and mitigating the impact of F. verticillioides on maize crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Li T, Li J, Wang J, Xue KS, Su X, Qu H, Duan X, Jiang Y. The occurrence and management of fumonisin contamination across the food production and supply chains. J Adv Res 2024; 60:13-26. [PMID: 37544477 PMCID: PMC11156612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumonisins (FUMs) are among the most common mycotoxins in plant-derived food products. FUMs contamination has considerably impacted human and animal health, while causing significant economic losses. Hence, management of FUMs contamination in food production and supply chains is needed. The toxicities of FUMs have been widely investigated. FUMs management has been reported and several available strategies have been developed successfully to mitigate FUMs contamination present in foods. However, currently available management of FUMs contamination from different phases of food chains and the mechanisms of some major strategies are not comprehensively summarized. AIM OF REVIEW This review comprehensively characterize the occurrence, impacts, and management of FUMs contamination across food production and supply chains. Pre- and post-harvest strategies to prevent FUMs contamination also are reviewed, with an emphasis on the potential applications and the mechanisms of major mitigation strategies. The presence of modified FUMs products and their potential toxic effects are also considered. Importantly, the potential application of biotechnological approaches and emerging technologies are enunciated. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Currently available pre- and post-harvest management of FUMs contamination primarily involves prevention and decontamination. Prevention strategies are mainly based on limiting fungal growth and FUMs biosynthesis. Decontamination strategies are implemented through alkalization, hydrolysis, thermal or chemical transformation, and enzymatic or chemical degradation of FUMs. Concerns have been raised about toxicities of modified FUMs derivatives, which presents challenges for reducing FUMs contamination in foods with conventional methodologies. Integrated prevention and decontamination protocols are recommended to control FUMs contamination across entire value chains in developed countries. In developing countries, several other approaches, including cultivating, introducing Bt maize, simple sorting/cleaning, and dehulling, are suggested. Future studies should focus on biotechnological approaches, emerging technologies, and metagenomic/genomic identification of new degradation enzymes that could allow better opportunities to manage FUMs contamination in the entire food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- College of Tourism and Planning, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xinguo Su
- Tropical Agriculture and Forestry College, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, No. 198, Yueken Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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Krska T, Twaruschek K, Wiesenberger G, Berthiller F, Adam G. Mechanism of Fumonisin Self-Resistance: Fusarium verticillioides Contains Four Fumonisin B 1-Insensitive-Ceramide Synthases. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:235. [PMID: 38922130 PMCID: PMC11209526 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides produces fumonisins, which are mycotoxins inhibiting sphingolipid biosynthesis in humans, animals, and other eukaryotes. Fumonisins are presumed virulence factors of plant pathogens, but may also play a role in interactions between competing fungi. We observed higher resistance to added fumonisin B1 (FB1) in fumonisin-producing Fusarium verticillioides than in nonproducing F. graminearum, and likewise between isolates of Aspergillus and Alternaria differing in production of sphinganine-analog toxins. It has been reported that in F. verticillioides, ceramide synthase encoded in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster is responsible for self-resistance. We reinvestigated the role of FUM17 and FUM18 by generating a double mutant strain in a fum1 background. Nearly unchanged resistance to added FB1 was observed compared to the parental fum1 strain. A recently developed fumonisin-sensitive baker's yeast strain allowed for the testing of candidate ceramide synthases by heterologous expression. The overexpression of the yeast LAC1 gene, but not LAG1, increased fumonisin resistance. High-level resistance was conferred by FUM18, but not by FUM17. Likewise, strong resistance to FB1 was caused by overexpression of the presumed F. verticillioides "housekeeping" ceramide synthases CER1, CER2, and CER3, located outside the fumonisin cluster, indicating that F. verticillioides possesses a redundant set of insensitive targets as a self-resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Krska
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Krisztian Twaruschek
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU University, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU University, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
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Perochon A, Doohan FM. Trichothecenes and Fumonisins: Key Players in Fusarium-Cereal Ecosystem Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:90. [PMID: 38393168 PMCID: PMC10893083 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fungi produce a diverse array of mycotoxic metabolites during the pathogenesis of cereals. Some, such as the trichothecenes and fumonisins, are phytotoxic, acting as non-proteinaceous effectors that facilitate disease development in cereals. Over the last few decades, we have gained some depth of understanding as to how trichothecenes and fumonisins interact with plant cells and how plants deploy mycotoxin detoxification and resistance strategies to defend themselves against the producer fungi. The cereal-mycotoxin interaction is part of a co-evolutionary dance between Fusarium and cereals, as evidenced by a trichothecene-responsive, taxonomically restricted, cereal gene competing with a fungal effector protein and enhancing tolerance to the trichothecene and resistance to DON-producing F. graminearum. But the binary fungal-plant interaction is part of a bigger ecosystem wherein other microbes and insects have been shown to interact with fungal mycotoxins, directly or indirectly through host plants. We are only beginning to unravel the extent to which trichothecenes, fumonisins and other mycotoxins play a role in fungal-ecosystem interactions. We now have tools to determine how, when and where mycotoxins impact and are impacted by the microbiome and microfauna. As more mycotoxins are described, research into their individual and synergistic toxicity and their interactions with the crop ecosystem will give insights into how we can holistically breed for and cultivate healthy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Krska T, Twaruschek K, Valente N, Mitterbauer R, Moll D, Wiesenberger G, Berthiller F, Adam G. Development of a fumonisin-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicator strain and utilization for activity testing of candidate detoxification genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0121123. [PMID: 38054733 PMCID: PMC10746191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01211-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fumonisins can cause diseases in animals and humans consuming Fusarium-contaminated food or feed. The search for microbes capable of fumonisin degradation, or for enzymes that can detoxify fumonisins, currently relies primarily on chemical detection methods. Our constructed fumonisin B1-sensitive yeast strain can be used to phenotypically detect detoxification activity and should be useful in screening for novel fumonisin resistance genes and to elucidate fumonisin metabolism and resistance mechanisms in fungi and plants, and thereby, in the long term, help to mitigate the threat of fumonisins in feed and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Krska
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & Innovation, FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Krisztian Twaruschek
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & Innovation, FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nina Valente
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Mitterbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Dieter Moll
- dsm-firmenich ANH Research Center Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
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Satterlee T, McDonough CM, Gold SE, Chen C, Glenn AE, Pokoo-Aikins A. Synergistic Effects of Essential Oils and Organic Acids against Aspergillus flavus Contamination in Poultry Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:635. [PMID: 37999498 PMCID: PMC10675374 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids and essential oils are commonly used in the poultry industry as antimicrobials and for their beneficial effects on gut health, growth performance, and meat quality. A common postharvest storage fungal colonist, Aspergillus flavus, contaminates corn, the primary component of poultry feed, with the highly detrimental mycotoxin, aflatoxin. Aflatoxin adversely affects poultry feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, weight gain, egg production, fertility, hatchability, and poultry meat yield. Both organic acids and essential oils have been reported to inhibit the growth of A. flavus. Thus, we evaluated if the inhibitory synergy between combined essential oils (cinnamon, lemongrass, and oregano) and organic acids (acetic, butyric, and propionic) prevents A. flavus growth. The study confirmed that these compounds inhibit the growth of A. flavus and that synergistic interactions do occur between some of them. Overall, cinnamon oil was shown to have the highest synergy with all the organic acids tested, requiring 1000 µL/L air of cinnamon oil and 888 mg/kg of butyric acid to fully suppress A. flavus growth on corn kernels. With the strong synergism demonstrated, combining certain essential oils and organic acids offers a potentially effective natural method for controlling postharvest aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Satterlee
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Callie Megan McDonough
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Scott E. Gold
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Chongxiao Chen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, 110 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Anthony E. Glenn
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Anthony Pokoo-Aikins
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
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Mohamed AB, Gathman RJ, Chavez RA, Wagacha MJ, Mutegi CK, Muthomi JW, Stasiewicz MJ. Multispectral Sorting Based on Visibly High-Risk Kernels Sourced from Another Country Reduces Fumonisin and Toxigenic Fusarium on Maize Kernels. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100142. [PMID: 37562513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium species infect maize crops leading to the production of fumonisin by their toxigenic members. Elimination of microbes is critical in mitigating further postharvest spoilage and toxin accumulation. The current study investigates the efficacy of a previously described multispectral sorting technique to analyze the reduction of fumonisin and toxigenic Fusarium species found contaminating maize kernels in Kenya. Maize samples (n = 99) were collected from six mycotoxin hotspot counties in Kenya (Embu, Meru, Tharaka Nithi, Machakos, Makueni, and Kitui County) and analyzed for aflatoxin and fumonisin using commercial ELISA kits. Aflatoxin levels in majority (91%) of the samples were below the 10 ng/g threshold set by the Kenya Bureau of Standards and therefore not studied further. The 23/99 samples that had >2,000 ng/g of fumonisin were selected for sorting. The sorter was calibrated using kernels sourced from Ghana to reject visibly high-risk kernels for fumonisin contamination using reflectance at nine distinct wavelengths (470-1,550 nm). Accepted and rejected streams were tested for fumonisin using ELISA, and the presence of toxigenic Fusarium using qPCR. After sorting, there was a significant (p < 0.001) reduction of fumonisin, by an average of 1.8 log ng/g (98%) and ranging between 0.14 and 2.7 log ng/g reduction (28-99.8%) with a median mass rejection rate of 1.9% (ranged 0% to 48%). The fumonisin rejection rate ranged between 0 and 99.8% with a median of 77%. There was also a significant reduction (p = 0.005) in the proportion of DNA represented by toxigenic Fusarium, from a mean of 30-1.4%. This study demonstrates the use of multispectral sorting as a potential postharvest intervention tool for the reduction of Fusarium species and preformed fumonisin. The spectral sorting approach of this study suggests that classification algorithms based on high-risk visual features associated with mycotoxin can be applied across different sources of maize to reduce fumonisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha B Mohamed
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rachel J Gathman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 W Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ruben A Chavez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 W Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maina J Wagacha
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charity K Mutegi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, ILRI, P.O Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James W Muthomi
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 W Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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9
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López-Coria M, Guzmán-Chávez F, Carvente-García R, Muñoz-Chapul D, Sánchez-Sánchez T, Arciniega-Ruíz JM, King-Díaz B, Sánchez-Nieto S. Maize plant expresses SWEET transporters differently when interacting with Trichoderma asperellum and Fusarium verticillioides, two fungi with different lifestyles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1253741. [PMID: 37828934 PMCID: PMC10565004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1253741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Most Trichoderma species are beneficial fungi that promote plant growth and resistance, while Fusarium genera cause several crop damages. During the plant-fungi interaction there is a competition for sugars in both lifestyles. Here we analyzed the plant growth promotion and biocontrol activity of T. asperellum against F. verticillioides and the effect of both fungi on the expression of the maize diffusional sugar transporters, the SWEETs. The biocontrol activity was done in two ways, the first was by observing the growth capacity of both fungus in a dual culture. The second one by analyzing the infection symptoms, the chlorophyl content and the transcript levels of defense genes determined by qPCR in plants with different developmental stages primed with T. asperellum conidia and challenged with F. verticillioides. In a dual culture, T. asperellum showed antagonist activity against F. verticillioides. In the primed plants a delay in the infection disease was observed, they sustained chlorophyll content even after the infection, and displayed upregulated defense-related genes. Additionally, the T. asperellum primed plants had longer stems than the nonprimed plants. SWEETs transcript levels were analyzed by qPCR in plants primed with either fungus. Both fungi affect the transcript levels of several maize sugar transporters differently. T. asperellum increases the expression of six SWEETs on leaves and two at the roots and causes a higher exudation of sucrose, glucose, and fructose at the roots. On the contrary, F. verticillioides reduces the expression of the SWEETs on the leaves, and more severely when a more aggressive strain is in the plant. Our results suggest that the plant is able to recognize the lifestyle of the fungi and respond accordingly by changing the expression of several genes, including the SWEETs, to establish a new sugar flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Dpto. de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Conjunto E. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Sherif M, Kirsch N, Splivallo R, Pfohl K, Karlovsky P. The Role of Mycotoxins in Interactions between Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides Growing in Saprophytic Cultures and Co-Infecting Maize Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:575. [PMID: 37756001 PMCID: PMC10538043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (FG) and Fusarium verticillioides (FV) co-occur in infected plants and plant residues. In maize ears, the growth of FV is stimulated while FG is suppressed. To elucidate the role of mycotoxins in these effects, we used FG mutants with disrupted synthesis of nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and a FV mutant with disrupted synthesis of fumonisins to monitor fungal growth in mixed cultures in vitro and in co-infected plants by real-time PCR. In autoclaved grains as well as in maize ears, the growth of FV was stimulated by FG regardless of the production of DON or NIV by the latter, whereas the growth of FG was suppressed. In autoclaved grains, fumonisin-producing FV suppressed FG more strongly than a fumonisin-nonproducing strain, indicating that fumonisins act as interference competition agents. In co-infected maize ears, FG suppression was independent of fumonisin production by FV, likely due to heterogeneous infection and a lower level of fumonisins in planta. We conclude that (i) fumonisins are agents of interference competition of FV, and (ii) trichothecenes play no role in the interaction between FG and FV. We hypothesize the following: (i) In vitro, FG stimulates the FV growth by secreting hydrolases that mobilize nutrients. In planta, suppression of plant defense by FG may additionally play a role. (ii) The biological function of fumonisin production in planta is to protect kernels shed on the ground by accumulating protective metabolites before competitors become established. Therefore, to decipher the biological function of mycotoxins, the entire life history of mycotoxin producers must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sherif
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Phytopathology Unit, Plant Protection Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Nadine Kirsch
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Nectariss Grasse SAS, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Katharina Pfohl
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Xie L, Yang Q, Wu Y, Xiao J, Qu H, Jiang Y, Li T. Fumonisin B1 Biosynthesis Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Plays an Important Role in Fusarium proliferatum Infection on Banana Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5372-5381. [PMID: 36947157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal response to oxidative stress during infection on postharvest fruit is largely unknown. Here, we found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment inhibited the growth of Fusarium proliferatum causing crown rot of banana fruit, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. H2O2 exposure increased endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) production in F. proliferatum, possibly by modulating FUM or ROS-related gene expression. Importantly, H2O2 treatment inhibited F. proliferatum growth in vivo but induced FB1 accumulation in banana peel. Finally, we constructed the FpFUM21 deletion mutant (ΔFpfum21) of F. proliferatum that was attenuated in FB1 biosynthesis and less tolerant to oxidative stress. Moreover, the ΔFpfum21 strain was less virulent compared to the wild type (WT) due to the inability to induce FB1 production in the banana host. These results suggested that FB1 biosynthesis is associated with oxidative stress in F. proliferatum and contributes to fungal infection on banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiuxiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
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12
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A secondary function of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is required for resistance to oxidative and desiccation stress in Fusarium verticillioides. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:918-926. [PMID: 36906382 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose has long been recognized for its role as a stress solute, but in recent years some of the protective effects previously ascribed to trehalose have been suggested to arise from a function of the trehalose biosynthesis enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase that is distinct from its catalytic activity. In this study, we use the maize pathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides as a model to explore the relative contributions of trehalose itself and a putative secondary function of T6P synthase in protection against stress as well as to understand why, as shown in a previous study, deletion of the TPS1 gene coding for T6P synthase reduces pathogenicity against maize. We report that a TPS1-deletion mutant of F. verticillioides is compromised in its ability to withstand exposure to oxidative stress meant to simulate the oxidative burst phase of maize defense and experiences more ROS-induced lipid damage than the wild-type strain. Eliminating T6P synthase expression also reduces resistance to desiccation, but not resistance to phenolic acids. Expression of catalytically-inactive T6P synthase in the TPS1-deletion mutant leads to a partial rescue of the oxidative and desiccation stress-sensitive phenotypes, suggesting the importance of a T6P synthase function that is independent of its role in trehalose synthesis.
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13
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Feng X, Xiong H, Zheng D, Xin X, Zhang X, Wang Q, Wu F, Xu J, Lu Y. Identification of Fusarium verticillioides Resistance Alleles in Three Maize Populations With Teosinte Gene Introgression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942397. [PMID: 35909731 PMCID: PMC9331921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium ear rot (FER) is a common fungal disease in maize (Zea mays L.) caused by Fusarium verticillioides. Resistant germplasm resources for FER are rare in cultivated maize; however, teosintes (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis and Z. mays ssp. diploperennis), which are wild-type species of maize, have the potential to offer a novel source of resistance alleles to enhance pathogen resistance in modern maize. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify favorable alleles that confer significant levels of resistance toward FER. Three populations of BC2F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed by crossing two different teosintes, Z. diploperennis and Z. parviglumis, with maize inbred lines B73 and Zheng58, and were screened for FER resistance. We found that Z. diploperennis and Z. parviglumis had higher resistance toward F. verticillioides in the leaves than B73 and Zheng58. However, the resistance toward F. verticillioides in the leaf and ear was unrelated among RILs. FER resistance was positively correlated with grain yield in the B73 × diploperennis (BD) and Zheng58 × parviglumis (ZP) populations, partly because the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of FER resistance and yield traits were located close together. Four coincident QTLs (qFERbd5.177, qFERbd10.140, qFERzp4.066, and qFERzp5.116) and two highly reliable resistance-yield synergistic QTLs (qFERbd10.140 and qFERzp4.066) were identified in the BD and ZP populations, opening up the possibility of breeding for FER resistance without reducing yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobing Xin
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingjun Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Yli-Mattila T, Sundheim L. Fumonisins in African Countries. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060419. [PMID: 35737080 PMCID: PMC9228379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize and other cereals are the commodities most contaminated with fumonisins. The maize acreage is increasing in Africa, and the maize harvest provides important foods for humans and feeds for domestic animals throughout the continent. In North Africa, high levels of fumonisins have been reported from Algeria and Morocco, while low levels have been detected in the rather few fumonisin analyses reported from Tunisia and Egypt. The West African countries Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria all report high levels of fumonisin contamination of maize, while the few maize samples analysed in Togo contain low levels. In Eastern Africa, high levels of fumonisin contamination have been reported from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The samples analysed from Rwanda contained low levels of fumonisins. Analysis of maize from the Southern African countries Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe revealed high fumonisin levels, while low levels of fumonisins were detected in the few analyses of maize from Botswana and Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 358-440560700
| | - Leif Sundheim
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway;
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15
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Brown DW, Kim HS, McGovern A, Probyn C, Proctor RH. Genus-wide analysis of Fusarium polyketide synthases reveals broad chemical potential. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 160:103696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Li T, Su X, Qu H, Duan X, Jiang Y. Biosynthesis, regulation, and biological significance of fumonisins in fungi: current status and prospects. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:450-462. [PMID: 34550845 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1979465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are one of the most important mycotoxin classes due to their widespread occurrence and potential health threat to humans and animals. Currently, most of the research focuses on the control of fumonisin contamination in the food supply chain. In recent years, significant progress in biochemistry, enzymology, and genetic regulation of fumonisin biosynthesis has been achieved using molecular technology. Furthermore, new insights into the roles of fumonisins in the interaction between fungi and plant hosts have been reported. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of fumonisins. The ecological significance of fumonisins to Fusarium species that produce the toxins is discussed, and the complex regulatory networks of fumonisin synthesis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinguo Su
- Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Department, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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17
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Tran TM, Ameye M, Landschoot S, Devlieghere F, De Saeger S, Eeckhout M, Audenaert K. Molecular Insights into Defense Responses of Vietnamese Maize Varieties to Fusarium verticillioides Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090724. [PMID: 34575762 PMCID: PMC8469167 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium ear rot (FER) caused by Fusarium verticillioides is one of the main fungal diseases in maize worldwide. To develop a pathogen-tailored FER resistant maize line for local implementation, insights into the virulence variability of a residing F. verticillioides population are crucial for developing customized maize varieties, but remain unexplored. Moreover, little information is currently available on the involvement of the archetypal defense pathways in the F. verticillioides-maize interaction using local isolates and germplasm, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to fill these knowledge gaps. We used a collection of 12 F. verticillioides isolates randomly gathered from diseased maize fields in the Vietnamese central highlands. To assess the plant's defense responses against the pathogens, two of the most important maize hybrid genotypes grown in this agro-ecological zone, lines CP888 and Bt/GT NK7328, were used. Based on two assays, a germination and an in-planta assay, we found that line CP888 was more susceptible to the F. verticillioides isolates when compared to line Bt/GT NK7328. Using the most aggressive isolate, we monitored disease severity and gene expression profiles related to biosynthesis pathways of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), benzoxazinoids (BXs), and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). As a result, a stronger induction of SA, JA, ABA, BXs, and PRs synthesizing genes might be linked to the higher resistance of line Bt/GT NK7328 compared to the susceptible line CP888. All these findings could supply valuable knowledge in the selection of suitable FER resistant lines against the local F. verticllioides population and in the development of new FER resistant germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Minh Tran
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (T.M.T.); (K.A.)
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Frank Devlieghere
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Research Unit of Cereal and Feed Technology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.T.); (K.A.)
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18
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Cross-talk between Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus in vitro and in planta. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:229-240. [PMID: 34128190 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Driven by increasing temperatures and the higher incidences of heat waves during summer, an increased incidence of Aspergillus flavus next to Fusarium verticillioides in European maize can be expected. In the current study, we investigated the interaction between both species. Colonies of A. flavus/F. verticillioides were grown in a single culture, in a dual culture, and in a mixed culture. The growth rate of A. flavus and F. verticillioides grown in a dual or mixed culture with the other species was clearly slower compared to the growth rate in a single culture. Mycotoxin production was in most cases negatively affected by dual or mixed inoculation. In planta, a dual inoculation resulted in reduced lesions of A. flavus, whereas the lesion size and toxin production of F. verticillioides were unaffected in the presence of A. flavus. The lesions as a result of a mixed inoculation were 112% bigger than a single A. flavus inoculation and 9% smaller than a single F. verticillioides inoculation. The fumonisin levels were 17% higher compared to a single inoculation. In case A. flavus was present two days before F. verticillioides, the lesion size of F. verticillioides was 55% smaller compared to a single F. verticillioides inoculation, and fumonisin production was almost completely inhibited. The interaction between A. flavus and F. verticillioides is highly dynamic and depends on the experimental conditions, on the variables measured and on the way they colonize the host, in two inoculation points, simultaneously in one inoculation point, or sequentially one species colonizing an existing lesion made by the other.
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19
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Renaud JB, DesRochers N, Hoogstra S, Garnham CP, Sumarah MW. Structure Activity Relationship for Fumonisin Phytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1604-1611. [PMID: 33891387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by a number of species of Fusarium and Aspergillus. They are polyketides that possess a linear polyol structure with two tricarballylic acid side chains and an amine moiety. Toxicity results from their inhibition of Ceramide Synthase (CerS), which perturbs sphingolipid concentrations. The tricarballylic side chains and amine group of fumonisins are key molecular features responsible for inhibiting CerS, however their individual contributions toward overall toxicity are not fully understood. We have recently reported novel, deaminated fumonisins produced by A. niger and have identified an enzyme (AnFAO) responsible for their synthesis. Here we performed a structure/function activity assay to investigate the individual contributions of the tricarballylic acid and amine toward overall fumonisin toxicity. Lemna minor was treated at 40 μM against FB1, hydrolyzed FB1 (hFB1), deaminated FB1 (FPy1), or hydrolyzed/deaminated (hFPy1). Four end points were monitored: plant dry weight, frond surface area, lipidomics, and metabolomics. Overall, hFB1 was less toxic than FB1 and FPy1 was less toxic than hFB1. hFPy1 which lacks both the amine group and tricarballylic side chains was also less toxic than FB1 and hFB1, however it was not significantly less toxic than FPy1. Lipidomic analysis showed that FB1 treatment significantly increased levels of phosphotidylcholines, ceramides, and pheophorbide A, while significantly decreasing the levels of diacylglycerides, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerides, and chlorophyll. Metabolomic profiling revealed a number of significantly increased compounds that were unique to FB1 treatment including phenylalanine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), S-methylmethionine, saccharopine, and tyrosine. Conversely, citrulline, N-acetylornithine and ornithine were significantly elevated in the presence of hFB1 but not any of the other fumonisin analogues. These data provide evidence that although removal of the tricarballylic side chains significantly reduces toxicity of fumonisins, the amine functional group is a key contributor to fumonisin toxicity in L. minor and justify future toxicity studies in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Natasha DesRochers
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Shawn Hoogstra
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Christopher P Garnham
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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20
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Sultana S, Bao W, Shimizu M, Kageyama K, Suga H. Frequency of three mutations in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster of Fusarium fujikuroi that are predicted to block fumonisin production. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi is the most prominent pathogen found in rice. In addition to gibberellin, F. fujikuroi produces various secondary metabolites, including the polyketide mycotoxins, fumonisins. Fumonisin production is conferred by the fumonisin biosynthetic gene (FUM) cluster consisting of 15-17 genes. F. fujikuroi is phylogenetically subclassified into one group with fumonisin production (F-group) and another group in which fumonisin production is undetectable (G-group). In a previous study, a G-to-T substitution (FUM21_G2551T) in the FUM cluster transcription factor gene, FUM21, was identified as a cause of fumonisin-non-production in a G-group strain. In the current study, further analysis of G-group strains identified two additional mutations that involved FUM-cluster genes essential for fumonisin production: (1) a 22.4-kbp deletion in the FUM10-FUM19 region; and (2) a 1.4-kbp insertion in FUM6. PCR analysis of 44 G-group strains, indicated that 84% had the FUM21_G2551T mutation, 50% had the 22.4-kbp FUM10-FUM19 deletion, and 32% had the 1.4-kbp insertion in FUM6, and some strains had two or all the mutations. None of the mutations were detected in the 51 F-group strains examined. Each of the three mutations alone could account for the lack of fumonisin production in G-group strains. However, one G-group strain did not have any of the mutations. Therefore, another mutation(s) is likely responsible for the lack of fumonisin production in some G-group strains of F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sultana
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - W.X. Bao
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - M. Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - K. Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - H. Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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21
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Chen J, Li Z, Cheng Y, Gao C, Guo L, Wang T, Xu J. Sphinganine-Analog Mycotoxins (SAMs): Chemical Structures, Bioactivities, and Genetic Controls. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E312. [PMID: 33255427 PMCID: PMC7711896 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs) including fumonisins and A. alternata f. sp. Lycopersici (AAL) toxins are a group of related mycotoxins produced by plant pathogenic fungi in the Fusarium genus and in Alternaria alternata f. sp. Lycopersici, respectively. SAMs have shown diverse cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity, causing adverse impacts on plants, animals, and humans, and are a destructive force to crop production worldwide. This review summarizes the structural diversity of SAMs and encapsulates the relationships between their structures and biological activities. The toxicity of SAMs on plants and animals is mainly attributed to their inhibitory activity against the ceramide biosynthesis enzyme, influencing the sphingolipid metabolism and causing programmed cell death. We also reviewed the detoxification methods against SAMs and how plants develop resistance to SAMs. Genetic and evolutionary analyses revealed that the FUM (fumonisins biosynthetic) gene cluster was responsible for fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium spp. Sequence comparisons among species within the genus Fusarium suggested that mutations and multiple horizontal gene transfers involving the FUM gene cluster were responsible for the interspecific difference in fumonisin synthesis. We finish by describing methods for monitoring and quantifying SAMs in food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Zhimin Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Yi Cheng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Litao Guo
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Tuhong Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Zeng HY, Li CY, Yao N. Fumonisin B1: A Tool for Exploring the Multiple Functions of Sphingolipids in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600458. [PMID: 33193556 PMCID: PMC7652989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin toxins are produced by Fusarium fungal pathogens. Fumonisins are structural analogs of sphingosine and potent inhibitors of ceramide synthases (CerSs); they disrupt sphingolipid metabolism and cause disease in plants and animals. Over the past three decades, researchers have used fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most common fumonisin, as a probe to investigate sphingolipid metabolism in yeast and animals. Although the physiological effects of FB1 in plants have yet to be investigated in detail, forward and reverse genetic approaches have revealed many genes involved in these processes. In this review, we discuss the intricate network of signaling pathways affected by FB1, including changes in sphingolipid metabolism and the effects of these changes, with a focus on our current understanding of the multiple effects of FB1 on plant cell death and plant growth. We analyze the major findings that highlight the connections between sphingolipid metabolism and FB1-induced signaling, and we point out where additional research is needed to fill the gaps in our understanding of FB1-induced signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Azman N, Zainudin NAIM, Ibrahim WNW. Fumonisin B 1 Production by Fusarium Species and Mycotoxigenic Effect on Larval Zebrafish. Trop Life Sci Res 2020; 31:91-107. [PMID: 33214858 PMCID: PMC7652242 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species particularly F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. The toxin produced can cause adverse effects on humans and animals. The objectives of this study were to detect the production of FB1 based on the amplification of FUM1 gene, to quantify FB1 produced by the isolates using Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography (UFLC) analysis, to examine the embryotoxicity effect of FB1 and to determine EC50 toward the larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fifty isolates of Fusarium species were isolated from different hosts throughout Malaysia. Successful amplification of the FUM1 gene showed the presence of this gene (800 bp) in the genome of 48 out of 50 isolates. The highest level of FB1 produced by F. proliferatum isolate B2433 was 6677.32 ppm meanwhile F. verticillioides isolate J1363 was 954.01 ppm. From the assessment of embryotoxicity test of FB1 on larvae of zebrafish, five concentrations of FB1 (0.43 ppm, 0.58 ppm, 0.72 ppm, 0.87 ppm and 1.00 ppm) were tested. Morphological changes of the FB1 exposed-larvae were observed at 24 to 168 hpf. The mortality rate and abnormality of zebrafish larvae were significantly increased at 144 hpf exposure. Meanwhile, the spontaneous tail coiling showed a significant difference. There were no significant differences in the heartbeat rate. As a conclusion, the presence of FUM1 in every isolate can be detected by FUM1 gene analysis and both of the species produced different concentrations of FB1. This is the first report of FB1 produced by Fusarium species gave a significant effect on zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najihah Azman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jacquat AG, Theumer MG, Cañizares MC, Debat HJ, Iglesias J, García Pedrajas MD, Dambolena JS. A Survey of Mycoviral Infection in Fusarium spp. Isolated from Maize and Sorghum in Argentina Identifies the First Mycovirus from Fusarium verticillioides. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101161. [PMID: 33066620 PMCID: PMC7602464 DOI: 10.3390/v12101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoviruses appear to be widespread in Fusarium species worldwide. The aim of this work was to identify mycoviral infections in Fusarium spp., isolated from maize and sorghum grown in Argentina, and to estimate their potential effects on the pathogenicity and toxigenesis of the host fungus towards maize. Mycoviruses were identified in 2 out of 105 isolates analyzed; Fusarium verticillioides strain Sec505 and Fusarium andiyazi strain 162. They were characterized as members of the genus Mitovirus by high-throughput sequencing and sequence analysis. The F. verticillioides mitovirus was a novel mycovirus whereas the F. andiyazi mitovirus was found to be a new strain of a previously identified mitovirus. We have named these mitoviruses, Fusarium verticillioides mitovirus 1 (FvMV1) and Fusarium andiyazi mitovirus 1 strain 162 (FaMV1-162). To our knowledge, FvMV1 is the first mycovirus reported as naturally infecting F. verticillioides, the major causal agent of ear rot and fumonisin producer in corn. Both mitoviruses exhibited 100% vertical transmission rate to microconidia. The Fa162 strain infected with FaMV1-162 did not show phenotypic alterations. In contract, F. verticillioides Sec505 infected with FvMV1 showed increased virulence as well as microconidia and fumonisin-B1 production, compared with two uninfected strains. These results suggest that FvMV1 could have a role in modulating F. verticillioides pathogenicity and toxin production worth further exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gustavo Jacquat
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Martín Gustavo Theumer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende—Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - María Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM—UMA—CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
| | - Humberto Julio Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE—CIAP—INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5.5, Córdoba X5020ICA, Argentina;
| | - Juliana Iglesias
- Estación Experimental Pergamino, (EEA) INTA Pergamino, Universidad Nacional Noroeste (UNNOBA), Pergamino (Buenos Aires) B2700, Argentina;
| | - María Dolores García Pedrajas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM—UMA—CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.D.G.P.); (J.S.D.)
| | - José Sebastián Dambolena
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (M.D.G.P.); (J.S.D.)
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Kim HS, Lohmar JM, Busman M, Brown DW, Naumann TA, Divon HH, Lysøe E, Uhlig S, Proctor RH. Identification and distribution of gene clusters required for synthesis of sphingolipid metabolism inhibitors in diverse species of the filamentous fungus Fusarium. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:510. [PMID: 32703172 PMCID: PMC7376913 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids are structural components and signaling molecules in eukaryotic membranes, and many organisms produce compounds that inhibit sphingolipid metabolism. Some of the inhibitors are structurally similar to the sphingolipid biosynthetic intermediate sphinganine and are referred to as sphinganine-analog metabolites (SAMs). The mycotoxins fumonisins, which are frequent contaminants in maize, are one family of SAMs. Due to food and feed safety concerns, fumonisin biosynthesis has been investigated extensively, including characterization of the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in the agriculturally important fungi Aspergillus and Fusarium. Production of several other SAMs has also been reported in fungi, but there is almost no information on their biosynthesis. There is also little information on how widely SAM production occurs in fungi or on the extent of structural variation of fungal SAMs. RESULTS Using fumonisin biosynthesis as a model, we predicted that SAM biosynthetic gene clusters in fungi should include a polyketide synthase (PKS), an aminotransferase and a dehydrogenase gene. Surveys of genome sequences identified five putative clusters with this three-gene combination in 92 of 186 Fusarium species examined. Collectively, the putative SAM clusters were distributed widely but discontinuously among the species. We propose that the SAM5 cluster confers production of a previously reported Fusarium SAM, 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD), based on the occurrence of AOD production only in species with the cluster and on deletion analysis of the SAM5 cluster PKS gene. We also identified SAM clusters in 24 species of other fungal genera, and propose that one of the clusters confers production of sphingofungin, a previously reported Aspergillus SAM. CONCLUSION Our results provide a genomics approach to identify novel SAM biosynthetic gene clusters in fungi, which should in turn contribute to identification of novel SAMs with applications in medicine and other fields. Information about novel SAMs could also provide insights into the role of SAMs in the ecology of fungi. Such insights have potential to contribute to strategies to reduce fumonisin contamination in crops and to control crop diseases caused by SAM-producing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Seon Kim
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jessica M Lohmar
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Mark Busman
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Daren W Brown
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Todd A Naumann
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Erik Lysøe
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Robert H Proctor
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA.
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26
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Pyrrocidine, a molecular off switch for fumonisin biosynthesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008595. [PMID: 32628727 PMCID: PMC7377494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarocladium zeae is a fungal endophyte of maize and can be found co-inhabiting a single seed with Fusarium verticillioides, a major mycotoxigenic food safety threat. S. zeae produces pyrrocidines A and B that inhibit the growth of F. verticillioides and may limit its spread within the seed to locations lacking S. zeae. Although coinhabiting single seeds, the fungi are generally segregated in separate tissues. To understand F. verticillioides' protective physiological response to pyrrocidines we sequenced the F. verticillioides transcriptome upon exposure to purified pyrrocidine A or B at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Through this work we identified a F. verticillioides locus FvABC3 (FVEG_11089) encoding a transporter critical for resistance to pyrrocidine. We also identified FvZBD1 (FVEG_00314), a gene directly adjacent to the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster that was induced several thousand-fold in response to pyrrocidines. FvZBD1 is postulated to act as a genetic repressor of fumonisin production since deletion of the gene resulted in orders of magnitude increase in fumonisin. Further, pyrrocidine acts, likely through FvZBD1, to shut off fumonisin biosynthesis. This suggests that S. zeae is able to hack the secondary metabolic program of a competitor fungus, perhaps as preemptive self-protection, in this case impacting a mycotoxin of central concern for food safety.
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Rath M, Crenshaw NJ, Lofton LW, Glenn AE, Gold SE. FvSTUA is a Key Regulator of Sporulation, Toxin Synthesis, and Virulence in Fusarium verticillioides. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:958-971. [PMID: 32293993 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-19-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important pathogens of maize, causing rot and producing fumonisin mycotoxins during infection. Ingestion of fumonisin-contaminated corn causes underperformance and even fatal toxicity in livestock and is associated with neural tube birth defects, growth stunting in children, and some cancers. StuA, an APSES-class transcription factor, is a major developmental transcriptional regulator in fungi. It has been shown to regulate crucial developmental processes, such as sporulation, virulence, and mycotoxin synthesis among others. In this study, the role of FvSTUA in F. verticillioides was examined by characterizing ∆FvstuA deletion mutants functionally and transcriptomally. The deletion mutants exhibited reduced vegetative growth, stunted aerial hyphae, and significant reductions in microconidiation. Macroconidiation and hydrophobicity of the deletion strains were reduced as well. Additionally, fumonisin production and virulence of the deletion mutants were greatly reduced. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of expression of several genes in the fumonisin and fusarin C biosynthetic clusters and differential expression of genes involved in conidiation and virulence. Nuclear localization of FvSTUA supported its likely function as a transcription factor. Together, our results indicate that FvSTUA plays a global role in transcriptional regulation in F. verticillioides influencing morphogenesis, toxin production, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rath
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - N J Crenshaw
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - L W Lofton
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - A E Glenn
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - S E Gold
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
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Fumero MV, Villani A, Susca A, Haidukowski M, Cimmarusti MT, Toomajian C, Leslie JF, Chulze SN, Moretti A. Fumonisin and Beauvericin Chemotypes and Genotypes of the Sister Species Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00133-20. [PMID: 32358011 PMCID: PMC7301838 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00133-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum are common maize pathogens that produce mycotoxins and cause plant disease. The ability of these species to produce beauvericin and fumonisin mycotoxins is not settled, as reports of toxin production are not concordant. Our objective was to clarify this situation by determining both the chemotypes and genotypes for strains from both species. We analyzed 25 strains from Argentina, 13 F. subglutinans and 12 F. temperatum strains, for toxin production by ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). We used new genome sequences from two strains of F. subglutinans and one strain of F. temperatum, plus genomes of other Fusarium species, to determine the presence of functional gene clusters for the synthesis of these toxins. None of the strains examined from either species produced fumonisins. These strains also lack Fum biosynthetic genes but retain homologs of some genes that flank the Fum cluster in Fusarium verticillioides None of the F. subglutinans strains we examined produced beauvericin although 9 of 12 F. temperatum strains did. A complete beauvericin (Bea) gene cluster was present in all three new genome sequences. The Bea1 gene was presumably functional in F. temperatum but was not functional in F. subglutinans due to a large insertion and multiple mutations that resulted in premature stop codons. The accumulation of only a few mutations expected to disrupt Bea1 suggests that the process of its inactivation is relatively recent. Thus, none of the strains of F. subglutinans or F. temperatum we examined produce fumonisins, and the strains of F. subglutinans examined also cannot produce beauvericin. Variation in the ability of strains of F. temperatum to produce beauvericin requires further study and could reflect the recent shared ancestry of these two species.IMPORTANCEFusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum are sister species and maize pathogens commonly isolated worldwide that can produce several mycotoxins and cause seedling disease, stalk rot, and ear rot. The ability of these species to produce beauvericin and fumonisin mycotoxins is not settled, as reports of toxin production are not concordant at the species level. Our results are consistent with previous reports that strains of F. subglutinans produce neither fumonisins nor beauvericin. The status of toxin production by F. temperatum needs further work. Our strains of F. temperatum did not produce fumonisins, while some strains produced beauvericin and others did not. These results enable more accurate risk assessments of potential mycotoxin contamination if strains of these species are present. The nature of the genetic inactivation of BEA1 is consistent with its relatively recent occurrence and the close phylogenetic relationship of the two sister species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veronica Fumero
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology, National Research Council of Argentina, National University of Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina
| | | | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - John F Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Sofia N Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology, National Research Council of Argentina, National University of Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina
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Beccari G, Stępień Ł, Onofri A, Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Abd-El Fatah SI, Valente F, Urbaniak M, Covarelli L. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020241. [PMID: 32053959 PMCID: PMC7074703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the in vitro fumonisin biosynthesis and the genetic structure of Fusarium verticillioides populations can provide important insights into the relationships between strains originating from various world regions. In this study, 90 F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize in five Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Egypt and Iran) were analyzed to investigate their ability to in vitro biosynthesize fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3 and to characterize their genetic profile. In general, 80% of the analyzed strains were able to biosynthesize fumonisins (range 0.03–69.84 μg/g). Populations from Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Iran showed a similar percentage of fumonisin producing strains (>90%); conversely, the Egyptian population showed a lower level of producing strains (46%). Significant differences in fumonisin biosynthesis were detected among strains isolated in the same country and among strains isolated from different countries. A portion of the divergent FUM1 gene and of intergenic regions FUM6-FUM7 and FUM7-FUM8 were sequenced to evaluate strain diversity among populations. A high level of genetic uniformity inside the populations analyzed was detected. Apparently, neither geographical origin nor fumonisin production ability were correlated to the genetic diversity of the strain set. However, four strains from Egypt differed from the remaining strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Veronica M. T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.M.T.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.M.T.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Sally I. Abd-El Fatah
- Food Toxins and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Francesco Valente
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0755856464
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30
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Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Riley RT, Merrill AH. Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisins: a perfect storm of perturbed sphingolipid metabolism, signaling, and disease. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1183-1189. [PMID: 31048407 PMCID: PMC6602133 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that cause diseases of plants and, when consumed by animals, can damage liver, kidney, lung, brain, and other organs, alter immune function, and cause developmental defects and cancer. They structurally resemble sphingolipids (SLs), and studies nearly 30 years ago discovered that the most prevalent fumonisin [fumonisin B1 (FB1)] potently inhibits ceramide synthases (CerSs), enzymes that use fatty acyl-CoAs to N-acylate sphinganine (Sa), sphingosine (So), and other sphingoid bases. CerS inhibition by FB1 triggers a "perfect storm" of perturbations in structural and signaling SLs that include: reduced formation of dihydroceramides, ceramides, and complex SLs; elevated Sa and So and their 1-phosphates, novel 1-deoxy-sphingoid bases; and alteration of additional lipid metabolites from interrelated pathways. Moreover, because the initial enzyme of sphingoid base biosynthesis remains active (sometimes with increased activity), the impact is multiplied by the continued production of damaging metabolites. Evidence from many studies, including characterization of knockout mice for specific CerSs and analyses of human blood (which found that FB1 intake is associated with elevated Sa 1-phosphate), has consistently pointed to CerS as the proximate target of FB1 It is also apparent that the changes in multiple bioactive lipids and related biologic processes account for the ensuing spectrum of animal and plant disease. Thus, the diseases caused by fumonisins can be categorized as "sphingolipidoses" (in these cases, due to defective SL biosynthesis), and the lessons learned about the consequences of CerS inhibition should be borne in mind when contemplating other naturally occurring and synthetic compounds (and genetic manipulations) that interfere with SL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald T Riley
- College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biological Sciences and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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Li T, Wu Y, Wang Y, Gao H, Gupta VK, Duan X, Qu H, Jiang Y. Secretome Profiling Reveals Virulence-Associated Proteins of Fusarium proliferatum during Interaction with Banana Fruit. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060246. [PMID: 31234604 PMCID: PMC6628180 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins are vital for the pathogenicity of many fungi through manipulating their hosts for efficient colonization. Fusarium proliferatum is a phytopathogenic fungus infecting many crops, vegetables, and fruit, including banana fruit. To access the proteins involved in pathogen–host interaction, we used label-free quantitative proteomics technology to comparatively analyze the secretomes of F. proliferatum cultured with and without banana peel in Czapek’s broth medium. By analyzing the secretomes of F. proliferatum, we have identified 105 proteins with 40 exclusively secreted and 65 increased in abundance in response to a banana peel. These proteins were involved in the promotion of invasion of banana fruit, and they were mainly categorized into virulence factors, cell wall degradation, metabolic process, response to stress, regulation, and another unknown biological process. The expressions of corresponding genes confirmed the existence of these secreted proteins in the banana peel. Furthermore, expression pattern suggested variable roles for these genes at different infection stages. This study expanded the current database of F. proliferatum secreted proteins which might be involved in the infection strategy of this fungus. Additionally, this study warranted the further attention of some secreted proteins that might initiate infection of F. proliferatum on banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Zhongshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhongshan 528403, China.
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Effects of Disruption of Five FUM Genes on Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Fusarium proliferatum. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060327. [PMID: 31181598 PMCID: PMC6628412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin is known to be harmful to humans and animals, and thus it is desirable to reduce fumonisin content in crop products. We explored the functions of several genes that function in fumonisin biosynthesis (FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, FUM19, and FUM21) in Fusarium proliferatum and found that deletion of FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, or FUM21 results in a severe reduction in fumonisin biosynthesis, while loss of FUM19 does not. In addition, fumonisin-deficient strains display significantly decreased pathogenicity. Co-cultivation of the ΔFUM1, ΔFUM6, ΔFUM8, and ΔFUM19 mutants restores fumonisin synthesis. However, co-cultivation was unable to restore fumonisin synthesis in the ΔFUM21 strain. The relative expression levels of three key FUM genes (FUM1, FUM6, and FUM8) differed significantly in each mutant strain; notably, the expression levels of these three genes were significantly down-regulated in the ΔFUM21 strain. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, and FUM21 are essential for fumonisin synthesis, and FUM19 is non-essential. Partial mutants lost the ability to synthesize fumonisin, the co-culture of the mutants was able to restore fumonisin biosynthesis. While the pathogenicity of F. proliferatum is affected by many factors, inhibition of the synthesis of the mycotoxin fumonisin will weaken the pathogenicity of rice spikelet rot disease (RSRD).
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Sultana S, Kitajima M, Kobayashi H, Nakagawa H, Shimizu M, Kageyama K, Suga H. A Natural Variation of Fumonisin Gene Cluster Associated with Fumonisin Production Difference in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040200. [PMID: 30987138 PMCID: PMC6521250 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, stands out as a rice bakanae disease pathogen with a high production of gibberellic acid. Not all, but some F. fujikuroi strains are known to produce a carcinogenic mycotoxin fumonisin. Fumonisin biosynthesis is dependent on the FUM cluster composed of 16 FUM genes. The FUM cluster was detected not only from a fumonisin producing strain, but also from a fumonisin nonproducing strain that does not produce a detectable level of fumonisin. Genetic mapping indicated the causative mutation(s) of fumonisin nonproduction is present in the FUM cluster of the fumonisin nonproducing strain. Comparative analyses of FUM genes between the fumonisin producing and the nonproducing strains and gene complementation indicated that causative mutation of fumonisin nonproduction is not a single occurrence and the mutations are distributed in FUM21 and FUM7. Our research revealed a natural variation in the FUM cluster involving fumonisin production difference in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Miha Kitajima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- Faculty of National Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Koji Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Ozturk IK, Dupont PY, Chettri P, McDougal R, Böhl OJ, Cox RJ, Bradshaw RE. Evolutionary relics dominate the small number of secondary metabolism genes in the hemibiotrophic fungus Dothistroma septosporum. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:397-407. [PMID: 31053329 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites have important functions for the fungi that produce them, such as roles in virulence and competition. The hemibiotrophic pine needle pathogen Dothistroma septosporum has one of the lowest complements of secondary metabolite (SM) backbone genes of plant pathogenic fungi, indicating that this fungus produces a limited range of SMs. Amongst these SMs is dothistromin, a well-characterised polyketide toxin and virulence factor that is required for expansion of disease lesions in Dothistroma needle blight disease. Dothistromin genes are dispersed across six loci on one chromosome, rather than being clustered as for most SM genes. We explored other D. septosporum SM genes to determine if they are associated with gene clusters, and to predict what their likely products and functions might be. Of nine functional SM backbone genes in the D. septosporum genome, only four were expressed under a range of in planta and in culture conditions, one of which was the dothistromin PKS backbone gene. Of the other three expressed genes, gene knockout studies suggested that DsPks1 and DsPks2 are not required for virulence and attempts to determine a functional squalestatin-like SM product for DsPks2 were not successful. However preliminary evidence suggested that DsNps3, the only SM backbone gene to be most highly expressed in the early stage of disease, appears to be a virulence factor. Thus, despite the small number of SM backbone genes in D. septosporum, most of them appear to be poorly expressed or dispensable for virulence in planta. This work contributes to a growing body of evidence that many fungal secondary metabolite gene clusters might be non-functional and may be evolutionary relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kutay Ozturk
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Pierre-Yves Dupont
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand; Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Pranav Chettri
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca McDougal
- Scion, NZ Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Ole J Böhl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand.
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Aguado A, Savoie JM, Chéreau S, Ducos C, Aguilar M, Ferrer N, Aguilar M, Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F. Priming to protect maize from Fusarium verticillioides and its fumonisin accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:64-72. [PMID: 29797333 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic infection through the seed is one of the routes used by the mycotoxinogenic pathogen Fusarium verticillioides for colonizing maize plants. The prohibition of the use of most chemical fungicides by the EU has promoted research on plant resistance inducers as an effective and sustainable alternative. Induction of a priming state in maize seeds might affect their susceptibility to contamination and accumulation of fumonisins. This state by application of a natural fertilizer called Chamae on maize seeds, was investigated in two varieties to control the colonization by the fungus and the accumulation of fumonisins B1 , B2 and B3 , germinating seeds, dead plants and yield. RESULTS After inoculation of F. verticillioides on germinating seeds, the colonization by the fungus and the accumulation of fumonisins were significantly lower in seedlings coming from treated seeds, but a significant number of plants stopped their development by necrosis. In a field trial, the 0.01% (v/v) application dilution showed a lower plant density, although the level of biomass at harvest was not affected. CONCLUSION The priming state contributed to the control of F. verticillioides development from seed infection and fumonisin accumulation in the early stage of plant growth, without affecting the final crop yield, and could reduce fungicide use and environmental contamination. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aguado
- IFAPA Las Torres Tomejil, Protección Vegetal Sostenible, Carretera Sevilla-Cazalla Km 12.2, Alcalá del Río, Seville, Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Savoie
- MycSA, UR1264, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, Bordeaux-Aquitaine, France
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- MycSA, UR1264, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, Bordeaux-Aquitaine, France
| | - Christine Ducos
- MycSA, UR1264, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, Bordeaux-Aquitaine, France
| | - María Aguilar
- IFAPA Las Torres Tomejil, Protección Vegetal Sostenible, Carretera Sevilla-Cazalla Km 12.2, Alcalá del Río, Seville, Spain
| | - Nathalie Ferrer
- MycSA, UR1264, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, Bordeaux-Aquitaine, France
| | - Manuel Aguilar
- IFAPA Las Torres Tomejil, Protección Vegetal Sostenible, Carretera Sevilla-Cazalla Km 12.2, Alcalá del Río, Seville, Spain
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Genetic Differentiation Associated with Fumonisin and Gibberellin Production in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 85:AEM.02414-18. [PMID: 30341078 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02414-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi is a pathogenic fungus that infects rice. It produces several important mycotoxins, such as fumonisins. Fumonisin production has been detected in strains of maize, strawberry, and wheat, whereas it has not been detected in strains from rice seedlings infested with bakanae disease in Japan. We investigated the genetic relationships, pathogenicity, and resistance to a fungicide, thiophanate-methyl (TM), in 51 fumonisin-producing strains and 44 nonproducing strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and two specific genes (a combined sequence of translation elongation factor 1α [TEF1α] and RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit [RPB2]) indicated differential clustering between the fumonisin-producing and -nonproducing strains. One of the AFLP markers, EATMCAY107, was specifically present in the fumonisin-producing strains. A specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between the fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains was also detected in RPB2, in addition to an SNP previously found in TEF1α. Gibberellin production was higher in the nonproducing than in the producing strains according to an in vitro assay, and the nonproducing strains had the strongest pathogenicity with regard to rice seedlings. TM resistance was closely correlated with the cluster of fumonisin-nonproducing strains. The results indicate that intraspecific evolution in Japanese F. fujikuroi is associated with fumonisin production and pathogenicity. Two subgroups of Japanese F. fujikuroi, designated G group and F group, were distinguished based on phylogenetic differences and the high production of gibberellin and fumonisin, respectively.IMPORTANCE Fusarium fujikuroi is a pathogenic fungus that causes rice bakanae disease. Historically, this pathogen has been known as Fusarium moniliforme, along with many other species based on a broad species concept. Gibberellin, which is currently known as a plant hormone, is a virulence factor of F. fujikuroi Fumonisin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin posing a serious threat to food and feed safety. Although it has been confirmed that F. fujikuroi produces gibberellin and fumonisin, production varies among strains, and individual production has been obscured by the traditional appellation of F. moniliforme, difficulties in species identification, and variation in the assays used to determine the production of these secondary metabolites. In this study, we discovered two phylogenetic subgroups associated with fumonisin and gibberellin production in Japanese F. fujikuroi.
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Kessens R, Sorensen N, Kabbage M. An inhibitor of apoptosis (SfIAP) interacts with SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein (SBP) transcription factors that exhibit pro-cell death characteristics. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00081. [PMID: 31245745 PMCID: PMC6508781 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of proper cell death regulation across broad evolutionary distances, an understanding of the molecular machinery underpinning this fundamental process in plants remains largely elusive. This is despite its critical importance to development, homeostasis, and proper responses to stress. The identification of endogenous plant regulators of cell death has been hindered by the fact that many core regulators of cell death in animals are absent in plant genomes. Remarkably, numerous studies have shown that the ectopic expression of animal prosurvival genes in plants can suppress cell death imposed by many stresses. In this study, we capitalize on the ectopic expression of one of these animal prosurvival genes, an inhibitor of apoptosis from Spodoptera frugiperda (SfIAP), to identify novel cell death regulators in plants. A yeast two-hybrid assay was conducted using SfIAP as bait to screen a tomato cDNA library. This screen identified several transcription factors of the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein (SBP) family as potential SfIAP binding partners. We confirmed this interaction in vivo for our top two interactors, SlySBP8b and SlySBP12a, using coimmunoprecipitation. Interestingly, overexpression of SlySBP8b and SlySBP12a induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Overexpression of these two transcription factors also induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced the growth of the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the nuclear localization of both SlySBP8b and SlySBP12a, while SlySBP12a was also localized to the ER membrane. These results suggest a prodeath role for SlySBP8b and SlySBP12a and implicate ER membrane tethering as a means of regulating SlySBP12a activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kessens
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Nick Sorensen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
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Gao S, Gold SE, Glenn AE. Characterization of two catalase-peroxidase-encoding genes in Fusarium verticillioides reveals differential responses to in vitro versus in planta oxidative challenges. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1127-1139. [PMID: 28802018 PMCID: PMC6638182 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Catalase-peroxidases (KatGs) are a superfamily of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-degrading enzymes believed to have been horizontally acquired by ancient Ascomycota from bacteria. Subsequent gene duplication resulted in two KatG paralogues in ascomycetes: the widely distributed intracellular KatG1 group and the phytopathogen-dominated extracellular KatG2 group. To functionally characterize FvCP01 (KatG1) and FvCP02 (KatG2) in the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, single and double gene deletion mutants were examined in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Both ΔFvCP01 and ΔFvCP02 were more sensitive to H2 O2 than the wild-type in vitro, although their sensitivity differed depending on the type of inoculum. Inoculations using mycelial agar plugs demonstrated an additive effect of the mutants, with the ΔFvCP01/ΔFvCP02 double deletion being the most sensitive to H2 O2 . In general, conidia were much more sensitive than agar plugs to H2 O2 , and conidial inoculations indicated that FvCP01 conferred more H2 O2 tolerance than FvCP02. Transcriptional analysis showed the induction of FvCP01, but decreased expression of FvCP02, in both mycelia and spores in the wild-type after H2 O2 exposure, but this trend was reversed when the fungus was grown on germinating maize seeds. This interaction with the plant increased the expression of FvCP02, but not FvCP01, indicating that FvCP02 may be responsive to plant-derived H2 O2 . Yet, FvCP01 was induced more than three-fold in the ΔFvCP02 mutant grown on germlings, suggesting that FvCP01 can compensate for the loss of FvCP02. Given the differential responses of these two F. verticillioides genes to in vitro versus in planta challenges, a model is proposed to illustrate the differing roles of FvCP01 and FvCP02 in protective responses against H2 O2 -derived oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Scott E. Gold
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research UnitUSDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research CenterAthensGA 30605USA
| | - Anthony E. Glenn
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research UnitUSDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research CenterAthensGA 30605USA
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Blacutt AA, Gold SE, Voss KA, Gao M, Glenn AE. Fusarium verticillioides: Advancements in Understanding the Toxicity, Virulence, and Niche Adaptations of a Model Mycotoxigenic Pathogen of Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:312-326. [PMID: 28971734 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-17-0203-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of understanding the biology of the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides and its various microbial and plant host interactions is critical given its threat to maize, one of the world's most valuable food crops. Disease outbreaks and mycotoxin contamination of grain threaten economic returns and have grave implications for human and animal health and food security. Furthermore, F. verticillioides is a member of a genus of significant phytopathogens and, thus, data regarding its host association, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and other metabolic (degradative) capabilities are consequential to both basic and applied research efforts across multiple pathosystems. Notorious among its secondary metabolites are the fumonisin mycotoxins, which cause severe animal diseases and are implicated in human disease. Additionally, studies of these mycotoxins have led to new understandings of F. verticillioides plant pathogenicity and provide tools for research into cellular processes and host-pathogen interaction strategies. This review presents current knowledge regarding several significant lines of F. verticillioides research, including facets of toxin production, virulence, and novel fitness strategies exhibited by this fungus across rhizosphere and plant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Blacutt
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Scott E Gold
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Kenneth A Voss
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Minglu Gao
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
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Munkvold GP, Weieneth L, Proctor RH, Busman M, Blandino M, Susca A, Logrieco A, Moretti A. Pathogenicity of Fumonisin-producing and Nonproducing Strains of Aspergillus Species in Section Nigri to Maize Ears and Seedlings. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:282-291. [PMID: 30673533 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-17-0103-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Species of Aspergillus section Nigri are commonly associated with maize kernels, and some strains can produce fumonisin mycotoxins. However, there is little information about the extent to which these fungi contribute to fumonisin contamination in grain, the damage they cause to maize ears, or their effects on maize seed germination and seedling health. We compared fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, A. phoenicis, A. tubingensis, and A. carbonarius from the United States and Italy in laboratory and field studies to assess their ability to contribute to fumonisin contamination, to cause maize ear rot, and to affect seed germination and seedling growth. In laboratory experiments, some strains of each Aspergillus species reduced germination or seedling growth, but there was high variability among strains within species. There were no consistent differences between fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains. In field studies in Iowa and Illinois, strains were variable in their ability to cause ear rot symptoms, but this was independent of the ability of the Aspergillus strains to produce fumonisins. Contamination of grain with fumonisins was not consistently increased by inoculation with Aspergillus strains compared with the control, and was much greater in F. verticillioides-inoculated treatments than in Aspergillus-inoculated treatments. However, the ratio of the FB analogs FB2 and FB1 was altered by inoculation with some Aspergillus strains, indicating that FB2 production by Aspergillus strains occurred in the field. These results demonstrate the pathogenic capabilities of strains of Aspergillus in section Nigri, but suggest that their effects on maize ears and seedlings are not related to their ability to produce fumonisins, and that fumonisin contamination of grain caused by Aspergillus spp. is not as significant as that caused by Fusarium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Munkvold
- Iowa State University, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA
| | - L Weieneth
- Iowa State University, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA
| | - R H Proctor
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL
| | - M Busman
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL
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Zhang Y, Ma LJ. Deciphering Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum From a Phylogenomics Perspective. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2017; 100:179-209. [PMID: 29153400 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a large species complex of both plant and human pathogens that attack a diverse array of species in a host-specific manner. Comparative genomic studies have revealed that the host-specific pathogenicity of the F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC) was determined by distinct sets of supernumerary (SP) chromosomes. In contrast to common vertical transfer, where genetic materials are transmitted via cell division, SP chromosomes can be transmitted horizontally between phylogenetic lineages, explaining the polyphyletic nature of the host-specific pathogenicity of the FOSC. The existence of a diverse array of SP chromosomes determines the broad host range of this species complex, while the conserved core genome maintains essential house-keeping functions. Recognition of these SP chromosomes enables the functional and structural compartmentalization of F. oxysporum genomes. In this review, we examine the impact of this group of cross-kingdom pathogens on agricultural productivity and human health. Focusing on the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum in the phylogenomic framework of the genus Fusarium, we elucidate the evolution of pathogenicity within the FOSC. We conclude that a population genomics approach within a clearly defined phylogenomic framework is essential not only for understanding the evolution of the pathogenicity mechanism but also for identifying informative candidates associated with pathogenicity that can be developed as targets in disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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43
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Abdullah AS, Moffat CS, Lopez-Ruiz FJ, Gibberd MR, Hamblin J, Zerihun A. Host-Multi-Pathogen Warfare: Pathogen Interactions in Co-infected Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1806. [PMID: 29118773 PMCID: PMC5660990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of plant-pathogen interactions have historically focused on simple models of infection involving single host-single disease systems. However, plant infections often involve multiple species and/or genotypes and exhibit complexities not captured in single host-single disease systems. Here, we review recent insights into co-infection systems focusing on the dynamics of host-multi-pathogen interactions and the implications for host susceptibility/resistance. In co-infection systems, pathogen interactions include: (i) Competition, in which competing pathogens develop physical barriers or utilize toxins to exclude competitors from resource-dense niches; (ii) Cooperation, whereby pathogens beneficially interact, by providing mutual biochemical signals essential for pathogenesis, or through functional complementation via the exchange of resources necessary for survival; (iii) Coexistence, whereby pathogens can stably coexist through niche specialization. Furthermore, hosts are also able to, actively or passively, modulate niche competition through defense responses that target at least one pathogen. Typically, however, virulent pathogens subvert host defenses to facilitate infection, and responses elicited by one pathogen may be modified in the presence of another pathogen. Evidence also exists, albeit rare, of pathogens incorporating foreign genes that broaden niche adaptation and improve virulence. Throughout this review, we draw upon examples of co-infection systems from a range of pathogen types and identify outstanding questions for future innovation in disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araz S. Abdullah
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Caroline S. Moffat
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Francisco J. Lopez-Ruiz
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Mark R. Gibberd
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - John Hamblin
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ayalsew Zerihun
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Abstract
Fungi are among the dominant causal agents of plant diseases. To colonize plants and cause disease, pathogenic fungi use diverse strategies. Some fungi kill their hosts and feed on dead material (necrotrophs), while others colonize the living tissue (biotrophs). For successful invasion of plant organs, pathogenic development is tightly regulated and specialized infection structures are formed. To further colonize hosts and establish disease, fungal pathogens deploy a plethora of virulence factors. Depending on the infection strategy, virulence factors perform different functions. While basically all pathogens interfere with primary plant defense, necrotrophs secrete toxins to kill plant tissue. In contrast, biotrophs utilize effector molecules to suppress plant cell death and manipulate plant metabolism in favor of the pathogen. This article provides an overview of plant pathogenic fungal species and the strategies they use to cause disease.
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45
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Han X, Jiang H, Xu J, Zhang J, Li F. Dynamic Fumonisin B₂ Production by Aspergillus niger Intented Used in Food Industry in China. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070217. [PMID: 28698485 PMCID: PMC5535164 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a total of 30 strains including 27 strains of Aspergillus niger intended used in Chinese food industry, two strains used as control and one strain isolated from corn for fumonisin (FB) production on 3 media. It was found that FB2 production by A. niger was function-dependent and highly related to culture media, as well as incubation time. All strains studied were unable to produce FB1 and FB3. Almost all strains were found to produce FB2 on corn, rice and wheat bran. Based on their intended use in the food industry, the higher level of FB2 producers were strains used for saccharifying enzyme (n = 13) production, followed by organic acid (n = 6), tannase (n = 7) and β-galactosidase (n = 1) production, with the FB2 mean level of 3553–10,270 μg/kg, 1059–12,036 μg/kg, 3–7 μg/kg and 2–4 μg/kg on corn, 5455–9241 μg/kg, 559–2190 μg/kg, 4–9 μg/kg and 6–10 μg/kg on rice, 5959–7709 μg/kg, 9491–17,339 μg/kg, 8–14 μg/kg and 120–222 μg/kg on wheat bran, respectively. Comparatively, strains of Fusarium verticillioide were capable of producing fumonins simultaneously with broader spectrum including FB1, FB2 and FB3, but at a much lower level. In conclusion, it is necessary to evaluate FB2 production by A. niger before intended use in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Hongru Jiang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
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Gálvez L, Urbaniak M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł, Palmero D. Fusarium proliferatum - Causal agent of garlic bulb rot in Spain: Genetic variability and mycotoxin production. Food Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28648292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum is a world-wide occurring fungal pathogen affecting several crops included garlic bulbs. In Spain, this is the most frequent pathogenic fungus associated with garlic rot during storage. Moreover, F. proliferatum is an important mycotoxigenic species, producing a broad range of toxins, which may pose a risk for food safety. The aim of this study is to assess the intraspecific variability of the garlic pathogen in Spain implied by analyses of translation elongation factor (tef-1α) and FUM1 gene sequences as well as the differences in growth rates. Phylogenetic characterization has been complemented with the characterization of mating type alleles as well as the species potential as a toxin producer. Phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of the translation elongation factor and FUM1 genes from seventy nine isolates from garlic revealed a considerable intraspecific variability as well as high level of diversity in growth speed. Based on the MAT alleles amplified by PCR, F. proliferatum isolates were separated into different groups on both trees. All isolates collected from garlic in Spain proved to be fumonisin B1, B2, and B3 producers. Quantitative analyses of fumonisins, beauvericin and moniliformin (common secondary metabolites of F. proliferatum) showed no correlation with phylogenetic analysis neither mycelial growth. This pathogen presents a high intraspecific variability within the same geographical region and host, which is necessary to be considered in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gálvez
- Department of Agricultural Production, Plant Protection Laboratory, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering (ETSIAAB), Technical University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro 4, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Daniel Palmero
- Department of Agricultural Production, Plant Protection Laboratory, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering (ETSIAAB), Technical University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro 4, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Gu Q, Tahir HAS, Zhang H, Huang H, Ji T, Sun X, Wu L, Wu H, Gao X. Involvement of FvSet1 in Fumonisin B1 Biosynthesis, Vegetative Growth, Fungal Virulence, and Environmental Stress Responses in Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020043. [PMID: 28125013 PMCID: PMC5331423 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides (teleomorph, Gibberella moniliformis) is an important plant pathogen that causes seedling blight, stalk rot, and ear rot in maize (Zea mays). During infection, F. verticillioides produce fumonsins B1 (FB1) that pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Recent studies showed that Set1, a methyltransferase of H3K4, was responsible for toxin biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. However, to date, the regulation of FvSet1 on FB1 biosynthesis remains unclear. In the current study, we identified only one Set1 ortholog in F. verticillioides (FvSet1) and found that the deletion of FvSET1 led to various defects in fungal growth and pathogenicity. More interestingly, the FvSET1 deletion mutant (ΔFvSet1) showed a significant defect in FB1 biosynthesis and lower expression levels of FUM genes. FvSet1 was also found to play an important role in the responses of F. verticillioides to multiple environmental stresses via regulating the phosphorylation of FvMgv1 and FvHog1. Taken together, these results indicate that FvSet1 plays essential roles in the regulation of FB1 biosynthesis, fungal growth and virulence, as well as various stress responses in F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hafiz Abdul Samad Tahir
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tiantian Ji
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Liming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Huijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
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48
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Abstract
The fungus Fusarium is an agricultural problem because it can cause disease on most crop plants and can contaminate crops with mycotoxins. There is considerable variation in the presence/absence and genomic location of gene clusters responsible for synthesis of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites among species of Fusarium. Here, we describe a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method for distinguishing between and estimating the biomass of two closely related species, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, that are pathogens of maize. The qPCR assay is based on differences in the two species with respect to the genomic location of the gene cluster responsible for synthesis of fumonisins, a family of carcinogenic mycotoxins. Species-specific qPCR primers were designed from unique sequences that flank one end of the cluster in each species. The primers were used in qPCR to estimate the biomass of each Fusarium species using DNA isolated from pure cultures and from maize seedlings resulting from seeds inoculated with F. proliferatum alone, F. verticillioides alone, or a 1:1 mixture of the two species. Biomass estimations from seedlings were expressed as the amount of DNA of each Fusarium species per amount of maize DNA, as determined using maize-specific qPCR primers designed from the ribosomal gene L17. Analyses of qPCR experiments using the primers indicated that the assay could distinguish between and quantify the biomass of the two Fusarium species. This finding indicates that genetic diversity resulting from variation in the presence/absence and genomic location of SM biosynthetic gene clusters can be a valuable resource for development of qPCR assays for distinguishing between and quantifying fungi in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Proctor
- USDA ARS NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA.
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
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49
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Abstract
The genus Fusarium includes numerous toxigenic species that are pathogenic to plants or humans, and are able to colonize a wide range of environments on earth. The genus comprises around 70 well-known species, identified by using a polyphasic approach, and as many as 300 putative species, according to phylogenetic species concepts; many putative species do not yet have formal names. Fusarium is one of the most economically important fungal genera because of yield loss due to plant pathogenic activity; mycotoxin contamination of food and feed products which often render them unaccep for marketing; and health impacts to humans and livestock, due to consumption of mycotoxins. Among the most important mycotoxins produced by species of Fusarium are the trichothecenes and the fumonisins. Fumonisins cause fatal livestock diseases and are considered potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins for humans, while trichothecenes are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. This chapter summarizes the main aspects of morphology, pathology, and toxigenicity of the main Fusarium species that colonize different agricultural crops and environments worldwide, and cause mycotoxin contamination of food and feed.
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50
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Singh D, Son SY, Lee CH. Perplexing Metabolomes in Fungal-Insect Trophic Interactions: A Terra Incognita of Mycobiocontrol Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1678. [PMID: 27807434 PMCID: PMC5069422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The trophic interactions of entomopathogenic fungi in different ecological niches viz., soil, plants, or insect themselves are effectively regulated by their maneuvered metabolomes and the plethora of metabotypes. In this article, we discuss a holistic framework of co-evolutionary metabolomes and metabotypes to model the interactions of biocontrol fungi especially with mycosed insects. Conventionally, the studies involving fungal biocontrol mechanisms are reported in the context of much aggrandized fungal entomotoxins while the adaptive response mechanisms of host insects are relatively overlooked. The present review asserts that the selective pressure exerted among the competing or interacting species drives alterations in their overall metabolomes which ultimately implicates in corresponding metabotypes. Quintessentially, metabolomics offers a most generic and tractable model to assess the fungal-insect antagonism in terms of interaction biomarkers, biosynthetic pathway plasticity, and their co-evolutionary defense. The fungi chiefly rely on a battery of entomotoxins viz., secondary metabolites falling in the categories of NRP's (non-ribosomal peptides), PK's (polyketides), lysine derive alkaloids, and terpenoids. On the contrary, insects overcome mycosis through employing different layers of immunity manifested as altered metabotypes (phenoloxidase activity) and overall metabolomes viz., carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, and eicosanoids. Here, we discuss the recent findings within conventional premise of fungal entomotoxicity and the evolution of truculent immune response among host insect. The metabolomic frameworks for fungal-insect interaction can potentially transmogrify our current comprehensions of biocontrol mechanisms to develop the hypervirulent biocontrol strains with least environmental concerns. Moreover, the interaction metabolomics (interactome) in complementation with other -omics cascades could further be applied to address the fundamental bottlenecks of adaptive co-evolution among biological species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Y Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong H Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
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