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Bruck JN. The Cetacean Sanctuary: A Sea of Unknowns. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:335. [PMID: 38275795 PMCID: PMC10812626 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Housing cetaceans in netted sea pens is not new and is common for many accredited managed-care facilities. Hence, the distinction between sanctuary and sea pen is more about the philosophies of those who run these sanctuary facilities, the effects of these philosophies on the animals' welfare, and how proponents of these sanctuaries fund the care of these animals. Here, I consider what plans exist for cetacean sanctuaries and discuss the caveats and challenges associated with this form of activist-managed captivity. One goal for stakeholders should be to disregard the emotional connotations of the word "sanctuary" and explore these proposals objectively with the best interest of the animals in mind. Another focus should be related to gauging the public's understanding of proposed welfare benefits to determine if long-term supporters of donation-based sanctuary models will likely see their expectations met as NGOs and their government partners consider moving forward with cetacean sanctuary experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Bruck
- Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin University, SFA Station, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
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2
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Amiruddin, Darlian L, Herman S, Sari M, Rusli. Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) on the Diameter of the Primary and Secondary Follicles in Female Mice ( Mus musculus). Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:360-370. [PMID: 37902077 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.360.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Infertility is still a phenomenon in the community, so consuming Moringa leaves (<i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam.) is expected to increase fertility. This study aimed to determine the effect of Moringa leaf extract (<i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam.) on the diameter of the primary and secondary follicles in female mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study was an experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The population of this study was 45 mice and samples were obtained by a simple random sampling technique from as many as 24 mice with the following criteria: Weight 20-25 g, 2-3 months old, female and in good health. Data analysis was performed through the ANOVA Test with a confidence level of α = 0.05 and further tested for the least significant difference (LSD). <b>Results:</b> Moringa leaf extract significantly positively affects the diameter of primary and secondary follicles in female mice (p<0.05). The average primary follicle diameter was P<sub>0</sub> (92.65 μm), P<sub>1</sub> (124.92 μm), P<sub>2 </sub>(150.72 μm), P<sub>3</sub> (175.68 μm) and the average secondary follicle diameter was control (157.17 μm), P<sub>1 </sub>(171.33 μm), P<sub>2</sub> (204.57 μm), P<sub>3</sub> (211.11 μm). Giving Moringa leaf extract (<i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam.) significantly increases the diameter of mice's primary and secondary follicles due to the presence of vitamin E in Moringa leaf extract (<i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam.). <b>Conclusion:</b> This can stimulate granulosa cells to secrete the hormone estrogen, causing an increase in the diameter of the primary and secondary follicles.
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Montano G, Clough P, Schmitt T, Davis M, Steinman K, O’Brien J, Robeck T. Follicular and Hormonal Changes after Estrous Synchronization in Bottlenose Dolphins. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2022; 3:RAF-22-0039. [PMID: 36074941 PMCID: PMC9578064 DOI: 10.1530/raf-22-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain more knowledge about the influence of hormone regulation on follicle development, ovarian ultrasounds were performed, and urinary hormone profiles were determined in ovulating and non-ovulating female bottlenose dolphins (n = 15) following estrus synchronization with altrenogest. Ovarian ultrasounds were conducted daily, post synchronization to describe follicular recruitment in relationship to the endocrine profile. Follicle sizes were grouped into very small (VSM), small (SM), medium (MD) and large (LG). In ovulating females, two follicular waves were identified, and follicular deviation towards establishing a dominant follicle only occurred during the second wave. For non-ovulating females, only the first wave was observed. For all urinary hormones, the non-ovulating group presented significantly lower concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (uFSH), luteinizing hormone (uLH), estrone conjugates (uE1-C) and estriol (uE3) but similar progestagen and cortisol concentrations compared to the ovulating group. Concentrations of uE1-C and uE3 and numbers of MD and LG follicles significantly (P < 0.05) increased, while uFSH concentrations significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as ovulation approached. Urinary LH significantly increased concurrently with increasing numbers of LG follicles and decreasing numbers of SM follicles. The characterization of follicular development and its relationship with hormone assessments complements our understanding of follicular recruitment post-synchronization in bottlenose dolphins and provides new information concerning differences between ovulating and non-ovulating females in response to an estrous synchronization protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Montano
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Inc., Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Pat Clough
- Dolphin Research Center, Grassy Key, Florida, USA
| | - Todd Schmitt
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Inc., SeaWorld California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michelle Davis
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Inc., SeaWorld Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Karen Steinman
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Inc., Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Justine O’Brien
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Inc., Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Todd Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Inc., Orlando, Florida, USA
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Shimizu K, Honkawa Y, Akiyama Y, Kashiwagi N, Otsuka M, Ando T. Utility of carboxylated poly L-lysine for the liquid storage of bottlenose dolphin semen. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 236:106889. [PMID: 34883419 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Assisted reproduction techniques are required to maintain a genetically diverse captive population of bottlenose dolphins. These techniques include semen preservation, and liquid storage has been proposed as a suitable alternative to cryopreservation, but the optimum conditions, in terms of temperature, duration, and media, have yet to be fully established. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the optimum temperature for the liquid storage of dolphin semen during a 14-day period and the usefulness of carboxylated poly-L-lysine (CPLL) as an additive to the semen extender used for the liquid storage. The semen was collected from a mature male dolphin housed at the Kagoshima Aquarium, Japan, transferred into a Beltsville (BF5F) extender, and analyzed for motility and characteristics after five-fold dilution. The optimum temperature was determined by evaluating sperm viability after liquid storage at 4, 17, or 36 °C, and the usefulness of CPLL was evaluated at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% (v/v) at the optimum temperature. Sperm stored at 4 ℃ had a greater motility maintenance compared with samples stored at 17 or 36 ℃. The most efficacious storage regimen at various time points occurred when there was addition of CPLL at 1.0% (v/v) in terms of sperm motility and other relevant determinations, with this storage approach having greater efficacy that samples stored without CPLL. The most efficacious processes for preserving bottlenose dolphin sperm functions is storage at 4 °C and with there being semen extender supplementation of 1% CPLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Shimizu
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Honkawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Akiyama
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Takaaki Ando
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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5
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Nollens HH, Haney NJ, Stacy NI, Robeck TR. Effects of sex, age, and season on the variation of blood analytes in a clinically healthy ex situ population of bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops spp.). Vet Q 2021; 40:342-352. [PMID: 33138727 PMCID: PMC7733981 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1845415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A comprehensive evaluation of the effects of sex, age, and season on blood analytes in a robust population size of ex situ bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) has not been investigated to date. Aim To define the variation in hematological and biochemical analytes of dolphins due to sex, age, and season. Methods 1,426 blood samples collected from 156 clinically normal dolphins consisting of 59 males and 97 females in which 37 analytes were measured were retrospectively identified. The dolphins were categorized by age, sex, and season, and categories were compared. Results About 23 (64%) analytes differed by age. The number of differences between adjacent age groups decreased with advancing age. MPV, glucose, BUN, globulins, GGT and Cl progressively increased with age, whereas Abs lymphs, total protein, ALP, CK and Ca progressively decreased with age. Three (8%) of analytes differed between sex, whereas 16 (44%) analytes differed by season. Female dolphins had higher median iron (33 µmol/L) than male dolphins (25 µmol/L). Female dolphins also had higher Abs lymphs and MCHC, but Abs lymphs and MCHC also differed between age and season, respectively. Sex inconsistently and relatively infrequently influences analytes. Delphinids of advancing age experience immune senescence and decreasing renal perfusion or clearance. Conclusions These results demonstrate the importance of considering the influences of sex, age, and season on blood data, provide a baseline for accurate interpretation of clinicopathological analytes of delphinids in managed care, and will be useful for investigations into health, disease, and stressors of wild delphinids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik H Nollens
- SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Pacific Marine Mammal Center, Laguna Canyon Rd, Laguna Beach, CA, USA
| | - Nylah J Haney
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd R Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, San Diego, CA, USA
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6
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Melica V, Atkinson S, Calambokidis J, Lang A, Scordino J, Mueter F. Application of endocrine biomarkers to update information on reproductive physiology in gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255368. [PMID: 34343192 PMCID: PMC8330940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of our knowledge on reproductive biology of gray whales dates back to scientific research conducted during commercial whaling in the late 1950s and 1960s. The goal of the present study was to provide updated insights on reproductive physiology of gray whales, using progesterone and testosterone as biomarkers. We measured hormone concentrations using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) techniques in blubber biopsies collected from 106 individual whales from March to November over a span of 12 years (2004-2016) between California and Alaska. We found testosterone concentrations in males to increase significantly with age (P = 0.03). Adult males showed significantly elevated testosterone concentrations when sampled in the fall compared to the summer (P = 0.01), likely indicating physiological preparation for mating. We measured testosterone concentrations in females of different age classes, but no statistical differences were found. We found significantly higher progesterone concentrations in pregnant females compared to non-pregnant females and adult males (P< 0.001), indicating progesterone is a valid biomarker for pregnancy in gray whales. Both female and male calves had elevated progesterone concentrations, suggesting maternal transfer via lactation. We fit a mixture of two normal distributions to progesterone data from all non-calf females to identify clusters of high and low progesterone and estimated the probability of being pregnant for whales of unknown reproductive status. With this approach we identified likely pregnant and non-pregnant animals. This study represents an important milestone on reproductive profiles in this population, that can be used to estimate more accurate and precise reproductive parameters to be used for better understanding population dynamics of gray whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Melica
- Fisheries Department, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shannon Atkinson
- Fisheries Department, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
| | | | - Aimée Lang
- Ocean Associates Inc., on Contract to NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Scordino
- Marine Mammal Program, Makah Fisheries Management, Neah Bay, Washington, United States of America
| | - Franz Mueter
- Fisheries Department, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
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Ikeshima S, Higa S, Mitani Y, Omata M, Kobayashi N, Ueda K, Kawazu I. First Observation of Pregnancy and Parturition in a Captive Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata). MAMMAL STUDY 2021. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Ikeshima
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Suguru Higa
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Yuuta Mitani
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Mariko Omata
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kobayashi
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ueda
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Isao Kawazu
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
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8
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Cowart JR, Collins DM, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Alejandro-Zayas T, Rivera-Guzman AL, Larkin IV. Manual Collection and Semen Characterization in a West Indian Manatee ( Trichechus manatus). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:569993. [PMID: 33195557 PMCID: PMC7642902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.569993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding male reproductive physiology in West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Currently, only basic ultrastructural and morphometric descriptions of the spermatozoon exist; however, there are no reports evaluating any seminal characteristics in this species. Therefore, the aim of the study was to fill current gaps in knowledge regarding semen parameters in West Indian manatees by collecting and characterizing multiple ejaculate samples from a single, adult West Indian manatee. Samples were analyzed for the following semen parameters: volume, agglutination, pH, osmolality, viscosity, concentration, total sperm number, motility and kinematic parameters, morphology, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, chromatin maturation, and chromatin condensation. All macroscopic semen parameters varied to some extent between samples. Total and progressive motility was high for ejaculates 2 to 5, exceeding 97 and 89%, respectively; however, these parameters decreased dramatically throughout ejaculates 6 and 7. Across all samples, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, and average pathway velocity represented the largest significant differences (p < 0.001) between each of the progression velocity subgroups (rapid, medium, slow). Sperm characteristics, including acrosome integrity (79.8%), chromatin condensation (93.1%), and chromatin maturation (99.5%) were very high; however, high numbers of morphologically abnormal sperm were present (52.9%) and plasma membrane integrity was low (45.1%). These results are the first of their kind for this species and suggest high semen quality, based on multiple ejaculates, in this male West Indian manatee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Cowart
- Aquatic Animal Health Program, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Danielle M Collins
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Antonio A Mignucci-Giannoni
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.,Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Tamara Alejandro-Zayas
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Antonio L Rivera-Guzman
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Iskande V Larkin
- Aquatic Animal Health Program, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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9
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Zhang P, Wei Z, Hui SW, Abel G, Martelli P, Hao Y, Li S. Sexual maturity, seasonal estrus, and gestation in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus inferred from serum reproductive hormones. Integr Zool 2020; 16:575-585. [PMID: 32961018 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive hormones in serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus, n = 12) housed in Ocean Park Hong Kong were investigated in the present study. Results showed that, onset of puberty of captive Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins was at 5 years while sexual maturity was at 6. Average serum progesterone concentrations in non-pregnant sexually mature individuals was 0.33 (0.25-0.97) ng/mL (interquartile), significantly higher than in immature ones 0.26 (0.25-0.38) ng/mL. This study found significant difference in serum estradiol concentrations between individuals at the onset of puberty (9.5 ± 1.7 pg/mL, ±SD) and not (below detection limit 9 pg/mL). A slightly seasonal breeding pattern, with progesterone values tend to be higher from February to October (0.38 [0.25-1.07] ng/mL) was inferred. During pregnancy, serum progesterone concentrations range from 10.54 ± 8.74 ng/mL (indexed month post-conception [IMPC] 0) to 25.49 ± 12.06 ng/mL (IMPC 2), and display a bimodal pattern with 2 peaks in early- (25.49 ± 12.06 ng/mL, IMPC 2) and late-pregnancy (21.71 ± 10.25 ng/mL, IMPC 12), respectively. Serum estradiol concentrations can seldom be detected in early-pregnancy and increase constantly in mid- (9.45 ± 1.83 pg/mL) and late-pregnancy (11.88 ± 3.81 pg/mL), with a spike (15.45 ± 6.78 pg/mL) 1 month prior to delivery. Serum testosterone concentrations elevate significantly in IMPC 7 (0.36 ± 0.10 ng/mL) compared to other months (0.16 ± 0.10 ng/mL) of the year. The present study provides normal concentration profiles for some reproductive hormones in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and can contribute to the breeding monitoring of this species. Also, our study would shed further light on the reproductive physiology of small cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Zhang
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wei
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Grant Abel
- Ocean Park Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Seattle Aquarium, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yujiang Hao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Songhai Li
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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10
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Herrick JR. Assisted reproductive technologies for endangered species conservation: developing sophisticated protocols with limited access to animals with unique reproductive mechanisms. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1158-1170. [PMID: 30770538 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been proposed as a means of overcoming the significant challenges of managing small, isolated populations of endangered species in zoos. However, efficient protocols for ARTs do not exist for most endangered species. This review will focus on research efforts to characterize unique reproductive mechanisms and develop species-specific ARTs. Central to these studies are assays to measure steroid metabolites in urine or feces and/or training programs to allow unrestrained blood collections and ultrasound evaluations. The resulting information about estrous cycle dynamics, combined with studies of semen collection and processing, provides the foundation for the development of artificial insemination (AI). In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer are also discussed in relation to the advantages these techniques could provide relative to AI, as well as the significant challenges involved with technologies that require oocytes and embryos. Finally, an argument is made for additional research of nontraditional model species (e.g., domestic cats and dogs) and the development of novel models representing unique taxa. Whether these species are studied by zoo-based researchers with the expressed intent of developing ARTs for conservation or academic scientists interested in basic biology, the resulting information will provide a unique, evolutionary perspective on reproduction that could have wide-reaching benefits. The more information we have available, the better our chances will be of developing effective ARTs and making a difference in conservation efforts for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Herrick
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, 3701 S. 10th St., Omaha, NE 68107, USA
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11
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Ruiz-Díaz S, Luongo C, Fuentes-Albero MC, Abril-Sánchez S, Sánchez-Calabuig MJ, Barros-García C, De la Fe C, García-Galán A, Ros-Santaella JL, Pintus E, Garcia-Párraga D, García-Vázquez FA. Effect of temperature and cell concentration on dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) spermatozoa quality evaluated at different days of refrigeration. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 212:106248. [PMID: 31864493 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of cryopreserved dolphin spermatozoa facilitates the exchange of genetic material between aquatic parks and makes spermatozoa accessible to laboratories for studies to further our understanding of marine mammal reproduction. Sperm cryopreservation in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) has been developed for the exchange of gametes within the ex situ population. The aim of this study was to develop an effective method for refrigeration of bottlenose dolphin spermatozoa diluted in a commercial extender (BTS). In Experiment 1, the effect of temperature (5 compared with 15 °C) on sperm quality was evaluated during 7 days of storage at 100 × 106 spermatozoa/ml. In Experiment 2, the effect of the storage concentration (100 × 106 compared with 20 × 106 spermatozoa/ml) on sperm quality was assessed during 7 days of storage at 5 °C. In Experiment 1, total motility (including % of rapid sperm) was greater at 5 than 15 °C. When the effect of storage concentration was evaluated (Experiment 2), total motility and ALH were greater at the higher storage concentration (100 × 106 spermatozoa/ml). For both experiments, values for viability, acrosome integrity, and normal morphology variables were consistent throughout the 7 days of refrigeration. In Experiment 3, a microbiological study was performed to evaluate the effect of the refrigeration temperature and days of storage on bacterial growth. The results of microbiological analysis indicated there was Staphylococcus aureus in some samples, however, there was no effect of temperature or days of refrigeration. In conclusion, bottlenose dolphin semen can be refrigerated for a short to medium period of storage and there is maintenance of functionality of sperm when stored at 100 × 106 spermatozoa/ml at 5 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ruiz-Díaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, Spain
| | - C Luongo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, Spain
| | | | - S Abril-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, Spain
| | - M J Sánchez-Calabuig
- Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Barros-García
- Biology Department, Avanqua-Oceanogràfic S.L, 46013, Valencia, Spain
| | - C De la Fe
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A García-Galán
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - J L Ros-Santaella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - E Pintus
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - D Garcia-Párraga
- Biology Department, Avanqua-Oceanogràfic S.L, 46013, Valencia, Spain; Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic, 46013, Valencia, Spain
| | - F A García-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, Spain.
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12
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Hao YJ, Nabi G, Deng XJ, Wang D. Non-invasive Fecal Steroid Measurements for Monitoring the Reproductive Status of a Critically Endangered Yangtze Finless Porpoises ( Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 31551933 PMCID: PMC6737663 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is a critically endangered freshwater cetacean dwelling in the Yangtze River and its adjoining lakes. Affected mainly by the various anthropogenic activities in this region, its population decreased dramatically in the past two decades. To protect this animal from extinction, captive breeding program is an important way to provide basic knowledge for wild population conservation. Non-invasive fecal steroid radioimmunoassay technique was validated in three captive Yangtze finless porpoises for the first time in this study. The seasonality of one captive male and the reproductive status of two females were investigated by longitudinal monitoring their fecal reproductive steroid hormone metabolites. Pregnancy could be diagnosed by an abrupt increase in fecal progesterone metabolites. In late pregnancy (4 months before birth), a significant decrease of fecal progesterone metabolites was observed, which might be referenced for the expectation of parturition date. Seven estrous cycles were recognized in one breeding season of a non-pregnant female judged by the variation of fecal progesterone metabolite levels. The fecal progesterone metabolite level was proved a reliable and precise indicator for estrus and pregnancy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-jiang Hao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Deng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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13
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Nollens HH, Robeck TR, Schmitt TL, Croft LL, Osborn S, McBain JF. Effect of age, sex, and season on the variation in blood analytes of a clinically normal ex situ population of killer whales (Orcinus orca). Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:100-113. [PMID: 30676655 PMCID: PMC6850284 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The effects of sex, age, and season on blood analyte concentrations have not been investigated for the killer whale (Orcinus orca). Defining these changes provides background data for improving the care of managed populations and defines normal changes that could occur in wild counterparts. Objectives We aimed to define hematologic and serum biochemical variation by age, sex, and season for an ex situ killer whale population. Methods Blood samples collected from killer whales during normal wellness exams were retrospectively identified. Killer whales were categorized by age; calf (0‐2.9 years), juvenile (3‐10.9 years), early adult (11‐20.9 years), adult (21‐30.9 years), and aged (>30.9 years); sex; and season. Standard CBC and biochemistry were collated, and only samples without evidence of disease were used. A mixed effects maximum likelihood regression with animal identification (ID) as the random effects variable was used to compare groups with a significance set at P ≤ 0.01. Results All analytes differed by age, while only four differed by sex. Red blood cell parameters and associated renal analytes increased with age, while liver‐associated analytes and glucose decreased. Season affected 59% of the blood analytes. Conclusions Aged killer whales showed strong evidence of altered physiology as compared with younger animals. Anemia did not develop with age as was observed in one bottlenose dolphin population. Observed decreases in renal function could be caused by chronic disease or dehydration. Decreases in immune function parameters suggest immune senescence. These results provide background data for evaluating the health of managed and free‐ranging killer whales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd R Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, San Diego, California
| | - Todd L Schmitt
- Veterinary Services, SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lara L Croft
- Veterinary Services, SeaWorld Orlando, Orlando, Florida
| | - Steve Osborn
- Veterinary Services, SeaWorld San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James F McBain
- Veterinary Services, SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, California
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14
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Lundin JI, Ylitalo GM, Giles DA, Seely EA, Anulacion BF, Boyd DT, Hempelmann JA, Parsons KM, Booth RK, Wasser SK. Pre-oil spill baseline profiling for contaminants in Southern Resident killer whale fecal samples indicates possible exposure to vessel exhaust. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:448-453. [PMID: 30509828 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Southern Resident killer whale population (Orcinus orca) was listed as endangered in 2005 and shows little sign of recovery. Exposure to contaminants and risk of an oil spill are identified threats. Previous studies on contaminants have largely focused on legacy pollutants. Here we measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in whale fecal (scat) samples. PAHs are a diverse group of hazardous compounds (e.g., carcinogenic, mutagenic), and are a component of crude and refined oil as well as motor exhaust. The central finding from this study indicates low concentrations of the measured PAHs (<10 ppb, wet weight), as expected; however, PAHs were as high as 104 ppb prior to implementation of guidelines mandating increased distance between vessels and whales. While causality is unclear, the potential PAH exposure from vessels warrants continued monitoring. Historical precedent similarly emphasizes the importance of having pre-oil spill exposure data available as baseline to guide remediation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Lundin
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America
| | - Deborah A Giles
- University of Washington Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Seely
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Bernadita F Anulacion
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Hempelmann
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America
| | - Kim M Parsons
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Building 4, Seattle, WA 98115, United States of America; Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America
| | - Rebecca K Booth
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Samuel K Wasser
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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15
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Robeck TR, Blum JL, Steinman KJ, Ratner JR, Bergfelt DR, O'Brien JK. Longitudinal profiles of relaxin and progestagens during pregnancy, pregnancy loss and false pregnancy in the killer whale (Orcinus orca). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 267:98-108. [PMID: 29913171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The circulating pattern of immunoreactive relaxin and progestagens based on monthly and gestational stage (early, mid, late) profiles were determined during pregnancies that resulted in live calves (LIVE, n = 30), stillbirths (STILLB, n = 3), abortions (ABORT, n = 5) and presumptive false pregnancies (FALSE, n = 8), and during the follicular (n = 34) and luteal phase (n = 58). Monthly LIVE relaxin concentrations steadily increased during gestation, but values did not significantly exceed those of the luteal phase until 9 months prior to parturition, peaking during the final month at 2356 ng/ml. Relaxin surged (P < 0.05) during the final week of gestation (36,397 ng/ml), undergoing a 3 and 9-fold increase compared with concentrations in the preceding two weeks, respectively. Monthly relaxin production did not differ among each reproductive state with the exception of months-13-16 where concentrations were higher (P < 0.001) for STILLB than LIVE. Relaxin concentration was reduced (P < 0.0001) by 849% in placental versus maternal serum collected within 1 day of labor. Mid- and late-pregnancy progestagen concentrations were lower for FALSE (P < 0.001) compared with STILLB and LIVE. Late pregnancy progestagen concentrations were reduced for FALSE (P < 0.05) and ABORT (P < 0.02) compared with LIVE and STILLB. Monthly progestagen production in ABORT tended to be lower than LIVE across a range of gestational months (Months 2, 7, 8, 11) but this difference only became significant during months 14 and 15. Results indicate that relaxin is primarily produced by the CL during pregnancy, and that concentrations could not be used to differentiate from non-pregnant females until the final 6 months of gestation. In addition, as would be expected from a primarily CL product, relaxin cannot be used to detect abnormal pregnancies. Conversely, progestagens, which are produced by both the placenta and CL can be used to differentiate FALSE from normal pregnancy and may be useful indicators of fetal health in the killer whale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, United States.
| | - Jason L Blum
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, United States
| | - Karen J Steinman
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, United States
| | - Jill R Ratner
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, United States
| | - Don R Bergfelt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre KN 00265, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, United States
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16
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Characterizing estrus by trans-abdominal ultrasounds, fecal estrone-3-glucuronide, and vaginal cytology in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Theriogenology 2018; 120:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Funasaka N, Yoshioka M, Ueda K, Koga H, Yanagisawa M, Koga S, Tokutake K. Long-term monitoring of circulating progesterone and its relationship to peripheral white blood cells in female false killer whales Pseudorca crassidens. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1431-1437. [PMID: 30022778 PMCID: PMC6160874 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term monitoring of circulating progesterone levels in three captive female false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, was conducted to characterize their reproductive
events and to reveal the relationship between their estrous cycles or pregnancies and peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts. Blood samples were collected at 2–3-day intervals or on a
weekly-to-monthly basis for up to 10 years, from 2006 to 2017. In two mature females (initial body lengths of 4.22 and 4.07 m), some cyclic progesterone elevations were detected during the
study period; the estimated mean (± SE) estrous cycle length was 40.5 ± 0.7 days (n=12). The seasonality of ovulation, estimated from the elevation of progesterone levels, varied among
individuals or years, and ovulation did not occur every year. The third female (3.26 m) showed progesterone elevations, despite irregular cycles after sexual maturity, and became pregnant.
The progesterone levels during pregnancy ranged from 7.3 to 42.2 ng/ml, and the gestation period lasted for 14 months until parturition. The mean WBC counts
during estrous cycles were the lowest before the progesterone levels began to increase and then gradually increased toward the luteal phase. The WBC counts were significantly higher during
pregnancy than before and were particularly high in early pregnancy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the relationship between the estrous cycle or pregnancy and WBC
counts in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funasaka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Motoi Yoshioka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ueda
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Haruka Koga
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Makio Yanagisawa
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Sotaro Koga
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Kouji Tokutake
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
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18
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van der Horst G, Medger K, Steckler D, Luther I, Bartels P. Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) sperm revisited: Motility, morphology and ultrastructure of fresh sperm of consecutive ejaculates. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 195:309-320. [PMID: 29954651 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Computer aided sperm analysis systems allow detailed examination of sperm motility and morphology variables, which are important for the understanding of the spermatology of a species and the development of assisted reproductive techniques. Cetacean biology is too complex to study in the wild and data from captive individuals provide an important alternative for the conservation of these charismatic animals. The present study evaluates ejaculate and sperm characteristics, including sperm motility, kinematic variables and quantitative sperm morphology and ultrastructure, of consecutive ejaculates from Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Sperm concentrations and total and progressive motilities were greater in the second than the first ejaculate, with all ejaculates being of very high quality (6.9-1127 × 106/ml sperm concentration, 75% to 91% total motility and 89% to 96% normal sperm). Most sperm in an ejaculate (≥84%) were highly (VCL>150 μm/s) and progressively motile with very few abnormal sperm. The sperm have small heads, a short but very bulky midpiece and a long tail. Detailed sperm morphometrics using CASA indicated there were similarities from one ejaculate to the next. The large mitochondria with extensive cristae mitochondriales are tightly packed in the midpiece resulting in a large midpiece volume. All the semen and sperm characteristics indicate high quality sperm and support the assumption that a multimale mating system is present in T. truncatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard van der Horst
- University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, PO Box 754, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Katarina Medger
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield/Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - Daniela Steckler
- Section of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
| | | | - Paul Bartels
- Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-West 0001, South Africa.
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19
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Swinbourne AM, Johnston SD, Janssen T, Lisle A, Keeley T. Reproductive biology of captive southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Part 1: oestrous cycle characterisation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1412-1423. [PMID: 29742383 DOI: 10.1071/rd17497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern hairy-nosed wombats (SHNWs: Lasiorhinus latifrons) do not breed well in captivity. To better understand their reproduction, daily urine samples were collected from nine captive females and analysed for volume (mL), specific gravity and a qualitative index of the number of epithelial cells, then stored at -20°C until samples could be analysed for progesterone metabolites (P4M). The mean oestrous cycle length was 35.1±2.4 days; however, individual cycle length ranged from 23 to 47 days. The mean luteal phase length was 20.8±1.3 days (range: 12 to 33 days). Urinary P4M was divided into four oestrous cycle stages: (1) early follicular phase, (2) late follicular phase, (3) early luteal phase, (4) late luteal phase, and analysed against urinary characteristics. During the late follicular phase, urine volume decreased (P=0.002) while urine specific gravity (P=0.001) and concentration of epithelial cells (P=0.004) both increased. The level of variability in oestrous cycle length suggests that some captive females may exhibit abnormal cycles; however, the changes in the urinary characteristics associated with the different stages of the oestrous cycle appear to offer a possible non-invasive means of monitoring the reproductive status of captive SHNWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M Swinbourne
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Stephen D Johnston
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Tina Janssen
- Australian Animals Care and Education, PO Box 138, Mount Larcom, Qld 4695, Australia
| | - Alan Lisle
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Tamara Keeley
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
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20
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Funasaka N, Yoshioka M, Ishibashi T, Tatsukawa T, Shindo H, Takada K, Nakamura M, Iwata T, Fujimaru K, Tanaka T. Seasonal changes in circulating gonadal steroid levels and physiological evidence for the presence of intrinsic circannual reproductive cycles in captive finless porpoises Neophocaena asiaeorientalis from the western Inland Sea, Japan. J Reprod Dev 2018; 64:145-152. [PMID: 29353858 PMCID: PMC5902902 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We monitored annual fluctuations of gonadal steroid levels in three sexually mature captive finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis; two males and one female) from two different facilities over 56-91 months. Two animals (one male and one female) were held in an indoor tank with a sunroof (facility A) and the other male was held in an indoor tank without a sunroof (facility B). Water temperatures in both facilities reflected seasonal changes during the study period with a minor difference in the fluctuation pattern. Testosterone levels of the male in facility A were higher from spring to summer every year and exhibited a 12-month cycle. The female showed estrus cycles in 1-month intervals from summer to winter, excluding 2 anestrus years. In contrast, the period of higher testosterone levels of the male in facility B gradually initiated earlier over the years under a constant photoperiod (11.5L:12.5D) and exhibited a 9-month cycle during the first 52 months. After changing the light conditions to a natural photoperiod, its testosterone levels were high from early spring to summer for 3 consecutive years and exhibited a 12-month cycle. Our results showed that under a constant artificial photoperiod, the male in facility B failed to recognize the seasonal changes of a natural external environment, resulting in a 9-month, free-running hormone cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funasaka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Motoi Yoshioka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishibashi
- Shimonoseki Marine Science Museum, Yamaguchi 750-0036, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tatsukawa
- Shimonoseki Marine Science Museum, Yamaguchi 750-0036, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shindo
- Shimonoseki Marine Science Museum, Yamaguchi 750-0036, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
| | - Koji Takada
- MARINE WORLD uminonakamichi, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- MARINE WORLD uminonakamichi, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Iwata
- MARINE WORLD uminonakamichi, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
| | - Kaoru Fujimaru
- MARINE WORLD uminonakamichi, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
| | - Taira Tanaka
- Oita Marine Palace Aquarium UMITAMAGO, Oita 870-0802, Japan
- Species Management Committee for Finless Porpoises of the Western Inland Sea, Fukuoka 811-0321, Japan
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21
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Swinbourne AM, Johnston SD, Janssen TM, Lisle A, Keeley T. Validation of techniques to measure reproductive hormones in the urine of female southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:130-141. [PMID: 28826813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Swinbourne
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - S D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - T M Janssen
- Australian Animals Care and Education, Mount Larcom, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Lisle
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Keeley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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22
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Brando S, Broom DM, Acasuso-Rivero C, Clark F. Optimal marine mammal welfare under human care: Current efforts and future directions. Behav Processes 2017; 156:16-36. [PMID: 28927965 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine mammals include cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, sea otters and polar bears, many of which are charismatic and popular species commonly kept under human care in zoos and aquaria. However, in comparison with their fully terrestrial counterparts their welfare has been less intensively studied, and their partial or full reliance on the aquatic environment leads to unique welfare challenges. In this paper we attempt to collate and review the research undertaken thus far on marine mammal welfare, and identify the most important gaps in knowledge. We use 'best practice case studies' to highlight examples of research promoting optimal welfare, include suggestions for future directions of research efforts, and make recommendations to strive for optimal welfare, where it is currently lacking, above and beyond minimum legislation and guidelines. Our review of the current literature shows that recently there have been positive forward strides in marine mammal welfare assessment, but fundamental research is still required to validate positive and negative indicators of welfare in marine mammals. Across all marine mammals, more research is required on the dimensions and complexity of pools and land areas necessary for optimal welfare, and the impact of staff absence for most of the 24-h day, as standard working hours are usually between 0900 and 1700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Brando
- WAZA Executive Office IUCN Conservation Centre, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.
| | - Donald M Broom
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Anthrozoology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Cristina Acasuso-Rivero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Fay Clark
- Bristol Zoological Society, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA, UK,.
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23
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Selvam RM, Onteru SK, Nayan V, Sivakumar M, Singh D, Archunan G. Exploration of Luteinizing hormone in murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) urine: Extended surge window opens door for estrus prediction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 251:121-126. [PMID: 28011259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Estrus detection in buffaloes has been a major concern for decades, and lack of reliable methods affects their effective reproductive management. Luteinizing hormone (LH) detection in urine is in practice for several mammals for timed insemination, whereas very few reports are available on buffalo urinary LH. The focus of this study is to detect the presence of LH in buffalo urine, quantitate variation in urinary LH during different estrous cycle phases and examine the duration of mid-cycle LH window. Nearly hundred buffaloes were examined, longitudinal urine samples (n=42) were collected from seventeen animals and classified into respective phases based on several estrus detection parameters. The urinary LH was detected using bovine LH ELISA kit validated for serum/plasma/tissue homogenate. Detection of buffalo LH in the neat urine convincingly proved the competence of the bovine LH kit. Variation in the LH range was observed between different phases of estrous cycle and significant fold variation (P<0.05) was noticed during estrus phase (1.01±0.23) with average baseline value of 46.73±3.36mIU/mL. Interestingly, an extended window (A1-A3) of mid-cycle LH surge was observed due to its lingering excretion in urine. The results, altogether, revealed that LH can be detected in buffalo urine with noticeable fold variation during estrus phase and the extended LH window intensifies the chance of ovulation prediction for timed insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Muthu Selvam
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Varij Nayan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Muthusamy Sivakumar
- Nanoscience and Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India.
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India.
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Boroda AV. Marine mammal cell cultures: To obtain, to apply, and to preserve. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 129:316-328. [PMID: 28683932 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The world's oceans today have become a place for the disposal of toxic waste, which leads to the degradation of marine mammal habitats and populations. Marine mammal cell cultures have proven to be a multifunctional tool for studying the peculiarities of the cell physiology and biochemistry of these animals as well as the destructive effects of anthropogenic and natural toxicants. This review describes the sources of marine mammal live tissues and the methods required for establishing cell cultures, their use, and long-term storage. Approaches to conserving rare animal species by applying cell biology methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Boroda
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky St., Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
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Martínez-Páramo S, Horváth Á, Labbé C, Zhang T, Robles V, Herráez P, Suquet M, Adams S, Viveiros A, Tiersch TR, Cabrita E. Cryobanking of aquatic species. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 472:156-177. [PMID: 29276317 PMCID: PMC5737826 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on the applications of genome cryobanking of aquatic species including freshwater and marine fish, as well as invertebrates. It also reviews the latest advances in cryobanking of model species, widely used by the scientific community worldwide, because of their applications in several fields. The state of the art of cryopreservation of different cellular types (sperm, oocytes, embryos, somatic cells and primordial germ cells or early spermatogonia) is discussed focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure according to different applications. A special review on the need of standardization of protocols has also been carried out. In summary, this comprehensive review provides information on the practical details of applications of genome cryobanking in a range of aquatic species worldwide, including the cryobanks established in Europe, USA, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand, the species and type of cells that constitute these banks and the utilization of the samples preserved. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE This review compiles the last advances on germplasm cryobanking of freshwater and marine fish species and invertebrates, with high value for commercial aquaculture or conservation. It is reviewed the most promising cryopreservation protocols for different cell types, embryos and larvae that could be applied in programs for genetic improvement, broodstock management or conservation of stocks to guarantee culture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martínez-Páramo
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ákos Horváth
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Catherine Labbé
- INRA, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa Robles
- IEO, Spanish Oceanographic Institute, Santander Oceanographic Centre, El Bocal, Barrio Corbanera s/n Bocal, 39012 Monte, Santander, Spain
| | - Paz Herráez
- Department of Molecular Biology and INDEGSAL, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Marc Suquet
- IFREMER, PFOM Dept, Stn Expt Argenton, UMR, 6539 Argenton, France
| | - Serean Adams
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Private Bag 3123, Ruakura, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Ana Viveiros
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, UFLA, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Terrence R. Tiersch
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elsa Cabrita
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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O'Brien JK, Steinman KJ, Fetter GA, Robeck TR. Androgen and glucocorticoid production in the male killer whale (Orcinus orca): influence of age, maturity, and environmental factors. Andrology 2016; 5:180-190. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. O'Brien
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center; SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment; San Diego CA USA
| | - K. J. Steinman
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center; SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment; San Diego CA USA
| | - G. A. Fetter
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation and Research; San Diego CA USA
| | - T. R. Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center; SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment; San Diego CA USA
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Robeck TR, Steinman KJ, O'Brien JK. Characterization and longitudinal monitoring of serum progestagens and estrogens during normal pregnancy in the killer whale (Orcinus orca). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 236:83-97. [PMID: 27401258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The secretory patterns of progestagens and estrogens were characterized throughout 28 normal pregnancies until two month post-partum in eleven killer whales. HPLC analysis of serum from different reproductive stages (luteal phase, EARLY, MID, and LATE pregnancy) identified three major immunoreactive progestagen peaks; progesterone (P4), 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (5α-DHP) and pregnanediol, with 5α-DHP approximately half of that for P4 in the luteal phase, and EARLY, but approximately 2/3 of P4 during MID and LATE pregnancy. At birth, 5α-DHP was the only significant (>10% immunoreactivity) immunoreactive progestagen detected in placental (umbilical cord) serum. Maternal recognition of pregnancy appears to occur between day 21 and 28 post-ovulation when a significant deviation in progestagen concentrations between conceptive and non-conceptive cycles was detected. Progestagen concentrations during pregnancy displayed a bimodal pattern with significant peaks (P<0.05) in EARLY (indexed month post-conception [IMPC] 2, 3, 4) and MID (IMPC 9, 10) before decreasing (P<0.05) over an 11day interval to luteal phase concentrations on the day of parturition. Among estrogens, estriol was secreted in the highest concentrations but only estrone (free and conjugated) and estradiol increased (P<0.001) during pregnancy, with peaks observed during the final month of gestation, and an influence (P<0.05) of fetal sex on estradiol production was detected. Collective findings indicate that P4 derived from the corpus luteum is the major biologically active progestagen during the luteal phase and pregnancy, and that 5α-DHP production, possibly from both luteal and placental sources, increases during the second half of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Robeck
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
| | - Karen J Steinman
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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Stoops MA, Campbell MK, DeChant CJ, Hauser J, Kottwitz J, Pairan RD, Shaffstall W, Volle K, Roth TL. Enhancing captive Indian rhinoceros genetics via artificial insemination of cryopreserved sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 172:60-75. [PMID: 27449405 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to design an artificial insemination (AI) protocol using cryopreserved spermatozoa to obtain pregnancies in captive Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis). Four methods developed varied by timing and approach, as follows; Method 1: females (n=2) were inseminated pre- and post-ovulation under general anesthesia, Method 2: females (n=2) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via endoscopy, Method 3: females (n=1) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via manual insertion of an insemination catheter, Method 4: females (n=2) were inseminated same as Method 3 with the addition of standing sedation. Semen deposition site varied as a result of changes in AI technology and experience. All females conceived following intrauterine AI using three methods. Four pregnancies (n=3 females) produced via Method 3 and 4 resulted in term births (n=2 male calves, n=2 female calves) at 481.8±12.8days post-AI. Unfortunately, two early pregnancy losses were documented in a fourth female conceiving via Method 2. Pregnancy rates were 0%, 22%, 17%, and 50% for Method 1-4, respectively. Method 3 and 4 rates improved to 29% and 67%, respectively when accounting for AI's conducted only on ovulatory estrous cycles. Spermatozoa (n=5 males) were cryopreserved 0.3-9.3 y prior to successful AI procedures. The lowest dose of frozen-thawed sperm resulting in conception was 500×10(6) motile sperm. Mean time from AI to ovulation in conceptive and non-conceptive cycles was 26±11.8h and 66±80.7h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - Mark K Campbell
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | | | - Joe Hauser
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack Kottwitz
- Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Randal D Pairan
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Wendy Shaffstall
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Kurt Volle
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Terri L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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Lundin JI, Ylitalo GM, Booth RK, Anulacion B, Hempelmann JA, Parsons KM, Giles DA, Seely EA, Hanson MB, Emmons CK, Wasser SK. Modulation in Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentration and Profile by Prey Availability and Reproductive Status in Southern Resident Killer Whale Scat Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6506-6516. [PMID: 27186642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), specifically PCBs, PBDEs, and DDTs, in the marine environment are well documented, however accumulation and mobilization patterns at the top of the food-web are poorly understood. This study broadens the understanding of POPs in the endangered Southern Resident killer whale population by addressing modulation by prey availability and reproductive status, along with endocrine disrupting effects. A total of 140 killer whale scat samples collected from 54 unique whales across a 4 year sampling period (2010-2013) were analyzed for concentrations of POPs. Toxicant measures were linked to pod, age, and birth order in genotyped individuals, prey abundance using open-source test fishery data, and pregnancy status based on hormone indices from the same sample. Toxicant concentrations were highest and had the greatest potential for toxicity when prey abundance was the lowest. In addition, these toxicants were likely from endogenous lipid stores. Bioaccumulation of POPs increased with age, with the exception of presumed nulliparous females. The exceptional pattern may be explained by females experiencing unobserved neonatal loss. Transfer of POPs through mobilization of endogenous lipid stores during lactation was highest for first-borns with diminished transfer to subsequent calves. Contrary to expectation, POP concentrations did not demonstrate an associated disruption of thyroid hormone, although this association may have been masked by impacts of prey abundance on thyroid hormone concentrations. The noninvasive method for measuring POP concentrations in killer whales through scat employed in this study may improve toxicant monitoring in the marine environment and promote conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Lundin
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Rebecca K Booth
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bernadita Anulacion
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jennifer A Hempelmann
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Kim M Parsons
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Deborah A Giles
- Center for Whale Research , Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Seely
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - M Bradley Hanson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Candice K Emmons
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Samuel K Wasser
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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de Mello DMD, de Oliveira CA. Biological matrices for sampling free-ranging cetaceans and the implications of their use for reproductive endocrine monitoring. Mamm Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Magalhães Drummond de Mello
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária São Paulo 05508 270 Brazil
| | - Cláudio Alvarenga de Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária São Paulo 05508 270 Brazil
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31
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Robeck TR, Willis K, Scarpuzzi MR, O’Brien JK. Comparisons of life-history parameters between free-ranging and captive killer whale ( Orcinus orca) populations for application toward species management. J Mammal 2015; 96:1055-1070. [PMID: 26937049 PMCID: PMC4668992 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data collected on life-history parameters of known-age animals from the northern (NR) and southern resident (SR) killer whales (Orcinus orca) of the eastern North Pacific were compared with life-history traits of killer whales located at SeaWorld (SEA) facilities. For captive-born SEA animals, mean age and body length at 1st estrus was 7.5 years and 483.7cm, respectively. Estimated mean age at 1st conception was different (P < 0.001) for the combined data from both northern and southern resident (NSR) free-ranging populations (12.1 years) compared to SEA (9.8 years), as was the estimated mean age at 1st observed calf (SEA: 11.1 years, NSR: 14.2 years, P < 0.001). Average calf survival rate to 2 years of age for SEA animals (0.966) was significantly greater (P = 0.04) than that for SR (0.799). Annual survival rate (ASR) for SEA increased over approximately 15-year increments with rates in the most recent period (2000-2015 ASR: 0.976) improved (P < 0.05) over the first 2 periods of captivity (1965-1985: 0.906; 1985-2000: 0.941). The SR (0.966) and NR ASR (0.977) were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that of SEA until 2000, after which there were no inter-population differences. Based on ASR, median and average life expectancy were 28.8 and 41.6 years (SEA: 2000-2015), 20.1 and 29.0 years (SR), and 29.3 and 42.3 years (NR), respectively. The ASR for animals born at SEA (0.979) was higher (P = 0.02) than that of wild-caught SEA animals (0.944) with a median and average life expectancy of 33.1 and 47.7 years, respectively. These data present evidence for similar life-history parameters of free-ranging and captive killer whale populations and the reproductive potential and survivorship patterns established herein have application for use in future research concerning the overall health of both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Willis
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 2595 Ingraham Road, San Diego, CA 92019, USA (TRR, JKO)
- Minnesota Zoo, 13000 Zoo Boulevard, Apple Valley, MN 55124, USA (KW)
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, CA 92019, USA (MRS)
| | - Michael R. Scarpuzzi
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 2595 Ingraham Road, San Diego, CA 92019, USA (TRR, JKO)
- Minnesota Zoo, 13000 Zoo Boulevard, Apple Valley, MN 55124, USA (KW)
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, CA 92019, USA (MRS)
| | - Justine K. O’Brien
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 2595 Ingraham Road, San Diego, CA 92019, USA (TRR, JKO)
- Minnesota Zoo, 13000 Zoo Boulevard, Apple Valley, MN 55124, USA (KW)
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, CA 92019, USA (MRS)
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32
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Micheletti T, Brown JL, Walker SL, Cubas ZS, Furtado PV, Putman SB, de Moraes W, de Oliveira MJ, de Oliveira CA, Moreira N. The use of altrenogest to avoid hyperestrogenism after eCG-hCG ovulation induction in southern tigrina (Leopardus guttulus). Theriogenology 2015; 84:575-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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First attempt to monitor luteinizing hormone and reproductive steroids in urine samples of the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 45:843-51. [PMID: 25632672 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0122.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to validate an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) in urine samples of Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis; Mammalia: Sirenia) and to monitor urinary LH and reproductive steroids during the ovarian cycle in this species. Urine samples were collected from two captive males following a hormonal challenge with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue. The urinary LH results from hormonal challenge were compared with urinary androgens for the purpose of EIA validation. Furthermore, urine samples were collected daily, over a 12-wk period, from two captive adult females, for 2 consecutive yr. The urinary LH pattern from females was compared with the patterns of urinary progestagens and estrogen conjugates throughout the ovarian cycle. An LH peak was observed in both male Amazonian manatees after the hormonal challenge, occurring prior to or together with peak androgen levels. In the females, the ovarian cycle ranged from 40 to 48 days (mean of 43.7 days). Two distinct peaks of estrogen conjugates were observed across all cycles analyzed, and the urinary LH peaks observed were accompanied by peaks of urinary estrogen conjugates. The EIA was validated as a method for the quantification of urinary LH from Amazonian manatees, as it was able to detect variations in the levels of LH in urine samples. These results suggest that T. inunguis exhibits a peculiar hormonal pattern during the ovarian cycle. Therefore, further studies are desirable and necessary to clarify the relationship between this hormonal pattern and morphological changes, as well as mating behavior, in Amazonian manatee.
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Collins CW, Monfort SL, Vick MM, Wolfe BA, Weiss RB, Keefer CL, Songsasen N. Oral and injectable synthetic progestagens effectively manipulate the estrous cycle in the Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 148:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lanyon JM, Burgess EA. Methods to examine reproductive biology in free-ranging, fully-marine mammals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 753:241-74. [PMID: 25091913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Historical overexploitation of marine mammals, combined with present-day pressures, has resulted in severely depleted populations, with many species listed as threatened or endangered. Understanding breeding patterns of threatened marine mammals is crucial to assessing population viability, potential recovery and conservation actions. However, determining reproductive parameters of wild fully-marine mammals (cetaceans and sirenians) is challenging due to their wide distributions, high mobility, inaccessible habitats, cryptic lifestyles and in many cases, large body size and intractability. Consequently, reproductive biologists employ an innovative suite of methods to collect useful information from these species. This chapter reviews historic, recent and state-of-the-art methods to examine diverse aspects of reproduction in fully-aquatic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Lanyon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia,
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36
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Kellar NM, Keliher J, Trego ML, Catelani KN, Hanns C, George JCC, Rosa C. Variation of bowhead whale progesterone concentrations across demographic groups and sample matrices. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Robeck TR, Nollens HH. Hematological and serum biochemical analytes reflect physiological challenges during gestation and lactation in killer whales (Orcinus orca). Zoo Biol 2013; 32:497-509. [PMID: 23813680 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gestation and lactation result in metabolic alterations of the dam because of varying demands of the fetus and offspring during the different stages of development. Despite killer whales (Orcinus orca) having one of the longest gestations and highest birth weights of all mammals in human care, these metabolic alterations, and their impact on the physiology of the dam have not been measured. The objectives of this analysis were to determine if physiologic demands on the killer whale during pregnancy and lactation have measurable effects on hematology and biochemical analytes and if detectable, to compare these changes to those which are observed in other mammalian species. Forty hematologic and biochemical analytes from seven female killer whales (22 pregnancies, 1,507 samples) were compared between the following stages: (1) non-pregnant or lactating (control); (2) gestation; and (3) the first 12 months of lactation. Decreased hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts were indicative of plasma volume expansion during mid and late gestation. The killer whales exhibited a progressively increasing physiologic inflammatory state leading up to parturition. Gestation and lactation caused significant shifts in the serum lipid profiles. Gestation and lactation cause significant physiologic changes in the killer whale dam. The last 12 months of gestation had greater physiological impact than lactation, but changes associated with and immediately following parturition were the most dramatic. During this period, killer whales may experience increased susceptibility to illness, and anthropogenic and environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Corporation, San Diego, California
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Curry BE, Ralls K, Brownell RL. Prospects for captive breeding of poorly known small cetacean species. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Stewart RA, Pelican KM, Crosier AE, Pukazhenthi BS, Wildt DE, Ottinger MA, Howard J. Oral progestin priming increases ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropin stimulation and improves luteal function in the cat. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:137. [PMID: 23100619 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As the only domesticated species known to exhibit both induced and spontaneous ovulation, the cat is a model for understanding the nuances of ovarian control. To explore ovarian sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropins and the influence of progestin priming, we conducted a study of queens that were down-regulated with oral progestin or allowed to cycle normally, followed by low or high doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Our metrics included 1) fecal steroid metabolite profiles before and after ovulation induction, 2) laparoscopic examination of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea (CL) on Days 2 and 17 (Day 0 = hCG administration), and 3) ovariohysterectomy (Day 17) to assess CL progesterone concentrations, morphometrics, and histology. Reproductive tracts from time-matched, naturally mated queens (n = 6) served as controls. Every progestin-primed cat (n = 12) produced the desired response of morphologically similar, fresh CL (regardless of eCG/hCG dose) by Day 2, whereas 41.7% of unprimed counterparts (n = 12) failed to ovulate or had variable-aged CL suggestive of prior spontaneous ovulation (P < 0.05). The ovarian response to low, but not high, eCG/hCG was improved (P < 0.05) in primed compared to unprimed cats, indicating increased sensitivity to gonadotropin in the progestin-primed ovary. Progestin priming prevented hyperelevated fecal steroid metabolites and normalized CL progesterone capacity, but only when combined with low eCG/hCG. However, priming failed to prevent ancillary CL formation, smaller CL mass, or abnormal luteal cell density, which were common to all eCG/hCG-treated cats. Thus, the domestic cat exposed to eCG/hCG produces CL with structural and functional aberrations. These anomalies can be partially mitigated by progestin priming, possibly due to a protective effect of progestin associated with enhanced ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Stewart
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA
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Sontakke S, Patil M, Lakshmikantan U, Shivaji S. Ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian follicular development in the Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra). Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Steinman KJ, O'Brien JK, Monfort SL, Robeck TR. Characterization of the estrous cycle in female beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) using urinary endocrine monitoring and transabdominal ultrasound: Evidence of facultative induced ovulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:389-97. [PMID: 22134179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent, successful application of assisted reproductive technologies in captive beluga has resulted from the extensive study of male beluga reproductive biology. Optimization of assisted reproduction requires additional detailed knowledge of the female estrous cycle. Our specific objectives were to: (1) validate urinary immunoassays for use in this species; (2) elucidate annual ovarian cycle dynamics through the combined use of hormone excretion patterns and transabdominal ultrasound; and (3) establish whether ovulation in this species is spontaneous or induced by male factors. Ovulation was observed in four of 15 estrous cycles monitored in four adult female beluga maintained in a single-sex group. After introduction of a breeding male, ovulation was observed in six of seven estrous cycles. All estrous cycles occurred from March through June. For spontaneous ovulations (n=4), the inter-estrous interval was 34d (range 33-35d), with a follicular phase length (FPL) of 25±8d (mean±SD). For all ovulatory estrous cycles (with and without a breeding male), urinary estrogen conjugates (EC, 15.3±7.9ng/mg Cr) and ovulatory luteinizing hormone (ovLH, 17.1±6.6ng/mg Cr) concentrations both peaked on Day 0, and EC concentrations returned to baseline 8±7d later. For non-conceptive cycles, urinary progestagen (Pg) concentrations increased on Day 0 (3.5±1.7ng/mg Cr), peaked on Day+19 (19.7±17.1ng/mg Cr), and were elevated above baseline for 27±4d. Preovulatory follicular diameter and circumference on Day -2±2 (range: Day -4 to -1) from peak EC were 2.5±0.7 and 7.8±1.3cm, respectively. The FPL in non-ovulatory estrous cycles (n=11) lasted 24±10d and EC concentrations gradually declined to baseline over a 21±10d interval following the EC peak (27.8±28.8ng/mg Cr). Non-ovulatory estrous cycles were characterized by the absence of an ovLH surge and no concomitant increase in Pg concentrations above baseline excretion; the mean follicular diameter at or near peak EC was 3.1±0.8cm on Day 2 ±3d from peak EC (range: -1 to +5days from peak EC). Overall, these data confirm that captive beluga exhibit reproductive seasonality and demonstrate that the species is a facultative-induced ovulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Steinman
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
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Robeck T, Gearhart S, Steinman K, Katsumata E, Loureiro J, O'Brien J. In vitro sperm characterization and development of a sperm cryopreservation method using directional solidification in the killer whale (Orcinus orca). Theriogenology 2011; 76:267-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brown JL, Kersey DC, Walker SL. Assessment of luteinizing hormone and prolactin immunoactivity in Asian and African elephant urine using assays validated for serum. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 169:138-43. [PMID: 20736012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of serum hormones is useful for timing artificial insemination (Luteinizing hormone) and diagnosing pregnancy (prolactin) in elephants. However, these tests require blood collection, which is not tolerated by all animals, and is impractical for field studies. Thus, developing a means to obtain these measures noninvasively could improve species management. Matched urine and serum was collected from Asian and African elephants daily throughout the follicular phase and after administration of a GnRH analogue for LH determination, and in pregnant and nonpregnant females for prolactin analyses using immunoassays validated for elephant serum. Despite identifying robust increases in circulating hormone concentrations, no concomitant changes in urinary LH or prolactin immunoactivity was detected. Concentration of samples by centrifugal filtration or ethanol precipitation did not increase the ability to measure biologically relevant changes in endogenous urinary LH or prolactin immunoactivity. Sample matrix interference was ruled out following sufficient recovery of exogenous LH or prolactin added to samples, except for samples concentrated >35-fold where some interference was suspected. These results suggest that elephants either do not excrete native LH or prolactin in urine, or concentrations are too low to be measured accurately by standard immunoassay techniques that are valid for serum analyses. Thus, it does not appear feasible or economically viable to use these noninvasive tests for ovulation detection or for pregnancy diagnosis in elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine L Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
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Kusuda S, Kakizoe Y, Kanda K, Sengoku T, Fukumoto Y, Adachi I, Watanabe Y, Doi O. Ovarian cycle approach by rectal temperature and fecal progesterone in a female killer whale, Orcinus orca. Zoo Biol 2010; 30:285-95. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Robeck TR, Steinman KJ, Montano GA, Katsumata E, Osborn S, Dalton L, Dunn JL, Schmitt T, Reidarson T, O'Brien JK. Deep intra-uterine artificial inseminations using cryopreserved spermatozoa in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Theriogenology 2010; 74:989-1001. [PMID: 20570326 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) with liquid-stored spermatozoa and sperm cryopreservation using directional freezing (DF) have been successful in the beluga. This study built on this foundation to develop a deep intra-uterine AI technique with frozen-thawed semen in beluga. Forty-two ejaculates from one male were cryopreserved using DF technology and subsequently used for 10 insemination attempts with seven females. Percentage pre- and post-thaw progressive motility and viability were (mean +/- SD) 73.0 +/- 12.2, 38.4 +/- 8.8, 88.0 +/- 0.1, and 59.3 +/- 15.7%, respectively. A series of GnRH injections (3 x 250 microg, IV, 1.5 to 2 h apart) were used to induce ovulation, once a growing follicle >2.5 cm in diameter was visualized via trans-abdominal ultrasonography. Artificial insemination was performed at 30.1 +/- 3.8 h post-initial GnRH injection with semen deposited in the uterine horn, 92.6 +/- 16.2 cm beyond the genital opening using a flexible endoscope. The external cervical os (cEOS) was located beyond a series of 5 to 10 vaginal rings, 44.8 +/- 9.3 cm from the external genital opening. The internal bifurcation of the uterus was 27 +/- 6.8 cm beyond the cEOS. Ovulation occurred at 8.5 +/- 7.6 h post-AI. Two of 10 inseminations (20%) resulted in pregnancy. The first pregnancy resulted in twins; both calves were born 442 d after AI, with one surviving. The second pregnancy is ongoing. These findings represent the first successful application of AI using frozen-thawed semen in beluga, and are important examples of how assisted reproductive technologies can provide tools for the global management of threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment Corporation, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
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Pelican KM, Spindler RE, Pukazhenthi BS, Wildt DE, Ottinger MA, Howard J. Progestin exposure before gonadotropin stimulation improves embryo development after in vitro fertilization in the domestic cat. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:558-67. [PMID: 20463355 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.083360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of progestin priming and ovarian quiescence on response to exogenous gonadotropin stimulation in the cat. Because a subpopulation of cats routinely ovulated spontaneously, there also was the opportunity to examine the ovary's reaction to the added impact of endogenously secreted progestagen. Queens were given 1) equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) plus human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) only (control; n = 9 cats), 2) GnRH antagonist (antide) injections followed by eCG and hCG (n = 9), and 3) a progestin implant (levonorgestrel) followed by eCG and hCG (n = 9). Laparoscopy was used to assess ovarian activity and aspirate follicular oocytes that were graded on the basis of morphology. In five cats per treatment, half of the high-quality oocytes were assessed for glucose, pyruvate, and lactate metabolism as well as nuclear maturation. Remaining oocytes were inseminated in vitro, cultured, and examined at 72 h after insemination for cleavage. In the remaining four cats per treatment, all oocytes were inseminated in vitro and assessed at 72, 120, and 168 h after insemination for embryo developmental stage. Cats pretreated with progestin had more follicles and produced more embryos per donor (including at the combined morula/blastocyst stage) than controls or females treated with GnRH antagonist (P < 0.05). There were no differences among groups (P > 0.05) in oocyte carbohydrate metabolism, nuclear maturation metrics, or fertilization success, although there was a tendency toward improvements in all three (P < 0.2) in progestin-treated females. Interestingly, cats that spontaneously ovulated within 60 days of treatment onset also produced more embryos per cat than induced-ovulation counterparts (P < 0.05). Results indicate that prior exposure to exogenous progestin (via implant) or endogenous progestagen (via spontaneous ovulation) improves ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins in the cat through a mechanism that is independent of the induction of ovarian quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Pelican
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA.
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Abstract
The reproductive endocrinological characteristics of beluga, killer whale, spotted seal and bottlenose dolphin were evaluated and used in conjunction with applied reproductive research to enhance captive breeding programs. Results from 8 y of biweekly serum progesterone determination in a female beluga indicated that sexual maturity occured at approximately age 13, two to seven estrous cycles, lasting 37 +/- 3.9 days, per yr began in April-May every year. Rectal temperature was positively correlated with serum progesterone levels and negatively associated with behavioral estrus. In five cases of pregnancy of two female killer whale, positive relationship was found between serum progesterone concentration and temperature during the first period of 18 month-gestation. In the normal parturitions (n=4), rectal temperature decreased 0.8 C lower than average rectal temperature during pregnancy. Sexual maturity of female killer whales occurred at age nine. Yearly contraception in the mono-estrus captive spotted seals (n=10) using a single dose of the progestagen (proligestone(TM); 5 or 10 mg/kg s.c.) was achieved in 94% (33/35) of the attempts over 5 yr when the hormone was administered two months prior to the breeding season. Artificial insemination trials (n=4) were conducted in female bottlenose dolphin (n=3) using fresh and frozen-thawed semen. Estrus synchronization using regumate (27 days) resulted in ovulation occurring 19 to 24 days post withdrawal. Conception was confirmed in 75% of the attempts, with two females successfully delivering calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Katsumata
- Kamogawa Sea World, International Marine Biological Research Institute, Japan.
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Stewart R, Pelican K, Brown J, Wildt D, Ottinger M, Howard J. Oral progestin induces rapid, reversible suppression of ovarian activity in the cat. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:409-16. [PMID: 20051246 PMCID: PMC2840999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of oral progestin (altrenogest; ALT) on cat ovarian activity was studied using non-invasive fecal steroid monitoring. Queens were assigned to various ALT dosages: (1) 0mg/kg (control; n=5 cats); (2) 0.044 mg/kg (LOW; n=5); (3) 0.088 mg/kg (MID; n=6); or (4) 0.352 mg/kg (HIGH; n=6). Fecal estrogen and progestagen concentrations were quantified using enzyme immunoassays for 60 days before, 38 days during and 60 days after ALT treatment. Initiation of follicular activity was suppressed in all cats during progestin treatment, whereas controls continued to cycle normally. Females (n=6) with elevated fecal estrogens at treatment onset completed a normal follicular phase before returning to baseline and remained suppressed until treatment withdrawal. All cats receiving oral progestin re-initiated follicular activity after treatment, although MID cats experienced the most synchronized return (within 10-16 days). Mean baseline fecal estrogens and progestagens were higher (P<0.05) after treatment in HIGH, but not in LOW or MID cats compared to pre-treatment values. The results demonstrate that: (1) oral progestin rapidly suppresses initiation of follicular activity in the cat, but does not influence a follicular phase that exists before treatment initiation; and (2) queens return to normal follicular activity after progestin withdrawal. This study provides foundational information for research aimed at using progestin priming to improve ovarian response in felids scheduled for ovulation induction and assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Stewart
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Conservation & Research Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - K.M. Pelican
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Conservation & Research Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - J.L. Brown
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Conservation & Research Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - D.E. Wildt
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Conservation & Research Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - M.A. Ottinger
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J.G. Howard
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Conservation & Research Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: + 1 540 635 6506. (D.E. Wildt)
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O'Brien JK, Robeck TR. Preservation of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) spermatozoa using a trehalose-based cryodiluent and directional freezing technology. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:653-63. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) sperm preservation method was developed for use in genome banking and AI. In Study 1, glycerol-based cryodiluents (modified BF5F and modified Platz Diluent Variant (PDV)) were unable to maintain adequate progressive motility using straws (fast and slow freezing rate (FR)) or pellets (slow FR). Neither freezing method nor FR affected in vitro sperm characteristics (P > 0.05), but retention of prefreeze progressive motility following thawing was greater (P < 0.05) for BF5F (21%) than PDV (15%). In Study 2, examining the effects of straw freeze–thawing using BF5F with glycerol (1 and 3%, v/v) or trehalose (46 and 91 mM) on sperm characteristics, samples cryopreserved in trehalose exhibited superior (P < 0.05) in vitro parameters compared with their glycerol-treated counterparts. In Study 3, compared with a straw method, directional freezing using 91 mM trehalose enhanced (P < 0.05) sperm characteristics, with samples retaining 38%, 75% and 61% of their prefreeze progressive motility, curvilinear velocity and viability, respectively. A higher (P < 0.05) proportion of motile spermatozoa displayed rapid velocity after directional (21 ± 1%) compared with straw (12 ± 3%) freezing. Systematic development of a cryodiluent and the use of directional freezing resulted in beluga spermatozoa exhibiting adequate post-thaw quality for genome banking and use in AI.
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Robeck TR, Steinman KJ, Greenwell M, Ramirez K, Van Bonn W, Yoshioka M, Katsumata E, Dalton L, Osborn S, O'Brien JK. Seasonality, estrous cycle characterization, estrus synchronization, semen cryopreservation, and artificial insemination in the Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). Reproduction 2009; 138:391-405. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive physiology of the Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, was characterized to facilitate the development of artificial insemination (AI) using cryopreserved spermatozoa. Specific objectives were to: 1) describe reproductive seasonality of the Pacific white sided dolphins; 2) describe urinary LH and ovarian steroid metabolites during the estrous cycle; 3) correlate LH and ovarian steroidal metabolite patterns to ultrasound-monitored follicular growth and ovulation; and 4) assess the efficacy of synchronizing estrus, sperm collection/cryopreservation, and intrauterine insemination. Ovulations (64%, n=37) and conceptions (83%, n=18) occurred from August to October. Peak mean serum testosterone (24 ng/ml), cross-sectional testicular area (41.6 cm2), and sperm concentration (144.3×107 sperm/ml) occurred in July, August, and September respectively. Spermatozoa were only found in ejaculates from July to October. Estrous cycles (n=22) were 31 d long and were comprised of a 10 d follicular and 21 d luteal phase. Ovulation occurred 31.2 h after the onset of the LH surge and 19.3 h after the LH peak. Follicular diameter and circumference within 12 h of ovulation were 1.52 and 4.66 cm respectively. Estrus synchronization attempts with altrenogest resulted in 17 (22%) ovulatory cycles with ovulation occurring 21 d post-altrenogest. Ten AI attempts using cryopreserved semen resulted in five pregnancies (50%). The mean gestation length was 356 days (range 348–367). These data provide new information on the Pacific white-sided dolphin's reproductive physiology and collectively enabled the first application of AI in this species.
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