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Sivakumar S, Lama D, Rabhi N. Childhood obesity from the genes to the epigenome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1393250. [PMID: 39045266 PMCID: PMC11263020 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1393250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities has surged dramatically in recent decades. Especially concerning is the increased rate of childhood obesity, resulting in diseases traditionally associated only with adulthood. While obesity fundamentally arises from energy imbalance, emerging evidence over the past decade has revealed the involvement of additional factors. Epidemiological and murine studies have provided extensive evidence linking parental obesity to increased offspring weight and subsequent cardiometabolic complications in adulthood. Offspring exposed to an obese environment during conception, pregnancy, and/or lactation often exhibit increased body weight and long-term metabolic health issues, suggesting a transgenerational inheritance of disease susceptibility through epigenetic mechanisms rather than solely classic genetic mutations. In this review, we explore the current understanding of the mechanisms mediating transgenerational and intergenerational transmission of obesity. We delve into recent findings regarding both paternal and maternal obesity, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms and potential sex differences in offspring outcomes. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind obesity inheritance holds promise for enhancing clinical management strategies in offspring and breaking the cycle of increased metabolic risk across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nabil Rabhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Chu DT, Thi HV, Bui NL, Le NH. The effects of a diet with high fat content from lard on the health and adipose-markers' mRNA expression in mice. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241269431. [PMID: 39090965 PMCID: PMC11297511 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241269431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Pork is one type of the most frequently consumed meat with about 30% globally. Thus, the questions regarding to the health effects of diet with high fat content from lard are raised. Here, we developed a model of mice fed with high fat (HF) from lard to investigate and have more insights on the effects of long-time feeding with HF on health. The results showed that 66 days on HF induced a significant gain in the body weight of mice, and this weight gain was associated to the deposits in the white fat, but not brown fat. The glucose tolerance, not insulin resistance, in mice was decreased by the HF diet, and this was accompanied with significantly higher blood levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Furthermore, the weight gains in mice fed with HF seemed to link to increased mRNA levels of adipose biomarkers in lipogenesis, including Acly and Acaca genes, in white fat tissues. Thus, our study shows that a diet with high fat from lard induced the increase in body weight, white fat depots' expansion, disruption of glucose tolerance, blood dyslipidemia, and seemed to start affecting the mRNA expression of some adipose biomarkers in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hue Vu Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhat-Le Bui
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Hoan Le
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Anunciado-Koza RVP, Yin H, Bilodeau CL, Cooke D, Ables GP, Ryzhov S, Koza RA. Interindividual differences of dietary fat-inducible Mest in white adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice are not heritable. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1144-1155. [PMID: 38616328 PMCID: PMC11132930 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differences in white adipose tissue (WAT) expression of mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest) in C57BL6/J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) are concomitant with and predictive for the development of obesity. However, the basis for differences in WAT Mest among mice is unknown. This study investigated whether HFD-inducible WAT Mest, as well as susceptibility to obesity, is transmissible from parents to offspring. METHODS WAT biopsies of mice fed an HFD for 2 weeks identified parents with low and high WAT Mest for breeding. Obesity phenotypes, WAT Mest, hepatic gene expression, and serum metabolites were determined in offspring fed an HFD for 2 weeks. RESULTS Offspring showed no heritability of obesity or WAT Mest phenotypes from parents but did show hepatic and serum metabolite changes consistent with their WAT Mest. Importantly, retired male breeders showed WAT Mest expression congruent with initial WAT biopsies even though HFD exposure occurred early in life. CONCLUSIONS Disparity of HFD-induced Mest in mice is not heritable but, rather, is reestablished during each generation and remains fixed from an early age to adulthood. Short-term HFD feeding reveals variation of WAT Mest expression within isogenic mice that is positively associated with the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haifeng Yin
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | | | - Diana Cooke
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc., Cold Spring, New York, USA
| | - Gene P. Ables
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc., Cold Spring, New York, USA
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert A. Koza
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Walendzik K, Kopcewicz M, Wiśniewska J, Opyd P, Machcińska-Zielińska S, Gawrońska-Kozak B. Dermal white adipose tissue development and metabolism: The role of transcription factor Foxn1. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23171. [PMID: 37682531 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300873rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Intradermal adipocytes form dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), a unique fat depot localized in the lower layer of the dermis. However, recognition of molecular factors regulating dWAT development, homeostasis, and bioactivity is limited. Using Foxn1-/- and Foxn1+/+ mice, we demonstrated that epidermally expressed Foxn1 regulates dWAT development and defines the adipogenic capacity of dermal fibroblasts. In intact and post-wounded skin, Foxn1 contributes to the initial stimulation of dWAT adipogenesis and participates in the modulation of lipid metabolism processes. Furthermore, Foxn1 activity strengthens adipogenic processes through Bmp2 and Igf2 signaling and regulates lipid metabolism in differentiated dermal fibroblasts. The results reveal the contribution of Foxn1 to dWAT metabolism, thus identifying possible targets for modulation and regulation of dWAT in physiological and pathological processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walendzik
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paulina Opyd
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Machcińska-Zielińska
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawrońska-Kozak
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Sapehia D, Mahajan A, Singh P, Kaur J. High dietary folate and low vitamin B12 in the parental diet disturbed the epigenetics of imprinted genes MEST and PHLDA2 in mice placenta. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 118:109354. [PMID: 37098363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the dietary effects of vitamin B12 and folic acid on fetal and placental epigenetics, different dietary combinations of folic acid and low vitamin B12 (four groups) were fed to the animals (C57BL/6 mice), and mating was carried out within each group in the F0 generation. After weaning for 3 weeks in the F1 generation one group of mice was continued on the same diet (sustained group) while the other was shifted to a normal diet (transient group) for 6-8 weeks (F1). Mating was carried out again within each group, and on day 20 of gestation, the maternal placenta (F1) and fetal tissues (F2) were isolated. Expression of imprinted genes and various epigenetic mechanisms, including global and gene-specific DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications, were studied. Evaluation of mRNA levels of MEST and PHLDA2 in placental tissue revealed that their expression is maximally influenced by vitamin B12 deficiency and high folate conditions. The gene expression of MEST and PHLDA2 was found significantly decreased in the F0 generation, with the over-expression of the genes in BDFO dietary groups. These dietary combinations also resulted in DNA methylation changes in both generations, which may not play a role in gene expression regulation. However, altered histone modifications were found to be the major regulatory factor in controlling the expression of genes in the F1 generation. The imbalance of low vitamin B12 and high folate leads to increased levels of activating histone marks, contributing to increased gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divika Sapehia
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Aatish Mahajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Parampal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jyotdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Shi Q, Liu X, Fan X, Wang R, Qi K. Paternal dietary ratio of n-6: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids programs offspring leptin expression and gene imprinting in mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1043876. [PMID: 36618698 PMCID: PMC9816484 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1043876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study determined the effects of the paternal dietary ratio of n-6: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on leptin expression in the offspring and associated gene imprinting in a mouse model. Methods Three- to four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (F0) were fed an n-3 PUFA-deficient (n-3 D) diet, a diet with normal n-3 PUFA content (n-3 N; n-6: n-3 = 4.3:1), or a diet with a high n-3 PUFA content (n-3 H; n-6: n-3 = 1.5:1) for 8 weeks. Two subsequent generations were generated by mating F0 and F1 male mice with 10-week-old virgin female C57 BL/6J mice, to produce F1 and F2 offspring. Results Compared to the paternal n-3 D diet, paternal n-3 N and n-3 H diets reduced adipose mRNA expression of leptin (Lep) and its plasma concentrations in juvenile F1 male and female offspring, and adult F1 male and F2 female offspring, with upregulated Lep receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Meanwhile, paternal n-3 N and n-3 H diets altered the expression of the imprinted genes H19, Igf2, Igf2r, Plagl1, Cdkn1c, Kcnq1ot1, Peg3, and Grb10 in the adipose tissue of juvenile and adult F1 males, with almost no effects on F1 females, while more effects were observed in the adult F2 females than F2 males. Principal component analysis verified that Plagl1, Cdkn1c, and Kcnq1ot1 contributed the most to variation in adipose tissue expression in all offspring. Some of these genes (Plagl1, Cdkn1c, Kcnq1ot1, Peg3, and Grb10) were altered by the paternal n-3 N and n-3 H diets in the F1 and F2 generation testes as well. Furthermore, adipose Lep expression was positively correlated with expressions of H19, Igf2r, Plagl1, and Kcnq1ot1 in juvenile F1 males and females, negatively correlated with the Kcnq1ot1 expression in adult F1 males, and positively correlated with the Plagl1 expression in adult F2 females. Conclusion These data imply that paternal Plagl1, Cdkn1c, and Kcnq1ot1 might be part of the pathways involved in offspring leptin programming. Therefore, a lower ratio of n-6: n-3 PUFAs, with higher intake of n-3 PUFAs in paternal pre-conception, may help maintain the offspring's optimal leptin pattern in a sex-specific manner through multiple generations, and thereby, be beneficial for the offspring's long-term health.
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Ormazabal V, Nair S, Carrión F, Mcintyre HD, Salomon C. The link between gestational diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: potential role of extracellular vesicles. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:174. [PMID: 36057662 PMCID: PMC9441052 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are critical mediators of cell communication. They encapsulate a variety of molecular cargo such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including miRNAs, lncRNAs, circular RNAs, and mRNAs, and through transfer of these molecular signals can alter the metabolic phenotype in recipient cells. Emerging studies show the important role of extracellular vesicle signaling in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy and increases the future risk of developing obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, and cardiovascular disease in both the mother and infant. Available evidence shows that changes in maternal metabolism and exposure to the hyperglycemic intrauterine environment can reprogram the fetal genome, leaving metabolic imprints that define life-long health and disease susceptibility. Understanding the factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders of children born to GDM mothers is critical for implementation of preventive strategies in GDM. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the fetal programming of cardiovascular diseases in GDM and the impact of extracellular vesicle (EV) signaling in epigenetic programming in cardiovascular disease, to determine the potential link between EV signaling in GDM and the development of cardiovascular disease in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Ormazabal
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology Department, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Flavio Carrión
- Departamento de Investigación, Postgrado y Educación Continua (DIPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Alba, Santiago, Chile
| | - H David Mcintyre
- Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia. .,Departamento de Investigación, Postgrado y Educación Continua (DIPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Alba, Santiago, Chile.
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Anunciado-Koza RP, Stohn JP, Hernandez A, Koza RA. Social and maternal behavior in mesoderm specific transcript (Mest)-deficient mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271913. [PMID: 35867696 PMCID: PMC9307168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm specific transcript (Mest)/paternally expressed gene-1 (Peg1) is an imprinted gene expressed predominantly from the paternal allele. Aberrations in maternal behavior were previously reported in a Mest global knockout mouse (Mesttm1Masu). In this study, we performed in-depth social and maternal behavioral testing in a mouse model of Mest inactivation developed in our laboratory (Mesttm1.2Rkz). Mice with paternal allele inactivation (MestpKO) did not show anxiety after testing in the elevated plus maze, open field trial, and marble burying; nor depression-like behaviors in the tail suspension test. MestpKO showed normal social behaviors and memory/cognition in the three-chamber box test and the novel object recognition test, respectively. Primiparous MestpKO and MestgKO (biallelic Mest inactivation) female mice exhibited normal nest building and maternal behavior; and, virgin MestpKO and MestgKO female mice showed normal maternal instinct. Analyses of gene expression in adult hypothalamus, embryonic day 14.5 whole brain and adult whole brain demonstrated full abrogation of Mest mRNA in MestpKO and MestgKO mice with no effect on miR-335 expression. Our data indicates no discernible impairments in object recognition memory, social behavior or maternal behavior resulting from loss of Mest. The basis for the differences in maternal phenotypic behaviors between Mesttm1Masu and Mesttm1.2Rkz is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea P. Anunciado-Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - J. Patrizia Stohn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kadota Y, Kawakami T, Sato M, Suzuki S. Mouse mesoderm-specific transcript inhibits adipogenic differentiation and induces trans-differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells in 3T3-L1 preadiocytes. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:164. [PMID: 35538505 PMCID: PMC9092885 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest) is an imprinted gene that is transcribed from the paternal allele. It is a marker of adipose tissue expansion; however, it is uncertain whether Mest expression promotes or suppresses adipogenic differentiation. To elucidate the effects of Mest expression on adipogenic differentiation, we transfected an expression vector or siRNA for mouse Mest into 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocyte cell line. RESULTS In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Mest overexpression decreased lipid accumulation. Conversely, gene silencing of Mest increased the accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes. These results demonstrate that Mest negatively regulates adipocyte differentiation. Further, Mest induced trans-differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into hepatocytes, and its overexpression induced the expression of hepatocyte marker genes, including albumin and α-fetoprotein. In the presence of dexamethasone, the forced expression of the Mest caused morphological changes in 3T3-L1 cells. Cells were flat and polygonal shapes, with an increased accumulation of intracellular glycogen and other features that are typical of hepatocytes. Therefore, Mest inhibits adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by inducing hepatocyte trans-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kadota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashige Kawakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
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Adipogenesis of ear mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs): adipose biomarker-based assessment of genetic variation, adipocyte function, and brown/brite differentiation. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1053-1063. [PMID: 34997885 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ear mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) have been investigated to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and muscle cells in vitro. However, the factors controlling adipogenesis of this stem cell population in vitro, function, and type of adipocytes raised from them are still unclear. Here we found that genetics have a modest effect on adipogenic capacity of EMSCs. Adipocytes differentiated from EMSCs have a potential function in lipid metabolism as indicated by expression of lipogenic genes and this function of EMSC adipocytes is regulated by genetics. EMSCs failed to be differentiated into brite/brown adipocytes due to their lack of a thermogenic program, but adipocytes raised from EMSCs showed a fate of white adipocytes. Overall, our data suggest that EMSCs differentiate into functional white adipocytes in vitro and this is genetic-dependent.
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Dessì A, Tognazzi C, Bosco A, Pintus R, Fanos V. Metabolomic profiles and microbiota of GDM offspring: The key for future perspective? Front Pediatr 2022; 10:941800. [PMID: 36275053 PMCID: PMC9579340 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.941800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or any degree of glucose intolerance recognized for the first time during pregnancy, is one of the diseases that most frequently aggravates the course of gestation. Missed or late diagnosis and inadequate treatment are associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity, with possible short- and long-term repercussions. Estimates on the prevalence of GDM are alarming and increasing by about 30% in the last 10-20 years. In addition, there is the negative influence of the SARS-CoV-2 emergency on the glycemic control of pregnant women, making the matter increasingly topical. To date, knowledge on the metabolic maturation of newborns is still incomplete. However, in light of the considerable progress of the theory of "developmental origins of health and disease," the relevant role of the intrauterine environment cannot be overlooked. In fact, due to the high plasticity of the early stages of development, some detrimental metabolic alterations during fetal growth, including maternal hyperglycemia, are associated with a higher incidence of chronic diseases in adult life. In this context, metabolomic analysis which allows to obtain a detailed phenotypic portrait through the dynamic detection of all metabolites in cells, tissues and different biological fluids could be very useful for the early diagnosis and prevention of complications. Indeed, if the diagnostic timing is optimized through the identification of specific metabolites, the detailed understanding of the altered metabolic pathway could also allow better management and more careful monitoring, also from a nutritional profile, of the more fragile children. In this context, a further contribution derives from the analysis of the intestinal microbiota, the main responsible for the fecal metabolome, given its alteration in pregnancies complicated by GDM and the possibility of transmission to offspring. The purpose of this review is to analyze the available data regarding the alterations in the metabolomic profile and microbiota of the offspring of mothers with GDM in order to highlight future prospects for reducing GDM-related complications in children of mothers affected by this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chiara Tognazzi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alice Bosco
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Pintus
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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12
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Rondini EA, Ramseyer VD, Burl RB, Pique-Regi R, Granneman JG. Single cell functional genomics reveals plasticity of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) during early postnatal development. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101307. [PMID: 34298199 PMCID: PMC8385178 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study addresses the cellular complexity and plasticity of subcutaneous (inguinal) white adipose tissue (iWAT) in mice during the critical periods of perinatal growth and establishment. METHODS We performed a large-scale single cell transcriptomic (scRNA-seq) and epigenomic (snATAC-seq) characterization of cellular subtypes (adipose stromal cells (ASC) and adipocyte nuclei) during inguinal WAT (subcutaneous; iWAT) development in mice, capturing the early postnatal period (postnatal days (PND) 06 and 18) through adulthood (PND56). RESULTS Perinatal and adult iWAT contain 3 major ASC subtypes that can be independently identified by RNA expression profiles and DNA transposase accessibility. Furthermore, the transcriptomes and enhancer landscapes of both ASC and adipocytes dynamically change during postnatal development. Perinatal ASC (PND06) are highly enriched for several imprinted genes (IGs; e.g., Mest, H19, Igf2) and extracellular matrix proteins whose expression then declines prior to weaning (PND18). By comparison, adult ASC (PND56) are more enriched for transcripts associated with immunoregulation, oxidative stress, and integrin signaling. Two clusters of mature adipocytes, identified through single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), were distinctive for proinflammatory/immune or metabolic gene expression patterns that became more transcriptionally diverse in adult animals. Single nuclei assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (snATAC-seq) revealed that differences in gene expression were associated with developmental changes in chromatin accessibility and predicted transcription factor motifs (e.g., Plagl1, Ar) in both stromal cells and adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into transcriptional and epigenomic signaling networks important during iWAT establishment at a single cell resolution, with important implications for the field of metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Vanesa D Ramseyer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rayanne B Burl
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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13
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Histone Deacetylase 3 Regulates Adipocyte Phenotype at Early Stages of Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179300. [PMID: 34502211 PMCID: PMC8430751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a condition characterized by uncontrolled expansion of adipose tissue mass resulting in pathological weight gain. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as crucial players in epigenetic regulation of adipocyte metabolism. Previously, we demonstrated that selective inhibition of class I HDACs improves white adipocyte functionality and promotes the browning phenotype of murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) C3H/10T1/2 differentiated to adipocytes. These effects were also observed in db/db and diet induced obesity mouse models and in mice with adipose-selective inactivation of HDAC3, a member of class I HDACs. The molecular basis of class I HDACs action in adipose tissue is not deeply characterized and it is not known whether the effects of their inhibition are exerted on adipocyte precursors or mature adipocytes. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to explore the molecular mechanism of class I HDAC action in adipocytes by evaluating the effects of HDAC3-specific silencing at different stages of differentiation. HDAC3 was silenced in C3H/10T1/2 MSCs at different stages of differentiation to adipocytes. shRNA targeting HDAC3 was used to generate the knock-down model. Proper HDAC3 silencing was assessed by measuring both mRNA and protein levels of mouse HDAC3 via qPCR and western blot, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA content and gene expression were quantified via qPCR. HDAC3 silencing at the beginning of differentiation enhanced adipocyte functionality by amplifying the expression of genes regulating differentiation, oxidative metabolism, browning and mitochondrial activity, starting from 72 h after induction of differentiation and silencing. Insulin signaling was enhanced as demonstrated by increased AKT phosphorylation following HDAC3 silencing. Mitochondrial content/density did not change, while the increased expression of the transcriptional co-activator Ppargc1b suggests the observed phenotype was related to enhanced mitochondrial activity, which was confirmed by increased maximal respiration and proton leak linked to reduced coupling efficiency. Moreover, the expression of pro-inflammatory markers increased with HDAC3 early silencing. To the contrary, no differences in terms of gene expression were found when HDAC3 silencing occurred in terminally differentiated adipocyte. Our data demonstrated that early epigenetic events mediated by class I HDAC inhibition/silencing are crucial to commit adipocyte precursors towards the above-mentioned metabolic phenotype. Moreover, our data suggest that these effects are exerted on adipocyte precursors.
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14
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Differences in Placental Imprinted Gene Expression across Preeclamptic and Non-Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101146. [PMID: 33003346 PMCID: PMC7601230 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a multi-systemic syndrome that presents in approximately 5% of pregnancies worldwide and is associated with a range of subsequent postpartum and postnatal outcomes, including fetal growth restriction. As the placenta plays a critical role in the development of preeclampsia, surveying genomic features of the placenta, including expression of imprinted genes, may reveal molecular markers that can further refine subtypes to aid targeted disease management. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of placental imprinted gene expression across early and late onset preeclampsia cases and preterm and term normotensive controls. Placentas were collected at delivery from women recruited at the Magee-Womens Hospital prenatal clinics, and expression levels were profiled across 109 imprinted genes. We observed downregulation of placental Mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST) and Necdin (NDN) gene expression levels (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) among early onset preeclampsia cases compared to preterm controls. No differences in placental imprinted gene expression were observed between late onset preeclampsia cases and term controls. While few studies have linked NDN to pregnancy complications, reductions in MEST expression levels, as observed in our study, are consistently reported in the literature in relation to various pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction, suggesting a potential role for placental MEST expression as a biosensor of an adverse in utero environment.
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15
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Cao Q, Liu L, Hu Y, Jiang N, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhou Q, Guo R. Irradiation of carotid baroreceptor with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound exerts different metabolic protection in perirenal, epididymal white adipose tissue and interscapular brown adipose tissue of obese rats. FASEB J 2020; 34:15431-15447. [PMID: 32954572 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001550r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to clarify whether the irradiation of carotid baroreceptor (CB) with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) protects against obesity by rebalancing the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Obesity was induced using a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks in Sprague-Dawley rats. Irradiation with LIPUS was daily (20 minutes a day) applied to the right CB. In our study, LIPUS significantly ameliorated metabolic disorders in obese rats. LIPUS partly restored norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACH) levels in the perirenal white adipose tissue (PWAT), epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and plasma of obese rats. LIPUS partially rectified the dysregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/ɣ pathway in the PWAT, EWAT, and IBAT of obese rats. PPARγ and PPARγ target genes respond more sensitively to HFD and LIPUS in PWAT and EWAT than in IBAT. NE, ACH, uncoupling protein-1, phosphorylated AMPK, PPARα, and PPARα target genes respond more sensitively to HFD and LIPUS in IBAT than in PWAT and EWAT. Conclusion: LIPUS irradiation of CB exerts different metabolic protection in PWAT, EWAT, and IBAT by rebalancing the ANS and rectifying the AMPK/PPARα/ɣ pathway in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Cao
- Echo lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,3D-Printing & AI Lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yugang Hu
- Echo lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,3D-Printing & AI Lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Echo lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,3D-Printing & AI Lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Echo lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,3D-Printing & AI Lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinling Chen
- Echo lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,3D-Printing & AI Lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Echo lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,3D-Printing & AI Lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiqiang Guo
- Echo lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,3D-Printing & AI Lab, Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Walendzik K, Kopcewicz M, Bukowska J, Panasiewicz G, Szafranska B, Gawronska-Kozak B. The Transcription Factor FOXN1 Regulates Skin Adipogenesis and Affects Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Obesity. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1166-1175.e9. [PMID: 31811821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
FOXN1, a transcription factor expressed in the epidermis, regulates keratinocyte differentiation and participates in skin wound healing. In this study, we explored the impact of FOXN1 insufficiency on diet-stimulated weight gain and dermal white adipose tissue regulation in the intact and wounded skin of FOXN1eGFP/+ (heterozygotes, FOXN1-insufficient) mice in the context of age and diet. The results showed that on a high-fat diet, FOXN1eGFP/+ mice gained significantly less body weight than their FOXN1+/+ counterparts (FOXN1-sufficient mice). The intact and wounded skin of FOXN1eGFP/+ mice displayed abrogated expression of the master regulators of adipogenesis, PPARγ, FABP4, and leptin, which decreased with age in FOXN1+/+ mice. FOXN1 insufficiency also resulted in a decreased percentage of adipocyte-committed precursor cells (CD24+) in the skin. The proadipogenic pathway genes Bmp2, Igf2, and Mest showed a gradual decrease in expression that accompanied the gradual inactivation of FOXN1 in the skin of FOXN1+/+, FOXN1eGFP/+, and FOXN1eGFP/eGFP (lack of FOXN1) mice. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 and insulin-like growth factor 2 signals colocalized with FOXN1-eGFP in the epidermis and in hair follicles. These data demonstrated that FOXN1 initiates the cascade of adipogenic signaling that regulates skin homeostasis and wound healing and affects susceptibility to diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Bukowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Panasiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bozena Szafranska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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17
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Millership SJ, Van de Pette M, Withers DJ. Genomic imprinting and its effects on postnatal growth and adult metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4009-4021. [PMID: 31270580 PMCID: PMC6785587 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Imprinted genes display parent-of-origin-specific expression with this epigenetic system of regulation found exclusively in therian mammals. Historically, defined imprinted gene functions were almost solely focused on pregnancy and the influence on the growth parameters of the developing embryo and placenta. More recently, a number of postnatal functions have been identified which converge on resource allocation, both for animals in the nest and in adults. While many of the prenatal functions of imprinted genes that have so far been described adhere to the "parental conflict" hypothesis, no clear picture has yet emerged on the functional role of imprints on postnatal metabolism. As these roles are uncovered, interest in the potential for these genes to influence postnatal metabolism and associated adult-onset disease outcomes when dysregulated has gathered pace. Here, we review the published data on imprinted genes and their influence on postnatal metabolism, starting in the nest, and then progressing through to adulthood. When observing the functional effects of these genes on adult metabolism, we must always be careful to acknowledge the influence both of direct expression in the relevant metabolic tissue, but also indirect metabolic programming effects caused by their modulation of both in utero and postnatal growth trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Millership
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Mathew Van de Pette
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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18
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Kawakami T, Takasaki S, Kadota Y, Fukuoka D, Sato M, Suzuki S. Regulatory role of metallothionein-1/2 on development of sex differences in a high-fat diet-induced obesity. Life Sci 2019; 226:12-21. [PMID: 30954474 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the role of metallothionein (MT) in sex differences of obesity, we examined the effect of MT on regulation of lipid accumulation in female and male wild type (WT) and MT1/MT2-null (MT-KO) mice. MAIN METHODS Male and female WT and MT-KO mice fed standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 35 weeks. Surgical castration in male mice was also performed to examine the effects of androgen on fat accumulation under HFD condition. KEY FINDINGS The fat mass and size of adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) was greater in adult MT-KO mice than in WT mice after 35 weeks of SD feeding without gender differences, suggesting a role of MT in limiting WAT development during normal growth in both sexes. In female mice fed HFD, weights of WAT and body were greater in MT-KO mice than in WT mice, indicating that MT had a preventive role against excess fat accumulation. In male mice fed HFD, WAT weight hardly increased in MT-KO mice compared to the increase in WT mice. Surgically castrated WT males fed HFD had lower WAT weight compared with sham-treated mice, although castrated MT-KO males fed HFD had greater increases in WAT weight compared with sham-treated mice and castrated WT males. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that MT could enhance the preventive action of estrogen against excess fat accumulation, on the contrary, MT augmented the ability of androgen to increase fat accumulation. MT may act to modify the susceptibility to obesity under sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashige Kawakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Takasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kadota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daiki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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19
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Aiki H, Wada T, Iba K, Oki G, Sohma H, Yamashita T, Kokai Y. Proteomics analysis of site- and stage-specific protein expression after peripheral nerve injury. J Orthop Sci 2018; 23:1070-1078. [PMID: 30100211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peripheral nervous system has greater regenerative potential than the CNS. This fact suggests the existence of molecules that act as key factors in nerve regeneration during molecular changes in the peripheral nervous system. METHODS The right sciatic nerve of female Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed and transected at the mid-thigh level. Animals were sacrificed at 5, 10 or 35 days after nerve transection. Proximal and distal nerve segments (1-cm in length) were dissected. We then sought to observe overall molecular changes after peripheral nerve injury using a proteomic approach. For an overview of the identified proteins, each protein was classified according to its biological and molecular functions. We identified a number of proteins showing site- and stage-specific patterns of expression. RESULTS Both proximal and distal molecular changes at 5, 10 and 35 days after nerve transection were investigated, and a total of 2353 proteins were identified. Among the various expression patterns observed, aFGF and GAP-43 were found to increase in the proximal stump at 10 days after transection, and PN-1, RPL9 and prosaposin increased in the distal stump at 5 days after transection. Among these proteins, aFGF, GAP-43, PN-1 and prosaposin were found to be associated with nerve regeneration. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that aFGF, GAP-43, PN-1 and prosaposin expression increased at specific stages and in specific sites, such as the proximal or distal stump, after nerve transection by comprehensive measurement using proteomics analysis. We believe that these specific expression patterns might play important roles during regeneration after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikono Aiki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuro Wada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saiseikai Otaru Hospital, Otaru, Japan
| | - Kousuke Iba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Gosuke Oki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sohma
- Department of Educational Development, Sapporo Medical University Center for Medical Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yamashita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kokai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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20
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Reitman ML. Of mice and men - environmental temperature, body temperature, and treatment of obesity. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2098-2107. [PMID: 29697140 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mice are widely used for exploring obesity physiology and treatment. However, thermal biology is different between small and large mammals. In this Review, we discuss how the effect of environmental temperature must be understood to ensure applicability of mouse experiments to human obesity. At ambient environmental temperature (~ 22 °C), over one-third of energy expenditure in mice is devoted to maintaining core body temperature, largely by brown adipose tissue. To conserve this energy, mice can enter a regulated hypothermia, while humans do not. Since humans expend little or no energy specifically to keep warm, mice studied at thermoneutrality (~ 30 °C) may be a better model for human energy homeostasis. Studies indicate that environmental temperature also affects the efficacy of drugs that increase energy expenditure. In mice, dinitrophenol, a protonophore, and CL316243, a β3-adrenergic agonist, both increase metabolic rate at thermoneutrality, but only CL316243 increases it at 22 °C. Furthermore, mice housed at thermoneutrality may become more obese than mice at 22 °C. Thus, we discuss the importance of studying mice at both thermoneutrality and at lower temperatures in obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Junge KM, Leppert B, Jahreis S, Wissenbach DK, Feltens R, Grützmann K, Thürmann L, Bauer T, Ishaque N, Schick M, Bewerunge-Hudler M, Röder S, Bauer M, Schulz A, Borte M, Landgraf K, Körner A, Kiess W, von Bergen M, Stangl GI, Trump S, Eils R, Polte T, Lehmann I. MEST mediates the impact of prenatal bisphenol A exposure on long-term body weight development. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:58. [PMID: 29721103 PMCID: PMC5910578 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals can alter normal physiology and increase susceptibility to non-communicable diseases like obesity. Especially the prenatal and early postnatal period is highly vulnerable to adverse effects by environmental exposure, promoting developmental reprogramming by epigenetic alterations. To obtain a deeper insight into the role of prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure in children's overweight development, we combine epidemiological data with experimental models and BPA-dependent DNA methylation changes. Methods BPA concentrations were measured in maternal urine samples of the LINA mother-child-study obtained during pregnancy (n = 552), and BPA-associated changes in cord blood DNA methylation were analyzed by Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays (n = 472). Methylation changes were verified by targeted MassARRAY analyses, assessed for their functional translation by qPCR and correlated with children's body mass index (BMI) z scores at the age of 1 and 6 years. Further, female BALB/c mice were exposed to BPA from 1 week before mating until delivery, and weight development of their pups was monitored (n ≥ 8/group). Additionally, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were treated with BPA during the adipocyte differentiation period and assessed for exposure-related epigenetic, transcriptional and morphological changes (n = 4). Results In prenatally BPA-exposed children two CpG sites with deviating cord blood DNA-methylation profiles were identified, among them a hypo-methylated CpG in the promoter of the obesity-associated mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST). A mediator analysis suggested that prenatal BPA exposure was connected to cord blood MEST promoter methylation and MEST expression as well as BMI z scores in early infancy. This effect could be confirmed in mice in which prenatal BPA exposure altered Mest promoter methylation and transcription with a concomitant increase in the body weight of the juvenile offspring. An experimental model of in vitro differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells also revealed an epigenetically induced MEST expression and enhanced adipogenesis following BPA exposure. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that MEST mediates the impact of prenatal BPA exposure on long-term body weight development in offspring by triggering adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Junge
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate Leppert
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Jahreis
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk K. Wissenbach
- Department Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralph Feltens
- Department Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Grützmann
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Loreen Thürmann
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Digital Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bauer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Schick
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Röder
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Borte
- Children’s Hospital, Municipal Hospital “St. Georg”, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents-Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents-Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents-Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele I. Stangl
- Institute of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saskia Trump
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, DKFZ-HIPO, Heidelberg, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Digital Health, Berlin, Germany
- Health Data Science Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Polte
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irina Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Reifsnyder PC, Ryzhov S, Flurkey K, Anunciado-Koza RP, Mills I, Harrison DE, Koza RA. Cardioprotective effects of dietary rapamycin on adult female C57BLKS/J-Lepr db mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1418:106-117. [PMID: 29377150 PMCID: PMC5934313 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin (RAPA), an inhibitor of mTORC signaling, has been shown to extend life span in mice and other organisms. Recently, animal and human studies have suggested that inhibition of mTORC signaling can alleviate or prevent the development of cardiomyopathy. In view of this, we used a murine model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), BKS-Leprdb , to determine whether RAPA treatment can mitigate the development of T2D-induced cardiomyopathy in adult mice. Female BKS-Leprdb mice fed diet supplemented with RAPA from 11 to 27 weeks of age showed reduced weight gain and significant reductions of fat and lean mass compared with untreated mice. No differences in plasma glucose or insulin levels were observed between groups; however, RAPA-treated mice were more insulin sensitive (P < 0.01) than untreated mice. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio was lower in RAPA-treated mice, suggesting reduced diabetic nephropathy and improved kidney function. Echocardiography showed significantly reduced left ventricular wall thickness in mice treated with RAPA compared with untreated mice (P = 0.02) that was consistent with reduced heart weight/tibia length ratios, reduced myocyte size and cardiac fibrosis measured by histomorphology, and reduced mRNA expression of Col1a1, a marker for cardiomyopathy. Our results suggest that inhibition of mTORC signaling is a plausible strategy for ameliorating complications of obesity and T2D, including cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | | | - Rea P Anunciado-Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Ian Mills
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | | | - Robert A Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
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Kim N, Kim J, Yoo C, Lim K, Akimoto T, Park J. Effect of acute mid-intensity treadmill exercise on the androgen hormone level and uncoupling protein-1 expression in brown fat tissue of mouse. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:15-21. [PMID: 29673241 PMCID: PMC5909077 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in metabolizing different substances, including androgens. The aim of this study was to determine whether a single bout of aerobic exercise would increase the androgen hormone concentration in mouse BAT and whether its increase was associated with uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), protein kinase A (PKA)-related mechanism in BAT. [Methods] Twenty, 9-week-old ICR adult male micewere randomly divided into three groups: Control (n=6, CON), Exercise (n=7, EX), and Exercise + SRD5A1A2 inhibitor (n=7, EXIN). SRD5A1A2 is an enzyme needed when free testosterone is metabolized to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). SRD5A1A2 was administered intraperitoneally in the EXIN group, while the CON and EX groups were treated with the vehicle only. One hour later, exercise was performed at 60–70% V˙O2max for 30minutes. The levels of testosterone and DHT in BAT were determined by ELISA, and UCP-1 mRNA level was examined by RT-PCR. UCP-1 and PKA protein levels were determined by western blotting. [Results] After a single period of exercise, testosterone and DHT concentrations in BAT were significantly higher in EX than those in CON, and lower in EXIN than those in EX. The ratio of phosphorylated PKA to total PKA in BAT was significantly higher in EX than that in CON, and lower in EXIN than that in EX. UCP-1 levels in BAT were not different in the three groups. [Conclusion] Aerobic exercise increased bioactive androgen hormone levels in BAT in association with the increase in phosphorylated PKA levels. In contrast, 30minutes of treadmill exercise did not affect UCP-1 expression.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
In the 1980s, mouse nuclear transplantation experiments revealed that both male and female parental genomes are required for successful development to term (McGrath and Solter, 1983; Surani and Barton, 1983). This non-equivalence of parental genomes is because imprinted genes are predominantly expressed from only one parental chromosome. Uniparental inheritance of these genomic regions causes paediatric growth disorders such as Beckwith–Wiedemann and Silver–Russell syndromes (reviewed in Peters, 2014). More than 100 imprinted genes have now been discovered and the functions of many of these genes have been assessed in murine models. The first such genes described were the fetal growth factor insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and its inhibitor Igf2 receptor (Igf2r) (DeChiara et al., 1991; Lau et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994). Since then, it has emerged that most imprinted genes modulate fetal growth and resource acquisition in a variety of ways. First, imprinted genes are required for the development of a functional placenta, the organ that mediates the exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus. Second, these genes act in an embryo-autonomous manner to affect the growth rate and organogenesis. Finally, imprinted genes can signal the nutritional status between mother and fetus, and can modulate levels of maternal care. Importantly, many imprinted genes have been shown to affect postnatal growth and energy homeostasis. Given that abnormal birthweight correlates with adverse adult metabolic health, including obesity and cardiovascular disease, it is crucial to understand how the modulation of this dosage-sensitive, epigenetically regulated class of genes can contribute to fetal and postnatal growth, with implications for lifelong health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Féaron C. Cassidy
- Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, LondonEC1M 6BQ, UK
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25
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Jonas E, Rydhmer L. Effect of candidate genes for maternal ability on piglet survival and growth. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Chu DT, Malinowska E, Jura M, Kozak LP. C57BL/6J mice as a polygenic developmental model of diet-induced obesity. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13093. [PMID: 28400497 PMCID: PMC5392500 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to obesity changes during the course of life. We utilized the C57BL/6J (B6) and 129S mouse as a genetic model for variation in diet‐induced obesity to define the adiposity phenotypes from birth to maturity at 8 weeks‐of‐age. From birth to 8 weeks‐of‐age, both male and female 129S mice had significantly higher fat mass and adiposity index than B6 mice, although they were not obese. After 8 weeks‐of‐age, B6 had greater adiposity/obesity than 129S mice in response to a high fat (HF). We sought to determine the mechanism activating the fat accumulation in B6 mice at 8‐weeks‐of‐age. We used microarray analysis of gene expression during development of inguinal fat to show that molecular networks of lipogenesis were maximally expressed at 8 weeks‐of‐age. In addition, the DNA methylation analysis of the Sfrp5 promoter and binding of acetylated histones to Sfrp5 and Acly promoter regions showed that major differences in the expression of genes of lipogenesis and chromatin structure occur during development. Differences in lipogenesis networks could account for the strain‐dependent differences in adiposity up to 8 weeks‐of‐age; however, changes in the expression of genes in these networks were not associated with the susceptibility to DIO in B6 male mice beyond 8 weeks‐of‐age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Malinowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jura
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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27
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Prudovsky I, Anunciado-Koza RP, Jacobs CG, Kacer D, Siviski ME, Koza RA. Mesoderm-specific transcript localization in the ER and ER-lipid droplet interface supports a role in adipocyte hypertrophy. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2636-2645. [PMID: 29058774 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly variable expression of mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest) in adipose tissue among genetically homogeneous mice fed an obesogenic diet, and its positive association with fat mass expansion, suggests that Mest is an epigenetic determinant for the development of obesity. Although the mechanisms by which MEST augments fat accumulation in adipocytes have not been elucidated, it has sequence homology and catalytic peptide motifs which suggests that it functions as an epoxide hydrolase or as a glycerol- or acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. To better understand MEST function, detailed studies were performed to precisely define the intracellular organelle localization of MEST using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Lentiviral-mediated expression of a C-terminus Myc-DDK-tagged MEST fusion protein expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes/adipocytes, and ear-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSC) from mice was observed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and is consistent with previous studies showing endogenous MEST in the membrane fraction of adipose tissue. MEST was not associated with the Golgi apparatus or mitochondria; however, frequent contacts were observed between MEST-positive ER and mitochondria. MEST-positive domains were also shown on the plasma membrane (PM) of non-permeabilized cells but they did not co-localize with ER-PM bridges. Post-adipogenic differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and EMSC showed significant co-localization of MEST with the lipid droplet surface marker perilipin at contact points between the ER and lipid droplet. Identification of MEST as an ER-specific protein that co-localizes with lipid droplets in cells undergoing adipogenic differentiation supports a function for MEST in the facilitation of lipid accumulation and storage in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Rea P Anunciado-Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Chester G Jacobs
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Doreen Kacer
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Matthew E Siviski
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Robert A Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
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28
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Block T, El-Osta A. Epigenetic programming, early life nutrition and the risk of metabolic disease. Atherosclerosis 2017; 266:31-40. [PMID: 28950165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Time separates the past from the present, during this period memory are formed - written in code and decoded to be read while other memories are erased - but when it comes to the epigenome some memories are harder to forget than others. Recent studies show chemical information is written in the context of the epigenome and codified on histone and non-histone proteins to regulate nuclear processes such as gene transcription. The genome is also subject to modification in the form of 5-methylcytosine, which has been implicated in metabolic memory. In this review, we examine some of the chemical modifications that signal early life events and explore epigenetic changes that underlie the diabetic vasculature. The fine balance between past and present is discussed, as it pertains to gestational diabetes and obesity in context to the Barker hypothesis. We also examine emerging experimental evidence suggesting the hypothalamus as a central regulator of obesity risk and explore current genomic medicine. As for how cells recall specific chemical information, we examine the experimental evidence implicating chemical cues on the epigenome, providing examples of diet during pregnancy and the increased risk of disease in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Block
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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29
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Haertle L, Maierhofer A, Böck J, Lehnen H, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Schorsch M, Potabattula R, El Hajj N, Appenzeller S, Haaf T. Hypermethylation of the non-imprinted maternal MEG3 and paternal MEST alleles is highly variable among normal individuals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184030. [PMID: 28854270 PMCID: PMC5576652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes show parent-specific activity (functional haploidy), which makes them particularly vulnerable to epigenetic dysregulation. Here we studied the methylation profiles of oppositely imprinted genes at single DNA molecule resolution by two independent parental allele-specific deep bisulfite sequencing (DBS) techniques. Using Roche (GSJunior) next generation sequencing technology, we analyzed the maternally imprinted MEST promoter and the paternally imprinted MEG3 intergenic (IG) differentially methylated region (DMR) in fetal cord blood, adult blood, and visceral adipose tissue. Epimutations were defined as paternal or maternal alleles with >50% aberrantly (de)methylated CpG sites, showing the wrong methylation imprint. The epimutation rates (range 2–66%) of the paternal MEST and the maternal MEG3 IG DMR allele, which should be completely unmethylated, were significantly higher than those (0–15%) of the maternal MEST and paternal MEG3 alleles, which are expected to be fully methylated. This hypermethylation of the non-imprinted allele (HNA) was independent of parental origin. Very low epimutation rates in sperm suggest that HNA occurred after fertilization. DBS with Illumina (MiSeq) technology confirmed HNA for the MEST promoter and the MEG3 IG DMR, and to a lesser extent, for the paternally imprinted secondary MEG3 promoter and the maternally imprinted PEG3 promoter. HNA leads to biallelic methylation of imprinted genes in a considerable proportion of normal body cells (somatic mosaicism) and is highly variable between individuals. We propose that during development and differentiation maintenance of differential methylation at most imprinting control regions may become to some extent redundant. The accumulation of stochastic and environmentally-induced methylation errors on the non-imprinted allele may increase epigenetic diversity between cells and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Haertle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maierhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Böck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Lehnen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Municipal Clinics, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ramya Potabattula
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Garcia-Carrizo F, Priego T, Szostaczuk N, Palou A, Picó C. Sexual Dimorphism in the Age-Induced Insulin Resistance, Liver Steatosis, and Adipose Tissue Function in Rats. Front Physiol 2017; 8:445. [PMID: 28744221 PMCID: PMC5504177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-linked metabolic disturbances, such as liver steatosis and insulin resistance, show greater prevalence in men than in women. Thus, our aim was to analyze these sex-related differences in male and female Wistar rats (aged 26 days and 3, 7, and 14 months), and to assess their potential relationship with alterations in the capacity of adipose tissue expansion and the dysregulation of the main adipokines produced by the adipose tissue, leptin and adiponectin. Adiposity-related parameters, blood parameters, the expression of genes related to expandability and inflammation (WAT), lipid metabolism (liver), and leptin and insulin signaling (both tissues) were measured. In females, adiposity index and WAT DNA content gradually increased with age, whereas males peaked at 7 months. A similar sex-dependent pattern was observed for leptin expression in WAT, while Mest expression levels decreased with age in males but not in females. Females also showed increased expression of the proliferation marker PCNA in the inguinal WAT compared to males. In males, leptin/adiponectin ratio greatly increased from 7 to 14 months in a more acute manner than in females, along with an increase in HOMA-IR index and hepatic triacylglyceride content, while no changes were observed in females. In liver, 14-month-old males displayed decreased mRNA levels of Insr, Ampkα2, and Cpt1a compared with levels at 7 months. Males also showed decreased mRNA levels of Obrb (both tissues), and increased expression levels of Cd68 and Emr1 (WAT) with age. In conclusion, females are more protected from age-related metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance, hepatic lipid deposition, and WAT inflammation compared to males. This may be related to their greater capacity for WAT expansion-reflected by a greater Mest/leptin mRNA ratio-and to their ability to maintain adiponectin levels and preserve leptin sensitivity with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Garcia-Carrizo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic IslandsPalma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Teresa Priego
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic IslandsPalma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Nara Szostaczuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic IslandsPalma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic IslandsPalma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic IslandsPalma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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31
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Anunciado-Koza RP, Manuel J, Mynatt RL, Zhang J, Kozak LP, Koza RA. Diet-induced adipose tissue expansion is mitigated in mice with a targeted inactivation of mesoderm specific transcript (Mest). PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640866 PMCID: PMC5481029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interindividual variation of white adipose tissue (WAT) expression of mesoderm specific transcript (Mest), a paternally-expressed imprinted gene belonging to the α/β-hydrolase fold protein family, becomes apparent among genetically inbred mice fed high fat diet (HFD) and is positively associated with adipose tissue expansion (ATE). To elucidate a role for MEST in ATE, mice were developed with global and adipose tissue inactivation of Mest. Mice with homozygous (MestgKO) and paternal allelic (MestpKO) inactivation of Mest were born at expected Mendelian frequencies, showed no behavioral or physical abnormalities, and did not perturb expression of the Mest locus-derived microRNA miR-335. MestpKO mice fed HFD showed reduced ATE and adipocyte hypertrophy, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced WAT expression of genes associated with hypoxia and inflammation compared to littermate controls. Remarkably, caloric intake and energy expenditure were unchanged between genotypes. Mice with adipose tissue inactivation of Mest were phenotypically similar to MestpKO, supporting a role for WAT MEST in ATE. Global profiling of WAT gene expression of HFD-fed control and MestpKO mice detected few differences between genotypes; nevertheless, genes with reduced expression in MestpKO mice were associated with immune processes and consistent with improved glucose homeostasis. Ear-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSC) from MestgKO mice showed no differences in adipogenic differentiation compared to control cells unless challenged by shRNA knockdown of Gpat4, an enzyme that mediates lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Reduced adipogenic capacity of EMSC from MestgKO after Gpat4 knockdown suggests that MEST facilitates lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Our data suggests that reduced diet-induced ATE in MEST-deficient mice diminishes hypoxia and inflammation in WAT leading to improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Since inactivation of Mest in mice has minimal additional effects aside from reduction of ATE, an intervention that mitigates MEST function in adipocytes is a plausible strategy to obviate obesity and type-2-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea P. Anunciado-Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Justin Manuel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Randall L. Mynatt
- Transgenics Core Facility, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Transgenics Core Facility, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Leslie P. Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Robert A. Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Chu DT, Tao Y, Taskén K. OPA1 in Lipid Metabolism: Function of OPA1 in Lipolysis and Thermogenesis of Adipocytes. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:276-285. [PMID: 28427098 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OPA1 (Optic Atrophy 1) is a mitochondrial GTPase known to regulate fission of mitochondria. It was recently also shown to locate on lipid droplets in adipocytes where it functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) that mediates adrenergic control of lipolysis by facilitating PKA phosphorylation of perilipin (Plin1). In brown adipocytes indirect evidence support the notion that OPA1 regulation of fission serves to increase thermogenesis, which thereby contributes to dissipation of energy. In white adipocytes, OPA1 located on lipid droplets serves as a gatekeeper to control lipolysis induced by adrenergic agonists. However, the function of OPA1 in lipolysis and thermogenesis in inducible brown adipocytes (brite/beige cells) remains elusive. Here we discuss the role of OPA1 in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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33
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Lee YH, Kim SN, Kwon HJ, Granneman JG. Metabolic heterogeneity of activated beige/brite adipocytes in inguinal adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39794. [PMID: 28045125 PMCID: PMC5206656 DOI: 10.1038/srep39794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained β3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) activation simultaneously upregulates fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in mouse brown, beige, and white adipose tissues; however, the cellular basis of this dual regulation is not known. Treatment of mice with the ADRB3 agonist CL316,243 (CL) increased expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) protein within the same cells in classic brown and white adipose tissues. Surprisingly, in inguinal adipose tissue, CL-upregulated FASN and MCAD in distinct cell populations: high MCAD expression occurred in multilocular adipocytes that co-expressed UCP1+, whereas high FASN expression occurred in paucilocular adipocytes lacking detectable UCP1. Genetic tracing with UCP1-cre, however, indicated nearly half of adipocytes with a history of UCP1 expression expressed high levels of FASN without current expression of UCP1. Global transcriptomic analysis of FACS-isolated adipocytes confirmed the presence of distinct anabolic and catabolic phenotypes, and identified differential expression of transcriptional pathways known to regulate lipid synthesis and oxidation. Surprisingly, paternally-expressed genes of the non-classical gene imprinted network were strikingly enriched in anabolic phenotypes, suggesting possible involvement in maintaining the balance of metabolic phenotypes. The results indicate that metabolic heterogeneity is a distinct property of activated beige/brite adipocytes that might be under epigenetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Sang-Nam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Milk fat globule membrane coating of large lipid droplets in the diet of young mice prevents body fat accumulation in adulthood. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1930-7. [PMID: 27040581 PMCID: PMC4863696 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated protective effects of breast-feeding on
childhood obesity. Differences between human milk and infant milk formula (IMF) in dietary
lipid structure may contribute to this effect. In our mouse model, feeding a diet
containing large lipid droplets coated with phospholipids (PL) (Nuturis®; PL of
milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fraction origin) in early life protected against
excessive body fat accumulation following a diet challenge in adult life. We now set out
to determine the relevance of increased droplet size and/or MFGM lipid droplet coating to
the observed anti-obesogenic effects in adult life. From day 16 to 42, male mouse pups
were exposed to diets with small (S) or large (L) lipid droplets (0·3 v.
2·9 µm average mode diameter, respectively), either without MFGM or with MFGM coating
around the lipid droplet, resulting in four groups: S (control diet), L,
Scoating and Lcoating (Nuturis® IMF diet). Mice were
subsequently challenged with a Western-style diet until dissection at postnatal day 98. A
non-challenged group served as reference (REF). We repeatedly determined body composition
between postnatal day 42 and 98. At day 98 plasma and gene expression measurements were
performed. Only the Nuturis® IMF diet (Lcoating) in early life
containing MFGM-coated large lipid droplets reduced body fat mass to a level comparable
with the REF group. These data support the notion that the structural aspects of lipids in
human milk, for example, both lipid droplet size as well as the MFGM coating, may
contribute to its reported protective effect against obesity in later life.
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35
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Chabowska‐Kita A, Kozak LP. The critical period for brown adipocyte development: Genetic and environmental influences. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:283-90. [PMID: 26813522 PMCID: PMC4744992 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current review summarizes recent advances in the origin of brown adipocytes in rodents and humans. METHODS This review describes recent insights into induction of the brown adipocyte phenotype (BAP) in white fat (WAT) revealed by murine studies during the early postnatal period and reversible temperature transitions. The origin of adipocytes and identity of progenitors as indicated by lineage tracing experiments are reviewed. RESULTS We describe a genetic model for brown adipocyte development that involves the appearance of brown adipocytes in WAT at 21 days of age and a mechanism of post-weaning involution relevant for acquisition of the BAP in fully functional WAT in mice. Under normal physiological conditions, the BAP is dormant with the potential to be stimulated by changes in the external environment. Current evidence for the acquisition of brown adipocytes by interconversion of mature adipocytes versus de novo recruitment of progenitors suggests that mechanisms for acquisition of the BAP in WAT in mice are depot-specific and controlled by allelic variation. CONCLUSIONS Although the BAP is highly variable among mice, there is no information on genetic variability in the expression of brown adipocytes in humans. Thus, deeper understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying development of functional brown adipocytes is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie P. Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of SciencesOlsztynPoland
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Jura M, Kozak LP. Obesity and related consequences to ageing. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:23. [PMID: 26846415 PMCID: PMC5005878 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health problem. Given the current increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of obesity also raises steadily among older age groups. The increase in life expectancy is often accompanied with additional years of susceptibility to chronic ill health associated with obesity in the elderly. Both obesity and ageing are conditions leading to serious health problems and increased risk for disease and death. Ageing is associated with an increase in abdominal obesity, a major contributor to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Obesity in the elderly is thus a serious concern and comprehension of the key mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases has become a necessary matter. Here, we aimed to identify similarities underlying mechanisms related to both obesity and ageing. We bring together evidence that age-related changes in body fat distribution and metabolism might be key factors of a vicious cycle that can accelerate the ageing process and onset of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jura
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Anunciado-Koza RP, Manuel J, Koza RA. Molecular correlates of fat mass expansion in C57BL/6J mice after short-term exposure to dietary fat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1363:50-8. [PMID: 26647164 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of obesity within a population of inbred mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with changes of gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). One gene in particular with large variations among mice, mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest), has been shown to be highly inducible after being fed a short-term HFD, and its expression in WAT before HFD feeding is predictive for susceptibility to the development of obesity. To gain further insight into the association of Mest with rapid changes in body composition, 96 individually housed C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD for only 2 weeks, resulting in a 12-fold and 90-fold variation in Mest mRNA in visceral epididymal and subcutaneous inguinal WAT, respectively. WAT Mest mRNA was positively associated with interindividual variation of fat mass. Surprisingly, there was only a slight association of WAT Mest with food intake when normalized by body weight or lean mass. In addition, WAT Mest expression coincided highly with the expression of the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 14 (Klf14), an imprinted gene that regulates lipid metabolism in WAT. Our data suggest that KLF14 transcriptional activity may partially mediate, or act in concert with, MEST as part of an epigenetic mechanism that promotes fat mass accumulation in mice fed an obesogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea P Anunciado-Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Justin Manuel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Robert A Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
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Karbiener M, Glantschnig C, Pisani DF, Laurencikiene J, Dahlman I, Herzig S, Amri EZ, Scheideler M. Mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST) is a negative regulator of human adipocyte differentiation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1733-41. [PMID: 26119994 PMCID: PMC4625608 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that many downstream pathologies of obesity are amplified or even initiated by molecular changes within the white adipose tissue (WAT). Such changes are the result of an excessive expansion of individual white adipocytes and could potentially be ameliorated via an increase in de novo adipocyte recruitment (adipogenesis). Mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST) is a protein with a putative yet unidentified enzymatic function and has previously been shown to correlate with adiposity and adipocyte size in mouse. OBJECTIVES This study analysed WAT samples and employed a cell model of adipogenesis to characterise MEST expression and function in human. METHODS AND RESULTS MEST mRNA and protein levels increased during adipocyte differentiation of human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells. Further, obese individuals displayed significantly higher MEST levels in WAT compared with normal-weight subjects, and MEST was significantly correlated with adipocyte volume. In striking contrast to previous mouse studies, knockdown of MEST enhanced human adipocyte differentiation, most likely via a significant promotion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signalling, glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways at early stages. Correspondingly, overexpression of MEST impaired adipogenesis. We further found that silencing of MEST fully substitutes for the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) as an inducer of adipogenesis. Accordingly, phosphorylation of the pro-adipogenic transcription factors cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1) were highly increased on MEST knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Although we found a similar association between MEST and adiposity as previously described for mouse, our functional analyses suggest that MEST acts as an inhibitor of human adipogenesis, contrary to previous murine studies. We have further established a novel link between MEST and CREB/ATF1 that could be of general relevance in regulation of metabolism, in particular obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karbiener
- Department of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Glantschnig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D F Pisani
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR, Nice, France
- CNRS, iBV, UMR, Nice, France
- Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - J Laurencikiene
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E-Z Amri
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR, Nice, France
- CNRS, iBV, UMR, Nice, France
- Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - M Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Voigt A, Ribot J, Sabater AG, Palou A, Bonet ML, Klaus S. Identification of Mest/Peg1 gene expression as a predictive biomarker of adipose tissue expansion sensitive to dietary anti-obesity interventions. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:27. [PMID: 26143179 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Food components with anti-obesity properties are commonly evaluated using mouse models of diet-induced obesity. The ability of these components to reduce or prevent white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation is usually tested in feeding trials of several weeks duration in order to detect significant effects on fat mass expansion. Here, we aimed to identify early, predictive biomarkers for WAT expansion. We performed a 5-day high-fat diet (HFD) feeding trial with C57BL/6J mice using different established anti-obesity interventions: epigallocatechin gallate, replacing dietary lipids by n-3 PUFA, and increasing dietary protein. WAT gene expression was analyzed of genes known to be similarly affected by short- and long-term HFD. Gene expression of Leptin and Mest (mesoderm-specific transcript) was increased by HFD and normalized by all anti-obesity interventions. In a second experiment, translatability to whole blood-based expression data was assessed. Mice were challenged for 21 days with a HFD without or with simultaneous treatment with anti-obesity bioactives, hydroxytyrosol or resveratrol, and compared for parameters including Leptin and Mest expression in whole blood at day 5. While Leptin mRNA could not be detected in mouse whole blood, there was an induction of Mest mRNA by HFD which was suppressed by hydroxytyrosol. Moreover, Mest expression in whole blood at day 5 positively correlated with adiposity and negatively with lean body mass and the subcutaneous/visceral fat ratio at day 21. We conclude that gene expression of Leptin and Mest in WAT and of Mest in whole blood represent early, predictive markers of adipose tissue expansion of potential usefulness in nutritional studies and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Voigt
- Group of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Agustín G Sabater
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Group of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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Xiao C, Goldgof M, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. Anti-obesity and metabolic efficacy of the β3-adrenergic agonist, CL316243, in mice at thermoneutrality compared to 22°C. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1450-9. [PMID: 26053335 PMCID: PMC4482793 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice are typically housed at environmental temperatures below thermoneutrality, whereas humans live near thermoneutrality. This difference affects energy physiology and, potentially, anti-obesity drug efficacy. Here β3-adrenergic agonist treatment at thermoneutrality (30°C) versus room temperature (22°C) is compared. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were singly housed at 30°C or 22°C and treated with vehicle or CL316243, a β3-agonist, for 4 weeks. Food intake, energy expenditure, body and adipose weight, brown adipose activity, white adipose browning, and glucose tolerance were evaluated. CL316243 treatment was studied in both chow- and high-fat diet-fed mice. RESULTS Mice at 30°C, compared to 22°C, had reduced food intake, metabolic rate, and brown adipose activity, as well as increased adiposity. At both temperatures, CL316243 treatment increased brown adipose activation and energy expenditure and improved glucose tolerance. At 30°C, CL316243 increased energy expenditure disproportionately to changes in food intake, thus reducing adiposity, while at 22°C these changes were matched, yielding unchanged adiposity. CONCLUSIONS CL316243 treatment can have beneficial metabolic effects in the absence of adiposity changes. In addition, the interaction between environmental temperature and CL316243 treatment is different from the interaction between environmental temperature and 2,4-dinitrophenol treatment reported previously, suggesting that each drug mechanism must be examined to understand the effect of environmental temperature on drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margalit Goldgof
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Anunciado-Koza RP, Higgins DC, Koza RA. Adipose tissue Mest and Sfrp5 are concomitant with variations of adiposity among inbred mouse strains fed a non-obesogenic diet. Biochimie 2015; 124:134-140. [PMID: 26005096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of a subset of genes including mesoderm specific transcript (Mest), secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp5) and bone morphogenetic protein 3 (Bmp3) in adipose tissue biopsies of C57BL/6J mice before exposure to an obesogenic diet were shown to be predictive for the development of obesity in mice after feeding a high fat diet for 8 weeks. This observation led to the supposition that adipose tissue expression of this subset of genes within inbred strains of mice could be associated with their susceptibility in the development of adiposity when fed a low fat diet. The analyses of male mice from 5 inbred strains showed average bodyweights ranging from 25.82 to 36.58 g at 16 weeks of age. Bodyweight was highest for AKR/J and adiposity correlated highly with bodyweight for all strains. Analyses of epididymal fat gene expression showed Mest, Sfrp5 and Bmp3 to be highly concomitant with adiposity across all strains of mice. Naked 1 (Nkd1), a gene previously shown to be associated with variations of adiposity in mice fed a high fat diet, but not predictive for the development of adiposity, showed no correlation with adiposity. In addition, the expression of Mest and Sfrp5 were tightly associated across the 5 mouse strains with the highest and lowest expression occurring in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J (B6) respectively suggesting a common mechanism for their regulation. Surprisingly, when independent cohorts for these 2 strains were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks, DBA/2J showed no further increase in Sfrp5 expression whereas expression levels for B6 mice were induced almost 20-fold. Analyses of (B6 x DBA2/J) F1 mice fed a low fat diet for 8 weeks showed intermediate levels of adiposity and gene expression for Sfrp5 and Mest suggesting a strong genetic basis for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea P Anunciado-Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - David C Higgins
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Robert A Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
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Samms RJ, Smith DP, Cheng CC, Antonellis PP, Perfield JW, Kharitonenkov A, Gimeno RE, Adams AC. Discrete Aspects of FGF21 In Vivo Pharmacology Do Not Require UCP1. Cell Rep 2015; 11:991-9. [PMID: 25956583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary target of the pleiotropic metabolic hormone FGF21 is adipose tissue, where it initiates a gene expression program to enhance energy expenditure, an effect presumed to be centered on augmented UCP1 expression and activity. In UCP1 null (UCP1KO) mice, we show that the effect of FGF21 to increase the metabolic rate is abolished. However, in contrast to prior expectations, we found that increased UCP1-dependent thermogenesis is only partially required to achieve the beneficial effects of FGF21 treatment. In UCP1KO mice, there appears to be an underlying reduction in food intake following FGF21 administration, facilitating weight loss equal to that observed in wild-type animals. Furthermore, we show that UCP1-dependent thermogenesis is not required for FGF21 to improve glycemic control or to reduce circulating cholesterol or free fatty acids. These data indicate that several important metabolic endpoints of FGF21 are UCP1 independent; however, the contribution of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis to other discrete aspects of FGF21 biology requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Samms
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Dennis P Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Christine C Cheng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Patrick P Antonellis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - James W Perfield
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Himes KP, Young A, Koppes E, Stolz D, Barak Y, Sadovsky Y, Chaillet JR. Loss of inherited genomic imprints in mice leads to severe disruption in placental lipid metabolism. Placenta 2015; 36:389-96. [PMID: 25662615 PMCID: PMC4359963 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoallelic expression of imprinted genes is necessary for placental development and normal fetal growth. Differentially methylated domains (DMDs) largely determine the parental-specific monoallelic expression of imprinted genes. Maternally derived DNA (cytosine-5-) -methyltransferase 1o (DNMT1o) maintains DMDs during the eight-cell stage of development. DNMT1o-deficient mouse placentas have a generalized disruption of genomic imprints. Previous studies have demonstrated that DNMT1o deficiency alters placental morphology and broadens the embryonic weight distribution in late gestation. Lipids are critical for fetal growth. Thus, we assessed the impact of disrupted imprinting on placental lipids. METHODS Lipids were quantified from DNMT1o-deficient mouse placentas and embryos at E17.5 using a modified Folch method. Expression of select genes critical for lipid metabolism was quantified with RT-qPCR. Mitochondrial morphology was assessed by TEM and mitochondrial aconitase and cytoplasmic citrate concentrations quantified. DMD methylation was determined by EpiTYPER. RESULTS We found that DNMT1o deficiency is associated with increased placental triacylglycerol levels. Neither fetal triacylglycerol concentrations nor expression of select genes that mediate placental lipid transport were different from wild type. Placental triacylglycerol accumulation was associated with impaired beta-oxidation and abnormal citrate metabolism with decreased mitochondrial aconitase activity and increased cytoplasmic citrate concentrations. Loss of methylation at the MEST DMD was strongly associated with placental triacylglycerol accumulation. DISCUSSION A generalized disruption of genomic imprints leads to triacylglycerol accumulation and abnormal mitochondrial function. This could stem directly from a loss of methylation at a given DMD, such as MEST, or represent a consequence of abnormal placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Himes
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - A Young
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - E Koppes
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - D Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Y Barak
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Y Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - J R Chaillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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El Hajj N, Schneider E, Lehnen H, Haaf T. Epigenetics and life-long consequences of an adverse nutritional and diabetic intrauterine environment. Reproduction 2014; 148:R111-20. [PMID: 25187623 PMCID: PMC4241689 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon that adverse environmental exposures in early life are associated with increased susceptibilities for many adult, particularly metabolic diseases, is now referred to as ‘developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD)’ or ‘Barker’ hypothesis. Fetal overnutrition and undernutrition have similar long-lasting effects on the setting of the neuroendocrine control systems, energy homeostasis, and metabolism, leading to life-long increased morbidity. There are sensitive time windows during early development, where environmental cues can program persistent epigenetic modifications which are generally assumed to mediate these gene–environment interactions. Most of our current knowledge on fetal programing comes from animal models and epidemiological studies in humans, in particular the Dutch famine birth cohort. In industrialized countries, there is more concern about adverse long-term consequences of fetal overnutrition, i.e. by exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus and/or maternal obesity which affect 10–20% of pregnancies. Epigenetic changes due to maternal diabetes/obesity may predispose the offspring to develop metabolic disease later in life and, thus, transmit the adverse environmental exposure to the next generation. This vicious cycle could contribute significantly to the worldwide metabolic disease epidemics. In this review article, we focus on the epigenetics of an adverse intrauterine environment, in particular gestational diabetes, and its implications for the prevention of complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human GeneticsJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, GermanyDepartment of Gynecology and ObstetricsStädtische Kliniken, 41239 Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schneider
- Institute of Human GeneticsJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, GermanyDepartment of Gynecology and ObstetricsStädtische Kliniken, 41239 Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Harald Lehnen
- Institute of Human GeneticsJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, GermanyDepartment of Gynecology and ObstetricsStädtische Kliniken, 41239 Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human GeneticsJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, GermanyDepartment of Gynecology and ObstetricsStädtische Kliniken, 41239 Mönchengladbach, Germany
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Pfeifer A, Hoffmann LS. Brown, beige, and white: the new color code of fat and its pharmacological implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:207-27. [PMID: 25149919 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was previously regarded as a special type of fat relevant only for defending hibernating animals and newborns against a cold environment. Recently, BAT has received considerable attention following its (re)discovery in humans. Using glucose tracers, multiple laboratories independently found metabolically active BAT in adults. The enormous metabolic powers of BAT in animal models could make it an attractive target for antiobesity therapies in humans. Here, we review the present knowledge on the role of BAT in energy homeostasis and metabolism, focusing on signaling pathways and potential targets for novel therapeutics. We also shine light on ongoing debates, including those about the true color of brown fat in adults, as well as on the requirements for translation of basic research on BAT into clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany;
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Goldgof M, Xiao C, Chanturiya T, Jou W, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. The chemical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) protects against diet-induced obesity and improves energy homeostasis in mice at thermoneutrality. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19341-50. [PMID: 24872412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was an effective and widely used weight loss drug in the early 1930s. However, the physiology of DNP has not been studied in detail because toxicity, including hyperthermia and death, reduced interest in the clinical use of chemical uncouplers. To investigate DNP action, mice fed a high fat diet and housed at 30 °C (to minimize facultative thermogenesis) were treated with 800 mg/liter DNP in drinking water. DNP treatment increased energy expenditure by ∼ 17%, but did not change food intake. DNP-treated mice weighed 26% less than controls after 2 months of treatment due to decreased fat mass, without a change in lean mass. DNP improved glucose tolerance and reduced hepatic steatosis without observed toxicity. DNP treatment also reduced circulating T3 and T4 levels, Ucp1 expression, and brown adipose tissue activity, demonstrating that DNP-mediated heat generation substituted for brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. At 22 °C, a typical vivarium temperature that is below thermoneutrality, DNP treatment had no effect on body weight, adiposity, or glucose homeostasis. Thus, environmental temperature should be considered when assessing an anti-obesity drug in mice, particularly agents acting on energy expenditure. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of DNP suggest that chemical uncouplers deserve further investigation for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- From the Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch and
| | - Tatyana Chanturiya
- the Mouse Metabolism Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - William Jou
- the Mouse Metabolism Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- the Mouse Metabolism Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marc L Reitman
- From the Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch and
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47
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Chu DT, Malinowska E, Gawronska-Kozak B, Kozak LP. Expression of adipocyte biomarkers in a primary cell culture models reflects preweaning adipobiology. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18478-88. [PMID: 24808178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cohort of genes was selected to characterize the adipogenic phenotype in primary cell cultures from three tissue sources. We compared the quantitative expression of biomarkers in culture relative to their expression in vivo because the mere presence or absence of expression is minimally informative. Although all biomarkers analyzed have biochemical functions in adipocytes, the expression of some of the biomarkers varied enormously in culture relative to their expression in the adult fat tissues in vivo, i.e. inguinal fat for white adipocytes and brite cells, interscapular brown adipose tissue for brown adipocytes, and ear mesenchymal stem cells for white adipocytes from adult mice. We propose that the pattern of expression in vitro does not reflect gene expression in the adult mouse; rather it is predominantly the expression pattern of adipose tissue of the developing mouse between birth and weaning. The variation in gene expression among fat depots in both human and rodent has been an extensively studied phenomenon, and as recently reviewed, it is related to subphenotypes associated with immune function, the inflammatory response, fat depot blood flow, and insulin sensitivity. We suggest that adipose tissue biology in the period from birth to weaning is not just a staging platform for the emergence of adult white fat but that it has properties to serve the unique needs of energy metabolism in the newborn. A case in point is the differentiation of brite cells that occurs during this period followed by their involution immediately following weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- From the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Malinowska
- From the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- From the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- From the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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48
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Lateef DM, Abreu-Vieira G, Xiao C, Reitman ML. Regulation of body temperature and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by bombesin receptor subtype-3. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E681-7. [PMID: 24452453 PMCID: PMC3948979 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00615.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) regulates energy homeostasis, with Brs3 knockout (Brs3(-/y)) mice being hypometabolic, hypothermic, and hyperphagic and developing obesity. We now report that the reduced body temperature is more readily detected if body temperature is analyzed as a function of physical activity level and light/dark phase. Physical activity level correlated best with body temperature 4 min later. The Brs3(-/y) metabolic phenotype is not due to intrinsically impaired brown adipose tissue function or in the communication of sympathetic signals from the brain to brown adipose tissue, since Brs3(-/y) mice have intact thermogenic responses to stress, acute cold exposure, and β3-adrenergic activation, and Brs3(-/y) mice prefer a cooler environment. Treatment with the BRS-3 agonist MK-5046 increased brown adipose tissue temperature and body temperature in wild-type but not Brs3(-/y) mice. Intrahypothalamic infusion of MK-5046 increased body temperature. These data indicate that the BRS-3 regulation of body temperature is via a central mechanism, upstream of sympathetic efferents. The reduced body temperature in Brs3(-/y) mice is due to altered regulation of energy homeostasis affecting higher center regulation of body temperature, rather than an intrinsic defect in brown adipose tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/innervation
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Body Temperature Regulation/drug effects
- Cold-Shock Response/drug effects
- Crosses, Genetic
- Dioxoles/administration & dosage
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Efferent Pathways/drug effects
- Efferent Pathways/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Imidazoles/administration & dosage
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Infusions, Intraventricular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/administration & dosage
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Bombesin/agonists
- Receptors, Bombesin/genetics
- Receptors, Bombesin/metabolism
- Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects
- Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya M Lateef
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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49
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Kim E, Kim EJ, Seo SW, Hur CG, McGregor RA, Choi MS. Meta-Review of Protein Network Regulating Obesity Between Validated Obesity Candidate Genes in the White Adipose Tissue of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6J Mice. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:910-23. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.619283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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50
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Effect of intermittent cold exposure on brown fat activation, obesity, and energy homeostasis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85876. [PMID: 24465761 PMCID: PMC3895006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeotherms have specific mechanisms to maintain a constant core body temperature despite changes in thermal environment, food supply, and metabolic demand. Brown adipose tissue, the principal thermogenic organ, quickly and efficiently increases heat production by dissipating the mitochondrial proton motive force. It has been suggested that activation of brown fat, via either environmental (i.e. cold exposure) or pharmacologic means, could be used to increase metabolic rate and thus reduce body weight. Here we assess the effects of intermittent cold exposure (4°C for one to eight hours three times a week) on C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet. Cold exposure increased metabolic rate approximately two-fold during the challenge and activated brown fat. In response, food intake increased to compensate fully for the increased energy expenditure; thus, the mice showed no reduction in body weight or adiposity. Despite the unchanged adiposity, the cold-treated mice showed transient improvements in glucose homeostasis. Administration of the cannabinoid receptor-1 inverse agonist AM251 caused weight loss and improvements in glucose homeostasis, but showed no further improvements when combined with cold exposure. These data suggest that intermittent cold exposure causes transient, meaningful improvements in glucose homeostasis, but without synergy when combined with AM251. Since energy expenditure is significantly increased during cold exposure, a drug that dissociates food intake from metabolic demand during cold exposure may achieve weight loss and further metabolic improvements.
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