1
|
Platt JL, Cascalho M. Somatic Cell Fusion in Host Defense and Adaptation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:213-225. [PMID: 37996680 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of fusion of somatic cells has been noted in health and in disease for more than a century. The most obvious but uncertain hallmark has been the presence of multiple nuclei in cells. Although multinucleated cells are found in normal and diseased tissues, the benefit or harm of such cells can be difficult to elucidate. Still more difficult however is the identification of mononuclear cells previously formed by fusion of somatic cells with one or more nuclei disposed. The later process can introduce mutations that promote viral diversification, cancer, and tissue senescence. Less obvious the potential benefits of cell fusion. Recent work in cell biology, immunology, and genomic analysis however makes it possible to postulate benefits and potentially arrive at novel therapeutic agents and approaches that replicate or enhance these benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology & Immunology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology & Immunology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdulazeez I, Ismail IS, Mohd Faudzi SM, Christianus A, Chong SG. Study on the acute toxicity of sodium taurocholate via zebrafish mortality, behavioral response, and NMR-metabolomics analysis. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:115-130. [PMID: 37548163 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2242005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate (NaT) is a hydrophobic bile salt that exhibits varying toxicity and antimicrobial activity. The accumulation of BSs during their entero-hepatic cycle causes cytotoxicity in the liver and intestine and could also alter the intestinal microbiome leading to various diseases. In this research, the acute toxicity of sodium taurocholate in different concentrations (3000 mg/L, 1500 mg/L, 750 mg/L, 375 mg/L, and 0 mg/L) was investigated on four months old zebrafish by immersion in water for 96 h. The results were determined based on the fish mortality, behavioral response, and NMR metabolomics analysis which revealed LC50 of 1760.32 mg/L and 1050.42 mg/L after 72 and 96 h treatment, respectively. However, the non-lethal NaT concentrations of 750 mg/L and 375 mg/L at 96 h exposure significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the total distance traveled and the activity duration, also caused surface respiration on the zebrafish. Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that the metabolome of the fish treated with 750 mg/L was discriminated from that of the control by PC1. Major significantly downregulated metabolites by NaT-induction include valine, isoleucine, 2-hydroxyvalerate, glycine, glycerol, choline, glucose, pyruvate, anserine, threonine, carnitine and homoserine. On the contrary, taurine, creatine, lactate, acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were upregulated suggesting cellular consumption of lipids, glucose and amino acids for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation during immune and inflammatory response. whereby these metabolites were released in the process. In conclusion, the research revealed the toxic effect of NaT and its potential to trigger changes in zebrafish metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isah Abdulazeez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Annie Christianus
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seok-Giok Chong
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Islam R, Dash D, Singh R. An antioxidant ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting HDAC 1 via HIF-1α/VEGF axis suppression in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9637. [PMID: 37316684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are novel class of drugs as they are involved in post translational modification of several proteins involved in signaling pathways related to asthma. HDACi have been reported to elicit protective effects on asthma but the signaling pathways associated with it have not been investigated much. Recently, we have demonstrated that intranasal administrations of Pan-HDAC inhibitors, sodium butyrate and curcumin, which have effectively reduced asthma severity via HDAC1 inhibition in Ovalbumin induced mouse model. Present study aimed to investigate possible pathways by which curcumin and sodium butyrate may minimize asthma pathogenesis via HDAC 1 inhibition. Balb/c mice were exposed (sensitized and challenged) with Ovalbumin to establish allergic asthma model followed by pretreatment of curcumin (5 mg/kg) and sodium butyrate (50 mg/kg) through intranasal route. Effects of curcumin and sodium butyrate on HIF-1α/VEGF signaling through activation of PI3K/Akt axis has been investigated using protein expressions followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation of BCL2 and CCL2 against HDAC1. Molecular docking analysis was also performed to investigate effects of curcumin and butyrate on mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell hyperplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Augmented expressions of HDAC-1, HIF-1α, VEGF, p-Akt and p-PI3K were observed in asthmatic group which was suppressed in both the treatments. NRF-2 level was significantly restored by curcumin and butyrate treatments. Protein expressions of p-p38, IL-5 and mRNA expressions of GATA-3 were also reduced in curcumin and butyrate treatment groups. Our findings suggest that curcumin and sodium butyrate may attenuate airway inflammation via down regulation of p-Akt/p-PI3K/HIF-1α/VEGF axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiya Islam
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - D Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Accommodation in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation: Prevalence, impact, and implications for monitoring and for therapeutics. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:5-17. [PMID: 36244871 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Accommodation refers to acquired resistance of organs or tissues to immune or inflammatory reactions that might otherwise cause severe injury or rejection. As first observed in ABO-incompatible kidney transplants and heterotopic cardiac xenografts, accommodation was identified when organ transplants continued to function despite the presence of anti-graft antibodies and/or other reactants in the blood of recipients. Recent evidence suggests many and perhaps most organ transplants have accommodation, as most recipients mount B cell responses specific for the graft. Wide interest in the impact of graft-specific antibodies on the outcomes of transplants prompts questions about which mechanisms confer protection against such antibodies, how accommodation might be detected and whether and how rejection could be superimposed on accommodation. Xenotransplantation offers a unique opportunity to address these questions because immune responses to xenografts are easily detected and the pathogenic impact of immune responses is so severe. Xenotransplantation also provides a compelling need to apply these and other insights to decrease the intensity and toxicity of immunosuppression that otherwise could limit clinical application.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cascalho M, Platt JL. TNFRSF13B in B cell responses to organ transplantation. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:27-33. [PMID: 36333165 PMCID: PMC10429825 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies directed against organ transplants are thought to pose the most vexing hurdle to enduring function and survival of the transplants, particularly organ xenotransplants, and accordingly basic and clinical investigation has focused on elucidating the specificity and pathogenicity of graft-specific antibodies. While much has been learned about these matters, far less is known about the B cells producing graft-specific antibodies and why these antibodies appear to injure some grafts but not others. With the goal of addressing those questions, we have investigated the properties of tumor necrosis factor receptor super family-13B (TNFRSF13B), which regulates various aspects of B cell responses. A full understanding of the functions of TNFRSF13B however is hindered by extreme polymorphism and by diversity of interactions of the protein. Nevertheless, TNFRSF13B variants have been found to exert distinct impact on natural and elicited antibody responses and host defense and mutations of TNFRSF13B have been found to influence the propensity for development of antibody-mediated rejection of organ transplants. Because B cell responses potentially limit application of xenotransplantation, understanding how TNFRSF13B diversity and TNFRSF13B variants govern immunity in xenotransplantation could inspire development of novel therapeutics that could in turn accelerate clinical implementation of xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mir JM, Maurya RC. Nitric oxide boosters as defensive agents against COVID-19 infection: an opinion. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:4285-4291. [PMID: 33251965 PMCID: PMC7754890 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1852969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the prevailing covid times, scientific community is busy in developing vaccine against COVID-19. Under such fascination this article describes the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) releasers in aiding the immune system of a human body against this dreadful pandemic disease. Despite some prodrug antiviral compounds are in practice to recover the patients suffering from covid-19, however, co-morbidity deaths are highest among the total deaths happened so far. This concurrence of a number of diseases in a patient along with this viral infection is indicative of the poor immunity. Literature background supports the use of NO as immunity boosting agent and hence, the nitric oxide releasing compounds could act as lucrative in this context. Some dietary suggestions of NO-containing food items have also been introduced in this article. Also, the profound effect of NO in relieving symptomatic severity of covid-19 has been opined in this work.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mohammad Mir
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipora, Pulwama, India
- Coordination, Metallopharmaceutical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy, R. D. University, Jabalpur, M. P., India
| | - Ram Charitra Maurya
- Coordination, Metallopharmaceutical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy, R. D. University, Jabalpur, M. P., India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim GD, Ng HP, Chan ER, Mahabeleshwar GH. Kruppel-like factor 6 promotes macrophage inflammatory and hypoxia response. FASEB J 2020; 34:3209-3223. [PMID: 31908054 PMCID: PMC7774039 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902221r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the professional phagocytes that protect the host from infection or injury. Tissue microenvironment at the site of injury and inflammation is characterized by low oxygen concentration and poor supply of nutrients. The responding macrophages have to advance against oxygen and nutrient gradients to reach the site of inflammation to perform host protection, and tissue repair functions. Thus, evolution has fashioned macrophages to orchestrate a coordinated inflammatory and hypoxic gene program to mount an effective immune response. Here, we discovered that Kruppel‐like factor 6 (KLF6) governs macrophage functions by promoting inflammatory and hypoxic response gene programming. Our in vivo studies revealed that myeloid‐KLF6‐deficient mice were highly resistant to endotoxin‐induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome symptomatology and mortality. Using complementary gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies, we observed that KLF6 overexpression elevate and KLF6 deficiency attenuate inducible HIF1α expression in macrophages. Our integrated transcriptomics and gene set enrichment analysis studies uncovered that KLF6 deficiency attenuates broad inflammatory and glycolytic gene expression in macrophages. More importantly, overexpression of oxygen stable HIF1α reversed attenuated proinflammatory and glycolytic gene expression in KLF6‐deficient macrophages. Collectively, our studies uncovered that KLF6 govern inflammatory and hypoxic response by regulating HIF1α expression in macrophage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Dong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hang Pong Ng
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ganapati H Mahabeleshwar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Platt JL, Cascalho M, Piedrahita JA. Xenotransplantation: Progress Along Paths Uncertain from Models to Application. ILAR J 2019; 59:286-308. [PMID: 30541147 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, transplantation of tissues and organs from animals into man, xenotransplantation, has been viewed as a potential way to treat disease. Ironically, interest in xenotransplantation was fueled especially by successful application of allotransplantation, that is, transplantation of human tissue and organs, as a treatment for a variety of diseases, especially organ failure because scarcity of human tissues limited allotransplantation to a fraction of those who could benefit. In principle, use of animals such as pigs as a source of transplants would allow transplantation to exert a vastly greater impact than allotransplantation on medicine and public health. However, biological barriers to xenotransplantation, including immunity of the recipient, incompatibility of biological systems, and transmission of novel infectious agents, are believed to exceed the barriers to allotransplantation and presently to hinder clinical applications. One way potentially to address the barriers to xenotransplantation is by genetic engineering animal sources. The last 2 decades have brought progressive advances in approaches that can be applied to genetic modification of large animals. Application of these approaches to genetic engineering of pigs has contributed to dramatic improvement in the outcome of experimental xenografts in nonhuman primates and have encouraged the development of a new type of xenograft, a reverse xenograft, in which human stem cells are introduced into pigs under conditions that support differentiation and expansion into functional tissues and potentially organs. These advances make it appropriate to consider the potential limitation of genetic engineering and of current models for advancing the clinical applications of xenotransplantation and reverse xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jorge A Piedrahita
- Translational Medicine and The Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Platt JL, Garcia de Mattos Barbosa M, Cascalho M. The five dimensions of B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:180-193. [PMID: 31609002 PMCID: PMC10387221 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B cell tolerance has been generally understood to be an acquired property of the immune system that governs antibody specificity in ways that avoid auto-toxicity. As useful as this understanding has proved, it fails to fully explain the existence of auto-reactive specificities in healthy individuals and contribution these may have to health. Mechanisms underlying B cell tolerance are considered to select a clonal repertoire that generates a collection of antibodies that do not bind self, ie tolerance operates more or less in three dimensions that largely spare autologous cells and antigens. Yet, most B lymphocytes in humans and probably in other vertebrates are auto-reactive and absence of these auto-reactive B cells is associated with disease. We suggest that auto-reactivity can be embodied by extending the concept of tolerance by two further dimensions, one of time and circumstance and one that allows healthy cells to actively resist injury. In this novel concept, macromolecular recognition by the B cell receptor leading to deletion, anergy, receptor editing or B cell activation is extended by taking account of the time of development of normal immune responses (4th dimension) and the accommodation (or tolerance) of normal cells to bound antibody, activation of complement, and interaction with inflammatory cells (fifth dimension). We discuss how these dimensions contribute to understanding B cell biology in health or disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Platt
- Department of Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Lead Contacts Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Lead Contacts Ann Arbor MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Platt JL, Cascalho M. Non-canonical B cell functions in transplantation. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:363-377. [PMID: 30980861 PMCID: PMC6544480 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B cells are differentiated to recognize antigen and respond by producing antibodies. These activities, governed by recognition of ancillary signals, defend the individual against microorganisms and the products of microorganisms and constitute the canonical function of B cells. Despite the unique differentiation (e.g. recombination and mutation of immunoglobulin gene segments) toward this canonical function, B cells can provide other, "non-canonical" functions, such as facilitating of lymphoid organogenesis and remodeling and fashioning T cell repertoires and modifying T cell responses. Some non-canonical functions are exerted by antibodies, but most are mediated by other products and/or direct actions of B cells. The diverse set of non-canonical functions makes the B cell as much as any cell a central organizer of innate and adaptive immunity. However, the diverse products and actions also confound efforts to weigh the importance of individual non-canonical B cell functions. Here we shall describe the non-canonical functions of B cells and offer our perspective on how those functions converge in the development and governance of immunity, particularly immunity to transplants, and hurdles to advancing understanding of B cell functions in transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. In vitro cobalt-stimulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 overexpression does not correlate with cancer risk from cobalt exposure in humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319850167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Albemarle Corporation, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, King JA. Indirect oxidative stress from pulmonary inflammation exceeds direct oxidative stress from chemical damage to mitochondria. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319842845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Albemarle Corporation, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Judy A King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Platt JL, West LJ, Chinnock RE, Cascalho M. Toward a solution for cardiac failure in the newborn. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12479. [PMID: 30537350 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The newborn infant with severe cardiac failure owed to congenital structural heart disease or cardiomyopathy poses a daunting therapeutic challenge. The ideal solution for both might be cardiac transplantation if availability of hearts was not limiting and if tolerance could be induced, obviating toxicity of immunosuppressive therapy. If one could safely and effectively exploit neonatal tolerance for successful xenotransplantation of the heart, the challenge of severe cardiac failure in the newborn infant might be met. We discuss the need, the potential for applying neonatal tolerance in the setting of xenotransplantation and the possibility that other approaches to this problem might emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard E Chinnock
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bronchioloalveolar lung tumors induced in “mice only” by non-genotoxic chemicals are not useful for quantitative assessment of pulmonary adenocarcinoma risk in humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318816617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemicals classified as known human carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) show a low level of concordance between rodents and humans for induction of pulmonary carcinoma. Rats and mice exposed via inhalation for 2 years show a low level of concordance in both tumor development and organ site location. In 2-year inhalation studies using rats and mice, when pulmonary tumors are seen in only male or female mice or both, but not in either sex of rat, there is a high probability that the murine pulmonary tumor has been produced via Clara cell or club cell (CC) metabolism of the inhaled chemical to a cytotoxic metabolite. Cytotoxicity-induced mitogenesis increases mutagenesis via amplification of the background mutation rate. If the chemical being tested is also negative in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, and only mouse pulmonary tumors are induced, the probability that this pulmonary tumor is not relevant to human lung cancer risk goes even higher. Mice have a larger percentage of CCs in their distal airways than rats, and a much larger percentage than in humans. The CCs of mice have a much higher concentration of metabolic enzymes capable of metabolizing xenobiotics than CCs in either rats or humans. A principal threat to validity of extrapolating from the murine model lies in the unique capacity of murine CCs to metabolize a significant spectrum of xenobiotics which in turn produces toxicants not seen in rat or human pulmonary pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
15
|
Stothers CL, Luan L, Fensterheim BA, Bohannon JK. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α regulation of myeloid cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1293-1306. [PMID: 30386909 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic myeloblasts give rise to macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Circulating myeloid cells detect invading microbes using pattern recognition receptors and subsequently orchestrate an innate immune response to contain and kill the pathogens. This innate immune response establishes an inflammatory niche characterized by hypoxia due to host and pathogen factors. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors are the primary regulators of the myeloid response to hypoxia. In particular, HIF-1α is a critical hub that integrates hypoxic and immunogenic signals during infection or inflammation. Hypoxia induces HIF-1α stabilization, which drives metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming of myeloid cells to maximize antimicrobial potential. HIF-1α activity in myeloid-derived cells enhances the host response to infection, but may also play a role in pathogenic inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances that have elucidated the mechanism by which myeloid cells regulate HIF-1α activity and, in turn, how HIF-1α shapes myeloid cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - L Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - B A Fensterheim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
De la Garza MM, Cumpian AM, Daliri S, Castro-Pando S, Umer M, Gong L, Khosravi N, Caetano MS, Ramos-Castañeda M, Flores AG, Beltran EC, Tran HT, Tuvim MJ, Ostrin EJ, Dickey BF, Evans CM, Moghaddam SJ. COPD-Type lung inflammation promotes K-ras mutant lung cancer through epithelial HIF-1α mediated tumor angiogenesis and proliferation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32972-32983. [PMID: 30250643 PMCID: PMC6152479 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an inflammatory disease of the lung, is an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Lung tissues obtained from human smokers with COPD and lung cancer demonstrate hypoxia and up-regulated hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 activation is the central mechanism for controlling the cellular response to hypoxia during inflammation and tumor development. These facts suggest a link between COPD-related airway inflammation, HIF-1, and lung cancer. We have previously established a mouse model of COPD-like airway inflammation that promotes lung cancer in a K-ras mutant mouse model (CC-LR). Here we show that tumors in the CC-LR model have significantly elevated levels of HIF-1α and HIF-1 activity. To determine the tumor-promoting functions of HIF-1 in CC-LR mice, the gene Hif1a which encodes HIF-1α and is required for HIF-1 activity, was disrupted in the lung epithelium of CC-LR animals. Airway epithelial specific HIF-1α deficient mice demonstrated significant reductions in lung surface tumor numbers, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor cell proliferation in the absence or presence of COPD-like airway inflammation. In addition, when CC-LR mice were bred with transgenic animals that overexpress a constitutively active mutant form of human HIF-1α in the airway epithelium, both COPD- and adenocarcinoma-like phenotypes were observed. HIF-1α overexpressing CC-LR mice had significant emphysema, and they also showed potentiated tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation accompanied by an invasive metastatic phenotype. Our gain and loss of function studies support a key role for HIF-1α in the promotion of lung cancer by COPD-like inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguelina De la Garza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Amber M Cumpian
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Soudabeh Daliri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susana Castro-Pando
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Misha Umer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lei Gong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nasim Khosravi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mauricio S Caetano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marco Ramos-Castañeda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Garza Flores
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Evelyn C Beltran
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Hai T Tran
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Edwin J Ostrin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Seyed Javad Moghaddam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Mattos Barbosa MG, Cascalho M, Platt JL. Accommodation in ABO-incompatible organ transplants. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12418. [PMID: 29913044 PMCID: PMC6047762 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accommodation refers to a condition in which a transplant (or any tissue) appears to resist immune-mediated injury and loss of function. Accommodation was discovered and has been explored most thoroughly in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. In this setting, kidney transplants bearing blood group A or B antigens often are found to function normally in recipients who lack and hence produce antibodies directed against the corresponding antigens. Whether accommodation is owed to changes in anti-blood group antibodies, changes in antigen or a change in the response of the transplant to antibody binding are critically reviewed and a new working model that allows for the kinetics of development of accommodation is put forth. Regardless of how accommodation develops, observations on the fate of ABO-incompatible transplants offer lessons applicable more broadly in transplantation and in other fields.
Collapse
|
18
|
Werling D. WITHDRAWN: Non-infectious stressors and innate immune response. Res Vet Sci 2018:S0034-5288(17)30980-3. [PMID: 29373122 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s). The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
O'Callaghan P, Zhang X, Li JP. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Relays of Neuroinflammation. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:305-319. [PMID: 29290138 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417742147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are implicated as inflammatory mediators in a variety of settings, including chemokine activation, which is required to recruit circulating leukocytes to infection sites. Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide chains are highly interactive and serve co-receptor roles in multiple ligand:receptor interactions. HS may also serve as a storage depot, sequestering ligands such as cytokines and restricting their access to binding partners. Heparanase, through its ability to fragment HS chains, is a key regulator of HS function and has featured prominently in studies of HS's involvement in inflammatory processes. This review focuses on recent discoveries regarding the role of HSPGs, HS, and heparanase during inflammation, with particular focus on the brain. HS chains emerge as critical go-betweens in multiple aspects of the inflammatory response-relaying signals between receptors and cells. The molecular interactions proposed to occur between HSPGs and the pathogen receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are discussed, and we summarize some of the contrasting roles that HS and heparanase have been assigned in diseases associated with chronic inflammatory states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We conclude by briefly discussing how current knowledge could potentially be applied to augment HS-mediated events during sustained neuroinflammation, which contributes to neurodegeneration in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. To Eat and to Be Eaten: Mutual Metabolic Adaptations of Immune Cells and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens upon Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:316. [PMID: 28752080 PMCID: PMC5508010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) invade and replicate in different cell types including immune cells, in particular of the innate immune system (IIS) during infection in the acute phase. However, immune cells primarily function as essential players in the highly effective and integrated host defense systems comprising the IIS and the adaptive immune system (AIS), which cooperatively protect the host against invading microbes including IBPs. As countermeasures, the bacterial pathogens (and in particular the IBPs) have developed strategies to evade or reprogram the IIS at various steps. The intracellular replication capacity and the anti-immune defense responses of the IBP's as well as the specific antimicrobial responses of the immune cells of the innate and the AIS depend on specific metabolic programs of the IBPs and their host cells. The metabolic programs of the immune cells supporting or counteracting replication of the IBPs appear to be mutually exclusive. Indeed, recent studies show that upon interaction of naïve, metabolically quiescent immune cells with IBPs, different metabolic activation processes occur which may result in the provision of a survival and replication niche for the pathogen or its eradication. It is therefore likely that within a possible host cell population subsets exist that are metabolically programmed for pro- or anti-microbial conditions. These metabolic programs may be triggered by the interactions between different bacterial agonistic components and host cell receptors. In this review, we summarize the current status in the field and discuss metabolic adaptation processes within immune cells of the IIS and the IBPs that support or restrict the intracellular replication of the pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Platt JL, Silva I, Balin SJ, Lefferts AR, Farkash E, Ross TM, Carroll MC, Cascalho M. C3d regulates immune checkpoint blockade and enhances antitumor immunity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:90201. [PMID: 28469081 PMCID: PMC5414554 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite expression of immunogenic polypeptides, tumors escape immune surveillance by engaging T cell checkpoint regulators and expanding Tregs, among other mechanisms. What orchestrates these controls is unknown. We report that free C3d, a fragment of the third component of complement, inside tumor cells - or associated with irradiated tumor cells and unattached to antigen - recruits, accelerates, and amplifies antitumor T cell responses, allowing immunity to reverse or even to prevent tumor growth. C3d enhances antitumor immunity independently of B cells, NK cells, or antibodies, but it does so by increasing tumor infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes, by depleting Tregs, and by suppressing expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) by T cells. These properties of C3d appear specific for the tumor and dependent on complement receptor 2, and they incur no obvious systemic toxicity. The heretofore unrecognized properties of free C3d suggest that protein might determine the effectiveness of immune surveillance and that increasing availability of the protein might prove advantageous in the treatment or prevention of cancer and premalignant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inês Silva
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samuel J Balin
- Department of Dermatology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam R Lefferts
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Evan Farkash
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
LeGrand EK, Day JD. Self-harm to preferentially harm the pathogens within: non-specific stressors in innate immunity. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.0266. [PMID: 27075254 PMCID: PMC4843660 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies with increasing specificity against pathogens follow the immune system's evolutionary course in maximizing host defence while minimizing self-harm. Nevertheless, even completely non-specific stressors, such as reactive molecular species, heat, nutrient and oxygen deprivation, and acidity can be used to preferentially harm pathogens. Strategic use of non-specific stressors requires exploiting differences in stress vulnerability between pathogens and hosts. Two basic vulnerabilities of pathogens are: (i) the inherent vulnerability to stress of growth and replication (more immediately crucial for pathogens than for host cells) and (ii) the degree of pathogen localization, permitting the host's use of locally and regionally intense stress. Each of the various types of non-specific stressors is present during severe infections at all levels of localization: (i) ultra-locally within phagolysosomes, (ii) locally at the infected site, (iii) regionally around the infected site and (iv) systemically as part of the acute-phase response. We propose that hosts strategically use a coordinated system of non-specific stressors at local, regional and systemic levels to preferentially harm the pathogens within. With the rising concern over emergence of resistance to specific therapies, we suggest more scrutiny of strategies using less specific therapies in pathogen control. Hosts' active use of multiple non-specific stressors is likely an evolutionarily basic defence whose retention underlies and supplements the well-recognized immune defences that directly target pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K LeGrand
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Judy D Day
- Department of Mathematics and National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Charpentier T, Hammami A, Stäger S. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α: A critical factor for the immune response to pathogens and Leishmania. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
24
|
Platt JL, Zhou X, Lefferts AR, Cascalho M. Cell Fusion in the War on Cancer: A Perspective on the Inception of Malignancy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1118. [PMID: 27420051 PMCID: PMC4964493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusion occurs in development and in physiology and rarely in those settings is it associated with malignancy. However, deliberate fusion of cells and possibly untoward fusion of cells not suitably poised can eventuate in aneuploidy, DNA damage and malignant transformation. How often cell fusion may initiate malignancy is unknown. However, cell fusion could explain the high frequency of cancers in tissues with low underlying rates of cell proliferation and mutation. On the other hand, cell fusion might also engage innate and adaptive immune surveillance, thus helping to eliminate or retard malignancies. Here we consider whether and how cell fusion might weigh on the overall burden of cancer in modern societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, A520B Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5656, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, A520B Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5656, USA.
| | - Adam R Lefferts
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, A520B Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5656, USA.
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, A520B Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5656, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Osherov N, Ben-Ami R. Modulation of Host Angiogenesis as a Microbial Survival Strategy and Therapeutic Target. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005479. [PMID: 27078259 PMCID: PMC4831739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronen Ben-Ami
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are thought to occur through a loss of intestinal barrier leading to an inappropriate immune response toward intestinal microbiota. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided much information about susceptibility loci associated with these diseases, the etiology of IBD is still unknown. Metabolomic analysis allows for the comprehensive measurement of multiple small molecule metabolites in biological samples. During the past decade, metabolomic techniques have yielded novel and potentially important findings, revealing insight into metabolic perturbations associated with these diseases. This chapter provides metabolomic methodologies describing a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based non-targeted approach that has been utilized to make important contributions toward a better understanding of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jordi M Lanis
- Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erica Alexeev
- Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Platt JL, Wrenshall LE, Johnson GB, Cascalho M. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Metabolism and the Fate of Grafted Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:123-40. [PMID: 26306447 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and organ transplants between genetically distinct individuals are always or nearly always rejected. The universality and speed of transplant rejection distinguishes this immune response from all others. Although this distinction is incompletely understood, some efforts to shed light on transplant rejection have revealed broader insights, including a relationship between activation of complement in grafted tissues, the metabolism of heparan sulfate proteoglycan and the nature of immune and inflammatory responses that ensue. Complement activation on cell surfaces, especially on endothelial cell surfaces, causes the shedding heparan sulfate, an acidic saccharide, from the cell surface and neighboring extracellular matrix. Solubilized in this way, heparan sulfate can activate leukocytes via toll like receptor-4, triggering inflammatory responses and activating dendritic cells, which migrate to regional lymphoid organs where they spark and to some extent govern cellular immune responses. In this way local ischemia, tissue injury and infection, exert systemic impact on immunity. Whether or in what circumstances this series of events explains the distinct characteristics of the immune response to transplants is still unclear but the events offer insight into the inception of immunity under the sub-optimal conditions accompanying infection and mechanisms by which infection and tissue injury engender systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Transplantation Biology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, A520B Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5656, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bakirtzi K, West G, Fiocchi C, Law IKM, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C. The neurotensin-HIF-1α-VEGFα axis orchestrates hypoxia, colonic inflammation, and intestinal angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3405-14. [PMID: 25307345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The expression of neurotensin (NT) and its receptor (NTR1) is up-regulated in experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel disease; NT/NTR1 interactions regulate gut inflammation. During active inflammation, metabolic shifts toward hypoxia lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, which enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, promoting angiogenesis. We hypothesized that NT/NTR1 signaling regulates intestinal manifestations of hypoxia and angiogenesis by promoting HIF-1 transcriptional activity and VEGFα expression in experimental colitis. We studied NTR1 signaling in colitis-associated angiogenesis using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-treated wild-type and NTR1-knockout mice. The effects of NT on HIF-1α and VEGFα were assessed on human colonic epithelial cells overexpressing NTR1 (NCM460-NTR1) and human intestinal microvascular-endothelial cells. NTR1-knockout mice had reduced microvascular density and mucosal integrity score compared with wild-type mice after 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid treatment. VEGFα mRNA levels were increased in NCM460-NTR1 cells treated with 10(-7) mol/L NT, at 1 and 6 hours post-treatment. NT exposure in NCM460-NTR1 cells caused stabilization, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in a diacylglycerol kinase-dependent manner. NT did not stimulate tube formation in isolated human intestinal macrovascular endothelial cells but did so in human intestinal macrovascular endothelial cells cocultured with NCM460-NTR1 cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of an NTR1-HIF-1α-VEGFα axis in intestinal angiogenic responses and in the pathophysiology of colitis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Bakirtzi
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gail West
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ivy Ka Man Law
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Watanabe S, Arimura Y, Nagaishi K, Isshiki H, Onodera K, Nasuno M, Yamashita K, Idogawa M, Naishiro Y, Murata M, Adachi Y, Fujimiya M, Imai K, Shinomura Y. Conditioned mesenchymal stem cells produce pleiotropic gut trophic factors. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:270-82. [PMID: 24217964 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mounting evidence implicates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in intestinal tissue repair, controversy remains regarding the engraftment, proliferation, and differentiation for repopulating MSCs in recipient tissues. Therefore, we investigated the paracrine and/or endocrine role of MSCs in experimental colitis. METHODS We analyzed the therapeutic effects of MSC-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)- or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. We investigated the effects of MSC-CM on the epithelial cell viability, mobility, cell cycle, and cytokine production in ex vivo lamina propria/mesenteric lymphocytes, a macrophage cell line, and the mixed lymphocyte reaction. An optimal regimen against colitis was explored. The contents of MSC-CM were analyzed using a WNT signaling pathway polymerase chain reaction array, an inflammatory cytokines antibody array, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Independent of the systemic administration route, MSC-CM concentrates were effective for the inductive phase of TNBS-induced colitis and for the recovery phase of DSS-induced colitis. Hypoxia appeared to be one of the optimal preconditioning factors assessed by cell motility and viability through activating the PI3K-Akt pathway in rat small intestine epithelial cells, IEC-6. Thus, Hypoxia had profound effects on the contents of MSC-CM, which comprised pleiotropic gut trophic factors involved in each wound healing process, including the anti-inflammatory, proliferative, and tissue remodeling phases. CONCLUSIONS Identification and optimization of potential gut trophic factors in MSC-CM is urgently needed to form the basis for new drug discovery and for optimizing cell-based therapies for inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Keely S, Campbell EL, Baird AW, Hansbro PM, Shalwitz RA, Kotsakis A, McNamee EN, Eltzschig HK, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Contribution of epithelial innate immunity to systemic protection afforded by prolyl hydroxylase inhibition in murine colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:114-23. [PMID: 23695513 PMCID: PMC3772994 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) through prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibition limits mucosal damage associated with models of murine colitis. However, little is known about how PHD inhibitors (PHDi) influence systemic immune function during mucosal inflammation or the relative importance of immunological changes to mucosal protection. We hypothesized that PHDi enhances systemic innate immune responses to colitis-associated bacteremia. Mice with colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid were treated with AKB-4924, a new HIF-1 isoform-predominant PHDi, and clinical, immunological, and biochemical endpoints were assessed. Administration of AKB-4924 led to significantly reduced weight loss and disease activity compared with vehicle controls. Treated groups were pyrexic but did not become subsequently hypothermic. PHDi treatment augmented epithelial barrier function and led to an approximately 50-fold reduction in serum endotoxin during colitis. AKB-4924 also decreased cytokines involved in pyrogenesis and hypothermia, significantly reducing serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α while increasing IL-10. Treatment offered no protection against colitis in epithelial-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice, strongly implicating epithelial HIF-1α as the tissue target for AKB-4924-mediated protection. Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase with AKB-4924 enhances innate immunity and identifies that the epithelium is a central site of inflammatory protection afforded by PHDi in murine colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia,Correspondence to: Simon Keely, Ph.D., School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. Office phone: (02) 40420229 Fax: (02) 4042 0024
| | - Eric L. Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alan W. Baird
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Eoin N. McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Douglas J. Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ro H, Lee EW, Hong JH, Han KH, Yeom HJ, Kim HJ, Kim MG, Jung HS, Oh KH, Park KS, Ahn C, Yang J. Roles of Islet Toll-Like Receptors in Pig to Mouse Islet Xenotransplantation. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1709-22. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although innate immunity plays important roles in xenograft rejection, there have been few studies on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in xenotransplantation. Furthermore, most studies focused on the recipient's TLRs. Therefore, we investigated whether TLRs in porcine islets can contribute to islet xenograft rejection. Adult porcine islets were isolated and stimulated by polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both poly I:C and LPS stimulation in porcine islets induced expression of chemokines (RANTES, MCP-1, IP-10, and IL-8), cytokines (IL-6 and type I interferons), and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1). Porcine islet supernatants stimulated by TLR agonists induced chemotaxis of human leukocytes. They also induced procoagulant activation (tissue factor and fgl-2). However, TLR stimulation did not influence insulin secretion. When porcine MyD88 was knocked down using shRNA lentivirus, TLR-mediated induction of proinflammatory mediators and procoagulants was attenuated. When LPS was injected to MyD88 or TLR4 knockout mice after porcine islet transplantation, LPS stimulation on donor islets interfered with islet xenograft tolerance induction by anti-CD154 antibodies. Inflammatory cell infiltration and expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines in islet xenografts also increased. In conclusion, TLR activation in porcine islets induced both a proinflammatory and procoagulant response and thereby contributed to xenograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Ro
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Won Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Ho Hong
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun Han
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Yeom
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Jung Kim
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyu Kim
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Endothelial injury in renal antibody-mediated allograft rejection: a schematic view based on pathogenesis. Transplantation 2013; 95:1073-83. [PMID: 23370711 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31827e6b45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Circulating donor-specific antibodies (DSA) cause profound changes in endothelial cells (EC) of the allograft microvasculature. EC injury ranges from rapid cellular necrosis to adaptive changes allowing for EC survival, but with modifications of morphology and function resulting in obliteration of the microvasculature.Lytic EC injury: Lethal exposure to DSA/complement predominates in early-acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and presents with EC swelling, cell necrosis, denudation of the underlying matrix and platelet aggregation, thrombotic microangiopathy, and neutrophilic infiltration.Sublytic EC injury: Sublethal exposure to DSA with EC activation predominates in late-chronic AMR. Sublytic injury presents with (a) EC shape and proliferative-reparative alterations: ongoing cycles of cellular injury and repair manifested with EC swelling/loss of fenestrations and expression of growth and mitogenic factors, leading to proliferative changes and matrix remodeling (transplant glomerulopathy and capillaropathy); (b) EC procoagulant changes: EC activation and disruption of the endothelium integrity is associated with production of procoagulant factors, platelet aggregation, and facilitation of thrombotic events manifested with acute and chronic thrombotic microangiopathy; and (c) EC proinflammatory changes: increased EC expression of adhesion molecules including monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and complement and platelet-derived mediators attract inflammatory cells, predominantly macrophages manifested as glomerulitis and capillaritis.Throughout the course of AMR, lytic and sublytic EC injury coexist, providing the basis for the overwhelming morphologic and clinical heterogeneity of AMR. This can be satisfactorily explained by correlating the ultrastructural EC changes and pathophysiology.The vast array of EC responses provides great opportunities for intervention but also represents a colossal challenge for the development of universally successful therapies.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cascalho MI, Chen BJ, Kain M, Platt JL. The paradoxical functions of B cells and antibodies in transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:875-9. [PMID: 23335803 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Scarcely anyone would dispute that donor-specific B cells and the Abs that they produce can cause rejection of transplants. Less clear and more controversial, however, is the possibility that donor-specific B cells and the Abs that they produce are one or more means by which transplants can be protected from injury. In this article, we review and discuss this possibility and consider how less well-known functions of B cells and Abs might impact on the design of therapeutics and the management of transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia I Cascalho
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
El Ridi RAF, Tallima HAM. Novel therapeutic and prevention approaches for schistosomiasis: review. J Adv Res 2012; 4:467-78. [PMID: 25685454 PMCID: PMC4293887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating disease affecting approximately 600 million people in 74 developing countries, with 800 million, mostly children at risk. To circumvent the threat of having praziquantel (PZQ) as the only drug used for treatment, several PZQ derivatives were synthesized, and drugs destined for other parasites were used with success. A plethora of plant-derived oils and extracts were found to effectively kill juvenile and adult schistosomes, yet none was progressed to pre- and clinical studies except an oleo-gum resin extracted from the stem of Commiphora molmol, myrrh, which action was challenged in several trials. We have proposed an essential fatty acid, a component of our diet and cells, the polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (ARA) as a remedy for schistosomiasis, due to its ability to activate the parasite tegument-bound neutral sphingomyelinase, with subsequent hydrolysis of the apical lipid bilayer sphingomyelin molecules, allowing access of specific antibody molecules, and eventual worm attrition. This concept was convincingly supported using larval and adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium worms in in vitro experiments, and in vivo studies in inbred mice and outbred hamsters. Even if ARA proves to be an entirely effective and safe therapy for schistosomiasis, it will not prevent reinfection, and accordingly, the need for developing an effective vaccine remains an urgent priority. Our studies have supported the status of S. mansoni calpain, glutathione-S-transferase, aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, and 2-cys peroxiredoxin as vaccine candidates, as they are larval excreted-secreted products and, contrary to the surface membrane molecules, are entirely accessible to the host immune system effector elements. We have proposed that the use of these molecules, in conjunction with Th2 cytokines-inducing adjuvants for recruiting and activating eosinophils and basophils, will likely lead to development and implementation of a sterilizing vaccine in a near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashika A F El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Hatem A-M Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Toussaint M, Fievez L, Desmet CJ, Pirottin D, Farnir F, Bureau F, Lekeux P. Increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression in lung cells of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:64. [PMID: 22621400 PMCID: PMC3536633 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO, also known as equine heaves) is an inflammatory condition caused by exposure of susceptible horses to organic dusts in hay. The immunological processes responsible for the development and the persistence of airway inflammation are still largely unknown. Hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif) is mainly known as a major regulator of energy homeostasis and cellular adaptation to hypoxia. More recently however, Hif also emerged as an essential regulator of innate immune responses. Here, we aimed at investigating the potential involvement of Hif1-α in myeloid cells in horse with recurrent airway obstruction. Results In vitro, we observed that Hif is expressed in equine myeloid cells after hay dust stimulation and regulates genes such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). We further showed in vivo that airway challenge with hay dust upregulated Hif1-α mRNA expression in myeloid cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of healthy and RAO-affected horses, with a more pronounced effect in cells from RAO-affected horses. Finally, Hif1-α mRNA expression in BALF cells from challenged horses correlated positively with lung dysfunction. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest an important role for Hif1-α in myeloid cells during hay dust-induced inflammation in horses with RAO. We therefore propose that future research aiming at functional inactivation of Hif1 in lung myeloid cells could open new therapeutic perspectives for RAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Toussaint
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B34-Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Interplay of hypoxia and A2B adenosine receptors in tissue protection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 61:145-86. [PMID: 21586359 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
That adenosine signaling can elicit adaptive tissue responses during conditions of limited oxygen availability (hypoxia) is a long-suspected notion that recently gained general acceptance from genetic and pharmacologic studies of the adenosine signaling pathway. As hypoxia and inflammation share an interdependent relationship, these studies have demonstrated that adenosine signaling events can be targeted to dampen hypoxia-induced inflammation. Here, we build on the hypothesis that particularly the A(2B) adenosine receptor (ADORA(2B)) plays a central role in tissue adaptation to hypoxia. In fact, the ADORA(2B) requires higher adenosine concentrations than any of the other adenosine receptors. However, during conditions of hypoxia or ischemia, the hypoxia-elicited rise in extracellular adenosine is sufficient to activate the ADORA(2B). Moreover, several studies have demonstrated very robust induction of the ADORA(2B) elicited by transcriptional mechanisms involving hypoxia-dependent signaling pathways and the transcription factor "hypoxia-induced factor" 1. In the present chapter, genetic and pharmacologic evidence is presented to support our hypothesis of a tissue protective role of ADORA(2B) signaling during hypoxic conditions, including hypoxia-elicited vascular leakage, organ ischemia, or acute lung injury. All these disease models are characterized by hypoxia-elicited tissue inflammation. As such, the ADORA(2B) has emerged as a therapeutic target for dampening hypoxia-induced inflammation and tissue adaptation to limited oxygen availability.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kominsky DJ, Keely S, MacManus CF, Glover LE, Scully M, Collins CB, Bowers BE, Campbell EL, Colgan SP. An endogenously anti-inflammatory role for methylation in mucosal inflammation identified through metabolite profiling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6505-14. [PMID: 21515785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissues of the mucosa are lined by an epithelium that provides barrier and transport functions. It is now appreciated that inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel diseases are accompanied by striking shifts in tissue metabolism. In this paper, we examined global metabolic consequences of mucosal inflammation using both in vitro and in vivo models of disease. Initial analysis of the metabolic signature elicited by inflammation in epithelial models and in colonic tissue isolated from murine colitis demonstrated that levels of specific metabolites associated with cellular methylation reactions are significantly altered by model inflammatory systems. Furthermore, expression of enzymes central to all cellular methylation, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, are increased in response to inflammation. Subsequent studies showed that DNA methylation is substantially increased during inflammation and that epithelial NF-κB activity is significantly inhibited following treatment with a reversible S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, DZ2002. Finally, these studies demonstrated that inhibition of cellular methylation in a murine model of colitis results in disease exacerbation while folate supplementation to promote methylation partially ameliorates the severity of murine colitis. Taken together, these results identify a global change in methylation, which during inflammation, translates to an overall protective role in mucosal epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Kominsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vandenbroeck K, Urcelay E, Comabella M. IFN-beta pharmacogenomics in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1137-48. [PMID: 20712530 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition of the CNS marked by inflammation and neurodegeneration. Interferon (IFN)-beta was the first, and still is the main, immunomodulatory treatment for MS. Its clinical efficacy is limited, and a proportion of patients, ranging between 20-55%, do not respond to the therapy. Identification and subsequently, implementation in the clinic of biomarkers predictive for individual therapeutic response would facilitate improved patient care in addition to ensuring a more rational provision of this therapy. In this article, we summarize the main findings from studies addressing the pharmacogenomics of clinical response to IFN-beta in MS by either whole-genome association scans, candidate gene or transcriptomics studies. Whole-genome DNA association screens have revealed a high representation of brain-specific genes, and have hinted toward both extracellular ligand-gated ion channels and type I IFNs pathway genes as important categories of genetic IFN-beta response modifiers. One hit, glypican 5 (GPC5), was recently replicated in an independent study of IFN-beta responsiveness. Recent RNA transcriptomics studies have revealed the occurrence of a pre-existing type I IFN gene-expression signature, composed of genes that are predominantly induced by type I IFNs, as a potential contributing feature of poor response to therapy. Thus, while the outlines of a complex polygenic mechanism are gradually being uncovered, the main challenges for the near future will reside in the robust validation of identified response-modifying genes as well as in the decipherment of the mechanistic relationships between these genes and clinical response to IFN-beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Group, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mannon RB, Matas AJ, Grande J, Leduc R, Connett J, Kasiske B, Cecka JM, Gaston RS, Cosio F, Gourishankar S, Halloran P, Hunsicker L, Rush D. Inflammation in areas of tubular atrophy in kidney allograft biopsies: a potent predictor of allograft failure. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:2066-73. [PMID: 20883541 PMCID: PMC2951299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Banff scoring schema provides a common ground to analyze kidney transplant biopsies. Interstitial inflammation (i) and tubulitis (t) in areas of viable tissue are features in scoring acute rejection, but are excluded in areas of tubular atrophy (TA). We studied inflammation and tubulitis in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients undergoing allograft biopsy for new-onset late graft dysfunction (N = 337). We found inflammation ('iatr') and tubulitis ('tatr') in regions of fibrosis and atrophy to be strongly correlated with each other (p < 0.0001). Moreover, iatr was strongly associated with death-censored graft failure when compared to recipients whose biopsies had no inflammation, even after adjusting for the presence of interstitial fibrosis (Hazard Ratio = 2.31, [1.10-4.83]; p = 0.0262) or TA (hazard ratio = 2.42, [1.16-5.08]; p = 0.191), serum creatinine at the time of biopsy, time to biopsy and i score. Further, these results did not qualitatively change after additional adjustments for C4d staining or donor specific antibody. Stepwise regression identified the most significant markers of graft failure which include iatr score. We propose that a more global assessment of inflammation in kidney allograft biopsies to include inflammation in atrophic areas may provide better prognostic information. Phenotypic characterization of these inflammatory cells and appropriate treatment may ameliorate late allograft failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn B. Mannon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Arthur J. Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joseph Grande
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert Leduc
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John Connett
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bertram Kasiske
- Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Robert S. Gaston
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Fernando Cosio
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sita Gourishankar
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Phil Halloran
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - David Rush
- Department of Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
El Ridi R, Tallima H, Mahana N, Dalton JP. Innate immunogenicity and in vitro protective potential of Schistosoma mansoni lung schistosomula excretory–secretory candidate vaccine antigens. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:700-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
41
|
Nissim Ben Efraim AH, Eliashar R, Levi-Schaffer F. Hypoxia modulates human eosinophil function. Clin Mol Allergy 2010; 8:10. [PMID: 20642833 PMCID: PMC2923626 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eosinophils are involved in various inflammatory processes including allergic inflammation during which angiogenesis has been documented. Angiogenesis is most likely connected to the hypoxia which characterizes inflamed tissues. Eosinophils produce VEGF and are pro-angiogenic. However, to the best of our knowledge no study has been performed to verify the existence of a direct link between eosinophils, hypoxia and angiogenesis in allergic inflammation. Objective To characterize eosinophil function and angiogenic potential under hypoxic conditions. Methods Human peripheral blood eosinophils were cultured in normoxic or hypoxic conditions with or without cytokines. Viability and apoptosis were assessed by Annexin V/PI staining. Anti- or pro-apoptotic protein levels, HIF-1α levels and MAPK phosphorylation were analyzed by immunoblot analysis. Angiogenic mediator release was evaluated by ELISA. Results Hypoxic eosinophils were more viable than normoxic ones after up to three days. In addition in hypoxia, anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL protein levels increased more than pro-apoptotic Bax levels. Hypoxia increased VEGF and IL-8 release. In hypoxic eosinophils high levels of HIF-1α were observed, particularly in the presence of GM-CSF. MAPK, particularly ERK1/2 inhibitors, decreased hypoxia-mediated VEGF release and HIF-1α expression. Conclusion Eosinophils respond to hypoxia by up-regulation of survival and of some of their pro-angiogenic functions indicating a correlation between eosinophilic inflammation and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon H Nissim Ben Efraim
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Killedar S, Dirosario J, Divers E, Popovich PG, McCarty DM, Fu H. Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB, a lysosomal storage disease, triggers a pathogenic CNS autoimmune response. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:39. [PMID: 20637096 PMCID: PMC2914668 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, using a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB, a lysosomal storage disease with severe neurological deterioration, we showed that MPS IIIB neuropathology is accompanied by a robust neuroinflammatory response of unknown consequence. This study was to assess whether MPS IIIB lymphocytes are pathogenic. Methods Lymphocytes from MPS IIIB mice were adoptively transferred to naïve wild-type mice. The recipient animals were then evaluated for signs of disease and inflammation in the central nervous system. Results Our results show for the first time, that lymphocytes isolated from MPS IIIB mice caused a mild paralytic disease when they were injected systemically into naïve wild-type mice. This disease is characterized by mild tail and lower trunk weakness with delayed weight gain. The MPS IIIB lymphocytes also trigger neuroinflammation within the CNS of recipient mice characterized by an increase in transcripts of IL2, IL4, IL5, IL17, TNFα, IFNα and Ifi30, and intraparenchymal lymphocyte infiltration. Conclusions Our data suggest that an autoimmune response directed at CNS components contributes to MPS IIIB neuropathology independent of lysosomal storage pathology. Adoptive transfer of purified T-cells will be needed in future studies to identify specific effector T-cells in MPS IIIB neuroimmune pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Killedar
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mazumder B, Li X, Barik S. Translation control: a multifaceted regulator of inflammatory response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3311-9. [PMID: 20304832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A robust innate immune response is essential to the protection of all vertebrates from infection, but it often comes with the price tag of acute inflammation. If unchecked, a runaway inflammatory response can cause significant tissue damage, resulting in myriad disorders, such as dermatitis, toxic shock, cardiovascular disease, acute pelvic and arthritic inflammatory diseases, and various infections. To prevent such pathologies, cells have evolved mechanisms to rapidly and specifically shut off these beneficial inflammatory activities before they become detrimental. Our review of recent literature, including our own work, reveals that the most dominant and common mechanism is translational silencing, in which specific regulatory proteins or complexes are recruited to cis-acting RNA structures in the untranslated regions of single or multiple mRNAs that code for the inflammatory protein(s). Enhancement of the silencing function may constitute a novel pharmacological approach to prevent immunity-related inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barsanjit Mazumder
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ariga T, Miyatake T, Yu RK. Role of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: Amyloidogenesis and therapeutic strategies-A review. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2303-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
Abstract
For the past 40 years, T cells have been considered the primary threat to the survival of allografts. However, antibodies can induce severe vascular disease of organ transplants, and this disease, particularly "antibody-mediated" rejection, has become a major clinical challenge. Not only do antibodies cause rejection, the rejection caused by antibodies resists treatment by conventional drug regimens. On the other hand, antibodies can induce a condition in which grafts seemingly resist antibody-mediated injury, which is accommodation. In this communication, we discuss the role of antibodies in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of rejection and accommodation, and suggest what we considered the major gaps in knowledge and directions research into this subject might productively take.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey L. Platt
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an important transcriptional regulator of cell metabolism and the adaptation to cellular stress caused by oxygen deficiency (hypoxia). Phagocytic cells have an essential role in innate immune defence against pathogens and this is a battle that takes place mainly in the hypoxic microenvironments of infected tissues. It has now become clear that HIF promotes the bactericidal activities of phagocytic cells and supports the innate immune functions of dendritic cells, mast cells and epithelial cells. In response to microbial pathogens, HIF expression is upregulated through pathways involving the key immune response regulator nuclear factor-kappaB, highlighting an interdependence of the innate immune and hypoxic responses to infection and tissue damage. In turn, HIF-driven innate immune responses have important consequences for both the pathogen and the host, such that the tissue microenvironment fundamentally influences susceptibility to infectious disease.
Collapse
|
47
|
Liu H, Li Y, Wang L, Chen H, Guan J, Zhou Z. Aggravation of acute pancreatitis by heparan sulfate in mice. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:626-32. [PMID: 19194821 DOI: 10.1080/00365520902745047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is responsible for pancreatitis-associated mortality, but its initiating events are poorly understood. Possible candidates may be endogenous substances, which have previously been shown to mediate inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SIRS could be exaggerated by heparan sulfate (HS) in acute pancreatitis (AP). MATERIAL AND METHODS AP was induced in mice by cerulein injection and HS was administered one hour after the final cerulein injection. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by serum amylase activity, pancreatic edema, and pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by assessing lung injury and by measuring serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6. Cytokine levels were also measured in pancreas and lung tissues. RESULTS HS did not worsen the pancreatic injury induced by cerulein. In contrast, HS exacerbated the systemic inflammation as measured by augmented lung MPO activity, increased lung TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, and elevated serum IL-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a potential role for HS in propagating pancreatic inflammation from a local process to a systemic response and thus suggest the possibility that blockade of HS might improve the outcome of SIRS in AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Liu
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ostrovsky O, Korostishevsky M, Shafat I, Mayorov M, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Nagler A. Inverse correlation between HPSE gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and heparanase expression: possibility of multiple levels of heparanase regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:445-55. [PMID: 19406828 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1208735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves the saccharide chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Heparanase plays important roles in processes such as angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, tissue repair and remodeling, inflammation and autoimmunity. Genetic variations of the heparanase gene (HPSE) have been associated with heparanase transcription level. The present study was undertaken to identify haplotype or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotype combinations that correlate with heparanase expression both at the mRNA and protein levels. For this purpose, 11 HPSE gene SNPs were genotyped among 108 healthy individuals. Five out of the eleven polymorphisms revealed an association between the SNPs and heparanase expression. SNP rs4693608 exhibited a strong evidence of association. Analysis of haplotypes distribution revealed that the combination of two SNPs (rs4693608 and rs4364254) disclosed the most significant result. This approach allowed segregation of possible genotype combinations to three groups that correlate with low (LR: GG-CC, GG-CT, GG-TT, GA-CC), intermediate (MR: GA-CT, GA-TT) and high (HR: AA-TT, AA-CT) heparanase expression. Unexpectedly, LR genotype combinations were associated with low mRNA expressions level and high heparanase concentration in plasma, while HR genotype combinations were associated with high expression of mRNA and low plasma protein level. Because the main site of activity of secreted active heparanase is the extracellular matrix and cell surface, the origin and functional significance of plasma heparanase remain to be investigated. The current study indicates that rs4693608 and rs4364254 SNPs are involved in the regulation of heparanase expression and provides the basis for further studies on the association between HPSE gene SNPs and disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ostrovsky
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mariani F, Sena P, Marzona L, Riccio M, Fano R, Manni P, Gregorio CD, Pezzi A, Leon MPD, Monni S, Pol AD, Roncucci L. Cyclooxygenase-2 and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha protein expression is related to inflammation, and up-regulated since the early steps of colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2009; 279:221-9. [PMID: 19268443 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mucosal inflammation is considered a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Neutrophils are a major source of oxidants, whereas cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein expression levels are increased in inflammatory and malignant lesions. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive cell infiltration, COX-2 and HIF-1alpha protein expression in colorectal carcinogenesis, especially in its early phases, using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy techniques. MPO, COX-2 and HIF-1alpha proteins were expressed at higher rates in the normal colorectal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal tumours than in patients with normal colonoscopy. A gradual increase in COX-2 and HIF-1alpha protein expression was observed in dysplastic aberrant crypt foci, adenomas and carcinomas, showing a strong relation to dysplasia. In conclusion, the present study supports the hypothesis of a key role of inflammation in malignant transformation of colorectal mucosa. The evaluation of some early markers related to inflammation in the mucosa of the large bowel may serve as potential tool for prognosis and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mariani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Smith C, Kruger MJ, Smith RM, Myburgh KH. The inflammatory response to skeletal muscle injury: illuminating complexities. Sports Med 2009; 38:947-69. [PMID: 18937524 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838110-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Injury of skeletal muscle, and especially mechanically induced damage such as contusion injury, frequently occurs in contact sports, as well as in accidental contact sports, such as hockey and squash. The large variations with regard to injury severity and affected muscle group, as well as non-specificity of reported symptoms, complicate research aimed at finding suitable treatments. Therefore, in order to increase the chances of finding a successful treatment, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms inherent to this type of skeletal muscle injury and the cellular processes involved in muscle healing following a contusion injury. Arguably the most important of these processes is inflammation since it is a consistent and lasting response. The inflammatory response is dependent on two factors, namely the extent of actual physical damage and the degree of muscle vascularization at the time of injury. However, long-term anti-inflammatory treatment is not necessarily effective in promoting healing, as indicated by various studies on NSAID treatment. Because of the factors named earlier, human studies on the inflammatory response to contusion injury are limited, but several experimental animal models have been designed to study muscle damage and regeneration. The early recovery phase is characterized by the overlapping processes of inflammation and occurrence of secondary damage. Although neutrophil infiltration has been named as a contributor to the latter, no clear evidence exists to support this claim. Macrophages, although forming part of the inflammatory response, have been shown to have a role in recovery, rather than in exacerbating secondary damage. Several probable roles for this cell type in the second phase of recovery, involving resolution processes, have been identified and include the following: (i) phagocytosis to remove cellular debris; (ii) switching from a pro- to anti-inflammatory phenotype in regenerating muscle; (iii) preventing muscle cells from undergoing apoptosis; (iv) releasing factors to promote muscle precursor cell activation and growth; and (v) secretion of cytokines and growth factors to facilitate vascular and muscle fibre repair. These many different roles suggest that a single treatment with one specific target cell population (e.g. neutrophils, macrophages or satellite cells) may not be equally effective in all phases of the post-injury response. To find the optimal targeted, but time-course-dependent, treatments requires substantial further investigations. However, the techniques currently used to induce mechanical injury vary considerably in terms of invasiveness, tools used to induce injury, muscle group selected for injury and contractile status of the muscle, all of which have an influence on the immune and/or cytokine responses. This makes interpretation of the complex responses more difficult. After our review of the literature, we propose that a standardized non-invasive contusion injury is the ideal model for investigations into the immune responses to mechanical skeletal muscle injury. Despite its suitability as a model, the currently available literature with respect to the inflammatory response to injury using contusion models is largely inadequate. Therefore, it may be premature to investigate highly targeted therapies, which may ultimately prove more effective in decreasing athlete recovery time than current therapies that are either not phase-specific, or not administered in a phase-specific fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|