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Zhang R, Shi PT, Zhou M, Liu HZ, Xu XJ, Liu WT, Chen KM. Rapid alkalinization factor: function, regulation, and potential applications in agriculture. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:16. [PMID: 37676530 PMCID: PMC10442051 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and controls many aspects of plant life. Current studies on the regulatory mechanism underlying RALF function mainly focus on Arabidopsis, but little is known about the role of RALF in crop plants. Here, we systematically and comprehensively analyzed the relation between RALF family genes from five important crops and those in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Simultaneously, we summarized the functions of RALFs in controlling growth and developmental behavior using conservative motifs as cues and predicted the regulatory role of RALFs in cereal crops. In conclusion, RALF has considerable application potential in improving crop yields and increasing economic benefits. Using gene editing technology or taking advantage of RALF as a hormone additive are effective way to amplify the role of RALF in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng-Tao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huai-Zeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Antifungal Peptides and Proteins to Control Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413261. [PMID: 34948059 PMCID: PMC8703302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global challenge to prevent fungal spoilage and mycotoxin contamination on food and feed requires the development of new antifungal strategies. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) with antifungal activity are gaining much interest as natural antifungal compounds due to their properties such as structure diversity and function, antifungal spectrum, mechanism of action, high stability and the availability of biotechnological production methods. Given their multistep mode of action, the development of fungal resistance to AMPs is presumed to be slow or delayed compared to conventional fungicides. Interestingly, AMPs also accomplish important biological functions other than antifungal activity, including anti-mycotoxin biosynthesis activity, which opens novel aspects for their future use in agriculture and food industry to fight mycotoxin contamination. AMPs can reach intracellular targets and exert their activity by mechanisms other than membrane permeabilization. The mechanisms through which AMPs affect mycotoxin production are varied and complex, ranging from oxidative stress to specific inhibition of enzymatic components of mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways. This review presents natural and synthetic antifungal AMPs from different origins which are effective against mycotoxin-producing fungi, and aims at summarizing current knowledge concerning their additional effects on mycotoxin biosynthesis. Antifungal AMPs properties and mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Sarkar T, Chetia M, Chatterjee S. Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins: From Nature's Reservoir to the Laboratory and Beyond. Front Chem 2021; 9:691532. [PMID: 34222199 PMCID: PMC8249576 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance against conventional antimicrobials, resurgence of multidrug resistant microbes and the slowdown in the development of new classes of antimicrobials, necessitates the urgent development of alternate classes of therapeutic molecules. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins present in different lifeforms in nature that provide defense against microbial infections. They have been effective components of the host defense system for a very long time. The fact that the development of resistance by the microbes against the AMPs is relatively slower or delayed compared to that against the conventional antibiotics, makes them prospective alternative therapeutics of the future. Several thousands of AMPs have been isolated from various natural sources like microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, animals, humans, etc. to date. However, only a few of them have been translated commercially to the market so far. This is because of some inherent drawbacks of the naturally obtained AMPs like 1) short half-life owing to the susceptibility to protease degradation, 2) inactivity at physiological salt concentrations, 3) cytotoxicity to host cells, 4) lack of appropriate strategies for sustained and targeted delivery of the AMPs. This has led to a surge of interest in the development of synthetic AMPs which would retain or improve the antimicrobial potency along with circumventing the disadvantages of the natural analogs. The development of synthetic AMPs is inspired by natural designs and sequences and strengthened by the fusion with various synthetic elements. Generation of the synthetic designs are based on various strategies like sequence truncation, mutation, cyclization and introduction of unnatural amino acids and synthons. In this review, we have described some of the AMPs isolated from the vast repertoire of natural sources, and subsequently described the various synthetic designs that have been developed based on the templates of natural AMPs or from de novo design to make commercially viable therapeutics of the future. This review entails the journey of the AMPs from their natural sources to the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunanda Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
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Thery T, Lynch KM, Arendt EK. Natural Antifungal Peptides/Proteins as Model for Novel Food Preservatives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1327-1360. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Thery
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Ireland
| | - Kieran M. Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Ireland
| | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Ireland
- Microbiome IrelandUniv. College Cork Ireland
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Optimisation of the antifungal potency of the amidated peptide H-Orn-Orn-Trp-Trp-NH2 against food contaminants. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 265:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ianiri G, Pinedo C, Fratianni A, Panfili G, Castoria R. Patulin Degradation by the Biocontrol Yeast Sporobolomyces sp. Is an Inducible Process. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E61. [PMID: 28208615 PMCID: PMC5331440 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum and a common contaminant of pome fruits and their derived products worldwide. It is considered to be mutagenic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, teratogenic and cytotoxic, and the development of strategies to reduce this contamination is an active field of research. We previously reported that Sporobolomyces sp. is able to degrade patulin and convert it into the breakdown products desoxypatulinic acid and ascladiol, both of which were found to be less toxic than patulin. The specific aim of this study was the evaluation of the triggering of the mechanisms involved in patulin resistance and degradation by Sporobolomyces sp. Cells pre-incubated in the presence of a low patulin concentration showed a higher resistance to patulin toxicity and a faster kinetics of degradation. Similarly, patulin degradation was faster when crude intracellular protein extracts of Sporobolomyces sp. were prepared from cells pre-treated with the mycotoxin, indicating the induction of the mechanisms involved in the resistance and degradation of the mycotoxin by Sporobolomyces sp. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of patulin resistance and degradation by Sporobolomyces sp., which is an essential prerequisite for developing an industrial approach aiming at the production of patulin-free products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pinedo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - Alessandra Fratianni
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Panfili
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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Meneguetti BT, Machado LDS, Oshiro KGN, Nogueira ML, Carvalho CME, Franco OL. Antimicrobial Peptides from Fruits and Their Potential Use as Biotechnological Tools-A Review and Outlook. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2136. [PMID: 28119671 PMCID: PMC5223440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a major threat to plant crops, animals and human health, and over the years this situation has increasingly spread worldwide. Due to their many bioactive compounds, plants are promising sources of antimicrobial compounds that can potentially be used in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms. As well as stem, flowers and leaves, fruits have an efficient defense mechanism against pests and pathogens, besides presenting nutritional and functional properties due to their multifunctional molecules. Among such compounds, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) feature different antimicrobials that are capable of disrupting the microbial membrane and of acting in binding to intra-cytoplasmic targets of microorganisms. They are therefore capable of controlling or halting the growth of microorganisms. In summary, this review describes the major classes of AMPs found in fruits, their possible use as biotechnological tools and prospects for the pharmaceutical industry and agribusiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz T Meneguetti
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Leandro Dos Santos Machado
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Karen G N Oshiro
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Micaella L Nogueira
- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Cristiano M E Carvalho
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil; Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil; Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
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Ma H, Sun X, Wang M, Gai Y, Chung KR, Li H. The citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum depends on the PdMpkB kinase for developmental and virulence functions. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 236:167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Wang W, Wang M, Wang J, Zhu C, Chung KR, Li H. Adenylyl cyclase is required for cAMP production, growth, conidial germination, and virulence in the citrus green mold pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:11-20. [PMID: 27664719 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the causative agent of green mold decay on citrus fruit. The cAMP-mediated signaling pathway plays an important role in the transduction of extracellular signals and has been shown to regulate a wide range of developmental processes and pathogenicity in fungal pathogens. We cloned and characterized a Pdac1 gene of P. digitatum, which encodes a polypeptide similar to fungal adenylyl cyclases. Using a loss-of-function mutation in the Pdac1 gene we demonstrated a critical requirement for hyphal growth and conidial germination. Deletion of Pdac1 resulted in decreased accumulation of cAMP and down-regulation of genes encoding a G protein α subunit, both catalytic and regulatory subunits of PKA, and two transcriptional regulators StuA and Som1. Fungal mutants lacking Pdac1 produced abundant conidia, which failed to germinate effectively and displayed an elevated sensitivity to heat treatment. Pdac1 mutant failed to utilize carbohydrates effectively and thus displayed severe growth retardation on rich and synthetic media. Slow growth seen in the Pdac1 mutants could be due to a defect in nutrient sensing and acquisition. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Pdac1 was primarily expressed at the early stage of infection. Fungal pathogenicity assayed on citrus fruit revealed that P. digitatum strains impaired for Pdac1 delayed lesion formation. Our results highlight important regulatory roles of adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP production in P. digitatum and provide insights into the critical role of cAMP in fungal growth, development and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingshuang Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiye Wang
- Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Congyi Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan.
| | - Hongye Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Harries E, Gandía M, Carmona L, Marcos JF. The Penicillium digitatum protein O-mannosyltransferase Pmt2 is required for cell wall integrity, conidiogenesis, virulence and sensitivity to the antifungal peptide PAF26. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:748-761. [PMID: 25640475 PMCID: PMC6638402 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The activity of protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmts) affects the morphogenesis and virulence of fungal pathogens. Recently, PMT genes have been shown to determine the sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the antifungal peptide PAF26. This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. The Pdpmt genes are expressed during fungal growth and fruit infection, with the highest induction for Pdpmt2. Pdpmt2 complemented the growth defect of the S. cerevisiae Δpmt2 strain. The Pdpmt2 gene mutation in P. digitatum caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in fungal growth and virulence, whereas its constitutive expression had no phenotypic effect. The Pdpmt2 null mutants also showed a distinctive colourless phenotype with a strong reduction in the number of conidia, which was associated with severe alterations in the development of conidiophores. Additional effects of the Pdpmt2 mutation were hyphal morphological alterations, increased sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compounds and a blockage of invasive growth. In contrast, the Pdpmt2 mutation increased tolerance to oxidative stress and to the antifungal activity of PAF26. These data confirm the role of protein O-glycosylation in the PAF26-mediated antifungal mechanism present in distantly related fungal species. Important to future crop protection strategies, this study demonstrates that a mutation rendering fungi more resistant to an antifungal peptide results in severe deleterious effects on fungal growth and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Harries
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Gandía
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Carmona
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Harvested nectarine fruit were treated by phlorotannins from seaweeds Sargassum thunbergii, then stored at 2 ± 1 °C, 85-90 % RH for 25 days. Disease incidence, decay percentage, firmness, color, soluble solids, Vc, lipoxygenase (LOX) and lipid peroxidation of fruit were analyzed. The results indicated phlorotannins from seaweeds S. thunbergii have potent antifungal activities. Phlorotannins treatment resulted in a more efficient control of fruit decay. The LOX activity and lipid peroxidation in fruit were also inhibited by phlorotannins treatment. In addition, no phytotoxic injury was observed in fruit tissue treated with phlorotannins at 10 mg mL-1. Therefore, phlorotannins not only inhibit the infection of pathogen, but also the lipid peroxidation and ripening process of harvested nectarine fruit.
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Puig M, Moragrega C, Ruz L, Montesinos E, Llorente I. Postinfection Activity of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides Against Stemphylium vesicarium in Pear. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1192-200. [PMID: 24875384 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-14-0036-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown spot of pear is a fungal disease of economic importance caused by Stemphylium vesicarium that affects the pear crops in Europe. Due to the characteristics of this disease and the moderate efficacy of available fungicides, the effectiveness of control measures is very limited; however, synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may be a complement to these fungicides. In the present study, 12 AMPs of the CECMEL11 library were screened for fungicidal activity against S. vesicarium. In vitro experiments showed that eight AMPs significantly reduced the germination of conidia. The most effective peptides, BP15, BP22, and BP25, reduced fungal growth and sporulation at concentrations below 50 μM. Leaf assays showed that preventive application of BP15 and BP22 did not reduce infection; however, when the peptides were applied curatively, infection was significantly reduced. The use of a BP15 fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate conjugate revealed that the peptide binds to hyphae and germ tubes and produces malformations that irreversibly stop their development.
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Liu P, Cheng Y, Yang M, Liu Y, Chen K, Long CA, Deng X. Mechanisms of action for 2-phenylethanol isolated from Kloeckera apiculata in control of Penicillium molds of citrus fruits. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:242. [PMID: 25230758 PMCID: PMC4177429 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green and blue mold decay, caused by Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum, respectively, are important postharvest diseases of citrus. Biocontrol by microbes is an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. In this study, the antagonistic yeast strain Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 was used to investigate the action mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases. RESULTS An antifungal substance, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), was isolated from K. apiculata and demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi. Experiments on P. italicum cells identified the mitochondria and the nucleus as particularly sensitive to inhibition. Regulation of P. italicum gene expression was investigated using RNA-Seq. PEA up-regulated genes involved with the peroxisome, regulation of autophagy, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, fatty acid metabolism, and inhibited ribosome, RNA polymerase, DNA replication, amino acid biosynthesis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and cell cycle. Inhibitory responses revealed by RNA-Seq suggest that PEA might compete for attachment on the active site of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS). CONCLUSION This study provided new insight on the mode of action of biocontrol yeast agents in controlling postharvest pathogenic fungi.
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Choi J, Baek KH, Moon E. Antimicrobial Effects of a Hexapetide KCM21 against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:245-53. [PMID: 25289010 PMCID: PMC4181117 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.02.2014.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small but effective cationic peptides with variable length. In previous study, four hexapeptides were identified that showed antimicrobial activities against various phytopathogenic bacteria. KCM21, the most effective antimicrobial peptide, was selected for further analysis to understand its modes of action by monitoring inhibitory effects of various cations, time-dependent antimicrobial kinetics, and observing cell disruption by electron microscopy. The effects of KCM21 on Gram-negative strain, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Gram-positive strain, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis were compared. Treatment with divalent cations such as Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) inhibited the bactericidal activities of KCM21 significantly against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. The bactericidal kinetic study showed that KCM21 killed both bacteria rapidly and the process was faster against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The electron microscopic analysis revealed that KCM21 induced the formation of micelles and blebs on the surface of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 cells, while it caused cell rupture against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis cells. The outer membrane alteration and higher sensitivity to Ca(2+) suggest that KCM21 interact with the outer membrane of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 cells during the process of killing, but not with C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis cells that lack outer membrane. Considering that both strains had similar sensitivity to KCM21 in LB medium, outer membrane could not be the main target of KCM21, instead common compartments such as cytoplasmic membrane or internal macromolecules might be a possible target(s) of KCM21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeahyuk Choi
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyengsan 712-749, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyengsan 712-749, Korea
| | - Eunpyo Moon
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-031-219-2620, FAX) +82-031-219-1615 E-mail)
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Gandía M, Harries E, Marcos JF. The myosin motor domain-containing chitin synthase PdChsVII is required for development, cell wall integrity and virulence in the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 67:58-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Rebollar A, López-García B. PAF104, a synthetic peptide to control rice blast disease by blocking appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1407-1416. [PMID: 23902261 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-13-0110-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice and the main cause of crop losses worldwide. The successful management of blast disease caused by this fungus is a clear necessity. The synthetic peptide PAF104 has been characterized by its inhibition of M. oryzae appressorium formation on hydrophobic surfaces. Growth and the ability of conidia to germinate was not affected by PAF104, indicating the lack of toxicity on fungal conidia. The addition of the cutin monomer 1,16-hexadecanediol does not interfere with the inhibitory effect of PAF104 on in vitro hydrophobic surfaces. On the other hand, inhibition of appressorium formation by PAF104 was nullified by the exogenous addition of cAMP. Our results suggest that PAF104 affects the Pmk1 pathway by repression of the gene expression of MoMSB2, which encodes a sensing surface protein, and the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase MST11. The pathogenicity of M. oryzae was reduced after PAF104 treatment specifically blocking appressorium formation. Our results support PAF104 as a promising compound to control rice blast disease by blocking a specific target related to appressorium formation, a process essential for infection of rice leaves. Moreover, PAF104 is proposed as a lead compound to develop novel specific fungicides with improved properties.
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Zeitler B, Herrera Diaz A, Dangel A, Thellmann M, Meyer H, Sattler M, Lindermayr C. De-novo design of antimicrobial peptides for plant protection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71687. [PMID: 23951222 PMCID: PMC3741113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the de-novo design of peptides that inhibit a broad range of plant pathogens. Four structurally different groups of peptides were developed that differ in size and position of their charged and hydrophobic clusters and were assayed for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth and fungal spore germination. Several peptides are highly active at concentrations between 0,1 and 1 µg/ml against plant pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Importantly, no hemolytic activity could be detected for these peptides at concentrations up to 200 µg/ml. Moreover, the peptides are also active after spraying on the plant surface demonstrating a possible way of application. In sum, our designed peptides represent new antimicrobial agents and with the increasing demand for antimicrobial compounds for production of “healthy” food, these peptides might serve as templates for novel antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zeitler
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Ianiri G, Idnurm A, Wright SAI, Durán-Patrón R, Mannina L, Ferracane R, Ritieni A, Castoria R. Searching for genes responsible for patulin degradation in a biocontrol yeast provides insight into the basis for resistance to this mycotoxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3101-15. [PMID: 23455346 PMCID: PMC3623128 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03851-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin that contaminates pome fruits and derived products worldwide. Basidiomycete yeasts belonging to the subphylum Pucciniomycotina have been identified to have the ability to degrade this molecule efficiently and have been explored through different approaches to understand this degradation process. In this study, Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481 was found to be able to degrade patulin to form two different breakdown products, desoxypatulinic acid and (Z)-ascladiol. To gain insight into the genetic basis of tolerance and degradation of patulin, more than 3,000 transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertional mutants were generated in strain IAM 13481 and screened for the inability to degrade patulin using a bioassay based on the sensitivity of Escherichia coli to patulin. Thirteen mutants showing reduced growth in the presence of patulin were isolated and further characterized. Genes disrupted in patulin-sensitive mutants included homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YCK2, PAC2, DAL5, and VPS8. The patulin-sensitive mutants also exhibited hypersensitivity to reactive oxygen species as well as genotoxic and cell wall-destabilizing agents, suggesting that the inactivated genes are essential for tolerating and overcoming the initial toxicity of patulin. These results support a model whereby patulin degradation occurs through a multistep process that includes an initial tolerance to patulin that utilizes processes common to other external stresses, followed by two separate pathways for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ianiri
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - A. Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - S. A. I. Wright
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - R. Durán-Patrón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - L. Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica Annalaura Segre, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Ferracane
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli Federico II, Parco Gussone, Portici, Italy
| | - A. Ritieni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - R. Castoria
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Muñoz A, Harries E, Contreras-Valenzuela A, Carmona L, Read ND, Marcos JF. Two functional motifs define the interaction, internalization and toxicity of the cell-penetrating antifungal peptide PAF26 on fungal cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54813. [PMID: 23349973 PMCID: PMC3549957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic, cell penetrating hexapeptide PAF26 (RKKWFW) is antifungal at low micromolar concentrations and has been proposed as a model for cationic, cell-penetrating antifungal peptides. Its short amino acid sequence facilitates the analysis of its structure-activity relationships using the fungal models Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human and plant pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium digitatum, respectively. Previously, PAF26 at low fungicidal concentrations was shown to be endocytically internalized, accumulated in vacuoles and then actively transported into the cytoplasm where it exerts its antifungal activity. In the present study, two PAF26 derivatives, PAF95 (AAAWFW) and PAF96 (RKKAAA), were designed to characterize the roles of the N-terminal cationic and the C-terminal hydrophobic motifs in PAF26's mode-of-action. PAF95 and PAF96 exhibited substantially reduced antifungal activity against all the fungi analyzed. PAF96 localized to fungal cell envelopes and was not internalized by the fungi. In contrast, PAF95 was taken up into vacuoles of N. crassa, wherein it accumulated and was trapped without toxic effects. Also, the PAF26 resistant Δarg1 strain of S. cerevisiae exhibited increased PAF26 accumulation in vacuoles. Live-cell imaging of GFP-labelled nuclei in A. fumigatus showed that transport of PAF26 from the vacuole to the cytoplasm was followed by nuclear breakdown and dissolution. This work demonstrates that the amphipathic PAF26 possesses two distinct motifs that allow three stages in its antifungal action to be defined: (i) its interaction with the cell envelope; (ii) its internalization and transport to vacuoles mediated by the aromatic hydrophobic domain; and (iii) its transport from vacuoles to the cytoplasm. Significantly, cationic residues in PAF26 are important not only for the electrostatic attraction and interaction with the fungal cell but also for transport from the vacuole to the cytoplasm, which coincides with cell death. Peptide containment within vacuoles preserves fungal cells from peptide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Harries
- Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Lourdes Carmona
- Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nick D. Read
- Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JFM); (NDR)
| | - Jose F. Marcos
- Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (JFM); (NDR)
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Marcet-Houben M, Ballester AR, de la Fuente B, Harries E, Marcos JF, González-Candelas L, Gabaldón T. Genome sequence of the necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:646. [PMID: 23171342 PMCID: PMC3532085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penicillium digitatum is a fungal necrotroph causing a common citrus postharvest disease known as green mold. In order to gain insight into the genetic bases of its virulence mechanisms and its high degree of host-specificity, the genomes of two P. digitatum strains that differ in their antifungal resistance traits have been sequenced and compared with those of 28 other Pezizomycotina. RESULTS The two sequenced genomes are highly similar, but important differences between them include the presence of a unique gene cluster in the resistant strain, and mutations previously shown to confer fungicide resistance. The two strains, which were isolated in Spain, and another isolated in China have identical mitochondrial genome sequences suggesting a recent worldwide expansion of the species. Comparison with the closely-related but non-phytopathogenic P. chrysogenum reveals a much smaller gene content in P. digitatum, consistent with a more specialized lifestyle. We show that large regions of the P. chrysogenum genome, including entire supercontigs, are absent from P. digitatum, and that this is the result of large gene family expansions rather than acquisition through horizontal gene transfer. Our analysis of the P. digitatum genome is indicative of heterothallic sexual reproduction and reveals the molecular basis for the inability of this species to assimilate nitrate or produce the metabolites patulin and penicillin. Finally, we identify the predicted secretome, which provides a first approximation to the protein repertoire used during invasive growth. CONCLUSIONS The complete genome of P. digitatum, the first of a phytopathogenic Penicillium species, is a valuable tool for understanding the virulence mechanisms and host-specificity of this economically important pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marcet-Houben
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Beatriz de la Fuente
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Eleonora Harries
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
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Gopal R, Na H, Seo CH, Park Y. Antifungal activity of (KW)n or (RW)n peptide against Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15042-53. [PMID: 23203110 PMCID: PMC3509626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg) and tryptophan (Trp) are important for the antimicrobial effects of cationic peptides. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of antimicrobial peptides with various numbers of Lys (or Arg) and Trp repeats [(KW and RW)(n)-NH(2), where n equals 2, 3, 4, or 5]. Antifungal activities of these peptides increased with chain length. Light microscopy demonstrated that longer peptides (n = 4, 5) strongly inhibited in vitro growth of Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum, at 4-32 μM. Furthermore, longer peptides displayed potent fungicidal activities against a variety of agronomical important filamentous fungi, including F. solani and F. oxysporum, at their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). However, RW series peptides showed slightly higher fungicidal activities than KW peptides against the two strains. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that these short peptides would be good candidates for use as synthetic or transgenic antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramamourthy Gopal
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hyungjong Na
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Chang Ho Seo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
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22
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Nadal A, Montero M, Company N, Badosa E, Messeguer J, Montesinos L, Montesinos E, Pla M. Constitutive expression of transgenes encoding derivatives of the synthetic antimicrobial peptide BP100: impact on rice host plant fitness. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:159. [PMID: 22947243 PMCID: PMC3514116 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Biopeptide BP100 is a synthetic and strongly cationic α-helical undecapeptide with high, specific antibacterial activity against economically important plant-pathogenic bacteria, and very low toxicity. It was selected from a library of synthetic peptides, along with other peptides with activities against relevant bacterial and fungal species. Expression of the BP100 series of peptides in plants is of major interest to establish disease-resistant plants and facilitate molecular farming. Specific challenges were the small length, peptide degradation by plant proteases and toxicity to the host plant. Here we approached the expression of the BP100 peptide series in plants using BP100 as a proof-of-concept. RESULTS Our design considered up to three tandemly arranged BP100 units and peptide accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), analyzing five BP100 derivatives. The ER retention sequence did not reduce the antimicrobial activity of chemically synthesized BP100 derivatives, making this strategy possible. Transformation with sequences encoding BP100 derivatives (bp100der) was over ten-fold less efficient than that of the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hptII) transgene. The BP100 direct tandems did not show higher antimicrobial activity than BP100, and genetically modified (GM) plants constitutively expressing them were not viable. In contrast, inverted repeats of BP100, whether or not elongated with a portion of a natural antimicrobial peptide (AMP), had higher antimicrobial activity, and fertile GM rice lines constitutively expressing bp100der were produced. These GM lines had increased resistance to the pathogens Dickeya chrysanthemi and Fusarium verticillioides, and tolerance to oxidative stress, with agronomic performance comparable to untransformed lines. CONCLUSIONS Constitutive expression of transgenes encoding short cationic α-helical synthetic peptides can have a strong negative impact on rice fitness. However, GM plants expressing, for example, BP100 based on inverted repeats, have adequate agronomic performance and resistant phenotypes as a result of a complex equilibrium between bp100der toxicity to plant cells, antimicrobial activity and transgene-derived plant stress response. It is likely that these results can be extended to other peptides with similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nadal
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, EPS-1 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Montero
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, EPS-1 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Nuri Company
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, EPS-1 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, EPS-1 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquima Messeguer
- Plant Genetics Department, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Carretera de Cabrils, Km 2, 08348, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, EPS-1 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, EPS-1 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, EPS-1 17071, Girona, Spain
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Ballester AR, Teresa Lafuente M, González-Candelas L. Citrus phenylpropanoids and defence against pathogens. Part II: gene expression and metabolite accumulation in the response of fruits to Penicillium digitatum infection. Food Chem 2012; 136:285-91. [PMID: 23017425 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of infection of Citrus sinensis (var. Navelina) fruits with Penicillium digitatum was studied at gene expression and metabolite levels. In this study, expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway was studied in the flavedo (outer coloured part of the peel) and albedo (inner white part) in response to pathogen infection. Results of the time-course experiment showed that maximal expression of 10 out of 17 phenylpropanoid genes analysed occurred at 48h post-inoculation, when decay symptoms started to appear, and mRNA levels either kept constant or decreased after 72h post-inoculation. To further investigate the putative involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the defence of citrus fruit, changes in the metabolic profile of both tissues infected with P. digitatum was studied by means of HPLC-PDA-FD. Metabolite accumulation levels along the time course suggest that flavanones, flavones, polymethoxylated flavones and scoparone are induced in citrus fruit in response to P. digitatum infection, although with different trends depending on the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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Citrus phenylpropanoids and defence against pathogens. Part I: metabolic profiling in elicited fruits. Food Chem 2012; 136:178-85. [PMID: 23017410 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are among the major postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit. Induction of natural resistance in fruits constitutes one of the alternatives to chemical fungicides. Here, we investigated the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the induction of resistance in Navelate oranges by examining changes in the metabolic profile of upon eliciting citrus fruits. By using both HPLC-PDA-FD and HPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS allowed the identification of several compounds that seem to be relevant for induced resistance. In elicited fruits, a greater diversity of phenolic compounds was observed in the flavedo (outer coloured part of the peel) when compared to the albedo (inner white part). Moreover, only small changes were detected in the most abundant citrus flavonoids. The coumarin scoparone was among the compounds with the highest induction upon elicitation. Two other highly induced compounds were identified as citrusnin A and drupanin aldehyde. All three compounds are known to exert antimicrobial activity. Our results suggest that phenylpropanoids and their derivatives play an important role in the induction of resistance in citrus fruit.
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25
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Gandía M, Harries E, Marcos JF. Identification and characterization of chitin synthase genes in the postharvest citrus fruit pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:654-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ballester AR, Lafuente MT, Forment J, Gadea J, De Vos RCH, Bovy AG, González-Candelas L. Transcriptomic profiling of citrus fruit peel tissues reveals fundamental effects of phenylpropanoids and ethylene on induced resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:879-97. [PMID: 21726388 PMCID: PMC6640524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are the major postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit in Mediterranean climatic regions. The induction of natural resistance constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to avoid the environmental contamination and health problems caused by chemical fungicides. To understand the bases of the induction of resistance in citrus fruit against Penicillium digitatum, we have used a 12k citrus cDNA microarray to study transcriptional changes in the outer and inner parts of the peel (flavedo and albedo, respectively) of elicited fruits. The elicitor treatment led to an over-representation of biological processes associated with secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids and cellular amino acid biosynthesis and methionine metabolism, and the down-regulation of genes related to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among phenylpropanoids, we detected the over-expression of a large subset of genes important for the synthesis of flavonoids, coumarins and lignin, especially in the internal tissue. Furthermore, these genes and those of ethylene biosynthesis showed the highest induction. The involvement of both phenylpropanoid and ethylene pathways was confirmed by examining changes in gene expression and ethylene production in elicited citrus fruit. Therefore, global results indicate that secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids, and ethylene play important roles in the induction of resistance in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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27
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Semlali A, Leung KP, Curt S, Rouabhia M. Antimicrobial decapeptide KSL-W attenuates Candida albicans virulence by modulating its effects on Toll-like receptor, human β-defensin, and cytokine expression by engineered human oral mucosa. Peptides 2011; 32:859-67. [PMID: 21291939 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the toxicity of synthetic antimicrobial decapeptide KSL-W on normal human gingival epithelial cell cultures, its effect on Candida albicans adhesion and growth, and the activation of epithelial cell innate immunity. Our results indicate that KSL-W had no toxic effect on cell adhesion or growth, suggesting its safe use with human cells. Pre-treating C. albicans with KSL-W attenuated the yeast's virulence as demonstrated by its reduced adhesion and growth on engineered human oral mucosa epithelium and the subsequent decreased expression of some innate defense molecules by targeted epithelial cells. Indeed, the expression of Toll-like receptors and human β-defensins was reduced in tissues infected with KSL-W-treated Candida. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β and IL-6) by the epithelial cells was also regulated by KSL-W in a manner similar to that of antifungal molecule amphotericin B. These findings therefore show that KSL-W is safe for use with human cells and is able to attenuate Candida virulence by modulating its effects on host innate immunity. This study proposes the potential application of KSL-W peptide as an alternative antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Semlali
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Sagaram US, Pandurangi R, Kaur J, Smith TJ, Shah DM. Structure-activity determinants in antifungal plant defensins MsDef1 and MtDef4 with different modes of action against Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18550. [PMID: 21533249 PMCID: PMC3076432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant defensins are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial proteins. Their three-dimensional structures are similar in that they consist of an α-helix and three anti-parallel β-strands stabilized by four disulfide bonds. Plant defensins MsDef1 and MtDef4 are potent inhibitors of the growth of several filamentous fungi including Fusarium graminearum. However, they differ markedly in their antifungal properties as well as modes of antifungal action. MsDef1 induces prolific hyperbranching of fungal hyphae, whereas MtDef4 does not. Both defensins contain a highly conserved γ-core motif (GXCX3–9C), a hallmark signature present in the disulfide-stabilized antimicrobial peptides, composed of β2 and β3 strands and the interposed loop. The γ-core motifs of these two defensins differ significantly in their primary amino acid sequences and in their net charge. In this study, we have found that the major determinants of the antifungal activity and morphogenicity of these defensins reside in their γ-core motifs. The MsDef1-γ4 variant in which the γ-core motif of MsDef1 was replaced by that of MtDef4 was almost as potent as MtDef4 and also failed to induce hyperbranching of fungal hyphae. Importantly, the γ-core motif of MtDef4 alone was capable of inhibiting fungal growth, but that of MsDef1 was not. The analysis of synthetic γ-core variants of MtDef4 indicated that the cationic and hydrophobic amino acids were important for antifungal activity. Both MsDef1 and MtDef4 induced plasma membrane permeabilization; however, kinetic studies revealed that MtDef4 was more efficient in permeabilizing fungal plasma membrane than MsDef1. Furthermore, the in vitro antifungal activity of MsDef1, MsDef1-γ4, MtDef4 and peptides derived from the γ-core motif of each defensin was not solely dependent on their ability to permeabilize the fungal plasma membrane. The data reported here indicate that the γ-core motif defines the unique antifungal properties of each defensin and may facilitate de novo design of more potent antifungal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Shankar Sagaram
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dilip M. Shah
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Izgu DA, Kepekci RA, Izgu F. Inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum in vitro and in planta with Panomycocin, a novel exo-β-1,3-glucanase isolated from Pichia anomala NCYC 434. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:85-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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González-Candelas L, Alamar S, Sánchez-Torres P, Zacarías L, Marcos JF. A transcriptomic approach highlights induction of secondary metabolism in citrus fruit in response to Penicillium digitatum infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:194. [PMID: 20807411 PMCID: PMC2956543 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postharvest losses of citrus fruit due to green mold decay, caused by the fungus Penicillium digitaum, have a considerable economic impact. However, little is known about the molecular processes underlying the response of citrus fruit to P. digitatum. RESULTS Here we describe the construction of a subtracted cDNA library enriched in citrus genes preferentially expressed in response to pathogen infection followed by cDNA macroarray hybridization to investigate gene expression during the early stages of colonization of the fruit's peel by P. digitatum. Sequence annotation of clones from the subtracted cDNA library revealed that induction of secondary and amino acid metabolisms constitutes the major response of citrus fruits to P. digitatum infection. Macroarray hybridization analysis was conducted with RNA from either control, wounded, ethylene treated or P. digitatum infected fruit. Results indicate an extensive overlap in the response triggered by the three treatments, but also demonstrated specific patterns of gene expression in response to each stimulus. Collectively our data indicate a significant presence of isoprenoid, alkaloid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes in the transcriptomic response of citrus fruits to P. digitatum infection. About half of the genes that are up-regulated in response to pathogen infection are also induced by ethylene, but many examples of ethylene-independent gene regulation were also found. Two notable examples of this regulation pattern are the genes showing homology to a caffeine synthase and a berberine bridge enzyme, two proteins involved in alkaloid biosynthesis, which are among the most induced genes upon P. digitatum infection but are not responsive to ethylene. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first global picture of the gene expression changes in citrus fruit in response to P. digitatum infection, emphasizing differences and commonalities with those triggered by wounding or exogenous ethylene treatment. Interpretation of the differentially expressed genes revealed that metabolism is redirected to the synthesis of isoprenes, alkaloids and phenylpropanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis González-Candelas
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E46100-Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Alamar
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E46100-Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E46100-Valencia, Spain
- Insituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km. 4,5. Moncada, E46113-Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E46100-Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E46100-Valencia, Spain
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Sporicidal activity of synthetic antifungal undecapeptides and control of Penicillium rot of apples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5563-9. [PMID: 19617390 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00711-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of cecropin A(2-8)-melittin(6-9) hybrid undecapeptides, previously reported as active against plant pathogenic bacteria, was studied. A set of 15 sequences was screened in vitro against Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Most compounds were highly active against F. oxysporum (MIC < 2.5 microM) but were less active against the other fungi. The best peptides were studied for their sporicidal activity and for Sytox green uptake in F. oxysporum microconidia. A significant inverse linear relationship was observed between survival and fluorescence, indicating membrane disruption. Next, we evaluated the in vitro activity against P. expansum of a 125-member peptide library with the general structure R-X(1)KLFKKILKX(10)L-NH(2), where X(1) and X(10) corresponded to amino acids with various degrees of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity and R included different N-terminal derivatizations. Fifteen sequences with MICs below 12.5 muM were identified. The most active compounds were BP21 {Ac,F,V} and BP34 {Ac,L,V} (MIC < 6.25 microM), where the braces denote R, X(1), and X(10) positions and where Ac is an acetyl group. The peptides had sporicidal activity against P. expansum conidia. Seven of these peptides were tested in vivo by evaluating their preventative effect of inhibition of P. expansum infection in apple fruits. The peptide Ts-FKLFKKILKVL-NH(2) (BP22), where Ts is a tosyl group, was the most active with an average efficacy of 56% disease reduction, which was slightly lower than that of a commercial formulation of the fungicide imazalil.
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Akerey B, Le-Lay C, Fliss I, Subirade M, Rouabhia M. In vitro efficacy of nisin Z against Candida albicans adhesion and transition following contact with normal human gingival cells. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1298-307. [PMID: 19486401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the nisin Z innocuity using normal human gingival fibroblast and epithelial cell cultures, and its synergistic effect with these gingival cells against Candida albicans adhesion and transition from blastospore to hyphal form. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells were cultured to 80% confluence and infected with C. albicans in the absence or presence of various concentrations of nisin Z. Our results indicate that only high concentrations of nisin Z promoted gingival cell detachment and differentiation. Determination of the LD(50) showed that the fibroblasts were able to tolerate up to 80 microg ml(-1) for 24 h, dropping thereafter to 62 mug ml(-1) after 72 h of contact, compared to 160 microg ml(-1) after 24 h, and 80 microg ml(-1) after 72 h recorded by the gingival epithelial cells which displayed a greater resistance to nisin Z. The use of nisin Z even at low concentration (25 microg ml(-1)) at appropriate concentrations with gingival cells significantly reduced C. albicans adhesion to gingival monolayer cultures and inhibited the yeast's transition. CONCLUSION These findings show that when used at non-toxic levels for human cells, nisin Z can be effective against C. albicans adhesion and transition and may synergistically interact with gingival cells for an efficient resistance against C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study suggests the potential usefulness of nisin Z as an antifungal agent, when used in an appropriate range.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Akerey
- Groupe de recherché en écologie buccale, Pavillon de Médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4., Canada
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Le Lay C, Akerey B, Fliss I, Subirade M, Rouabhia M. Nisin Z inhibits the growth ofCandida albicansand its transition from blastospore to hyphal form. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1630-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Montesinos E, Bardají E. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides as agricultural pesticides for plant-disease control. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1225-37. [PMID: 18649311 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a need of antimicrobial compounds in agriculture for plant-disease control, with low toxicity and reduced negative environmental impact. Antimicrobial peptides are produced by living organisms and offer strong possibilities in agriculture because new compounds can be developed based on natural structures with improved properties of activity, specificity, biodegradability, and toxicity. Design of new molecules has been achieved using combinatorial-chemistry procedures coupled to high-throughput screening systems and data processing with design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology to obtain QSAR equation models and optimized compounds. Upon selection of best candidates with low cytotoxicity and moderate stability to protease digestion, anti-infective activity has been evaluated in plant-pathogen model systems. Suitable compounds have been submitted to acute toxicity testing in higher organisms and exhibited a low toxicity profile in a mouse model. Large-scale production can be achieved by solution organic or chemoenzymatic procedures in the case of very small peptides, but, in many cases, production can be performed by biotechnological methods using genetically modified microorganisms (fermentation) or transgenic crops (plant biofactories).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-18071 Girona.
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Liu Z, Dong S, Xu J, Zeng M, Song H, Zhao Y. Production of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide by digestion of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with alcalase and bromelin. Food Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marcos JF, Muñoz A, Pérez-Payá E, Misra S, López-García B. Identification and rational design of novel antimicrobial peptides for plant protection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:273-301. [PMID: 18439131 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.121307.094843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and small proteins exhibiting antimicrobial activity have been isolated from many organisms ranging from insects to humans, including plants. Their role in defense is established, and their use in agriculture was already being proposed shortly after their discovery. However, some natural peptides have undesirable properties that complicate their application. Advances in peptide synthesis and high-throughput activity screening have made possible the de novo and rational design of novel peptides with improved properties. This review summarizes findings in the identification and design of short antimicrobial peptides with activity against plant pathogens, and will discuss alternatives for their heterologous production suited to plant disease control. Recent studies suggest that peptide antimicrobial action is not due solely to microbe permeation as previously described, but that more subtle factors might account for the specificity and absence of toxicity of some peptides. The elucidation of the mode of action and interaction with microbes will assist the improvement of peptide design with a view to targeting specific problems in agriculture and providing new tools for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Marcos
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-CSIC, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Badosa E, Ferre R, Planas M, Feliu L, Besalú E, Cabrefiga J, Bardají E, Montesinos E. A library of linear undecapeptides with bactericidal activity against phytopathogenic bacteria. Peptides 2007; 28:2276-85. [PMID: 17980935 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 125-member library of synthetic linear undecapeptides was prepared based on a previously described peptide H-K(1)KLFKKILKF(10)L-NH(2) (BP76) that inhibited in vitro growth of the plant pathogenic bacteria Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae at low micromolar concentrations. Peptides were designed using a combinatorial chemistry approach by incorporating amino acids possessing various degrees of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity at positions 1 and 10 and by varying the N-terminus. Library screening for in vitro growth inhibition identified 27, 40 and 113 sequences with MIC values below 7.5 microM against E. amylovora, P. syringae and X. axonopodis, respectively. Cytotoxicity, bactericidal activity and stability towards protease degradation of the most active peptides were also determined. Seven peptides with a good balance between antibacterial and hemolytic activities were identified. Several analogues displayed a bactericidal effect and low susceptibility to protease degradation. The most promising peptides were tested in vivo by evaluating their preventive effect of inhibition of E. amylovora infection in detached apple and pear flowers. The peptide H-KKLFKKILKYL-NH(2) (BP100) showed efficacies in flowers of 63-76% at 100 microM, being more potent than BP76 and only less effective than streptomycin, currently used for fire blight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Badosa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-CeRTA, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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Muñoz A, López-García B, Marcos JF. Comparative study of antimicrobial peptides to control citrus postharvest decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8170-6. [PMID: 17867640 DOI: 10.1021/jf0718143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the in vitro efficacy and in vivo potential of eight distinct short antimicrobial peptides to control the postharvest green mold disease of oranges caused by the fungus Penicillium digitatum. The L-amino acid versions of the four peptides PAF26, PAF38, PAF40, and BM0, previously obtained by combinatorial approaches, were examined. The study included two antibacterial peptides formerly identified by rational design, BP15 and BP76, and it is demonstrated that they also have in vitro antifungal properties. The natural antimicrobial peptides melittin and indolicidin were also selected for comparison, due to their well-known properties and modes of action. In vitro and in vivo results indicated differential behaviors among peptides, regarding the inhibitory potency in growth media, selectivity against distinct microorganisms, fungicidal activity towards nongerminated conidia of P. digitatum, and efficacy in fruit inoculation assays. Interestingly, a high in vitro inhibitory activity did not necessarily associate with an effective control of fruit infection by P. digitatum. The short tryptophan-rich cationic peptides PAF26, PAF38, PAF40, and BM0 were lethal to conidia of P. digitatum, and this property is correlated with better protection in the decay control test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Muñoz A, López-García B, Pérez-Payá E, Marcos JF. Antimicrobial properties of derivatives of the cationic tryptophan-rich hexapeptide PAF26. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:172-7. [PMID: 17222805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Short antimicrobial peptides represent an alternative to fight pathogen infections. PAF26 is a hexapeptide identified previously by a combinatorial approach against the fungus Penicillium digitatum and shows antimicrobial properties towards certain phytopathogenic fungi. In this work, PAF26 was used as lead compound and its properties were compared with two series of derivatives, obtained by either systematic alanine substitution or N-terminal amino acid addition. The alanine scan approach underlined the optimized sequence of PAF26 in terms of potency and permeation capability, and also the higher contribution of the cationic residues to these properties. The N-terminal addition of amino acids resulted in new heptapeptides with variations in their antimicrobial characteristics, and very low cytolysis to human red blood cells. Positive (Arg or Lys) and aromatic (Phe or Trp) residue addition increased broad spectrum activity of PAF26. Noteworthy, addition of selected residues had specific effects on the properties of derivatives of PAF26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Qin G, Tian S, Chan Z, Li B. Crucial role of antioxidant proteins and hydrolytic enzymes in pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum: analysis based on proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 6:425-38. [PMID: 17194899 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600179-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum, a widespread filamentous fungus, is a major causative agent of fruit decay and may lead to the production of mycotoxin that causes harmful effects on human health. In this study, we compared the cellular and extracellular proteomes of P. expansum in the absence and presence of borate, which affects the virulence of the fungal pathogen. The differentially expressed proteins were identified using ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Several proteins related to stress response (glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and heat shock protein 60) and basic metabolism (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, and arginase) were identified in the cellular proteome. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase, the two antioxidant enzymes, exhibited reduced levels of expression upon exposure to borate. Because catalase and glutathione S-transferase are related to oxidative stress response, we further investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and oxidative protein carbonylation (damaged proteins) in P. expansum. Higher amounts of ROS and carbonylated proteins were observed after borate treatment, indicating that catalase and glutathione S-transferase are important in scavenging ROS and protecting cellular proteins from oxidative damage. Additionally to find secretory proteins that contribute to the virulence, we studied the extracellular proteome of P. expansum under stress condition with reduced virulence. The expression of three protein spots were repressed in the presence of borate and identified as the same hydrolytic enzyme, polygalacturonase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Muñoz A, López-García B, Marcos JF. Studies on the mode of action of the antifungal hexapeptide PAF26. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3847-55. [PMID: 17065623 PMCID: PMC1635192 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00650-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small antimicrobial peptide PAF26 (Ac-RKKWFW-NH(2)) has been identified by a combinatorial approach and shows preferential activity toward filamentous fungi. In this work, we investigated the mode of action and inhibitory effects of PAF26 on the fungus Penicillium digitatum. The dye Sytox Green was used to demonstrate that PAF26 induced cell permeation. However, microscopic observations showed that sub-MIC concentrations of PAF26 produced both alterations of hyphal morphology (such as altered polar growth and branching) and chitin deposition in areas of no detectable permeation. Analysis of dose-response curves of inhibition and permeation suggested that growth inhibition is not solely a consequence of permeation. In order to shed light on the mode of PAF26 action, its antifungal properties were compared with those of melittin, a well-known pore-forming peptide that kills through cytolysis. While the 50% inhibitory concentrations and MICs of the two peptides against P. digitatum mycelium were comparable, they differed markedly in their fungicidal activities toward conidia and their hemolytic activities toward human red blood cells. Kinetic studies showed that melittin quickly induced Penicillium cell permeation, while PAF26-induced Sytox Green uptake was significantly slower and less efficient. Therefore, the ultimate growth inhibition and morphological alterations induced by PAF26 for P. digitatum are not likely a result of conventional pore formation. Fluorescently labeled PAF26 was used to demonstrate its specific in vivo interaction and translocation inside germ tubes and hyphal cells, at concentrations as low as 0.3 muM (20 times below the MIC), at which no inhibitory, morphological, or permeation effects were observed. Interestingly, internalized PAF26 could bind to cellular RNAs, since in vitro nonspecific RNA binding activity of PAF26 was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We propose that PAF26 is a short, de novo-designed penetratin-type peptide that has multiple detrimental effects on target fungi, which ultimately result in permeation and killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain.
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Muñoz A, Marcos JF. Activity and mode of action against fungal phytopathogens of bovine lactoferricin-derived peptides. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:1199-207. [PMID: 17105549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the activity against fungal phytopathogens of two synthetic peptides derived from the protein bovine lactoferricin: the antibacterial active core of six amino acid residues (LfcinB(20-25)) and an extension of 15 amino acids (LfcinB(17-31)). METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro activity against fungal pathogens was determined and compared with that against model micro-organisms. Activity was demonstrated against fungi of agronomic relevance. Distinct antimicrobial properties in vitro were found for the two peptides. LfcinB(17-31) had growth inhibitory activity higher than LfcinB(20-25). However, LfcinB(17-31) was not fungicidal to quiescent conidia of Penicillium digitatum at the concentrations assayed, while LfcinB(20-25) killed conidia more efficiently. Microscopical observations showed that the mycelium of P. digitatum treated with LfcinB(17-31) developed alterations of growth, sporulation and chitin deposition, and permeation of hyphal cells. In experimental inoculations of mandarins, both peptides showed limited protective effect against the disease caused by P. digitatum. CONCLUSIONS LfcinB(20-25) and LfcinB(17-31) peptides were shown to have antimicrobial activity against plant pathogenic filamentous fungi, with distinct properties and mode of action. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY LfcinB(20-25) and LfcinB(17-31) peptides offer novel alternatives to develop resistant plants by molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA) - CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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Castoria R, Morena V, Caputo L, Panfili G, De Curtis F, De Cicco V. Effect of the Biocontrol Yeast Rhodotorula glutinis Strain LS11 on Patulin Accumulation in Stored Apples. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2005; 95:1271-1278. [PMID: 18943357 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-95-1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Contamination of apples (Malus domestica) and derived juices with fungicide residues and patulin produced by Penicillium expansum are major issues of food safety. Biocontrol agents represent an alternative or supplement to chemicals for disease control. Our data show that these microbes could also contribute to actively decreasing patulin accumulation in apples. Three biocontrol agents, Rhodotorula glutinis LS11, Cryptococcus laurentii LS28, and Aureobasidium pullulans LS30, were examined for their in vitro growth in the presence of patulin and for their capability to decrease mycotoxin recovery from the medium. Strain LS11 yielded the highest growth rates and the greatest decrease of toxin recoveries. Further, it caused the appearance of two major spots on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates, suggesting possible metabolization of the mycotoxin. In vivo, i.e., in the low percentage of LS11-pretreated apples infected by P. expansum, patulin accumulation was significantly lower than in nontreated infected fruits. Yeast cells survived and increased in infected apples and, in a model system emulating decaying apple, resulted in accelerated breakdown of patulin and the production of the same TLC spots as those detected in vitro. These data suggest that biocontrol yeast cells surviving in decaying apples could metabolize patulin and/or negatively affect its accumulation or synthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the effect of a biocontrol agent on patulin accumulation in vivo.
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Marcos JF, González-Candelas L, Zacarías L. Involvement of ethylene biosynthesis and perception in the susceptibility of citrus fruits to Penicillium digitatum infection and the accumulation of defence-related mRNAs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2183-93. [PMID: 15983011 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits infected with the fungus Penicillium digitatum substantially increase the production of the plant hormone ethylene. In this study, the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in Citrus sinensis-infected fruits and its putative involvement in an active defence response against P. digitatum infection is examined. Ethylene production is demonstrated as being the result of the co-ordinated and differential up-regulation of at least three ethylene biosynthetic genes: ACS1, ACS2, and ACO. Blocking ethylene perception by 1-MCP resulted in an increased ethylene production and ACS2 expression during infection and mechanical wounding, suggesting that this gene is negatively regulated by ethylene. ACO expression was induced by ethylene in the absence of wounding or infection, although further results indicate that its induction during the course of infection may not be primarily mediated by ethylene. Treatment with 1-MCP also increased susceptibility to Penicillium decay, showing an involvement of ethylene perception in promoting defence responses in citrus fruits. The changes in the expression of two defence-related genes up-regulated during infection were also studied: the ones coding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and an acidic class II chitinase (ACR311). The onset of PAL expression after mechanical wounding or inoculation was not changed in 1-MCP-pretreated fruits, while its later increase during the course of infection was abolished. Chitinase gene induction was more related to mechanical damage and was partially repressed by ethylene. These studies indicate distinct possible regulatory mechanisms of plant fruit defence genes in the context of fungal infection and ethylene perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Marcos
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain.
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López-García B, Marcos JF, Abad C, Pérez-Payá E. Stabilisation of mixed peptide/lipid complexes in selective antifungal hexapeptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1660:131-7. [PMID: 14757228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The design of antimicrobial peptides could have benefited from structural studies of known peptides having specific activity against target microbes, but not toward other microorganisms. We have previously reported the identification of a series of peptides (PAF-series) active against certain postharvest fungal phytopathogens, and devoid of toxicity towards E. coli and S. cerevisiae [López-García et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (2002) 2453]. The peptides inhibited the conidia germination and hyphal growth. Here, we present a comparative structural characterisation of selected PAF peptides obtained by single-amino-acid replacement, which differ in biological activity. The peptides were characterised in solution using fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies. Membrane and membrane mimetic-peptide interactions and the lipid-bound structures were studied using fluorescence with the aid of extrinsic fluorescent probes that allowed the identification of mixed peptide/lipid complexes. A direct correlation was found between the capability of complex formation and antifungal activity. These studies provide a putative structural basis for the mechanism of action of selective antifungal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén López-García
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
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Schirra M, Delogu G, Cabras P, Angioni A, D'hallewin G, Veyrat A, Marcos JF, Candelas LG. Complexation of imazalil with beta-cyclodextrin, residue uptake, persistence, and activity against penicillium decay in citrus fruit following postharvest dip treatments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:6790-6797. [PMID: 12405777 DOI: 10.1021/jf020542v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method for the inclusion of imazalil (IMZ) in the beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD), structural characterization of the inclusion complex and its antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum assessed by in vitro and in vivo tests are reported. According to the starting stoichiometry of betaCD with respect to IMZ, an equimolar ratio beta-cyclodextrin-IMZ (betaCD-IMZ) was detected by (1)H NMR. In vitro assays showed that the freshly prepared betaCD-IMZ was as effective as IMZ, although 1- and 4-day-old betaCD-IMZ mixtures were more effective. Studies on Star Ruby grapefruit showed no significant differences in residue uptake between treatments with an IMZ commercially available fungicide (Deccozil) or betaCD-IMZ when equal active ingredient (a.i.) concentrations (250 mg/L) and dip temperatures (20 or 50 degrees C) were used. By contrast, treatments of Tarocco oranges and Di Massa lemons with 250 mg/L betaCD-IMZ at 50 degrees C produced significant differences in residue uptake in comparison with 250 mg/L Deccozil treatments at 50 degrees C. The a.i. degradation rate in grapefruit during postquarantine and simulated marketing period (SMP) at 20 degrees C was not affected by the type of formulation used, whether at 20 or 50 degrees C. Conversely, IMZ in oranges and lemons had greater persistence when applied at 50 degrees C. All fungicide treatments showed a comparable efficacy against decay in grapefruit and oranges, whereas treatment in lemons at 250 mg/L a.i. of heated fungicides had higher suppressive effects against decay than unheated chemicals having equal a.i. concentrations and comparable activity at 1200 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schirra
- C. N. R. - Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Sezione di Sassari, Località Palloni, Nuraxinieddu, 09170 Oristano, Italy.
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47
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González-Navarro H, Mora P, Pastor M, Serrano L, Mingarro I, Pérez-Payá E. Identification of peptides that neutralize bacterial endotoxins using beta-hairpin conformationally restricted libraries. Mol Divers 2002; 5:117-26. [PMID: 12197068 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016207717213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins are the major mediator of septic shock; therefore, endotoxin-neutralizing molecules could have biomedical applications. The septic shock cascade relies in a series of molecular recognition processes. The large contact-surface described for the interacting macromolecules, in most cases, prevents the identification of small molecules that could modulate such recognition events. Here we report on a beta-hairpin conformationally restricted combinatorial library that has been generated and screened towards the identification of new peptides that neutralize bacterial endotoxins. Starting with a de novo designed linear peptide that shows a beta-hairpin structure population of around 30%, (Ramirez-Alvarado, M., Blanco, F. J. and Serrano, L. Nat. Struc. Biol., 7, 604-612 (1996)), we selected four positions to build up a combinatorial library of 20(4) sequences. Deconvolution of the library reduced such a sequence complexity to 8 defined sequences. The newly identified peptides have a biological activity equivalent to that reported for peptides derived from natural endotoxin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H González-Navarro
- Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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48
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Gonzalez CF, Provin EM, Zhu L, Ebbole DJ. Independent and Synergistic Activity of Synthetic Peptides Against Thiabendazole-Resistant Fusarium sambucinum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2002; 92:917-924. [PMID: 18942972 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.8.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two heptapeptides with broad antifungal activity were identified and assessed for their ability to act synergistically with thiabendazole. The hexapeptide 66-10 was the progenitor of the heptapeptides and exhibited minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 9.3 to 9.8 mug/ml for thiabendazole (TBZ) resistant Fusarium sambucinum strains (MIC of 186 to 312 mug/ml). Heptapeptide derivatives 77-3 and 77-12 exhibited MICs between 3.8 and 7.5 mug/ml against the same strains. Incubation of conidia or mycelia with the peptide 77-3 showed that treated fungal structures were stained by the membrane impermeant dye SYTOX Green indicating disruption of membranes. Conidia incubated with peptide 77-3 at 10 mug/ml showed a 91 +/- 3.6% reduction in viability in 15 min. A checkerboard method was used to test the peptides and TBZ individually and in combination to determine potential synergistic activity. The results indicate that small peptides can act synergistically with TBZ against TBZ-resistant F. sambucinum.
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49
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López-García B, Pérez-Payá E, Marcos JF. Identification of novel hexapeptides bioactive against phytopathogenic fungi through screening of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2453-60. [PMID: 11976121 PMCID: PMC127571 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.5.2453-2460.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to improve the antifungal activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi of the previously identified hexapeptide PAF19. We describe some properties of a set of novel synthetic hexapeptides whose D-amino acid sequences were obtained through screening of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library in a positional scanning format. As a result of the screening, 12 putative bioactive peptides were identified, synthesized, and assayed. The peptides PAF26 (Ac-rkkwfw-NH(2)), PAF32 (Ac-rkwhfw-NH(2)), and PAF34 (Ac-rkwlfw-NH(2)) showed stronger activity than PAF19 against isolates of Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, and Botrytis cinerea. PAF26 and PAF32, but not PAF34, were also active against Fusarium oxysporum. Penicillium expansum was less susceptible to all four PAF peptides, and only PAF34 showed weak activity against it. Assays were also conducted on nontarget organisms, and PAF26 and PAF32 showed much-reduced toxicity to Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, demonstrating selectivity towards certain filamentous fungi. Thus, the data showed distinct activity profiles for peptides differentiated by just one or two residue substitutions. Our conclusion from this observation is that a specificity factor is involved in the activity of these short peptides. Furthermore, PAF26 and PAF32 displayed activities against P. digitatum, P. italicum, and B. cinerea similar to that of the hemolytic 26-amino acid melittin, but they did not show the high toxicity of melittin towards bacteria and yeasts. The four peptides acted additively, with no synergistic interactions among them, and PAF26 was shown to have improved activity over PAF19 in in vivo orange fruit decay experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén López-García
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-CSIC, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
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50
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van der Biezen EA. Quest for antimicrobial genes to engineer disease-resistant crops. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2001; 6:89-91. [PMID: 11239592 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are ancient mediators of the innate defenses of all species of life. These small lytic peptides are being exploited to genetically engineer disease-resistant crop plants. It is anticipated that certain (combinations of) potent antimicrobial peptides will provide agronomically relevant levels of disease control and should contribute to more sustainable agricultural practices.
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