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Khan A, Haris M, Hussain T, Khan AA, Laasli SE, Lahlali R, Mokrini F. Counter-attack of biocontrol agents: Environmentally benign Approaches against Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on Agricultural crops. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21653. [PMID: 37954375 PMCID: PMC10632526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate sedentary endoparasites, considered severe crop-damaging taxa among all plant-parasitic nematodes globally. Their attacks through parasitic proteins alter the physiology and machinery of the host cells to favour parasitism and reduction in crop yield. Currently, the use of excessive pesticides as a fast remedy to manage this pest is hazardous for both the environment and humans. Keeping this view in mind, there is an urgent need for developing efficient eco-friendly strategies. Bio-control as an eco-friendly is considered the best approach to manage nematodes without disturbing non-target microbes. In bio-control, living agents such as fungi and bacteria are the natural enemies of nematodes and the best substitute for pesticides. Fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi, can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices viz., constricting rings and adhesive knobs/loops, to capture nematodes and kill them. Whereas, endo-parasitic fungi kill nematodes by enzymatic secretions and spore adhesion through their hyphae. Bacteria can also control nematodes by producing antibiotic compounds, competing for nutrients and rhizosphere, production of hydrolytic enzymes viz., chitinases, proteases, lipases, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Scientists throughout the world are trying to evolve environmentally benign methods that sustain agricultural production and keep nematodes below a threshold level. Whatever methods evolve, in the future the focus should be on important aspects like green approaches for managing nematodes without disturbing human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, INRA-Morocco, Rabat, Morocco
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Jan R, Kim N, Asaf S, Lubna, Asif S, Du XX, Kim EG, Jang YH, Kim KM. OsCM regulates rice defence system in response to UV light supplemented with drought stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:902-914. [PMID: 37641387 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Studies on plant responses to combined abiotic stresses are very limited, especially in major crop plants. The current study evaluated the response of chorismate mutase overexpressor (OxCM) rice line to combined UV light and drought stress. The experiments were conducted in pots in a growth chamber, and data were assessed for gene expression, antioxidant and hormone regulation, flavonoid accumulation, phenotypic variation, and amino acid accumulation. Wild-type (WT) rice had reduced the growth and vigour, while transgenic rice maintained growth and vigour under combined UV light and drought stress. ROS and lipid peroxidation analysis revealed that chorismate mutase (OsCM) reduced oxidative stress mediated by ROS scavenging and reduced lipid peroxidation. The combined stresses reduced biosynthesis of total flavonoids, kaempferol and quercetin in WT plants, but increased significantly in plants with OxCM. Phytohormone analysis showed that SA was reduced by 50% in WT and 73% in transgenic plants, while ABA was reduced by 22% in WT plants but increased to 129% in transgenic plants. Expression of chorismate mutase regulates phenylalanine biosynthesis, UV light and drought stress-responsive genes, e.g., phenylalanine ammonia lyase (OsPAL), dehydrin (OsDHN), dehydration-responsive element-binding (OsDREB), ras-related protein 7 (OsRab7), ultraviolet-B resistance 8 (OsUVR8), WRKY transcription factor 89 (OsWRKY89) and tryptophan synthase alpha chain (OsTSA). Moreover, OsCM also increases accumulation of free amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and proline) and sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) ions in response to the combined stresses. Together, these results suggest that chorismate mutase expression induces physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that enhance rice tolerance to combined UV light and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jan
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - N Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Asaf
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lubna
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - S Asif
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - X-X Du
- Biosafty Division, National Academy of Agriculture Science, Rural Development, Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - E-G Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Y-H Jang
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - K-M Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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3
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Kumar A, Fitoussi N, Sanadhya P, Sichov N, Bucki P, Bornstein M, Belausuv E, Brown Miyara S. Two Candidate Meloidogyne javanica Effector Genes, MjShKT and MjPUT3: A Functional Investigation of Their Roles in Regulating Nematode Parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:79-94. [PMID: 36324054 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0212-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During parasitism, root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. inject molecules termed effectors that have multifunctional roles in construction and maintenance of nematode feeding sites. As an outcome of transcriptomic analysis of Meloidogyne javanica, we identified and characterized two differentially expressed genes encoding the predicted proteins MjShKT, carrying a Stichodactyla toxin (ShKT) domain, and MjPUT3, carrying a ground-like domain, both expressed during nematode parasitism of the tomato plant. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization revealed expression of MjShKT and MjPUT3 in the dorsal esophageal glands, suggesting their injection into host cells. MjShKT expression was upregulated during the parasitic life stages, to a maximum at the mature female stage, whereas MjPUT3 expression increased in third- to fourth-stage juveniles. Subcellular in-planta localization of MjShKT and MjPUT3 using a fused fluorescence marker indicated MjShKT co-occurrence with the endoplasmic reticulum, the perinuclear endoplasmatic reticulum, and the Golgi organelle markers, while MjPUT3 localized, to some extent, within the endoplasmatic reticulum and was clearly observed within the nucleoplasm. MjShKT inhibited programmed cell death induced by overexpression of MAPKKKα and Gpa2/RBP-1. Overexpression of MjShKT in tomato hairy roots allowed an increase in nematode reproduction, as indicated by the high number of eggs produced on roots overexpressing MjShKT. Roots overexpressing MjPUT3 were characterized by enhanced root growth, with no effect on nematode development on those roots. Investigation of the two candidate effectors suggested that MjShKT is mainly involved in manipulating the plant effector-triggered immune response toward establishment and maintenance of active feeding sites, whereas MjPUT3 might modulate roots morphology in favor of nematode fitness in the host roots. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Payal Sanadhya
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Natalia Sichov
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Menachem Bornstein
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausuv
- Department of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Sigal Brown Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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5
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Mejias J, Chen Y, Bazin J, Truong NM, Mulet K, Noureddine Y, Jaubert-Possamai S, Ranty-Roby S, Soulé S, Abad P, Crespi MD, Favery B, Quentin M. Silencing the conserved small nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1 target gene alters susceptibility to root-knot nematodes in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1741-1756. [PMID: 35385078 PMCID: PMC9237699 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most damaging pests of agricultural crops. Meloidogyne is an extremely polyphagous genus of nematodes that can infect thousands of plant species. A few genes for resistance (R-genes) to RKN suitable for use in crop breeding have been identified, but virulent strains and species of RKN have emerged that render these R-genes ineffective. Secretion of RKN effectors targeting plant functions mediates the reprogramming of root cells into specialized feeding cells, the giant cells, essential for RKN development and reproduction. Conserved targets among plant species define the more relevant strategies for controlling nematode infection. The EFFECTOR18 (EFF18) protein from M. incognita interacts with the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D1 (SmD1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), disrupting its function in alternative splicing regulation and modulating the giant cell transcriptome. We show here that EFF18 is a conserved RKN-specific effector that targets this conserved spliceosomal SmD1 protein in Solanaceae. This interaction modulates alternative splicing events produced by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in response to M. incognita infection. The alteration of SmD1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing in Solanaceae affects giant cell formation and nematode development. Thus, our work defines a promising conserved SmD1 target gene to develop broad resistance for the control of Meloidogyne spp. in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Karine Mulet
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yara Noureddine
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Sarah Ranty-Roby
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Salomé Soulé
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martin D Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
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6
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Dodueva IE, Lebedeva MA, Lutova LA. Phytopathogens and Molecular Mimicry. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422060035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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RNA-Seq of Cyst Nematode Infestation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081008. [PMID: 35448735 PMCID: PMC9025382 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop worldwide, and potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) are among the most serious pests. The identification of disease resistance genes and molecular markers for PCN infestation can aid in crop improvement research programs against PCN infestation. In the present study, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to investigate the comprehensive resistance mechanisms induced by PCN infestation in the resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna and the susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti. PCN infestation induced 791 differentially expressed genes in resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna, comprising 438 upregulated and 353 downregulated genes. In susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti, 2225 differentially expressed genes were induced, comprising 1247 upregulated and 978 downregulated genes. We identified several disease resistance genes (KIN) and transcription factors (WRKY, HMG, and MYB) that were upregulated in resistant Kufri Swarna. The differentially expressed genes from several enriched KEGG pathways, including MAPK signaling, contributed to the disease resistance in Kufri Swarna. Functional network analysis showed that several cell wall biogenesis genes were induced in Kufri Swarna in response to infestation. This is the first study to identify underlying resistance mechanisms against PCN and host interaction in Indian potato varieties.
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8
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Qin X, Xue B, Tian H, Fang C, Yu J, Chen C, Xue Q, Jones J, Wang X. An unconventionally secreted effector from the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, Mi-ISC-1, promotes parasitism by disrupting salicylic acid biosynthesis in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:516-529. [PMID: 34923729 PMCID: PMC8916211 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes need to deliver effectors that suppress host immunity for successful parasitism. We have characterized a novel isochorismatase effector from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, named Mi-ISC-1. The Mi-isc-1 gene is expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands and is up-regulated in parasitic-stage juveniles. Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing targeting Mi-isc-1 attenuated M. incognita parasitism. Enzyme activity assays confirmed that Mi-ISC-1 can catalyse hydrolysis of isochorismate into 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate in vitro. Although Mi-ISC-1 lacks a classical signal peptide for secretion at its N-terminus, a yeast invertase secretion assay showed that this protein can be secreted from eukaryotic cells. However, the subcellular localization and plasmolysis assay revealed that the unconventional secretory signal present on the Mi-ISC-1 is not recognized by the plant secretory pathway and that the effector was localized within the cytoplasm of plant cells, but not apoplast, when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration. Ectopic expression of Mi-ISC-1 in N. benthamiana reduced expression of the PR1 gene and levels of salicylic acid (SA), and promoted infection by Phytophthora capsici. The cytoplasmic localization of Mi-ISC-1 is required for its function. Moreover, Mi-ISC-1 suppresses the production of SA following the reconstitution of the de novo SA biosynthesis via the isochorismate pathway in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves. These results demonstrate that M. incognita deploys a functional isochorismatase that suppresses SA-mediated plant defences by disrupting the isochorismate synthase pathway for SA biosynthesis to promote parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bowen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haiyang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chenjie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiarong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Cong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - John Jones
- School of BiologyBiomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
- Cell & Molecular Sciences DepartmentThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Joshi I, Kohli D, Pal A, Chaudhury A, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host delivered-RNAi of effector genes for imparting resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes in plants. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 118:101802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2022.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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10
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Jagdale S, Rao U, Giri AP. Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800030. [PMID: 35003188 PMCID: PMC8727514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) - RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Jagdale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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11
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Bauters L, Stojilković B, Gheysen G. Pathogens pulling the strings: Effectors manipulating salicylic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1436-1448. [PMID: 34414650 PMCID: PMC8518561 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated ways to cope with different biotic and abiotic stresses. Phytohormones and secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defence responses against invading pathogens. One of the key hormones involved in plant immunity is salicylic acid (SA), of which the role in plant defence is well established and documented. Plants produce an array of secondary metabolites categorized in different classes, with the phenylpropanoids as major players in plant immunity. Both SA and phenylpropanoids are needed for an effective immune response by the plant. To successfully infect the host, pathogens secrete proteins, called effectors, into the plant tissue to lower defence. Secreted effectors can interfere with several metabolic or signalling pathways in the host to facilitate infection. In this review, we will focus on the different strategies pathogens have developed to affect the levels of SA and phenylpropanoids to increase plant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Bauters
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Boris Stojilković
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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12
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Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
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Costa SR, Ng JLP, Mathesius U. Interaction of Symbiotic Rhizobia and Parasitic Root-Knot Nematodes in Legume Roots: From Molecular Regulation to Field Application. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:470-490. [PMID: 33471549 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0350-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form two types of root organs in response to signals from microbes, namely, nodules and root galls. In the field, these interactions occur concurrently and often interact with each other. The outcomes of these interactions vary and can depend on natural variation in rhizobia and nematode populations in the soil as well as abiotic conditions. While rhizobia are symbionts that contribute fixed nitrogen to their hosts, parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) cause galls as feeding structures that consume plant resources without a contribution to the plant. Yet, the two interactions share similarities, including rhizosphere signaling, repression of host defense responses, activation of host cell division, and differentiation, nutrient exchange, and alteration of root architecture. Rhizobia activate changes in defense and development through Nod factor signaling, with additional functions of effector proteins and exopolysaccharides. RKN inject large numbers of protein effectors into plant cells that directly suppress immune signaling and manipulate developmental pathways. This review examines the molecular control of legume interactions with rhizobia and RKN to elucidate shared and distinct mechanisms of these root-microbe interactions. Many of the molecular pathways targeted by both organisms overlap, yet recent discoveries have singled out differences in the spatial control of expression of developmental regulators that may have enabled activation of cortical cell division during nodulation in legumes. The interaction of legumes with symbionts and parasites highlights the importance of a comprehensive view of root-microbe interactions for future crop management and breeding strategies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Costa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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14
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Fitoussi N, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV, Qing X, Bucki P, Sela N, Belausov E, Braun Miyara S. Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:326. [PMID: 33431951 PMCID: PMC7801703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout infection, plant-parasitic nematodes activate a complex host defense response that will regulate their development and aggressiveness. Oxylipins-lipophilic signaling molecules-are part of this complex, performing a fundamental role in regulating plant development and immunity. At the same time, the sedentary root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. secretes numerous effectors that play key roles during invasion and migration, supporting construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. Herein, comprehensive oxylipin profiling of tomato roots, performed using LC-MS/MS, indicated strong and early responses of many oxylipins following root-knot nematode infection. To identify genes that might respond to the lipidomic defense pathway mediated through oxylipins, RNA-Seq was performed by exposing Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles to tomato protoplasts and the oxylipin 9-HOT, one of the early-induced oxylipins in tomato roots upon nematode infection. A total of 7512 differentially expressed genes were identified. To target putative effectors, we sought differentially expressed genes carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among these, several were homologous with known effectors in other nematode species; other unknown, potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematode effectors that are induced by plant lipid signals. These include effectors associated with distortion of the plant immune response or manipulating signal transduction mediated by lipid signals. Other effectors are implicated in cell wall degradation or ROS detoxification at the plant-nematode interface. Being an integral part of the plant's defense response, oxylipins might be placed as important signaling molecules underlying nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eli Borrego
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Xue Qing
- Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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15
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Bauters L, Kyndt T, De Meyer T, Morreel K, Boerjan W, Lefevere H, Gheysen G. Chorismate mutase and isochorismatase, two potential effectors of the migratory nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae, increase host susceptibility by manipulating secondary metabolite content of rice. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1634-1646. [PMID: 33084136 PMCID: PMC7694671 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hirschmanniella oryzae is one of the most devastating nematodes on rice, leading to substantial yield losses. Effector proteins aid the nematode during the infection process by subduing plant defence responses. In this research we characterized two potential H. oryzae effector proteins, chorismate mutase (HoCM) and isochorismatase (HoICM), and investigated their enzymatic activity and their role in plant immunity. Both HoCM and HoICM proved to be enzymatically active in complementation tests in mutant Escherichia coli strains. Infection success by the migratory nematode H. oryzae was significantly higher in transgenic rice lines constitutively expressing HoCM or HoICM. Expression of HoCM, but not HoICM, increased rice susceptibility against the sedentary nematode Meloidogyne graminicola also. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated reductions in secondary metabolites in the transgenic rice plants expressing the potential nematode effectors. The results presented here demonstrate that both HoCM and HoICM suppress the host immune system and that this may be accomplished by lowering secondary metabolite levels in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Bauters
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- VIB‐UGent Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsFaculty of SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- VIB‐UGent Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsFaculty of SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Hannes Lefevere
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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16
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Zhang X, Peng H, Zhu S, Xing J, Li X, Zhu Z, Zheng J, Wang L, Wang B, Chen J, Ming Z, Yao K, Jian J, Luan S, Coleman-Derr D, Liao H, Peng Y, Peng D, Yu F. Nematode-Encoded RALF Peptide Mimics Facilitate Parasitism of Plants through the FERONIA Receptor Kinase. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1434-1454. [PMID: 32896643 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism by which plants defend against plant root-knot nematodes (RKNs) is largely unknown. The plant receptor kinase FERONIA and its peptide ligands, rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs), regulate plant immune responses and cell expansion, which are two important factors for successful RKN parasitism. In this study, we found that mutation of FERONIA in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in plants showing low susceptibility to the RKN Meloidogyne incognita. To identify the underlying mechanisms associated with this phenomenon, we identified 18 novel RALF-likes from multiple species of RKNs and showed that two RALF-likes (i.e., MiRALF1 and MiRALF3) from M. incognita were expressed in the esophageal gland with high expression during the parasitic stages of nematode development. These nematode RALF-likes also possess the typical activities of plant RALFs and can directly bind to the extracellular domain of FERONIA to modulate specific steps of nematode parasitism-related immune responses and cell expansion. Genetically, both MiRALF1/3 and FERONIA are required for RKN parasitism in Arabidopsis and rice. Collectively, our study suggests that nematode-encoded RALFs facilitate parasitism via plant-encoded FERONIA and provides a novel paradigm for studying host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Zhaozhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Zheng
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Ke Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhuo Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hongdong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China.
| | - Yousong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China.
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, P.R. China.
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17
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He Q, Liu Y, Liang P, Liao X, Li X, Li X, Shi D, Liu W, Lin C, Zheng F, Miao W. A novel chorismate mutase from Erysiphe quercicola performs dual functions of synthesizing amino acids and inhibiting plant salicylic acid synthesis. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126599. [PMID: 33010586 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effectors to establish a successful interaction with their host. It is well understood that plant pathogens recruit classically secreted chorismate mutase (Cmu) as an effector to disrupt plant salicylic acid (SA) synthesis. However, the identity and function of the Cmu effector from powdery mildew fungi remain unknown. Here, we identified a novel secreted Cmu effector, EqCmu, from rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell) powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe quercicola). Unlike the classically secreted Cmu, EqCmu lack signal peptide, and exhibited characteristics of non-classically secreted proteins. EqCmu could fully complement a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ScAro7 mutant that was deficient in the synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine. In addition, transient expression of EqCmu could promote infection by Phytophthora capsici and reduce the levels of SA and the mRNA of PR1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana in response to P. capsici infection, while confocal observations showed that EqCmu was localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus of transfected N. benthamiana leaf cells. These non-homologous systems assays provide evidences that EqCmu may serve as a "moonlighting" protein, which is not only a key enzyme in the synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine within fungal cells, but also has the function of regulating plant SA synthesis within plant cells. This is the first study to identify and functionally validate a candidate effector from E. quercicola. Overall, the non-classical secretion pathway is a novel mechanism for powdery mildew fungal effectors secretion and might play an important role in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang He
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Peng Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaomiao Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dou Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fucong Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
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18
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Kwon KM, Bekal S, Domier LL, Lambert KN. Active and inactive forms of biotin synthase occur in Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 2019; 51:e2019-69. [PMID: 34179812 PMCID: PMC6909392 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is a plant-parasitic nematode capable of manipulating host plant biochemistry and development. Many studies have suggested that the nematode has acquired genes from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer events (HGTs) that have the potential to enhance nematode parasitism. A recent allelic imbalance analysis identified two candidate virulence genes, which also appear to have entered the SCN genome through HGTs. One of the candidate genes, H. glycines biotin synthase (HgBioB), contained sequence polymorphisms between avirulent and virulent inbred SCN strains. To test the function of these HgBioB alleles, a complementation experiment using biotin synthase-deficient Escherichia coli was conducted. Here, we report that avirulent nematodes produce an active biotin synthase while virulent ones contain an inactive form of the enzyme. Moreover, sequencing analysis of HgBioB genes from SCN field populations indicates the presence of diverse mixture of HgBioB alleles with the virulent form being the most prevalent. We hypothesize that the mutations in the inactive HgBioB allele within the virulent SCN could result in a change in protein function that in some unknown way bolster its parasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khee Man Kwon
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Sadia Bekal
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Leslie L Domier
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL
| | - Kris N Lambert
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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19
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Sabeh M, Lord E, Grenier É, St-Arnaud M, Mimee B. What determines host specificity in hyperspecialized plant parasitic nematodes? BMC Genomics 2019; 20:457. [PMID: 31170914 PMCID: PMC6555003 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In hyperspecialized parasites, the ability to grow on a particular host relies on specific virulence factors called effectors. These excreted proteins are involved in the molecular mechanisms of parasitism and distinguish virulent pathogens from non-virulent related species. The potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are major plant-parasitic nematodes developing on numerous solanaceous species including potato. Their close relatives, G. tabacum and G. mexicana are stimulated by potato root diffusate but unable to establish a feeding site on this plant host. Results RNA sequencing was used to characterize transcriptomic differences among these four Globodera species and to identify genes associated with host specificity. We identified seven transcripts that were unique to PCN species, including a protein involved in ubiquitination. We also found 545 genes that were differentially expressed between PCN and non-PCN species, including 78 genes coding for effector proteins, which represent more than a 6-fold enrichment compared to the whole transcriptome. Gene polymorphism analysis identified 359 homozygous non-synonymous variants showing a strong evidence for selection in PCN species. Conclusions Overall, we demonstrated that the determinant of host specificity resides in the regulation of essential effector gene expression that could be under the control of a single or of very few regulatory genes. Such genes are therefore promising targets for the development of novel and more sustainable resistances against potato cyst nematodes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5853-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sabeh
- St-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada.,Biodiversity Center, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Etienne Lord
- St-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Grenier
- INRA, UMR1349 IGEPP (Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection), F-35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Marc St-Arnaud
- Biodiversity Center, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- St-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada.
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20
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Barnes SN, Masonbrink RE, Maier TR, Seetharam A, Sindhu AS, Severin AJ, Baum TJ. Heterodera glycines utilizes promiscuous spliced leaders and demonstrates a unique preference for a species-specific spliced leader over C. elegans SL1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1356. [PMID: 30718603 PMCID: PMC6362198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spliced leader trans-splicing (SLTS) plays a part in the maturation of pre-mRNAs in select species across multiple phyla but is particularly prevalent in Nematoda. The role of spliced leaders (SL) within the cell is unclear and an accurate assessment of SL occurrence within an organism is possible only after extensive sequencing data are available, which is not currently the case for many nematode species. SL discovery is further complicated by an absence of SL sequences from high-throughput sequencing results due to incomplete sequencing of the 5'-ends of transcripts during RNA-seq library preparation, known as 5'-bias. Existing datasets and novel methodology were used to identify both conserved SLs and unique hypervariable SLs within Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode. In H. glycines, twenty-one distinct SL sequences were found on 2,532 unique H. glycines transcripts. The SL sequences identified on the H. glycines transcripts demonstrated a high level of promiscuity, meaning that some transcripts produced as many as nine different individual SL-transcript combinations. Most uniquely, transcriptome analysis revealed that H. glycines is the first nematode to demonstrate a higher SL trans-splicing rate using a species-specific SL over well-conserved Caenorhabditis elegans SL-like sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Barnes
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rick E Masonbrink
- Office of Biotechnology, Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Thomas R Maier
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Arun Seetharam
- Office of Biotechnology, Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Severin
- Office of Biotechnology, Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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21
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Han X, Altegoer F, Steinchen W, Binnebesel L, Schuhmacher J, Glatter T, Giammarinaro PI, Djamei A, Rensing SA, Reissmann S, Kahmann R, Bange G. A kiwellin disarms the metabolic activity of a secreted fungal virulence factor. Nature 2019; 565:650-653. [PMID: 30651637 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungi-induced plant diseases affect global food security and plant ecology. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize (Zea mays) plants by secreting numerous virulence effectors that reprogram plant metabolism and immune responses1,2. The secreted fungal chorismate mutase Cmu1 presumably affects biosynthesis of the plant immune signal salicylic acid by channelling chorismate into the phenylpropanoid pathway3. Here we show that one of the 20 maize-encoded kiwellins (ZmKWL1) specifically blocks the catalytic activity of Cmu1. ZmKWL1 hinders substrate access to the active site of Cmu1 through intimate interactions involving structural features that are specific to fungal Cmu1 orthologues. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that plant kiwellins have a versatile scaffold that can specifically counteract pathogen effectors such as Cmu1. We reveal the biological activity of a member of the kiwellin family, a widely conserved group of proteins that have previously been recognized only as important human allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Han
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Altegoer
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wieland Steinchen
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lynn Binnebesel
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schuhmacher
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Facility for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pietro I Giammarinaro
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.,Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reissmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gert Bange
- Philipps-University Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Marburg, Germany.
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Daval S, Belcour A, Gazengel K, Legrand L, Gouzy J, Cottret L, Lebreton L, Aigu Y, Mougel C, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ. Computational analysis of the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome: mitochondrial sequence description and metabolic pathway database design. Genomics 2018; 111:1629-1640. [PMID: 30447277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogenic protist responsible for clubroot, a root gall disease of Brassicaceae species. In addition to the reference genome of the P. brassicae European e3 isolate and the draft genomes of Canadian or Chinese isolates, we present the genome of eH, a second European isolate. Refinement of the annotation of the eH genome led to the identification of the mitochondrial genome sequence, which was found to be bigger than that of Spongospora subterranea, another plant parasitic Plasmodiophorid phylogenetically related to P. brassicae. New pathways were also predicted, such as those for the synthesis of spermidine, a polyamine up-regulated in clubbed regions of roots. A P. brassicae pathway genome database was created to facilitate the functional study of metabolic pathways in transcriptomics approaches. These available tools can help in our understanding of the regulation of P. brassicae metabolism during infection and in response to diverse constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Daval
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France.
| | - Arnaud Belcour
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Kévin Gazengel
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Lionel Lebreton
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Yoann Aigu
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Christophe Mougel
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
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23
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Functions of Flavonoids in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040085. [PMID: 30326617 PMCID: PMC6313853 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most land plants can become infected by plant parasitic nematodes in the field. Plant parasitic nematodes can be free-living or endoparasitic, and they usually infect plant roots. Most damaging are endoparasites, which form feeding sites inside plant roots that damage the root system and redirect nutrients towards the parasite. This process involves developmental changes to the root in parallel with the induction of defense responses. Plant flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have roles in both root development and plant defense responses against a range of microorganisms. Here, we review our current knowledge of the roles of flavonoids in the interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes. Flavonoids are induced during nematode infection in plant roots, and more highly so in resistant compared with susceptible plant cultivars, but many of their functions remain unclear. Flavonoids have been shown to alter feeding site development to some extent, but so far have not been found to be essential for root–parasite interactions. However, they likely contribute to chemotactic attraction or repulsion of nematodes towards or away from roots and might help in the general plant defense against nematodes. Certain flavonoids have also been associated with functions in nematode reproduction, although the mechanism remains unknown. Much remains to be examined in this area, especially under field conditions.
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Verma A, Lee C, Morriss S, Odu F, Kenning C, Rizzo N, Spollen WG, Lin M, McRae AG, Givan SA, Hewezi T, Hussey R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Mitchum MG. The novel cyst nematode effector protein 30D08 targets host nuclear functions to alter gene expression in feeding sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:697-713. [PMID: 29726613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes deliver effector proteins into host cells to manipulate cellular processes and establish a metabolically hyperactive feeding site. The novel 30D08 effector protein is produced in the dorsal gland of parasitic juveniles, but its function has remained unknown. We demonstrate that expression of 30D08 contributes to nematode parasitism, the protein is packaged into secretory granules and it is targeted to the plant nucleus where it interacts with SMU2 (homolog of suppressor of mec-8 and unc-52 2), an auxiliary spliceosomal protein. We show that SMU2 is expressed in feeding sites and an smu2 mutant is less susceptible to nematode infection. In Arabidopsis expressing 30D08 under the SMU2 promoter, several genes were found to be alternatively spliced and the most abundant functional classes represented among differentially expressed genes were involved in RNA processing, transcription and binding, as well as in development, and hormone and secondary metabolism, representing key cellular processes known to be important for feeding site formation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the 30D08 effector is secreted from the nematode and targeted to the plant nucleus where its interaction with a host auxiliary spliceosomal protein may alter the pre-mRNA splicing and expression of a subset of genes important for feeding site formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Verma
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chris Lee
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Stephanie Morriss
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Fiona Odu
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Charlotte Kenning
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | | | - William G Spollen
- Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Marriam Lin
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Amanda G McRae
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Scott A Givan
- Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Richard Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Ali MA, Anjam MS, Nawaz MA, Lam HM, Chung G. Signal Transduction in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061648. [PMID: 29865232 PMCID: PMC6032140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
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26
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Leelarasamee N, Zhang L, Gleason C. The root-knot nematode effector MiPFN3 disrupts plant actin filaments and promotes parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006947. [PMID: 29543900 PMCID: PMC5871015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes secrete effectors that manipulate their host plant cells so that the nematode can successfully establish feeding sites and complete its lifecycle. The root-knot nematode feeding structures, their “giant cells,” undergo extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. Previous cytological studies have shown the cytoplasmic actin within the feeding sites looks diffuse. In an effort to study root-knot nematode effectors that are involved in giant cell organogenesis, we have identified a nematode effector called MiPFN3 (Meloidogyne incognita Profilin 3). MiPFN3 is transcriptionally up-regulated in the juvenile stage of the nematode. In situ hybridization experiments showed that MiPFN3 transcribed in the nematode subventral glands, where it can be secreted by the nematode stylet into the plant. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants that heterologously expressed MiPFN3 were more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 promotes nematode parasitism. Since profilin proteins can bind and sequester actin monomers, we investigated the function of MiPFN3 in relation to actin. Our results show that MiPFN3 suppressed the aberrant plant growth phenotype caused by the misexpression of reproductive actin (AtACT1) in transgenic plants. In addition, it disrupted actin polymerization in an in vitro assay, and it reduced the filamentous actin network when expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Over a decade ago, cytological studies showed that the cytoplasmic actin within nematode giant cells looked fragmented. Here we provide the first evidence that the nematode is secreting an effector that has significant, direct effects on the plant’s actin cytoskeleton. Root-knot nematodes are microscopic plant pests that infect plant roots and significantly reduce yields of many crop plants. The nematodes enter the plant roots and modify plant cells into complex, multinuclear feeding sites called giant cells. The formation and maintenance of giant cells is critical to nematode survival. During giant cell organogenesis, the progenitor plant cells undergo many morphological changes, including a re-organization of the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton. As a result, the giant cell cytoplasmic actin appears fragmented and disorganized. Plant cells can regulate their actin filament assembly, in part, through the expression of actin binding proteins such as profilins. Here we show that infectious nematode juveniles express a profilin called MiPFN3. Expression of MiPFN3 in Arabidopsis plants made the plants more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 acts as an effector that aids parasitism. We show evidence that the expression MiPFN3 in plant cells causes the fragmentation of plant actin filaments. The work here demonstrates that nematode effector MiPFN3 can directly affect plant actin filaments, whose reorganization is necessary for giant cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthanon Leelarasamee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Smant G, Helder J, Goverse A. Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:686-702. [PMID: 29277939 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parallel adaptations enabling the use of plant cells as the primary food source have occurred multiple times in distinct nematode clades. The hallmark of all extant obligate and facultative plant-feeding nematodes is the presence of an oral stylet, which is required for penetration of plant cell walls, delivery of pharyngeal gland secretions into host cells and selective uptake of plant assimilates. Plant parasites from different clades, and even within a single clade, display a large diversity in feeding behaviours ranging from short feeding cycles on single cells to prolonged feeding on highly sophisticated host cell complexes. Despite these differences, feeding of nematodes frequently (but certainly not always) induces common responses in host cells (e.g. endopolyploidization and cellular hypertrophy). It is thought that these host cell responses are brought about by the interplay of effectors and other biological active compounds in stylet secretions of feeding nematodes, but this has only been studied for the most advanced sedentary plant parasites. In fact, these responses are thought to be fundamental for prolonged feeding of sedentary plant parasites on host cells. However, as we discuss in this review, some of these common plant responses to independent lineages of plant parasitic nematodes might also be generic reactions to cell stress and as such their onset may not require specific inputs from plant parasitic nematodes. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes may utilize effectors and their ability to synthesize other biologically active compounds to tailor these common responses for prolonged feeding on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
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28
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Shi Q, Mao Z, Zhang X, Ling J, Lin R, Zhang X, Liu R, Wang Y, Yang Y, Cheng X, Xie B. The Novel Secreted Meloidogyne incognita Effector MiISE6 Targets the Host Nucleus and Facilitates Parasitism in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:252. [PMID: 29628931 PMCID: PMC5876317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is highly specialized parasite that interacts with host plants using a range of strategies. The effectors are synthesized in the esophageal glands and secreted into plant cells through a needle-like stylet during parasitism. In this study, based on RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, we predicted 110 putative Meloidogyne incognita effectors that contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Combining the Burkholderia glumae-pEDV based screening system with subcellular localization, from 20 randomly selected NLS effector candidates, we identified an effector MiISE6 that can effectively suppress B. glumae-induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, targets to the nuclei of plant cells, and is highly expressed in early parasitic J2 stage. Sequence analysis showed that MiISE6 is a 157-amino acid peptide, with an OGFr_N domain and two NLS motifs. Hybridization in situ verified that MiISE6 is expressed in the subventral esophageal glands. Yeast invertase secretion assay validated the function of the signal peptide harbored in MiISE6. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing MiISE6 become more susceptible to M. incognita. Inversely, the host-derived RNAi of MiISE6 of the nematode can decrease its parasitism on host. Based on transcriptome analysis of the MiISE6 transgenic Arabidopsis samples and the wild-type samples, we obtained 852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Integrating Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, we found that expression of MiISE6 in Arabidopsis can suppress jasmonate signaling pathway. In addition, the expression of genes related to cell wall modification and the ubiquitination proteasome pathway also have detectable changes in the transgenic plants. Results from the present study suggest that MiISE6 is involved in interaction between nematode-plant, and plays an important role during the early stages of parasitism by interfering multiple signaling pathways of plant. Moreover, we found homologs of MiISE6 in other sedentary nematodes, Meloidogyne hapla and Globodera pallida. Our experimental results provide evidence to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immune defense responses by plant parasitic nematodes, and transcriptome data also provide useful information for further study nematode-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- School of Medical Science, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bingyan Xie, Xinyue Cheng,
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bingyan Xie, Xinyue Cheng,
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29
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Palomares-Rius JE, Escobar C, Cabrera J, Vovlas A, Castillo P. Anatomical Alterations in Plant Tissues Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1987. [PMID: 29201038 PMCID: PMC5697168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) interact with plants in different ways, for example, through subtle feeding behavior, migrating destructively through infected tissues, or acting as virus-vectors for nepoviruses. They are all obligate biotrophic parasites as they derive their nutrients from living cells which they modify using pharyngeal gland secretions prior to food ingestion. Some of them can also shield themselves against plant defenses to sustain a relatively long lasting interaction while feeding. This paper is centered on cell types or organs that are newly induced in plants during PPN parasitism, including recent approaches to their study based on molecular biology combined with cell biology-histopathology. This issue has already been reviewed extensively for major PPNs (i.e., root-knot or cyst nematodes), but not for other genera (viz. Nacobbus aberrans, Rotylenchulus spp.). PPNs have evolved with plants and this co-evolution process has allowed the induction of new types of plant cells necessary for their parasitism. There are four basic types of feeding cells: (i) non-hypertrophied nurse cells; (ii) single giant cells; (iii) syncytia; and (iv) coenocytes. Variations in the structure of these cells within each group are also present between some genera depending on the nematode species viz. Meloidogyne or Rotylenchulus. This variability of feeding sites may be related in some way to PPN life style (migratory ectoparasites, sedentary ectoparasites, migratory ecto-endoparasites, migratory endoparasites, or sedentary endoparasites). Apart from their co-evolution with plants, the response of plant cells and roots are closely related to feeding behavior, the anatomy of the nematode (mainly stylet size, which could reach different types of cells in the plant), and the secretory fluids produced in the pharyngeal glands. These secretory fluids are injected through the stylet into perforated cells where they modify plant cytoplasm prior to food removal. Some species do not produce specialized feeding sites (viz. Ditylenchus, Subanguina), but may develop a specialized modification of the root system (e.g., unspecialized root galls or a profusion of roots). This review introduces new data on cell types and plant organs stimulated by PPNs using sources varying from traditional histopathology to new holistic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E. Palomares-Rius
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Group, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Group, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Castillo
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
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30
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Smiley RW, Dababat AA, Iqbal S, Jones MGK, Maafi ZT, Peng D, Subbotin SA, Waeyenberge L. Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of Heterodera Species. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1692-1720. [PMID: 30676930 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0355-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Small grain cereals have served as the basis for staple foods, beverages, and animal feed for thousands of years. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice, and others are rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These cereals supply 20% of the calories consumed by people worldwide and are therefore a primary source of energy for humans and play a vital role in global food and nutrition security. Global production of small grains increased linearly from 1960 to 2005, and then began to decline. Further decline in production is projected to continue through 2050 while global demand for these grains is projected to increase by 1% per annum. Currently, wheat, barley, and oat production exceeds consumption in developed countries, while in developing countries the consumption rate is higher than production. An increasing demand for meat and livestock products is likely to compound the demand for cereals in developing countries. Current production levels and trends will not be sufficient to fulfill the projected global demand generated by increased populations. For wheat, global production will need to be increased by 60% to fulfill the estimated demand in 2050. Until recently, global wheat production increased mostly in response to development of improved cultivars and farming practices and technologies. Production is now limited by biotic and abiotic constraints, including diseases, nematodes, insect pests, weeds, and climate. Among these constraints, plant-parasitic nematodes alone are estimated to reduce production of all world crops by 10%. Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are among the most important nematode pests that limit production of small grain cereals. Heavily invaded young plants are stunted and their lower leaves are often chlorotic, forming pale green patches in the field. Mature plants are also stunted, have a reduced number of tillers, and the roots are shallow and have a "bushy-knotted" appearance. CCNs comprise a number of closely-related species and are found in most regions where cereals are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smiley
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Pendleton
| | - Abdelfattah A Dababat
- Soil Borne Pathogens Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadia Iqbal
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences,Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth
| | - Michael G K Jones
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences,Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth
| | - Zahra Tanha Maafi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran
| | - Deliang Peng
- Nematology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing
| | - Sergei A Subbotin
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; and Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | - Lieven Waeyenberge
- Crop Protection Research Area, Plant Sciences Unit, Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
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31
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Castañeda NEN, Alves GSC, Almeida RM, Amorim EP, Fortes Ferreira C, Togawa RC, Costa MMDC, Grynberg P, Santos JRP, Cares JE, Miller RNG. Gene expression analysis in Musa acuminata during compatible interactions with Meloidogyne incognita. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:915-930. [PMID: 28130221 PMCID: PMC5604581 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoparasitic root-knot nematodes (RKNs) ( Meloidogyne spp.) cause considerable losses in banana ( Musa spp.), with Meloidogyne incognita a predominant species in Cavendish sub-group bananas. This study investigates the root transcriptome in Musa acuminata genotypes 4297-06 (AA) and Cavendish Grande Naine (CAV; AAA) during early compatible interactions with M. incognita . METHODS Roots were analysed by brightfield light microscopy over a 35 d period to examine nematode penetration and morphological cell transformation. RNA samples were extracted 3, 7 and 10 days after inoculation (DAI) with nematode J2 juveniles, and cDNA libraries were sequenced using lllumina HiSeq technology. Sequences were mapped to the M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis var. Pahang genome sequence, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified and transcript representation determined by gene set enrichment and pathway mapping. KEY RESULTS Microscopic analysis revealed a life cycle of M. incognita completing in 24 d in CAV and 27 d in 4279-06. Comparable numbers of DEGs were up- and downregulated in each genotype, with potential involvement of many in early host defence responses involving reactive oxygen species and jasmonate/ethylene signalling. DEGs revealed concomitant auxin metabolism and cell wall modification processes likely to be involved in giant cell formation. Notable transcripts related to host defence included those coding for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinases, peroxidases, thaumatin-like pathogenesis-related proteins, and DREB, ERF, MYB, NAC and WRKY transcription factors. Transcripts related to giant cell development included indole acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.8 genes, involved in auxin metabolism, as well as genes encoding expansins and hydrolases, involved in cell wall modification. CONCLUSIONS Expression analysis in M. acuminata during compatible interactions with RKNs provides insights into genes modulated during infection and giant cell formation. Increased understanding of both defence responses to limit parasitism during compatible interactions and effector-targeted host genes in this complex interaction will facilitate the development of genetic improvement measures for RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosane Mansan Almeida
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Edson Perito Amorim
- Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcos Mota Do Carmo Costa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Priscila Grynberg
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Juvenil Enrique Cares
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Robert Neil Gerard Miller
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Biron D, Nedelkov D, Missé D, Holzmuller P. Proteomics and Host–Pathogen Interactions. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7149668 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799942-5.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fosu-Nyarko J, Jones MGK. Advances in Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Root Lesion Nematode Host Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:253-78. [PMID: 27296144 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root lesion nematodes (RLNs) are one of the most economically important groups of plant nematodes. As migratory endoparasites, their presence in roots is less obvious than infestations of sedentary endoparasites; nevertheless, in many instances, they are the major crop pests. With increasing molecular information on nematode parasitism, available data now reflect the differences and, in particular, similarities in lifestyle between migratory and sedentary endoparasites. Far from being unsophisticated compared with sedentary endoparasites, migratory endoparasites are exquisitely suited to their parasitic lifestyle. What they lack in effectors required for induction of permanent feeding sites, they make up for with their versatile host range and their ability to move and feed from new host roots and survive adverse conditions. In this review, we summarize the current molecular data available for RLNs and highlight differences and similarities in effectors and molecular mechanisms between migratory and sedentary endoparasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fosu-Nyarko
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; ,
| | - Michael G K Jones
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; ,
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Noon JB, Baum TJ. Horizontal gene transfer of acetyltransferases, invertases and chorismate mutases from different bacteria to diverse recipients. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:74. [PMID: 27068610 PMCID: PMC4828791 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hoplolaimina plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a lineage of animals with many documented cases of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In a recent study, we reported on three likely HGT candidate genes in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, all of which encode secreted candidate effectors with putative functions in the host plant. Hg-GLAND1 is a putative GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT), Hg-GLAND13 is a putative invertase (INV), and Hg-GLAND16 is a putative chorismate mutase (CM), and blastp searches of the non-redundant database resulted in highest similarity to bacterial sequences. Here, we searched nematode and non-nematode sequence databases to identify all the nematodes possible that contain these three genes, and to formulate hypotheses about when they most likely appeared in the phylum Nematoda. We then performed phylogenetic analyses combined with model selection tests of alternative models of sequence evolution to determine whether these genes were horizontally acquired from bacteria. RESULTS Mining of nematode sequence databases determined that GNATs appeared in Hoplolaimina PPN late in evolution, while both INVs and CMs appeared before the radiation of the Hoplolaimina suborder. Also, Hoplolaimina GNATs, INVs and CMs formed well-supported clusters with different rhizosphere bacteria in the phylogenetic trees, and the model selection tests greatly supported models of HGT over descent via common ancestry. Surprisingly, the phylogenetic trees also revealed additional, well-supported clusters of bacterial GNATs, INVs and CMs with diverse eukaryotes and archaea. There were at least eleven and eight well-supported clusters of GNATs and INVs, respectively, from different bacteria with diverse eukaryotes and archaea. Though less frequent, CMs from different bacteria formed supported clusters with multiple different eukaryotes. Moreover, almost all individual clusters containing bacteria and eukaryotes or archaea contained species that inhabit very similar niches. CONCLUSIONS GNATs were horizontally acquired late in Hoplolaimina PPN evolution from bacteria most similar to the saprophytic and plant-pathogenic actinomycetes. INVs and CMs were horizontally acquired from bacteria most similar to rhizobacteria and Burkholderia soil bacteria, respectively, before the radiation of Hoplolaimina. Also, these three gene groups appear to have been frequent subjects of HGT from different bacteria to numerous, diverse lineages of eukaryotes and archaea, which suggests that these genes may confer important evolutionary advantages to many taxa. In the case of Hoplolaimina PPN, this advantage likely was an improved ability to parasitize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Noon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Rehman S, Gupta VK, Goyal AK. Identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:48. [PMID: 27001199 PMCID: PMC4802876 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. They induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. Nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. To combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysis of secreted effectors can serve as a key to devise durable control measures. In this review, we will recapitulate the knowledge over the identification and functional characterization of secreted nematode effector repertoire from phytoparasitic nematodes. RESEARCH Despite considerable efforts, the identity of genes encoding nematode secreted proteins has long been severely hampered because of their microscopic size, long generation time and obligate biotrophic nature. The methodologies such as bioinformatics, protein structure modeling, in situ hybridization microscopy, and protein-protein interaction have been used to identify and to attribute functions to the effectors. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) has been instrumental to decipher the role of the genes encoding secreted effectors necessary for parasitism and genes attributed to normal development. Recent comparative and functional genomic approaches have accelerated the identification of effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes and offers opportunities to control these pathogens. CONCLUSION Plant parasitic nematodes pose a serious threat to global food security of various economically important crops. There is a wealth of genomic and transcriptomic information available on plant parasitic nematodes and comparative genomics has identified many effectors. Bioengineering crops with dsRNA of phytonematode genes can disrupt the life cycle of parasitic nematodes and therefore holds great promise to develop resistant crops against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Rehman
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- />National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aakash K. Goyal
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
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Chi Y, Wang X, Le X, Ju Y, Guan T, Li H. Exposure to double-stranded RNA mediated by tobacco rattle virus leads to transcription up-regulation of effector gene Mi-vap-2 from Meloidogyne incognita and promotion of pathogenicity in progeny. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:105-13. [PMID: 26545953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Meloidogyne spp. are economically important plant parasites and cause enormous damage to agriculture world-wide. These nematodes use secreted effectors which modify host cells, allowing them to obtain the nutrients required for growth and development. A better understanding of the roles of effectors in nematode parasitism is critical for understanding the mechanisms of nematode-host interactions. In this study, Mi-vap-2 of Meloidogyne incognita, a gene encoding a venom allergen-like protein, was targeted by RNA interference mediated by the tobacco rattle virus. Unexpectedly, compared with a wild type line, a substantial up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 transcript was observed in juveniles collected at 7 days p.i. from Nicotiana benthamiana agroinfiltrated with TRV::vap-2. This up-regulation of the targeted transcript did not impact development of females or the production of galls, nor the number of females on the TRV::vap-2 line. In a positive control line, the transcript of Mi16D10 was knocked down in juveniles from the TRV::16D10 line at 7 days p.i., resulting in a significant inhibition of nematode development. The up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 triggered by TRV-RNAi was inherited by the progeny of the nematodes exposed to double-stranded RNA. Meanwhile, a substantial increase in Mi-VAP-2 expression in those juvenile progeny was revealed by ELISA. This caused an increase in the number of galls (71.2%) and females (84.6%) produced on seedlings of N. benthamiana compared with the numbers produced by control nematodes. Up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 and its encoded protein therefore enhanced pathogenicity of the nematodes, suggesting that Mi-vap-2 may be required for successful parasitism during the early parasitic stage of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai Chi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiuhu Le
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuliang Ju
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tinglong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Brown NA, Urban M, Hammond-Kosack KE. The trans-kingdom identification of negative regulators of pathogen hypervirulence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:19-40. [PMID: 26468211 PMCID: PMC4703069 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern society and global ecosystems are increasingly under threat from pathogens, which cause a plethora of human, animal, invertebrate and plant diseases. Of increasing concern is the trans-kingdom tendency for increased pathogen virulence that is beginning to emerge in natural, clinical and agricultural settings. The study of pathogenicity has revealed multiple examples of convergently evolved virulence mechanisms. Originally described as rare, but increasingly common, are interactions where a single gene deletion in a pathogenic species causes hypervirulence. This review utilised the pathogen-host interaction database (www.PHI-base.org) to identify 112 hypervirulent mutations from 37 pathogen species, and subsequently interrogates the trans-kingdom, conserved, molecular, biochemical and cellular themes that cause hypervirulence. This study investigates 22 animal and 15 plant pathogens including 17 bacterial and 17 fungal species. Finally, the evolutionary significance and trans-kingdom requirement for negative regulators of hypervirulence and the implication of pathogen hypervirulence and emerging infectious diseases on society are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Brown
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Martin Urban
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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Favery B, Quentin M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Abad P. Gall-forming root-knot nematodes hijack key plant cellular functions to induce multinucleate and hypertrophied feeding cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26211599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the Meloidogyne spp. are the most economically important genus. RKN are root parasitic worms able to infect nearly all crop species and have a wide geographic distribution. During infection, RKNs establish and maintain an intimate relationship with the host plant. This includes the creation of a specialized nutritional structure composed of multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells, which result from the redifferentiation of vascular root cells. Giant cells constitute the sole source of nutrients for the nematode and are essential for growth and reproduction. Hyperplasia of surrounding root cells leads to the formation of the gall or root-knot, an easily recognized symptom of plant infection by RKNs. Secreted effectors produced in nematode salivary glands and injected into plant cells through a specialized feeding structure called the stylet play a critical role in the formation of giant cells. Here, we describe the complex interactions between RKNs and their host plants. We highlight progress in understanding host plant responses, focusing on how RKNs manipulate key plant processes and functions, including cell cycle, defence, hormones, cellular scaffold, metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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Bekal S, Domier LL, Gonfa B, Lakhssassi N, Meksem K, Lambert KN. A SNARE-Like Protein and Biotin Are Implicated in Soybean Cyst Nematode Virulence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145601. [PMID: 26714307 PMCID: PMC4699853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoparasitic nematodes that are able to infect and reproduce on plants that are considered resistant are referred to as virulent. The mechanism(s) that virulent nematodes employ to evade or suppress host plant defenses are not well understood. Here we report the use of a genetic strategy (allelic imbalance analysis) to associate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with nematode virulence genes in Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). To accomplish this analysis, a custom SCN SNP array was developed and used to genotype SCN F3-derived populations grown on resistant and susceptible soybean plants. Three SNPs reproducibly showed allele imbalances between nematodes grown on resistant and susceptible plants. Two candidate SCN virulence genes that were tightly linked to the SNPs were identified. One SCN gene encoded biotin synthase (HgBioB), and the other encoded a bacterial-like protein containing a putative SNARE domain (HgSLP-1). The two genes mapped to two different linkage groups. HgBioB contained sequence polymorphisms between avirulent and virulent nematodes. However, the gene encoding HgSLP-1 had reduced copy number in virulent nematode populations and appears to produce multiple forms of the protein via intron retention and alternative splicing. We show that HgSLP-1 is an esophageal-gland protein that is secreted by the nematode during plant parasitism. Furthermore, in bacterial co-expression experiments, HgSLP-1 co-purified with the SCN resistance protein Rhg1 α-SNAP, suggesting that these two proteins physically interact. Collectively our data suggest that multiple SCN genes are involved in SCN virulence, and that HgSLP-1 may function as an avirulence protein and when absent it helps SCN evade host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Bekal
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, 1205 Lincoln Dr. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Leslie L. Domier
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 South Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Biruk Gonfa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 South Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Naoufal Lakhssassi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, 1205 Lincoln Dr. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, 1205 Lincoln Dr. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Kris N. Lambert
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 South Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
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Guimaraes PM, Guimaraes LA, Morgante CV, Silva OB, Araujo ACG, Martins ACQ, Saraiva MAP, Oliveira TN, Togawa RC, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ, Brasileiro ACM. Root Transcriptome Analysis of Wild Peanut Reveals Candidate Genes for Nematode Resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140937. [PMID: 26488731 PMCID: PMC4619257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild peanut relatives (Arachis spp.) are genetically diverse and were adapted to a range of environments during the evolution course, constituting an important source of allele diversity for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The wild diploid A. stenosperma harbors high levels of resistance to a variety of pathogens, including the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne arenaria, through the onset of the Hypersensitive Response (HR). In order to identify genes and regulators triggering this defense response, a comprehensive root transcriptome analysis during the first stages of this incompatible interaction was conducted using Illumina Hi-Seq. Overall, eight cDNA libraries were produced generating 28.2 GB, which were de novo assembled into 44,132 contigs and 37,882 loci. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and clustered according to their expression profile, with the majority being downregulated at 6 DAI, which coincides with the onset of the HR. Amongst these DEGs, 27 were selected for further qRT-PCR validation allowing the identification of nematode-responsive candidate genes that are putatively related to the resistance response. Those candidates are engaged in the salycilic (NBS-LRR, lipocalins, resveratrol synthase) and jasmonic (patatin, allene oxidase cyclase) acids pathways, and also related to hormonal balance (auxin responsive protein, GH3) and cellular plasticity and signaling (tetraspanin, integrin, expansin), with some of them showing contrasting expression behavior between Arachis RKN-resistant and susceptible genotypes. As these candidate genes activate different defensive signaling systems, the genetic (HR) and the induced resistance (IR), their pyramidding in one genotype via molecular breeding or transgenic strategy might contribute to a more durable resistance, thus improving the long-term control of RKN in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Orzenil B. Silva
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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Noon JB, Hewezi T, Maier TR, Simmons C, Wei JZ, Wu G, Llaca V, Deschamps S, Davis EL, Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Baum TJ. Eighteen New Candidate Effectors of the Phytonematode Heterodera glycines Produced Specifically in the Secretory Esophageal Gland Cells During Parasitism. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1362-72. [PMID: 25871857 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-15-0049-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, is the number one pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). This nematode infects soybean roots and forms an elaborate feeding site in the vascular cylinder. H. glycines produces an arsenal of effector proteins in the secretory esophageal gland cells. More than 60 H. glycines candidate effectors were identified in previous gland-cell-mining projects. However, it is likely that additional candidate effectors remained unidentified. With the goal of identifying remaining H. glycines candidate effectors, we constructed and sequenced a large gland cell cDNA library resulting in 11,814 expressed sequence tags. After bioinformatic filtering for candidate effectors using a number of criteria, in situ hybridizations were performed in H. glycines whole-mount specimens to identify candidate effectors whose mRNA exclusively accumulated in the esophageal gland cells, which is a hallmark of many nematode effectors. This approach resulted in the identification of 18 new H. glycines esophageal gland-cell-specific candidate effectors. Of these candidate effectors, 11 sequences were pioneers without similarities to known proteins while 7 sequences had similarities to functionally annotated proteins in databases. These putative homologies provided the bases for the development of hypotheses about potential functions in the parasitism process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Noon
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Thomas R Maier
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Carl Simmons
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Jun-Zhi Wei
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Gusui Wu
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Victor Llaca
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Stéphane Deschamps
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Eric L Davis
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Richard S Hussey
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Thomas J Baum
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Woo MO, Beard H, MacDonald MH, Brewer EP, Youssef RM, Kim H, Matthews BF. Manipulation of two α-endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes, AtCel6 and GmCel7, reduces susceptibility to Heterodera glycines in soybean roots. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:927-39. [PMID: 24844661 PMCID: PMC6638630 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant endo-β-1,4-glucanases (EGases) include cell wall-modifying enzymes that are involved in nematode-induced growth of syncytia (feeding structures) in nematode-infected roots. EGases in the α- and β-subfamilies contain signal peptides and are secreted, whereas those in the γ-subfamily have a membrane-anchoring domain and are not secreted. The Arabidopsis α-EGase At1g48930, designated as AtCel6, is known to be down-regulated by beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) in Arabidopsis roots, whereas another α-EGase, AtCel2, is up-regulated. Here, we report that the ectopic expression of AtCel6 in soybean roots reduces susceptibility to both soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Suppression of GmCel7, the soybean homologue of AtCel2, in soybean roots also reduces the susceptibility to SCN. In contrast, in studies on two γ-EGases, both ectopic expression of AtKOR2 in soybean roots and suppression of the soybean homologue of AtKOR3 had no significant effect on SCN parasitism. Our results suggest that secreted α-EGases are likely to be more useful than membrane-bound γ-EGases in the development of an SCN-resistant soybean through gene manipulation. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that Arabidopsis shares molecular events of cyst nematode parasitism with soybean, and confirms the suitability of the Arabidopsis-H. schachtii interaction as a model for the soybean-H. glycines pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ok Woo
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Rutter WB, Hewezi T, Abubucker S, Maier TR, Huang G, Mitreva M, Hussey RS, Baum TJ. Mining novel effector proteins from the esophageal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:965-74. [PMID: 24875667 PMCID: PMC4249689 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0076-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most economically damaging plant pathogens in agriculture and horticulture. Identifying and characterizing the effector proteins which M. incognita secretes into its host plants during infection is an important step toward finding new ways to manage this pest. In this study, we have identified the cDNAs for 18 putative effectors (i.e., proteins that have the potential to facilitate M. incognita parasitism of host plants). These putative effectors are secretory proteins that do not contain transmembrane domains and whose genes are specifically expressed in the secretory gland cells of the nematode, indicating that they are likely secreted from the nematode through its stylet. We have determined that, in the plant cells, these putative effectors are likely to localize to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the transcripts of many of these novel effectors are specifically upregulated during different stages of the nematode's life cycle, indicating that they function at specific stages during M. incognita parasitism. The predicted proteins showed little to no homology to known proteins from free-living nematode species, suggesting that they evolved recently to support the parasitic lifestyle. On the other hand, several of the effectors are part of gene families within the M. incognita genome as well as that of M. hapla, which points to an important role that these putative effectors are playing in both parasites. With the discovery of these putative effectors, we have increased our knowledge of the effector repertoire utilized by root-knot nematodes to infect, feed on, and reproduce on their host plants. Future studies investigating the roles that these proteins play in planta will help mitigate the effects of this damaging pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Rutter
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- University of Tennessee, Department of Plant Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561
| | - Sahar Abubucker
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Tom R. Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7274
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Richard S. Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7274
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Address correspondence to 351 Bessey Hall, , phone: 515-294-2398, Fax: 515-294-9420
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46
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Cabrera J, Díaz-Manzano FE, Sanchez M, Rosso MN, Melillo T, Goh T, Fukaki H, Cabello S, Hofmann J, Fenoll C, Escobar C. A role for LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 during the interaction Arabidopsis-Meloidogyne spp. provides a molecular link between lateral root and root-knot nematode feeding site development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:632-645. [PMID: 24803293 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant endoparasitic nematodes induce the formation of their feeding cells by injecting effectors from the esophageal glands into root cells. Although vascular cylinder cells seem to be involved in the formation of root-knot nematode (RKN) feeding structures, molecular evidence is scarce. We address the role during gall development of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 (LBD16), a key component of the auxin pathway leading to the divisions in the xylem pole pericycle (XPP) for lateral root (LR) formation. Arabidopsis T-DNA tagged J0192 and J0121 XPP marker lines, LBD16 and DR5::GUS promoter lines, and isolated J0192 protoplasts were assayed for nematode-dependent gene expression. Infection tests in LBD16 knock-out lines were used for functional analysis. J0192 and J0121 lines were activated in early developing galls and giant cells (GCs), resembling the pattern of the G2/M-transition specific ProC yc B 1;1 :CycB1;1(NT)-GUS line. LBD16 was regulated by auxins in galls as in LRs, and induced by RKN secretions. LBD16 loss of function mutants and a transgenic line with defective XPP cells showed a significantly reduced infection rate. The results show that genes expressed in the dividing XPP, particularly LBD16, are important for gall formation, as they are for LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando E Díaz-Manzano
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - María Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Teresa Melillo
- Istituto per la Protezione de lle Piante, CNR, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Susana Cabello
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, Tulln a. d. Donau, A-3430, Austria
| | - Julia Hofmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, Tulln a. d. Donau, A-3430, Austria
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
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47
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Morgante CV, Brasileiro ACM, Roberts PA, Guimaraes LA, Araujo ACG, Fonseca LN, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ, Guimaraes PM. A survey of genes involved in Arachis stenosperma resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria race 1. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1298-1309. [PMID: 32481196 DOI: 10.1071/fp13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes constitute a constraint for important crops, including peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria has been identified in the peanut wild relative Arachis stenosperma Krapov. & W. C. Greg., in which the induction of feeding sites by the nematode was inhibited by an early hypersensitive response (HR). Here, the transcription expression profiles of 19 genes selected from Arachis species were analysed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), during the early phases of an A. stenosperma-M. arenaria interaction. Sixteen genes were significantly differentially expressed in infected and non-infected roots, in at least one of the time points analysed: 3, 6, and 9 days after inoculation. These genes are involved in the HR and production of secondary metabolites related to pathogen defence. Seven genes encoding a resistance protein MG13, a helix-loop helix protein, an ubiquitin protein ligase, a patatin-like protein, a catalase, a DUF538 protein, and a resveratrol synthase, were differentially expressed in all time points analysed. Transcripts of two genes had their spatial and temporal distributions analysed by in situ hybridisation that validated qRT-PCR data. The identification of candidate resistance genes involved in wild peanut resistance to Meloidogyne can provide additional resources for peanut breeding and transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C M Brasileiro
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Av W5 Norte, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Philip A Roberts
- University of California, Nematology Department, 2251 Spieth Hall Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Larissa A Guimaraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Av W5 Norte, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana C G Araujo
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Av W5 Norte, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Leonardo N Fonseca
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Av W5 Norte, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Soraya C M Leal-Bertioli
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Av W5 Norte, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - David J Bertioli
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patricia M Guimaraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Av W5 Norte, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Lin J, Mazarei M, Zhao N, Zhu JJ, Zhuang X, Liu W, Pantalone VR, Arelli PR, Stewart CN, Chen F. Overexpression of a soybean salicylic acid methyltransferase gene confers resistance to soybean cyst nematode. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:1135-45. [PMID: 24034273 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid plays a critical role in activating plant defence responses after pathogen attack. Salicylic acid methyltransferase (SAMT) modulates the level of salicylic acid by converting salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. Here, we report that a SAMT gene from soybean (GmSAMT1) plays a role in soybean defence against soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, SCN). GmSAMT1 was identified as a candidate SCN defence-related gene in our previous analysis of soybean defence against SCN using GeneChip microarray experiments. The current study started with the isolation of the full-length cDNAs of GmSAMT1 from a SCN-resistant soybean line and from a SCN-susceptible soybean line. The two cDNAs encode proteins of identical sequences. The GmSAMT1 cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli. Using in vitro enzyme assays, E. coli-expressed GmSAMT1 was confirmed to function as salicylic acid methyltransferase. The apparent Km value of GmSAMT1 for salicylic acid was approximately 46 μM. To determine the role of GmSAMT1 in soybean defence against SCN, transgenic hairy roots overexpressing GmSAMT1 were produced and tested for SCN resistance. Overexpression of GmSAMT1 in SCN-susceptible backgrounds significantly reduced the development of SCN, indicating that overexpression of GmSAMT1 in the transgenic hairy root system could confer resistance to SCN. Overexpression of GmSAMT1 in transgenic hairy roots was also found to affect the expression of selected genes involved in salicylic acid biosynthesis and salicylic acid signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Lin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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49
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Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Baum TJ, Wang X, Elling AA, Wubben M, Davis EL. Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:879-894. [PMID: 23691972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytonematodes use a stylet and secreted effectors to modify host cells and ingest nutrients to support their growth and development. The molecular function of nematode effectors is currently the subject of intense investigation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of nematode effectors, with a particular focus on proteinaceous stylet-secreted effectors of sedentary endoparasitic phytonematodes, for which a wealth of information has surfaced in the past 10 yr. We provide an update on the effector repertoires of several of the most economically important genera of phytonematodes and discuss current approaches to dissecting their function. Lastly, we highlight the latest breakthroughs in effector discovery that promise to shed new light on effector diversity and function across the phylum Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Richard S Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health and Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Axel A Elling
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Martin Wubben
- USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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50
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Rahman M, Haegeman A, Rahman BM, Gheysen G. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Molecular cloning and expression analysis of novel putative effector genes from Meloidogyne graminicola. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:493. [PMID: 23846215 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masuder Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science & Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh,
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