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Tang J, Chen Y, Wang C, Xia Y, Yu T, Tang M, Meng K, Yin L, Yang Y, Shen L, Xing H, Mao X. The role of mesenchymal stem cells in cancer and prospects for their use in cancer therapeutics. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e663. [PMID: 39070181 PMCID: PMC11283587 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited by malignant tumor cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of malignant tumors. This role encompasses immune evasion, promotion of angiogenesis, stimulation of cancer cell proliferation, correlation with cancer stem cells, multilineage differentiation within the TME, and development of treatment resistance. Simultaneously, extensive research is exploring the homing effect of MSCs and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EVs) in tumors, aiming to design them as carriers for antitumor substances. These substances are targeted to deliver antitumor drugs to enhance drug efficacy while reducing drug toxicity. This paper provides a review of the supportive role of MSCs in tumor progression and the associated molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we summarize the latest therapeutic strategies involving engineered MSCs and MSCs-EVs in cancer treatment, including their utilization as carriers for gene therapeutic agents, chemotherapeutics, and oncolytic viruses. We also discuss the distribution and clearance of MSCs and MSCs-EVs upon entry into the body to elucidate the potential of targeted therapies based on MSCs and MSCs-EVs in cancer treatment, along with the challenges they face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Yu Chen
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
- Medical Affairs, Xiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryXiangyang No. 1 People's HospitalHubei University of MedicineXiangyangHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Ying Xia
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Tingyu Yu
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Mengjun Tang
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Kun Meng
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Lijuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyMinistry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industry MicrobiologyNational and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation TechnologyChina International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal ChemistryCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science & TechnologyTianjinChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and ImmunityNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseaseState Key Discipline of Infectious DiseaseShenzhen Third People's HospitalSecond Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Liang Shen
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Hui Xing
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and SciencesXiangyangChina
| | - Xiaogang Mao
- Central LaboratoryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and SciencesXiangyangChina
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Mohammed Bakheet M, Mohssin Ali H, Jalil Talab T. Evaluation of some proinflammatory cytokines and biochemical parameters in pre and postmenopausal breast cancer women. Cytokine 2024; 179:156632. [PMID: 38701734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The study was planned to evaluate the differences in certain proinflammatory cytokines(IL-6, TNF-α) with CRP and biochemical parameters (E2, D3, LDH, GGT, TSB, Ca, Ph, uric acid), between women with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer and seemingly healthy women in Iraqi women as controls; at medical city in teaching Oncology hospital,70 breast cancer patients women their ages ranged (47.51 ± 1.18) and 20 healthy women with age (44.45 ± 2.66) begun from September (2020) to February (2021). The aims of this study to investigate the evaluation of chemotherapy effects especially doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide only use in this study in pre and postmenopausal breast cancer women on proinflammatory cytokines(IL-6, TNF-α) with CRP and on biochemical parameters(E2, D3, LDH, GGT, TSB, Ca, Ph, uric acid) in pre and postmenapausal breast cancer women. The patients were divided into five groups and each group contains 14 patients women with breast cancer during pre and postmenopausal periods. The control groups were divided into 10 pre and 10 postmenopausal women(Fig. 1). The results of proinflammatory cytokines of and biochemical parameters in premenopausal groups were as the levels of IL-6 (pg/ml),TNF-α(pg/ml) and CRP (ng/ml) showed significant increase differences (P < 0.01)among breast cancer treated (BCT) groups in comparison with control groups,While the Liver enzymes GGT,LDH and TSB showed highly significant increase (P < 0.01) in BCT groups, Estrogen levels (pg/ml) and D3(ng/ml) increased significantly (P < 0.01)among BCT groups. Blood serum calcium and phosphorus with uric acid levels (mg/dl) showed significant difference (P < 0.01); While the result in postmenopausal of IL-6(pg/ml), TNF-α (pg/ml) and CRP (ng/ml) showed highly significant differences (P < 0.01)among BCT groups.While GGT(IU/L), LDH(IU/L) and TSB (mg/dl) enzymes were increased significantly (p < 0.01), Estrogen (pg/ml) and D3(ng/ml) levels showed significant increase (P < 0.01) among BCT groups.Blood calcium and phosphorus showed significant increase (P < 0.01) while uric acid was non-significant increase (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiba Mohssin Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Bagdad, Iraq.
| | - Tabarak Jalil Talab
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Bagdad, Iraq.
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Dai B, Clark AM, Wells A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Secreted Exosomes and Soluble Signals Regulate Breast Cancer Metastatic Dormancy: Current Progress and Future Outlook. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7133. [PMID: 39000239 PMCID: PMC11241820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is most common in women, and in most cases there is no evidence of spread and the primary tumor is removed, resulting in a 'cure'. However, in 10% to 30% of these women, distant metastases recur after years to decades. This is due to breast cancer cells disseminating to distant organs and lying quiescent. This is called metastatic dormancy. Dormant cells are generally resistant to chemotherapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy as they are non-cycling and receive survival signals from their microenvironment. In this state, they are clinically irrelevant. However, risk factors, including aging and inflammation can awaken dormant cells and cause breast cancer recurrences, which may happen even more than ten years after the primary tumor removal. How these breast cancer cells remain in dormancy is being unraveled. A key element appears to be the mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow that have been shown to promote breast cancer metastatic dormancy in recent studies. Indirect co-culture, direct co-culture and exosome extraction were conducted to investigate the modes of signal operation. Multiple signaling molecules act in this process including both protein factors and microRNAs. We integrate these studies to summarize current findings and gaps in the field and suggest future research directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Dai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.D.); (A.M.C.)
- R&D Service, Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Amanda M. Clark
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.D.); (A.M.C.)
- R&D Service, Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Cell Biology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.D.); (A.M.C.)
- R&D Service, Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Cell Biology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Sarf EA, Dyachenko EI, Bel’skaya LV. The Role of Salivary Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Cytokines, and Amino Acids in Immunomodulation and Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1329. [PMID: 38927536 PMCID: PMC11201966 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we focused on the analysis of VEGF content in saliva and its relationship with pro-inflammatory cytokines and amino acids involved in immunomodulation and angiogenesis in breast cancer. The study included 230 breast cancer patients, 92 patients with benign breast disease, and 59 healthy controls. Before treatment, saliva samples were obtained from all participants, and the content of VEGF and cytokines in saliva was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, as well as the content of amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that VEGF was positively correlated with the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (r = 0.6367), IL-6 (r = 0.3813), IL-8 (r = 0.4370), and IL-18 (r = 0.4184). Weak correlations were shown for MCP-1 (r = 0.2663) and TNF-α (r = 0.2817). For the first time, we demonstrated changes in the concentration of VEGF and related cytokines in saliva in different molecular biological subtypes of breast cancer depending on the stage of the disease, differentiation, proliferation, and metastasis to the lymph nodes. A correlation was established between the expression of VEGF and the content of aspartic acid (r = -0.3050), citrulline (r = -0.2914), and tryptophan (r = 0.3382) in saliva. It has been suggested that aspartic acid and citrulline influence the expression of VEGF via the synthesis of the signaling molecule NO, and then tryptophan ensures tolerance of the immune system to tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lyudmila V. Bel’skaya
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14, Tukhachevsky Str., 644099 Omsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.I.D.)
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Biriz N, Canturk Z. Investigation of the immunological effects of escitalopram oxalate in the breast cancer co-culture model. ASIAN BIOMED 2024; 18:133-145. [PMID: 39175950 PMCID: PMC11337846 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2024-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Background During breast cancer treatment, approximately half of the patients are prescribed psychotropic medication, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Escitalopram oxalate is an SSRI used as an antidepressant. Objectives In this study, by creating a breast cancer microenvironment with THP-1, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer co-culture models were created. Methods MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and THP-1 cell lines to determine the concentration range of the cytotoxic effect of escitalopram oxalate MTS and MTT test were used. IC50 values were determined by the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system. Apoptotic activities and cytokine levels were determined by flow cytometry. Results In the xCELLigence real-time analysis made according to the results, the IC50 value of escitalopram oxalate was measured as 13.7 μM for MCF-7 and 10.9 μM for MDA-MB-231. The IC50 value was measured as 54.6 μM for MCF-7 and 58.4 μM for MDA-MB-231 in xCELLigence analysis with tamoxifen. According to the MTS test results, the IC50 value of tamoxifen for THP-1 was 92.03 μM and the IC50 value for escitalopram oxalate was 95.32 μM. In the co-culture model, the immunological effects of escitalopram oxalate on MCF-7 cells were 2.8%, 11.1%, 15.6%, 10.6%, and 12.1% for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α, respectively, while MDA effects on MB-231 cells, respectively, were 2.1%, 15.9%, 16.2%, 8.8%, and 11.8%. Conclusions According to the results obtained, it was concluded that the immunological effects of escitalopram oxalate are more effective than tamoxifen and that it can be used as an adjunctive agent in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Biriz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir26470, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Canturk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir26470, Turkey
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6
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Oliphant MUJ, Akshinthala D, Muthuswamy SK. Establishing conditions for the generation and maintenance of estrogen receptor-positive organoid models of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:56. [PMID: 38553763 PMCID: PMC10979603 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived organoid models of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer would provide a much-needed tool to understand drug resistance and disease progression better. However, the establishment and long-term maintenance of ER expression, function, and response in vitro remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the development of an ER+ breast tumor organoid medium (BTOM-ER) that conserves ER expression, estrogen responsiveness, and dependence, as well as sensitivity to endocrine therapy of ER+ patient-derived xenograft organoids (PDXO). Our findings demonstrate the utility of subtype-specific culture conditions that better mimic the characteristics of the breast epithelial biology and microenvironment, providing a powerful platform for investigating therapy response and disease progression of ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael U J Oliphant
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dipikaa Akshinthala
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Bimonte VM, Catanzaro G, Po A, Trocchianesi S, Besharat ZM, Spinello Z, Curreli M, Fabi A, Bei R, Milella M, Vacca A, Ferretti E, Migliaccio S. The endocrine disruptor cadmium modulates the androgen-estrogen receptors ratio and induces inflammatory cytokines in luminal (A) cell models of breast cancer. Endocrine 2024; 83:798-809. [PMID: 37979099 PMCID: PMC10902028 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy that affects women, and it is, to date, their leading cause of death. Luminal A molecular subtype accounts for 40% of BC and is characterized by hormone receptors positive/human epidermal growth factor 2 expression and current treatment consists of surgery plus aromatase inhibitor therapy. Interestingly, several studies demonstrated that the heavy metal cadmium (Cd), classified as a group 1 human carcinogen and widely spread in the environment, exerts estrogen-like activities in several tissues and suggested an intriguing relationship between increased Cd exposure and BC incidence. Thus, aim of this study was to evaluate effects of Cd on Luminal A BC estrogen receptor (ER) positive/progesterone receptor positive cell models in vitro to characterize the mechanism(s) involved in breast cell homeostasis disruption. METHODS T47D and MCF7 were exposed to Cd (0.5-1 µM) for 6-24 h to evaluate potential alterations in: cells viability, steroid receptors and intracellular signaling by western blot. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin by RT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed a significant induction of androgen receptor (AR) and an increased AR/ER ratio. Further, Cd exposure increased pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)6, IL8 and tumor necrosis factor α levels. Finally, as previously demonstrated by our group, Cd alters pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase family and protein kinase B. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Cd modifies the expression and pattern of ERs and AR in BC cell lines, suggesting an alteration of BC cells homeostasis, likely predisposing to a carcinogenetic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana M Bimonte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Foro Italico, 00195, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Catanzaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Po
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Trocchianesi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Zein Mersini Besharat
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Spinello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariaignazia Curreli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Foro Italico, 00195, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fabi
- Precision Medicine in Senology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Department of Oncology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Foro Italico, 00195, Rome, Italy.
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Nicolini A, Rossi G, Ferrari P. Experimental and clinical evidence in favour of an effective immune stimulation in ER-positive, endocrine-dependent metastatic breast cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1225175. [PMID: 38332913 PMCID: PMC10850262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1225175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In ER+ breast cancer, usually seen as the low immunogenic type, the main mechanisms favouring the immune response or tumour growth and immune evasion in the tumour microenvironment (TME) have been examined. The principal implications of targeting the oestrogen-mediated pathways were also considered. Recent experimental findings point out that anti-oestrogens contribute to the reversion of the immunosuppressive TME. Moreover, some preliminary clinical data with the hormone-immunotherapy association in a metastatic setting support the notion that the reversion of immune suppression in TME is likely favoured by the G0-G1 state induced by anti-oestrogens. Following immune stimulation, the reverted immune suppression allows the boosting of the effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune response. This suggests that ER+ breast cancer is a molecular subtype where a successful active immune manipulation can be attained. If this is confirmed by a prospective multicentre trial, which is expected in light of the provided evidence, the proposed hormone immunotherapy can also be tested in the adjuvant setting. Furthermore, the different rationale suggests a synergistic activity of our proposed immunotherapy with the currently recommended regimen consisting of antioestrogens combined with cyclin kinase inhibitors. Overall, this lays the foundation for a shift in clinical practice within this most prevalent molecular subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council and Gabriele Monasterio Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Oliphant MU, Akshinthala D, Muthuswamy SK. Establishing conditions for the generation and maintenance of estrogen receptor-positive organoid models of breast cancer. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3341539. [PMID: 37886440 PMCID: PMC10602055 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3341539/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived organoid models of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer would provide a much-needed tool to understand drug resistance and disease progression better. However, the establishment and long-term maintenance of ER expression, function, and response in vitro remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the development of an ER+ breast tumor organoid medium (BTOM-ER) that conserves ER expression, estrogen responsiveness, and dependence, as well as sensitivity to endocrine therapy of ER+ patient-derived xenograft organoids (PDXO). Our findings demonstrate the utility of subtype-specific culture conditions that better mimic the characteristics of the breast epithelial biology and microenvironment, providing a powerful platform for investigating therapy response and disease progression of ER+ breast cancer.
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10
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Debuc B, Gendron N, Cras A, Rancic J, Philippe A, Cetrulo CL, Lellouch AG, Smadja DM. Improving Autologous Fat Grafting in Regenerative Surgery through Stem Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1726-1754. [PMID: 37261667 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autologous fat transplantation -i.e., lipofilling- has become a promising and popular technique in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery with several application such as breast reconstruction, facial and hand rejuvenation. However, the use of this technology is still limited due to an unpredictable and low graft survival rate (which ranges from 25%-80%). A systematic literature review was performed by thoroughly searching 12 terms using the PubMed database. The objective of this study is to present the current evidence for the efficacy of adjuvant regenerative strategies and cellular factors, which have been tested to improve fat graft retention. We present the main results (fat retention rate, histological analysis for pre-clinical studies and satisfaction/ complication for clinical studies) obtained from the studies of the three main fat grafting enrichment techniques: platelet-rich plasma (PRP), the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and discuss the promising role of recent angiogenic cell enrichment that could induce early vascularization of fat graft. All in all, adding stem or progenitor cells to autologous fat transplantation might become a new concept in lipofilling. New preclinical models should be used to find mechanisms able to increase fat retention, assure safety and transfer these technologies to a good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliant facility, to manufacture an advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Debuc
- Department of Plastic Surgery, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM UMR-S 1140, University of Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gendron
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM UMR-S 1140, University of Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
- Department of Hematology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Cras
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM UMR-S 1140, University of Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
- Department of Cell Therapy, Saint Louis Hospital, AP-HP, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Rancic
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM UMR-S 1140, University of Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Philippe
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM UMR-S 1140, University of Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
- Department of Hematology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Curtis L Cetrulo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandre G Lellouch
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM UMR-S 1140, University of Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Smadja
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM UMR-S 1140, University of Paris, F-75006, Paris, France.
- Department of Hematology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, F-75015, Paris, France.
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11
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Ajabnoor GMA. The Molecular and Genetic Interactions between Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1338. [PMID: 37512149 PMCID: PMC10384495 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is considered the leading cause of death among females worldwide. Various risk factors contribute to BC development, such as age, genetics, reproductive factors, obesity, alcohol intake, and lifestyle. Obesity is considered to be a pandemic health problem globally, affecting millions of people worldwide. Obesity has been associated with a high risk of BC development. Determining the impact of obesity on BC development risk in women by demonstrating the molecular and genetic association in pre- and post-menopause females and risk to BC initiation is crucial in order to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of BC disease. In epidemiological studies, BC in premenopausal women was shown to be protective in a certain pattern. These altered effects between the two phases could be due to various physiological changes, such as estrogen/progesterone fluctuating levels. In addition, the relationship between BC risk and obesity is indicated by different molecular alterations as metabolic pathways and genetic mutation or epigenetic DNA changes supporting a strong connection between obesity and BC risk. However, these molecular and genetic alteration remain incompletely understood. The aim of this review is to highlight and elucidate the different molecular mechanisms and genetic changes occurring in obese women and their association with BC risk and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M A Ajabnoor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Haidar Ahmad S, El Baba R, Herbein G. Polyploid giant cancer cells, cytokines and cytomegalovirus in breast cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:119. [PMID: 37340387 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Accumulated evidence over the past decades indicates a very high prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in breast cancer. High-risk HCMV strains possess a direct oncogenic effect displayed by cellular stress, polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) generation, stemness, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to cancer of aggressive phenotype. Breast cancer development and progression have been regulated by several cytokines where the latter can promote cancer cell survival, help in tumor immune evasion, and initiate the EMT process, thereby resulting in invasion, angiogenesis, and breast cancer metastasis. In the present study, we screened cytokines expression in cytomegalovirus-transformed HMECs (CTH cells) cultures infected with HCMV high-risk strains namely, HCMV-DB and BL, as well as breast cancer biopsies, and analyzed the association between cytokines production, PGCCs count, and HCMV presence in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In CTH cultures and breast cancer biopsies, HCMV load was quantified by real-time qPCR. PGCCs count in CTH cultures and breast cancer biopsies was identified based on cell morphology and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. CTH supernatants were evaluated for the production of TGF-β, IL-6, IL1-β, and IL-10 by ELISA assays. The above-mentioned cytokines expression was assessed in breast cancer biopsies using reverse transcription-qPCR. The correlation analyses were performed using Pearson correlation test. RESULTS The revealed PGCCs/cytokine profile in our in vitro CTH model matched that of the breast cancer biopsies, in vivo. Pronounced cytokine expression and PGCCs count were detected in particularly CTH-DB cultures and basal-like breast cancer biopsies. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of cytokine profiles in PGCCs present mostly in basal-like breast cancer biopsies and derived from CTH cells chronically infected with the high-risk HCMV strains might have the potential to provide novel therapies such as cytokine-based immunotherapy which is a promising field in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Haidar Ahmad
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, University of France-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Ranim El Baba
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, University of France-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, University of France-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
- Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, Besancon, France.
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13
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Jang SH, Paek SH, Kim JK, Seong JK, Lim W. A New Culture Model for Enhancing Estrogen Responsiveness in HR+ Breast Cancer Cells through Medium Replacement: Presumed Involvement of Autocrine Factors in Estrogen Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119474. [PMID: 37298425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+ BC) cells depend on estrogen and its receptor, ER. Due to this dependence, endocrine therapy (ET) such as aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment is now possible. However, ET resistance (ET-R) occurs frequently and is a priority in HR+ BC research. The effects of estrogen have typically been determined under a special culture condition, i.e., phenol red-free media supplemented with dextran-coated charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (CS-FBS). However, CS-FBS has some limitations, such as not being fully defined or ordinary. Therefore, we attempted to find new experimental conditions and related mechanisms to improve cellular estrogen responsiveness based on the standard culture medium supplemented with normal FBS and phenol red. The hypothesis of pleiotropic estrogen effects led to the discovery that T47D cells respond well to estrogen under low cell density and medium replacement. These conditions made ET less effective there. The fact that several BC cell culture supernatants reversed these findings implies that housekeeping autocrine factors regulate estrogen and ET responsiveness. Results reproduced in T47D subclone and MCF-7 cells highlight that these phenomena are general among HR+ BC cells. Our findings offer not only new insights into ET-R but also a new experimental model for future ET-R studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hoon Jang
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Paek
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, 260, Gonghang-daero, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, 260, Gonghang-daero, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosung Lim
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
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14
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Mosly D, MacLeod K, Moir N, Turnbull A, Sims AH, Langdon SP. Variation in IL6ST cytokine family function and the potential of IL6 trans-signalling in ERα positive breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2023; 103:110563. [PMID: 36565897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High expression of the transmembrane receptor IL6ST (gp130) has been identified as a predictive biomarker of endocrine treatment response in ERα-positive breast cancers. To investigate its function further in this disease, this study evaluated the expression, function and signalling of IL6ST in ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines and investigated crosstalk between ERα and IL6ST. IL6ST was differentially expressed in ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines (low in MCF-7, high in ZR751 and T47D), while multiple soluble isoforms of IL6ST were identified. IL6ST is the common signal transducing receptor component for the IL6ST family of cytokines and the effects of seven IL6ST cytokines on these cell lines were studied. These cytokines caused differential growth and migration effects in these cell lines e.g. MCF-7 cells were growth-stimulated, while ZR751 cells were inhibited by IL6 and OSM.. Activation of the STAT and ERK pathways is associated with these responses. Evidence to support trans-signalling involved in cell growth and migration was obtained in both MCF-7 and ZR751 models. Interaction between cytokines and estrogen on ERα-positive cell lines growth were analysed. High expression of IL6ST (in ZR751) may lead to growth inhibition by interacting cytokines while lower expression (in MCF-7) appears associated with proliferation. High IL6ST expression is consistent with a more beneficial clinical outcome if cytokine action contributes to anti-estrogen action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duniya Mosly
- Edinburgh Cancer Research and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom; Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth MacLeod
- Edinburgh Cancer Research and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Moir
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Turnbull
- Edinburgh Cancer Research and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom.
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15
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Asiaticoside Increases Caspase-9 Activity in MCF-7 Cells and Inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 Expression in Nude Mouse Xenografts via the NF-κB Pathway. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052101. [PMID: 36903346 PMCID: PMC10003851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We hypothesized that the antitumor effects of asiaticoside on breast cancer are driven by its ability to decrease the expression of tumor inflammation-promoting genes and increase apoptotic signaling. In this study, we aimed to better understand the mechanisms of action of asiaticoside as a chemical modulator or as a chemopreventive agent in breast cancer. Methods: MCF-7 cells were cultured and treated with 0, 20, 40, and 80 μM asiaticoside for 48 h. Fluorometric caspase-9, apoptosis, and gene expression analyses were conducted. For the xenograft experiments, we divided nude mice into the following 5 groups (10 animals per group): group I, control mice; group II, untreated tumor-bearing nude mice; group III, tumor-bearing nude mice treated with asiaticoside at weeks 1-2 and 4-7 and injected with MCF-7 cells at week 3; group IV, tumor-bearing nude mice injected with MCF-7 cells at week 3 and treated with asiaticoside beginning at week 6; and group V, nude mice treated with asiaticoside, as a drug control. After treatment, weight measurements were performed weekly. Tumor growth was determined and analyzed using histology and DNA and RNA isolation. Results: In MCF-7 cells, we found that asiaticoside increased caspase-9 activity. In the xenograft experiment, we found that TNF-α and IL-6 expression decreased (p < 0.001) via the NF-κB pathway. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that asiaticoside produces promising effects on tumor growth, progression, and tumor-associated inflammation in MCF-7 cells as well as a nude mouse MCF-7 tumor xenograft model.
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16
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Zheng Z, Li P, Shen F, Shi Y, Shao C. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Cancer: from Initiation to Metastasis. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:785-793. [PMID: 36462949 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exist in many tissues and have pleiotropic potential to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types. Recent research in tumor biology has focused on their low immunogenicity and tumorhoming properties. MSCs promote cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis through several different mechanisms, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and through their interaction with immune cells. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenic role of MSCs in regulating tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis, thus providing a strong rationale for targeting MSCs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zheng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangrong Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Tu Z, Karnoub AE. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in breast cancer development and management. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:81-92. [PMID: 36087857 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) encompass a heterogeneous population of fibroblastic progenitor cells that reside in multiple tissues around the body. They are endowed with capacities to differentiate into multiple connective tissue lineages, including chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteoblasts, and are thought to function as trophic cells recruited to sites of injury and inflammation where they contribute to tissue regeneration. In keeping with these roles, MSCs also to home to sites of breast tumorigenesis, akin to their migration to wounds, and participate in tumor stroma formation. Mounting evidence over the past two decades has described the critical regulatory roles for tumor-associated MSCs in various aspects of breast tumor pathogenesis, be it tumor initiation, growth, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment formation, immune evasion, cancer cell migration, invasion, survival, therapeutic resistance, dissemination, and metastatic colonization. In this review, we present a brief summary of the role of MSCs in breast tumor development and progression, highlight some of the molecular frameworks underlying their pro-malignant contributions, and present evidence of their promising utility in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Tu
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Antoine E Karnoub
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Boston Veterans Affairs Research Institute, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
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18
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Antoon R, Wang XH, Saleh AH, Warrington J, Hedley DW, Keating A. Pancreatic cancer growth promoted by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell-derived IL-6 is reversed predominantly by IL-6 blockade. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:699-710. [PMID: 35473998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal cancer characterized by local invasiveness, early metastasis, recurrence and high resistance to current therapies. Extensive stroma or desmoplasia is a key histological feature of the disease, and interactions between cancer and stromal cells are critical for pancreatic cancer development and progression. Mesenchymal stromal cells [MSCs] exhibit preferential tropism to primary and metastatic tumor sites and may either suppress or support tumor growth. Although MSCs represent a potential source of pancreatic cancer stroma, their contribution to pancreatic tumor growth remains poorly known. Here, we show that bone marrow MSCs significantly contribute to pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, MSCs create a pro-carcinogenic microenvironment through the release of key factors mediating growth and angiogenesis, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor and activation of STAT3 signaling in tumor cells. IL-6 released by MSCs was largely responsible for the pro-tumorigenic effects of MSCs. Knockdown of IL-6 expression in MSCs by small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the MSC growth-promoting effect in vitro, reducing tumor cell proliferation and clonogenic potential. In addition, in a heterotopic nude mouse model of human pancreatic tumor xenografts, blockade of IL-6 with the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, or of its downstream effector STAT3 with the small molecule STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201, abrogated MSC-mediated tumor promotion and delayed tumor formation significantly. Our data demonstrate that MSCs promote pancreatic cancer growth, with IL-6 produced by MSCs playing a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roula Antoon
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amr H Saleh
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - David W Hedley
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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The EGFR Signaling Modulates in Mesenchymal Stem Cells the Expression of miRNAs Involved in the Interaction with Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071851. [PMID: 35406622 PMCID: PMC8997927 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) modulates in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) the expression of a number of genes coding for secreted proteins that promote breast cancer progression. However, the role of the EGFR in modulating in MSCs the expression of miRNAs potentially involved in the progression of breast cancer remains largely unexplored. Following small RNA-sequencing, we identified 36 miRNAs differentially expressed between MSCs untreated or treated with the EGFR ligand transforming growth factor α (TGFα), with a fold change (FC) < 0.56 or FC ≥ 1.90 (CI, 95%). KEGG analysis revealed a significant enrichment in signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. EGFR activation in MSCs downregulated the expression of different miRNAs, including miR-23c. EGFR signaling also reduced the secretion of miR-23c in conditioned medium from MSCs. Functional assays demonstrated that miR-23c acts as tumor suppressor in basal/claudin-low MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells, through the repression of IL-6R. MiR-23c downregulation promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion of these breast cancer cell lines. Collectively, our data suggested that the EGFR signaling regulates in MSCs the expression of miRNAs that might be involved in breast cancer progression, providing novel information on the mechanisms that regulate the MSC-tumor cell cross-talk.
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20
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Felcher CM, Bogni ES, Kordon EC. IL-6 Cytokine Family: A Putative Target for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031809. [PMID: 35163731 PMCID: PMC8836921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-6 cytokine family is a group of signaling molecules with wide expression and function across vertebrates. Each member of the family signals by binding to its specific receptor and at least one molecule of gp130, which is the common transmembrane receptor subunit for the whole group. Signal transduction upon stimulation of the receptor complex results in the activation of multiple downstream cascades, among which, in mammary cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway plays a central role. In this review, we summarize the role of the IL-6 cytokine family—specifically IL-6 itself, LIF, OSM, and IL-11—as relevant players during breast cancer progression. We have compiled evidence indicating that this group of soluble factors may be used for early and more precise breast cancer diagnosis and to design targeted therapy to treat or even prevent metastasis development, particularly to the bone. Expression profiles and possible therapeutic use of their specific receptors in the different breast cancer subtypes are also described. In addition, participation of these cytokines in pathologies of the breast linked to lactation and involution of the gland, as post-partum breast cancer and mastitis, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Felcher
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) 1428, Argentina; (C.M.F.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Emilia S. Bogni
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) 1428, Argentina; (C.M.F.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Edith C. Kordon
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) 1428, Argentina; (C.M.F.); (E.S.B.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) 1428, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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21
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Esfarjani F, EnayatJazi M, Reisi J, Moshtaghian S. Studying the effect of garlic consumption and endurance training on serum levels of some pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in female mice with breast cancer - A randomized trial. Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:38. [PMID: 35529512 PMCID: PMC9069146 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_315_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of garlic consumption and endurance training on the serum levels of some pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in female mice with breast cancer. Methods: This study is an experimental research randomly conducted on 32 female BALB/c mice divided into 4 equal groups (N = 8), including: Cancer Control (CC), Garlic Supplementation (GS), Endurance Training (ET), Endurance Training + Garlic Supplementation (ET + GS). One million cancerous cells were injected to all mice's upper right thigh using the subcutaneous injection method. Exercise groups performed endurance training for 8 weeks (5 days a week.(Garlic supplement groups received 1 ml of the garlic extract orally per kilogram of body weight. The control groups -were not given any task, activity or exercise during the research. At the end of the research, all the mice were anesthetized, and their blood samples were collected. Results: The period of 8-week simultaneous endurance exercise and consumption of garlic supplement significantly decreased the serum level of interleukin-6 (F = 75 P = 0.00), interleukin-8 (F = 97.9 P = 0.00), and interleukin-17 (F = 95.7 P = 0.00), and increased the serum level of interleukin-10 (F = 50.4 P = 0.00). Conclusions: Along with other existing methods, reduction of inflammatory factors, endurance exercises and consumption of garlic supplement have been proved to be an extremely effective treatment for breast cancer patients.
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22
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Ferraces-Riegas P, Galbraith AC, Doupé DP. Epithelial Stem Cells: Making, Shaping and Breaking the Niche. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1387:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEpithelial stem cells maintain tissues throughout adult life and are tightly regulated by their microenvironmental niche to balance cell production and loss. These stem cells have been studied extensively as signal-receiving cells, responding to cues from other cell types and mechanical stimuli that comprise the niche. However, studies from a wide range of systems have identified epithelial stem cells as major contributors to their own microenvironment either through producing niche cells, acting directly as niche cells or regulating niche cells. The importance of stem cell contributions to the niche is particularly clear in cancer, where tumour cells extensively remodel their microenvironment to promote their survival and proliferation.
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23
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D’Andrea MR, Cereda V, Coppola L, Giordano G, Remo A, De Santis E. Propensity for Early Metastatic Spread in Breast Cancer: Role of Tumor Vascularization Features and Tumor Immune Infiltrate. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235917. [PMID: 34885027 PMCID: PMC8657227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex and highly heterogeneous disease consisting of various subtypes. It is classified into human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER-2)-enriched, luminal A, luminal B and basal-like/triple negative (TNBC) breast cancer, based on histological and molecular features. At present, clinical decision-making in breast cancer is focused only on the assessment of tumor cells; nevertheless, it has been recognized that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical biologic role in breast cancer. This is constituted by a large group of immune and non-immune cells, but also by non-cellular components, such as several cytokines. TME is deeply involved in angiogenesis, immune-evasion strategies, and propensity for early metastatic spread, impacting on prognosis and prediction of response to specific treatments. In this review, we focused our attention on the early morphological changes of tumor microenvironment (tumor vasculature features, presence of immune and non-immune cells infiltrating the stroma, levels of cytokines) during breast cancer development. At the same time, we correlate these characteristics with early metastatic propensity (defined as synchronous metastasis or early recurrence) with particular attention to breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rosario D’Andrea
- Clinical Oncology Unit, San Paolo Hospital, Largo Donatori del Sangue 1, Civitavecchia, 00053 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vittore Cereda
- Clinical Oncology Unit, San Paolo Hospital, Largo Donatori del Sangue 1, Civitavecchia, 00053 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-07-6659-1230
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Unit of Anatomy, Pathological Histology and Diagnostic Cytology, Department of Diagnostic and Pharma-Ceutical Services, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guido Giordano
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Remo
- Pathology Unit, Mater Salutis Hospital, ULSS9, Legnago, 37045 Verona, Italy;
| | - Elena De Santis
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Hazlett J, Niemi V, Aiderus A, Powell K, Wise L, Kemp R, Dunbier AK. Oestrogen deprivation induces chemokine production and immune cell recruitment in in vitro and in vivo models of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:95. [PMID: 34602068 PMCID: PMC8489094 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer is commonly treated using endocrine therapies such as aromatase inhibitors which block synthesis of oestradiol, but the influence of this therapy on the immune composition of breast tumours has not been fully explored. Previous findings suggest that tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and immune-related gene expression may be altered by treatment with aromatase inhibitors. However, whether these changes are a direct result of impacts on the host immune system or mediated through tumour cells is not known. We aimed to investigate the effect of oestrogen deprivation on the expression of chemokines and immune infiltration in vitro and in an ER+ immunocompetent mouse model. Methods RT-qPCR and a bead-based Bioplex system were used to investigate the expression of chemokines in MCF-7 breast cancer cells deprived of oestrogen. A migration assay and flow cytometry were used to measure the migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to MCF-7 cells grown without the main biologically active oestrogen, oestradiol. Using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we examined the immune cell infiltrate into tumours created by injecting SSM3 ER+ breast cancer cells into wild-type, immunocompetent 129/SvEv mice. Results This study demonstrates that oestrogen deprivation increases breast cancer secretion of TNF, CCL5, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL22 and alters total human peripheral blood mononuclear cell migration in an in vitro assay. Oestrogen deprivation of breast cancer cells increases migration of CD4+ T cells and decreases migration of CD11c+ and CD14+ PBMC towards cancer cells. PBMC migration towards breast cancer cells can be reduced by treatment with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and celecoxib. Treatment with endocrine therapy using the aromatase inhibitor letrozole increases CD4+ T cell infiltration into ER+ breast cancer tumours in immune competent mice. Conclusions These results suggest that anti-oestrogen treatment of ER+ breast cancer cells can alter cytokine production and immune cells in the area surrounding the cancer cells. These findings may have implications for the combination and timing of anti-oestrogen therapies with other therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-021-01472-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Hazlett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Virginia Niemi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aziz Aiderus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katelyn Powell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roslyn Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anita K Dunbier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Bone marrow/bone pre-metastatic niche for breast cancer cells colonization: The role of mesenchymal stromal cells. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 164:103416. [PMID: 34237436 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common oncological pathologies in women worldwide. While its early diagnosis has considerably improved, about 70 % of advanced patients develop bone metastases with a high mortality rate. Several authors demonstrated that primary breast cancer cells prepare their future metastatic niche -known as the pre-metastatic niche- to turn it into an "optimal soil" for colonization. The role of the different cellular components of the bone marrow/bone niche in bone metastasis has been well described. However, studying the changes that occur in this microenvironment before tumor cells arrival has become a novel research field. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the current knowledge about the modulation of the normal bone marrow/bone niche by the primary breast tumor, in particular, highlighting the role of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in transforming this soil into a pre-metastatic niche for breast cancer cells colonization.
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26
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ZARE MOAIEDI M, AHMADPOOR F, RASHIDI M, AHMADZADEH A, SALMASI AA, MOHAMMADZADEH G. The association between mRNA expression of resistin, TNF- α, IL-6, IL-8, and ER-α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and breast cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1345-1353. [PMID: 33517609 PMCID: PMC8283432 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2008-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipocytokines, adipose tissue-derived proteins, were demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. We assessed the mRNA expression of resistin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukins 6 and 8 (IL-6, and IL-8), and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of women with and without breast cancer. METHODS The PBMCs were isolated from the whole blood of 32 women with breast cancer and 18 women without breast cancer using density gradient centrifugation. The mRNA expression of the target genes was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Body mass index was calculated, additionally, clinicopathological characteristics of the breast cancer patients were determined by histopathological examination. RESULTS The mRNA expression of resistin (3.5-fold) and IL-6 (15-fold) in PBMCs of breast cancer patients significantly increased in comparison to healthy controls. Resistin expression was significantly associated with inflammatory markers including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, but not with anthropometric indices. Logistic regression analysis revealed the studied adipokines were not associated with breast cancer. Based on the ROC curve analysis the diagnostic performance of IL-6 was significant (0.825, 95% CI: 0.549-0.94, p = 0.030), thus, it might be considered as a breast cancer biomarker that reflecting an early and inflammatory stage of the disease. DISCUSSION Breast cancer is not associated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in PBMCs. Our results suggested that a PBMC-based gene expression test may be developed to detect breast cancer early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maasoumeh ZARE MOAIEDI
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazIran
| | - Fatemeh AHMADPOOR
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazIran
| | - Mojtaba RASHIDI
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazIran
| | - Ahmad AHMADZADEH
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranIran
| | - Amir Ahmad SALMASI
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazIran
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazIran
| | - Ghorban MOHAMMADZADEH
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Hyperlipidemia Research center, AhvazIran
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27
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Benjamin-Davalos S, Koroleva M, Allen CL, Ernstoff MS, Shu SL. Co-Isolation of Cytokines and Exosomes: Implications for Immunomodulation Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638111. [PMID: 33968029 PMCID: PMC8098445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a vital role in intercellular communication and their immunomodulatory potential have become an important focus in cancer research. Various methods have been developed for the isolation although each method differs in the number and purity of exosomes they yield. In melanoma, tumor-derived exosomes drive immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. The co-elution of exosomes and soluble factors such as cytokines during isolation, however, make it difficult to ascertain the contribution of exosome cargo, as soluble cytokines are equally capable of immune suppression. In this review we will expound upon the biological relevance that exosome-associated cytokines possess. Furthermore, we discuss the technical challenges that arise during exosome isolation and what this means for further studies into the TME and in vivo work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Benjamin-Davalos
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Marina Koroleva
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl L Allen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,ImmunoOncology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shin La Shu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,ImmunoOncology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
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Zafar E, Maqbool MF, Iqbal A, Maryam A, Shakir HA, Irfan M, Khan M, Li Y, Ma T. A comprehensive review on anticancer mechanism of bazedoxifene. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:767-782. [PMID: 33759222 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is counted as a second leading cause of death among nontransmissible diseases. Identification of novel anticancer drugs is therefore necessary for the effective treatment of cancer. Conventional drug discovery is time consuming and expensive process. Unlike conventional drug discovery, drug repositioning offers a novel strategy for urgent drug discovery since it is a cost-effective and faster process. Bazedoxifene (BZA) is a synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulator, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. BZA is now being studied for its anticancer activity in various cancers including breast cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, medulloblastoma, brain cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer. Studies have reported that BZA is effective in reducing cancer progression through multiple mechanisms. BZA could effectively inhibit STAT3, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways and induce apoptosis. In addition to its anticancer activity as monotherapy, BZA has been shown to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy of clinical drugs such as paclitaxel, cisplatin, palbociclib, and oxaliplatin in multiple neoplasms. This review mainly focused on the anticancer activity, cellular targets, and anticancer mechanism of BZA, which may help the further design and conduct of research and repositioning it for oncological clinic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Zafar
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asia Iqbal
- Department of Wild Life and Ecology, University of Veternary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Patoki, Pakistan
| | - Amara Maryam
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Abdullah Shakir
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Haider MT, Ridlmaier N, Smit DJ, Taipaleenmäki H. Interleukins as Mediators of the Tumor Cell-Bone Cell Crosstalk during the Initiation of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2898. [PMID: 33809315 PMCID: PMC7999500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced breast cancer are at high risk of developing bone metastasis. Despite treatment advances for primary breast cancer, metastatic bone disease remains incurable with a low relative survival. Hence, new therapeutic approaches are required to improve survival and treatment outcome for these patients. Bone is among the most frequent sites of metastasis in breast cancer. Once in the bone, disseminated tumor cells can acquire a dormant state and remain quiescent until they resume growth, resulting in overt metastasis. At this stage the disease is characterized by excessive, osteoclast-mediated osteolysis. Cells of the bone microenvironment including osteoclasts, osteoblasts and endothelial cells contribute to the initiation and progression of breast cancer bone metastasis. Direct cell-to-cell contact as well as soluble factors regulate the crosstalk between disseminated breast cancer cells and bone cells. In this complex signaling network interleukins (ILs) have been identified as key regulators since both, cancer cells and bone cells secrete ILs and express corresponding receptors. ILs regulate differentiation and function of bone cells, with several ILs being reported to act pro-osteoclastogenic. Consistently, the expression level of ILs (e.g., in serum) has been associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. In this review we discuss the role of the most extensively investigated ILs during the establishment of breast cancer bone metastasis and highlight their potential as therapeutic targets in preventing metastatic outgrowth in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Haider
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.-T.H.); (N.R.)
| | - Nicole Ridlmaier
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.-T.H.); (N.R.)
- Department of Life Sciences, IMC FH Krems University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Daniel J. Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.-T.H.); (N.R.)
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30
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Alanteet AA, Attia HA, Shaheen S, Alfayez M, Alshanawani B. Anti-Proliferative Activity of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist on Obesity-Associated Breast Cancer: The Impact on Modulating Adipokines' Expression in Adipocytes and Cancer Cells. Dose Response 2021; 19:1559325821995651. [PMID: 33746653 PMCID: PMC7903831 DOI: 10.1177/1559325821995651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with high risk and poor prognosis of breast cancer (BC). Obesity promotes BC cells proliferation via modulating the production of adipokines, including adiponectin (anti-neoplastic adipokine), leptin (carcinogenic adipokine) and inflammatory mediators. In the present study we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of liraglutide (LG; anti-diabetic and weight reducing drug) on MCF-7 human BC cells cultured in obese adipose tissue-derived stem cells-conditioned medium (ADSCs-CM) and whether this effect is mediated via modulating the adipokines in ADSCs and cancer cells. Proliferation was investigated using AlamarBlue viability test, colony forming assay and cell cycle analysis. Levels and expression of adipokines and their receptors were assayed using ELISA and RT-PCR. LG caused 48% inhibition of MCF-7 proliferation in obese ADSCs-CM, reduced the colony formation and induced G0/G1 phase arrest. LG also decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators, suppressed the expression of leptin, while increased mRNA levels of adiponectin and their receptors in obese ADSCs and cancer cells cultured in obese ADCSs-CM. In conclusion, LG could mitigate BC cell growth in obese subjects; therefore it could be used for clinical prevention and/or treatment of BC in obese subjects. It may assist to improve treatment outcomes and, reduce the mortality rate in obese patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A Alanteet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameerah Shaheen
- Anatomy Department and Stem Cell Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaed Alfayez
- Anatomy Department and Stem Cell Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bisher Alshanawani
- Plastic Surgery Unit, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Molehin D, Rasha F, Rahman RL, Pruitt K. Regulation of aromatase in cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2449-2464. [PMID: 33599895 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of aromatase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of estrogen in normal and cancer cells, has been associated with growth factor signaling and immune response modulation. The tissue-specific regulatory roles of these factors are of particular importance as local aromatase expression is strongly linked to cancer development/progression and disease outcomes in patients. Therefore, aromatase has become a chemotherapeutic target and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are used in the clinic for treating hormone-dependent cancers. Although AIs have shown promising results in the treatment of cancers, the emerging increase in AI-resistance necessitates the development of new and improved targeted therapies. This review discusses the role of tumor and stromal-derived growth factors and immune cell modulators in regulating aromatase. Current single-agent and combination therapies with or without AIs targeting growth factors and immune checkpoints are also discussed. This review highlights recent studies that show new connections between growth factors, mediators of immune response, and aromatase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA. .,Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA.
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32
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Hu M, Xie F, Zhang S, Qi B, Li Y. Effect of nanoemulsion particle size on the bioavailability and bioactivity of perilla oil in rats. J Food Sci 2020; 86:206-214. [PMID: 33295031 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability and bioactivity of perilla (Perilla frutescens) oil nanoemulsions prepared at different homogenization pressures by measuring the weight, fatty acid profile, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in rats. The high-pressure homogenization significantly reduced the particle size of perilla oil nanoemulsions and enhanced their stability, and the minimum particle size was 293.87 ± 6.55 nm at 120 MPa. There was an increase in the weight and fatty acid levels in the plasma and liver of test group rats. The highest glutathione (GSH) and the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of 18.76 ± 10.51 mg GSH/g prot and 20.27 ± 2.46 nmol/mg prot, respectively, were recorded in rats administrated perilla oil nanoemulsions prepared at 120 MPa. However, there was no significant difference in superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) between the groups. The interferon-gamma (IL-γ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 (interleukin-6), and IL-8 (interleukin-8) levels in the test groups were lower than those in the blank and control groups at 8 hr after lipopolysaccharide injection. The IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were 49.52 ± 14.06, 90.13 ± 6.04, and 419.71 ± 32.03 ng/L, respectively, in rats treated with perilla oil nanoemulsions prepared at 120 MPa. Both perilla oil and its nanoemulsions decreased estradiol levels and damaged the ovaries. Overall, our findings show that the test nanoemulsions enhanced the bioavailability of perilla oil, which resulted in enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses; thus, we provide a new approach to deliver perilla oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nanoemulsions can be used to deliver drugs and bioactive compounds, and perilla oil nanoemulsions can be used in healthcare products and beverage industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Fengying Xie
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Baokun Qi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.,Heilongjiang Institute of Green Food Science, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.,Heilongjiang Institute of Green Food Science, Harbin, 150030, China
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33
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Heregulin Drives Endocrine Resistance by Altering IL-8 Expression in ER-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207737. [PMID: 33086721 PMCID: PMC7589856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained HER2/HER3 signaling due to the overproduction of the HER3 ligand heregulin (HRG) is proposed as a key contributor to endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. The molecular mechanisms linking HER2 transactivation by HRG-bound HER3 to the acquisition of a hormone-independent phenotype in ER+ breast cancer is, however, largely unknown. Here, we explored the possibility that autocrine HRG signaling drives cytokine-related endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells. We used human cytokine antibody arrays to semi-quantitatively measure the expression level of 60 cytokines and growth factors in the extracellular milieu of MCF-7 cells engineered to overexpress full-length HRGβ2 (MCF-7/HRG cells). Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine closely linked to ER inaction, emerged as one the most differentially expressed cytokines. Cytokine profiling using structural deletion mutants lacking both the N-terminus and the cytoplasmic-transmembrane region of HRGβ2-which is not secreted and cannot transactivate HER2-or lacking a nuclear localization signal at the N-terminus-which cannot localize at the nucleus but is actively secreted and transactivates HER2-revealed that the HRG-driven activation of IL-8 expression in ER+ cells required HRG secretion and transactivation of HER2 but not HRG nuclear localization. The functional blockade of IL-8 with a specific antibody inversely regulated ERα-driven transcriptional activation in endocrine-sensitive MCF-7 cells and endocrine-resistant MCF-7/HRG cells. Overall, these findings suggest that IL-8 participates in the HRG-driven endocrine resistance program in ER+/HER2- breast cancer and might illuminate a potential clinical setting for IL8- or CXCR1/2-neutralizing antibodies.
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Natarajan S, Ranganathan M. Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression and immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligonucleotides in hormone receptor positive cell line T47D and triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:408-415. [PMID: 32686546 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1797779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the expression of TLR genes and the effects of CpG ODN in Estrogen Receptor positive, Progesterone Receptor positive breast cancer cell line (T47D) and a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-468) followed by studying the immunostimulatory activity of CpG oligonucleotides in breast cancer cell lines T47D and MDA-MB-468. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the expression pattern of TLR genes (TLR1 to TLR9) in T47D and MDA-MB-468 cells using Real-time qPCR analysis. The intracellular TLR9 protein expression was studied by flow cytometry. The effect of CpG ODN on cell viability was tested using MTT assay. The relative expression of pro-inflammatory (IL6 and TNFα) and anti- inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokines genes (IL10 and TGF beta1) were examined by Real-time qPCR. RESULTS We found that MDA-MB-468 cells expressed TLR2, TLR3, TLR6, TLR8, and TLR9 genes and T47D cells expressed TLR3, TRL5, TLR8, and TLR9 genes. Stimulation of TLR9 in vitro with CpG significantly reduced the cell viability of T47D and MDA-MB-468 cells. IL6 cytokine gene expression was significantly reduced in both CpG treated T47D cells and MDA-MB-468 cells. TNFα gene expression was significantly reduced after treatment with CpG in MDA-MB-468 cells but not in T47D cells. IL10 and TGFβ1 expression were downregulated in CpG treated T47D cells. Whereas, IL10 and TGFβ1 were elevated in CpG treated MDA-MB-468 cells. CONCLUSION Our in vitro finding gives preliminary evidence that triggering TLR9 using CpG ODN decreases the cell proliferation and alters the pro-inflammatory cytokines in favor of inhibition of hormone receptor positive breast cancer cells T47D and triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-468.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational & Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Maduravoyal, Chennai, India
| | - Mohan Ranganathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational & Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Maduravoyal, Chennai, India
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35
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Connects Inflammation to Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155264. [PMID: 32722276 PMCID: PMC7432832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an evolutionary conserved transcription factor, is a pleiotropic signal transductor. Thanks to its promiscuous ligand binding domain, during the evolution of eukaryotic cells its developmental functions were integrated with biosensor functions. Its activation by a multitude of endogenous and exogenous molecules stimulates its participation in several pathways, some of which are linked to inflammation and breast cancer (BC). Over time, the study of this malignancy has led to the identification of several therapeutic targets in cancer cells. An intense area of study is dedicated to BC phenotypes lacking adequate targets. In this context, due to its high constitutive activation in BC, AhR is currently gaining more and more attention. In this review, I have considered its interactions with: 1. the immune system, whose dysregulation is a renowned cancer hallmark; 2. interleukin 6 (IL6) which is a pivotal inflammatory marker and is closely correlated to breast cancer risk; 3. NF-kB, another evolutionary conserved transcription factor, which plays a key role in immunoregulatory functions, inflammatory response and breast carcinogenesis; 4. kynurenine, a tryptophan-derived ligand that activates and bridges AhR to chronic inflammation and breast carcinogenesis. Overall, the data here presented form an interesting framework where AhR is an interesting connector between inflammation and BC.
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36
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Iron promotes breast cancer cell migration via IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in a paracrine or autocrine IL-6-rich inflammatory environment. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 210:111159. [PMID: 32652260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload can act as catalyst for the formation of free radicals, which may promote oxidant-mediated breast carcinogenesis. However, the association between iron and breast cancer has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, we found that iron overload upregulated the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression to activate Janus Kinases 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cell lines, resulting in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer cell migration, but it had no effects on the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer MCF-7 cells. However, in the presence of exogenous IL-6, iron overload could also dramatically induce an autocrine IL-6 loop in ER-positive MCF-7 cells to active IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling, resulting in enhanced EMT and cell motility. In vivo animal studies also identified that iron overload promoted the progression of low metastatic breast cancer tumorigenicity and lung metastasis following the addition of exogenous IL-6. This study suggested that iron overload could result in inducible IL-6 expression leading to promote malignant transformation of breast cancer cells in an paracrine or autocrine IL-6-rich inflammatory environment. Anti-inflammation and iron depletion therapy would be an effective therapeutic/preventive strategy for suppressing breast cancer progression.
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Pupae protein extracts exert anticancer effects by downregulating the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α through biomolecular changes in human breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110278. [PMID: 32480223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pupae of Bombyx mori and Samia ricini are a source of high-quality proteins and essential nutrient elements for human. Recent studies revealed that protein extracted from pupae possessed therapeutic benefits for the treatment of many diseases. However, the anticancer activity of protein extracts from the pupae of B. mori and S. ricini has been rarely reported. Our objective was to study the effect of protein extracts from the pupae of B. mori and S. ricini on cytotoxicity and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, in breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Additionally, anticancer action of protein extracted from the pupae was further investigated through biomolecular changes in MCF-7 cells using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Pupae protein extracts of B. mori exhibited cytotoxic effects with an IC50 value of 15.23 + 0.4 μg/mL with higher selectivity than doxorubicin on MCF-7 cells. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that lipid contents in MCF-7 cells treated with pupae protein extracts of B. mori were higher than untreated cells. Treatment with protein extracts from pupae of B. mori or S. ricini caused significantly reduced protein and nucleic acid contents of MCF-7 cells. The expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in MCF-7 treated cells was investigated using RT-qPCR and ELISA. Our results revealed that protein extracts from the pupae of B. mori or S. ricini significantly decreased IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in MCF-7 cells both at mRNA and protein levels. Expression of IL-6 and IL-1β in MCF-7 treated cells, especially IL-6, was strongly reduced compared to untreated cells, while TNF-α expression was slightly decreased. These findings suggest that pupae protein extracted from B. mori or S. ricini may play a role in breast cancer through a down-regulatory action on the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, and may also exert anticancer effects by causing biochemical changes of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These findings indicate that pupae protein extracted from B. mori or S. ricini may provide a potential novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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38
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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39
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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40
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Somasundaram A, Rothenberger NJ, Stabile LP. The Impact of Estrogen in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1277:33-52. [PMID: 33119863 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50224-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor immune escape is now a hallmark of cancer development, and therapies targeting these pathways have emerged as standard of care. Specifically, immune checkpoint signal blockade offers durable responses and increased overall survival. However, the majority of cancer patients still do not respond to checkpoint blockade immune therapy leading to an unmet need in tumor immunology research. Sex-based differences have been noted in the use of cancer immunotherapy suggesting that sex hormones such as estrogen may play an important role in tumor immune regulation. Estrogen signaling already has a known role in autoimmunity, and the estrogen receptor can be expressed across multiple immune cell populations and effect their regulation. While it has been well established that tumor cells such as ovarian carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and even lung carcinoma can be regulated by estrogen, research into the role of estrogen in the regulation of tumor-associated immune cells is still emerging. In this chapter, we discuss the role of estrogen in the tumor immune microenvironment and the possible immunotherapeutic implications of targeting estrogen in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Somasundaram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Natalie J Rothenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Laura P Stabile
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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41
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Elingaard-Larsen LO, Rolver MG, Sørensen EE, Pedersen SF. How Reciprocal Interactions Between the Tumor Microenvironment and Ion Transport Proteins Drive Cancer Progression. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:1-38. [PMID: 32737753 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors comprise two major components: the cancer cells and the tumor stroma. The stroma is a mixture of cellular and acellular components including fibroblasts, mesenchymal and cancer stem cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix, and tumor interstitial fluid. The insufficient tumor perfusion and the highly proliferative state and dysregulated metabolism of the cancer cells collectively create a physicochemical microenvironment characterized by altered nutrient concentrations and varying degrees of hypoxia and acidosis. Furthermore, both cancer and stromal cells secrete numerous growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins which further shape the tumor microenvironment (TME), favoring cancer progression.Transport proteins expressed by cancer and stromal cells localize at the interface between the cells and the TME and are in a reciprocal relationship with it, as both sensors and modulators of TME properties. It has been amply demonstrated how acid-base and nutrient transporters of cancer cells enable their growth, presumably by contributing both to the extracellular acidosis and the exchange of metabolic substrates and waste products between cells and TME. However, the TME also impacts other transport proteins important for cancer progression, such as multidrug resistance proteins. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the cellular and acellular components of solid tumors and their interrelationship with key ion transport proteins. We focus in particular on acid-base transport proteins with known or proposed roles in cancer development, and we discuss their relevance for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line O Elingaard-Larsen
- Translational Type 2 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Michala G Rolver
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester E Sørensen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine F Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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42
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Dittmer A, Lange T, Leyh B, Dittmer J. Protein‑ and growth‑modulatory effects of carcinoma‑associated fibroblasts on breast cancer cells: Role of interleukin‑6. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:258-272. [PMID: 31789400 PMCID: PMC6910226 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) secrete factors that increase the expression and/or activities of proteins in breast cancer cells and induce resistance to anti-estrogens, such as fulvestrant. A major factor is interleukin-6 (IL-6). This study demonstrated that, across estrogen receptor (ER) α-positive and -negative cell lines, recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6) mimicked most of the CAF-conditioned medium (CM)-induced changes in protein expression patterns; however, in most cases, it failed to recapitulate CAF-CM-triggered alterations in ERK1/2 and AKT activities. The ability of rhIL-6 to induce fulvestrant resistance was dependent upon the culture conditions. In 3D, but not in 2D cultures, rhIL-6 increased the survival of fulvestrant-treated cells, although not to the same extent as observed with CAF-CM. In 2D cultures, rhIL-6 acted in a pro-apoptotic manner and decreased the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2). The inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway had similar effects on apoptosis and ABCG2 expression, linking the failure of rhIL-6 to induce fulvestrant resistance to its inability to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway. In 3D cultures, both CAF-CM and rhIL-6 acted in an anti-apoptotic manner. These activities are likely independent on the PI3K/AKT pathway and ABCG2. Experiments on ERα-negative breast cancer cells revealed a growth-inhibitory effects of both CAF-CM and rhIL-6, which coincided with a reduction in the c-Myc level. These data suggest that IL-6 plays a role in several effects of CAF-CM, including alterations in protein expression patterns, fulvestrant resistance in 3D cultures and growth inhibition. By contrast, IL-6 is unlikely to be responsible for the CAF-CM-induced activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and fulvestrant resistance in 2D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle‑Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Theresia Lange
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle‑Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Benjamin Leyh
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle‑Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle‑Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Al-Jawadi A, Rasha F, Ramalingam L, Alhaj S, Moussa H, Gollahon L, Dharmawardhane S, Moustaid-Moussa N. Protective effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in adipocyte-breast cancer cell cross talk. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 75:108244. [PMID: 31704550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women among all cancer types. Obesity is one of the factors that promote progression of breast cancer, especially in post-menopausal women. Increasingly, adipose tissue is recognized for its active role in the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that adipocytes conditioned medium can impact breast cancer progression by increasing inflammatory cytokines production by cancer cells, and subsequently increasing their motility. By contrast, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an anti-inflammatory n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, reduces adipocyte-secreted inflammatory factors, leading to reduced cancer cell motility. To test these hypotheses, we investigated the direct effects of EPA on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and the effects of conditioned medium from 3 T3-L1 or human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSC)-derived adipocytes treated with or without EPA supplementation on breast cancer cells. We observed that conditioned medium from HMSC-derived adipocytes significantly increased mRNA transcription levels of cancer-associated genes such as FASN, STAT3 and cIAP2, while EPA-treated HMSC-derived adipocytes significantly reduced mRNA levels of these genes. However, direct EPA treatment significantly reduced mRNA content of these tumor-associated markers (FASN, STAT3, cIAP-2) only in MDA-MB-231 cells not in MCF-7 cells. Conditioned medium from EPA-treated 3 T3-L1 adipocytes further decreased inflammation, cell motility and glycolysis in cancer cells. Our data confirms that adipocytes play a significant role in promoting breast cancer progression and demonstrates that EPA-treated adipocytes reduced the negative impact of adipocyte-secreted factors on breast cancer cell inflammation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Al-Jawadi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 794909, USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 794909, USA
| | - Sara Alhaj
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Hanna Moussa
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 794909, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Lauren Gollahon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main st, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 794909, USA
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 794909, USA.
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Ming W, Xie H, Hu Z, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Bai Y, Liu H, Sun X, Liu Y, Gu W. Two Distinct Subtypes Revealed in Blood Transcriptome of Breast Cancer Patients With an Unsupervised Analysis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:985. [PMID: 31632916 PMCID: PMC6779774 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous cancer. The interaction between immune system and BC is complex, widespread yet unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the heterogeneity of host systemic immune response to BC and understand the possible mechanisms that may drive the heterogeneity using transcriptomic data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods: Transcriptome-wide gene expressions of PBMCs in 33 BC patients were generated by RNA sequencing. An unsupervised clustering algorithm was employed to discover PBMC transcriptome subtypes among BC patients. Association analysis between PBMC subtypes and age, clinical stage, abundance of immune cells, and other clinical factors was performed to understand the underlying biological processes that may drive this heterogeneity. Immune gene signature identification and in silico survival analysis were performed to investigate the potential clinical implications of these PBMC subtypes. The findings were validated using the whole blood transcriptomes of an independent cohort. Results: We observed that established BC subtypes were not associated with PBMC gene expression profiles. Instead, we discovered and validated two new BC subtypes using PBMC transcriptome, which have distinct immune cell proportions, especially for lymphocytes (P = 5.22 × 10-12) and neutrophils (P = 1.13 × 10-14). Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that these two subtypes had distinct patterns of immune responses, including osteoclast differentiation and interleukin-10 signaling pathway. We developed two immune gene signatures that can differentiate these two BC PBMC subtypes. Further analysis suggested they had the ability to predict the clinical outcome of BC patients. Conclusions: PBMC transcriptome profiles can classify BC patients into two distinct subtypes. These two subtypes are mainly shaped by different immune cell abundance, which may have implications on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhui Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongde Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanjun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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45
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Incio J, Ligibel JA, McManus DT, Suboj P, Jung K, Kawaguchi K, Pinter M, Babykutty S, Chin SM, Vardam TD, Huang Y, Rahbari NN, Roberge S, Wang D, Gomes-Santos IL, Puchner SB, Schlett CL, Hoffmman U, Ancukiewicz M, Tolaney SM, Krop IE, Duda DG, Boucher Y, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Obesity promotes resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in breast cancer by up-regulating IL-6 and potentially FGF-2. Sci Transl Med 2019. [PMID: 29540614 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has failed to improve survival in patients with breast cancer (BC). Potential mechanisms of resistance to anti-VEGF therapy include the up-regulation of alternative angiogenic and proinflammatory factors. Obesity is associated with hypoxic adipose tissues, including those in the breast, resulting in increased production of some of the aforementioned factors. Hence, we hypothesized that obesity could contribute to anti-VEGF therapy's lack of efficacy. We found that BC patients with obesity harbored increased systemic concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and their tumor vasculature was less sensitive to anti-VEGF treatment. Mouse models revealed that obesity impairs the effects of anti-VEGF on angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. In one murine BC model, obesity was associated with increased IL-6 production from adipocytes and myeloid cells within tumors. IL-6 blockade abrogated the obesity-induced resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in primary and metastatic sites by directly affecting tumor cell proliferation, normalizing tumor vasculature, alleviating hypoxia, and reducing immunosuppression. Similarly, in a second mouse model, where obesity was associated with increased FGF-2, normalization of FGF-2 expression by metformin or specific FGF receptor inhibition decreased vessel density and restored tumor sensitivity to anti-VEGF therapy in obese mice. Collectively, our data indicate that obesity fuels BC resistance to anti-VEGF therapy via the production of inflammatory and angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Incio
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,I3S, Institute for Innovation and Research in Health, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Endocrinology Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital S. João, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Jennifer A Ligibel
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel T McManus
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Priya Suboj
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Botany and Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Thumba, Trivandrum, Kerala 695586, India
| | - Keehoon Jung
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Suboj Babykutty
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Nalanchira, Trivandrum, Kerala 695015, India
| | - Shan M Chin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Trupti D Vardam
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yuhui Huang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nuh N Rahbari
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sylvie Roberge
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dannie Wang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Igor L Gomes-Santos
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Heart Institute (Instituto do Coração-Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Stefan B Puchner
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher L Schlett
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Udo Hoffmman
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marek Ancukiewicz
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sara M Tolaney
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian E Krop
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yves Boucher
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Hermano E, Goldberg R, Rubinstein AM, Sonnenblick A, Maly B, Nahmias D, Li JP, Bakker MAH, van der Vlag J, Vlodavsky I, Peretz T, Elkin M. Heparanase Accelerates Obesity-Associated Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5342-5354. [PMID: 31481501 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obese women have higher risk of bearing breast tumors that are highly aggressive and resistant to therapies. Tumor-promoting effects of obesity occur locally via adipose inflammation and related alterations to the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as systemically via circulating metabolic mediators (e.g., free fatty acids, FFA) associated with excess adiposity and implicated in toll-like receptor-mediated activation of macrophages-key cellular players in obesity-related cancer progression. Although the contribution of macrophages to proneoplastic effects of obesity is well documented, the role of ECM components and their enzymatic degradation is less appreciated. We show that heparanase, the sole mammalian endoglucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate in ECM, is preferentially expressed in clinical/experimental obesity-associated breast tumors. Heparanase deficiency abolished obesity-accelerated tumor progression in vivo. Heparanase orchestrated a complex molecular program that occurred concurrently in adipose and tumor tissue and sustained the cancer-promoting action of obesity. Heparanase was required for adipose tissue macrophages to produce inflammatory mediators responsible for local induction of aromatase, a rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis. Estrogen upregulated heparanase in hormone-responsive breast tumors. In subsequent stages, elevated levels of heparanase induced acquisition of procancerous phenotype by tumor-associated macrophages, resulting in activation of tumor-promoting signaling and acceleration of breast tumor growth under obese conditions. As techniques to screen for heparanase expression in tumors become available, these findings provide rational and a mechanistic basis for designing antiheparanase approaches to uncouple obesity and breast cancer in a rapidly growing population of obese patients. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals the role of heparanase in promoting obesity-associated breast cancer and provides a mechanistically informed approach to uncouple obesity and breast cancer in a rapidly growing population of obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hermano
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Sonnenblick
- Oncology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bella Maly
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniela Nahmias
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marinka A H Bakker
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Hill BS, Sarnella A, D'Avino G, Zannetti A. Recruitment of stromal cells into tumour microenvironment promote the metastatic spread of breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:202-213. [PMID: 31377307 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, metastasis remains the primary cause of death of patients with breast cancer despite the important advances in the treatment of this disease. In the complex tumour microenvironment network, several malignant and non-malignant cell types as well as components of extracellular matrix cooperate in promoting the metastatic spread of breast carcinoma. Many components of the stromal compartment are recruited from distant sites to the tumour including mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, macrophages and other immune cells whereas other cells such as fibroblasts are already present in both primary and secondary lesions. When these cells come into contact with cancer cells they are "educated" and acquire a pro-tumoural phenotype, which support all the steps of the metastatic cascade. In this Review, we highlight the role played by each stromal component in guiding cancer cells in their venture towards colonizing metastatic sites.
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Chatterjee S, Bhat V, Berdnikov A, Liu J, Zhang G, Buchel E, Safneck J, Marshall AJ, Murphy LC, Postovit LM, Raouf A. Paracrine Crosstalk between Fibroblasts and ER + Breast Cancer Cells Creates an IL1β-Enriched Niche that Promotes Tumor Growth. iScience 2019; 19:388-401. [PMID: 31419632 PMCID: PMC6706609 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer-induced activated fibroblasts support tumor progression. However, the role of normal fibroblasts in tumor progression remains controversial. In this study, we used modified patient-derived organoid cultures and demonstrate that constitutively secreted cytokines from normal breast fibroblasts initiate a paracrine signaling mechanism with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells, which results in the creation of an interleukin (IL)-1β-enriched microenvironment. We found that this paracrine signaling mechanism is shared between normal and activated fibroblasts. Interestingly, we observed that in reconstructed tumor microenvironment containing autologous ER+ breast cancer cells, activated fibroblasts, and immune cells, tamoxifen is more effective in reducing tumor cell proliferation when this paracrine signaling is blocked. Our findings then suggest that ER+ tumor cells could create a growth-promoting environment without activating stromal fibroblasts and that in breast-conserving surgeries, normal fibroblasts could be a significant modulator of tumor recurrence by enhancing the proliferation of residual breast cancer cells in the tumor-adjacent breast tissue. Normal fibroblast-cancer cell interaction promotes tumor progression Paracrine signaling common to normal and activated fibroblasts promotes drug resistance Fibroblast-secreted factors create an IL1β-enriched niche for ER+ breast cancer cell growth
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCareManitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Vasudeva Bhat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCareManitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Alexei Berdnikov
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1M5, Canada
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Guihua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Edward Buchel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1M5, Canada
| | - Janice Safneck
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCareManitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Afshin Raouf
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCareManitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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Cortini M, Baldini N, Avnet S. New Advances in the Study of Bone Tumors: A Lesson From the 3D Environment. Front Physiol 2019; 10:814. [PMID: 31316395 PMCID: PMC6611422 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone primary tumors, such as osteosarcoma, are highly aggressive pediatric tumors that in 30% of the cases develop lung metastasis and are characterized by poor prognosis. Bone is also the third most common metastatic site in patients with advanced cancer and once tumor cells become homed to the skeleton, the disease is usually considered incurable, and treatment is only palliative. Bone sarcoma and bone metastasis share the same tissue microenvironment and niches. 3D cultures represent a new promising approach for the study of interactions between tumor cells and other cellular or acellular components of the tumor microenvironment (i.e., fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, bone ECM). Indeed, 3D models can mimic physiological interactions that are crucial to modulate response to soluble paracrine factors, tumor drug resistance and aggressiveness and, in all, these innovative models might be able of bypassing the use of animal-based preclinical cancer models. To date, both static and dynamic 3D cell culture models have been shown to be particularly suited for screening of anticancer agents and might provide accurate information, translating in vitro cell cultures into precision medicine. In this mini-review, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art in the field of bone tumors, both primary and metastatic, illustrating the different methods and techniques employed to realize 3D cell culture systems and new results achieved in a field that paves the way toward personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Cortini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Stamatopoulos A, Stamatopoulos T, Gamie Z, Kenanidis E, Ribeiro RDC, Rankin KS, Gerrand C, Dalgarno K, Tsiridis E. Mesenchymal stromal cells for bone sarcoma treatment: Roadmap to clinical practice. J Bone Oncol 2019; 16:100231. [PMID: 30956944 PMCID: PMC6434099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been growing interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis and progression, as it is still associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current management of large bone sarcomas typically includes the complex therapeutic approach of limb salvage or sacrifice combined with pre- and postoperative multidrug chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and is still associated with high recurrence rates. The development of cellular strategies against specific characteristics of tumour cells appears to be promising, as they can target cancer cells selectively. Recently, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been the subject of significant research in orthopaedic clinical practice through their use in regenerative medicine. Further research has been directed at the use of MSCs for more personalized bone sarcoma treatments, taking advantage of their wide range of potential biological functions, which can be augmented by using tissue engineering approaches to promote healing of large defects. In this review, we explore the use of MSCs in bone sarcoma treatment, by analyzing MSCs and tumour cell interactions, transduction of MSCs to target sarcoma, and their clinical applications on humans concerning bone regeneration after bone sarcoma extraction.
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Key Words
- 5-FC, 5-fluorocytosine
- AAT, a1-antitrypsin
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- ASC, adipose-derived stromal/stem cells
- Abs, antibodies
- Ang1, angiopoietin-1
- BD, bone defect
- BMMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells
- Biology
- Bone
- CAM, cell adhesion molecules
- CCL5, chemokine ligand 5
- CCR2, chemokine receptor 2
- CD, classification determinants
- CD, cytosine deaminase
- CLUAP1, clusterin associated protein 1
- CSPG4, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4
- CX3CL1, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1
- CXCL12/CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/ C-X-C chemokine receptor 4
- CXCL12/CXCR7, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/ C-X-C chemokine receptor 7
- CXCR4, chemokine receptor type 4
- Cell
- DBM, Demineralized Bone Marrow
- DKK1, dickkopf-related protein 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FGF-2, fibroblast growth factors-2
- FGF-7, fibroblast growth factors-7
- GD2, disialoganglioside 2
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HMGB1/RACE, high mobility group box-1 protein/ receptor for advanced glycation end-products
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-α, interferon alpha
- IFN-β, interferon beta
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-12, interleukin-12
- IL-18, interleukin-18
- IL-1b, interleukin-1b
- IL-21, interleukin-21
- IL-2a, interleukin-2a
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IL-8, interleukin-8
- IL11RA, Interleukin 11 Receptor Subunit Alpha
- MAGE, melanoma antigen gene
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2
- MMP2/9, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9
- MRP, multidrug resistance protein
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
- Mesenchymal
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- Orthopaedic
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDX, patient derived xenograft
- PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
- PTX, paclitaxel
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- Regeneration
- SC, stem cells
- SCF, stem cells factor
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1
- STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Sarcoma
- Stromal
- TAAs, tumour-associated antigens
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGF-b, transforming growth factor beta
- TGF-b1, transforming growth factor beta 1
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TNF-a, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- TRAIL, tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Tissue
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WBCs, white blood cell
- hMSCs, human mesenchymal stromal cells
- rh-TRAIL, recombinant human tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Stamatopoulos
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodosios Stamatopoulos
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zakareya Gamie
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Eustathios Kenanidis
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ricardo Da Conceicao Ribeiro
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Kenneth Samora Rankin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig Gerrand
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Kenneth Dalgarno
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Eleftherios Tsiridis
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
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