1
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Sande-Melon M, Bergemann D, Fernández-Lajarín M, González-Rosa JM, Cox AG. Development of a hepatic cryoinjury model to study liver regeneration. Development 2024; 151:dev203124. [PMID: 38975841 PMCID: PMC11318111 DOI: 10.1242/dev.203124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a remarkable organ that can regenerate in response to injury. Depending on the extent of injury, the liver can undergo compensatory hyperplasia or fibrosis. Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. Here, we developed a new model to study liver regeneration based on cryoinjury. To visualise liver regeneration at cellular resolution, we adapted the CUBIC tissue-clearing approach. Hepatic cryoinjury induced a localised necrotic and apoptotic lesion characterised by inflammation and infiltration of innate immune cells. After this initial phase, we observed fibrosis, which resolved as regeneration re-established homeostasis in 30 days. Importantly, this approach enables the comparison of healthy and injured parenchyma within an individual animal, providing unique advantages to previous models. In summary, the hepatic cryoinjury model provides a fast and reproducible method for studying the cellular and molecular pathways underpinning fibrosis and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Sande-Melon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David Bergemann
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown Navy Yard Campus, 149, 13th Street, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miriam Fernández-Lajarín
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown Navy Yard Campus, 149, 13th Street, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown Navy Yard Campus, 149, 13th Street, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Andrew G. Cox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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2
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Song G, Feng G, Li Q, Peng J, Ge W, Long Y, Cui Z. Transcriptomic Characterization of Key Factors and Signaling Pathways for the Regeneration of Partially Hepatectomized Liver in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7212. [PMID: 39000319 PMCID: PMC11241411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy (PHx) has attracted intensive research interests due to the great significance for liver resection and transplantation. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an excellent model to study liver regeneration. In the fish subjected to PHx (the tip of the ventral lobe was resected), the lost liver mass could be fully regenerated in seven days. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the liver regeneration remain largely unknown. In this study, gene expression profiles during the regeneration of PHx-treated liver were explored by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The genes responsive to the injury of PHx treatment were identified and classified into different clusters based on the expression profiles. Representative gene ontology (GO) enrichments for the early responsive genes included hormone activity, ribosome biogenesis and rRNA processing, etc., while the late responsive genes were enriched in biological processes such as glutathione metabolic process, antioxidant activity and cellular detoxification. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichments were also identified for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the time-series samples and the sham controls. The proteasome was overrepresented by the up-regulated genes at all of the sampling time points. Inhibiting proteasome activity by the application of MG132 to the fish enhanced the expression of Pcna (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), an indicator of hepatocyte proliferation after PHx. Our data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regeneration of PHx-treated liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guili Song
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guohui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yong Long
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zongbin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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3
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Sande-Melon M, Bergemann D, Fernández-Lajarín M, González-Rosa JM, Cox AG. Development of a hepatic cryoinjury model to study liver regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.24.550437. [PMID: 38948752 PMCID: PMC11212901 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a remarkable organ that can regenerate in response to injury. Depending on the extent of injury, the liver can undergo compensatory hyperplasia or fibrosis. Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. Here, we developed a new model to study liver regeneration based on cryoinjury. To visualise liver regeneration at cellular resolution, we adapted the CUBIC tissue-clearing approach. Hepatic cryoinjury induced a localised necrotic and apoptotic lesion characterised by inflammation and infiltration of innate immune cells. Following this initial phase, we observed fibrosis, which resolved as regeneration re-established homeostasis in 30 days. Importantly, this approach enables the comparison of healthy and injured parenchyma with an individual animal, providing unique advantages to previous models. In summary, the hepatic cryoinjury model provides a fast and reproducible method for studying the cellular and molecular pathways underpinning fibrosis and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Sande-Melon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - David Bergemann
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown Navy Yard Campus, 149, 13 Street, 02129 MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School
| | - Miriam Fernández-Lajarín
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown Navy Yard Campus, 149, 13 Street, 02129 MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
| | - Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown Navy Yard Campus, 149, 13 Street, 02129 MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
| | - Andrew G. Cox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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4
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Li F, Song G, Wang X, Sun Y, Zhou S, Zhang Y, Hua J, Zhu B, Yang L, Zhang W, Zhou B. Evidence for Adverse Effects on Liver Development and Regeneration in Zebrafish by Decabromodiphenyl Ethane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19419-19429. [PMID: 37946494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a ubiquitous emerging pollutant, could be enriched in the liver of organisms, but its effects and mechanisms on liver development and regeneration remain largely unknown. In the present study, we first investigated the adverse effects on liver development and found decreased area and intensity of fluorescence in transgenic zebrafish larvae exposed to DBDPE; further results in wild-type zebrafish larvae revealed a possible mechanism involving disturbed MAPK/Fox O signaling pathways and cell cycle arrest as indicated by decreased transcription of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible beta a (gadd45ba). Subsequently, an obstructed recovery process of liver tissue after partial hepatectomy was characterized by the changing profiles of ventral lobe-to-intestine ratio in transgenic female adults upon DBDPE exposure; further results confirmed the adverse effects on liver regeneration by the alterations of the hepatic somatic index and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in wild-type female adults and also pointed out a potential role of a disturbed signaling pathway involving cell cycles and glycerolipid metabolism. Our results not only provided novel evidence for the hepatotoxicity and underlying mechanism of DBDPE but also were indicative of subsequent ecological and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Ecology and Environment Administration of Yangtze River Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Yumiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yindan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianghuan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Biran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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5
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Ma JT, Xia S, Zhang BK, Luo F, Guo L, Yang Y, Gong H, Yan M. The pharmacology and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in promoting liver regeneration: A new therapeutic option. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154893. [PMID: 37236047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is renowned for its remarkable regenerative capacity to restore its structure, size and function after various types of liver injury. However, in patients with end-stage liver disease, the regenerative capacity is inhibited and liver transplantation is the only option. Considering the limitations of liver transplantation, promoting liver regeneration is suggested as a new therapeutic strategy for liver disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of preventing and treating various liver diseases, and some of them have been proven to be effective in promoting liver regeneration, suggesting the therapeutic potential in liver diseases. PURPOSE This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration and the pro-regenerative activity and mechanism of TCM formulas, extracts and active ingredients. METHODS We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases using "TCM", "liver regeneration" or their synonyms as keywords, and classified and summarized the retrieved literature. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS Forty-one research articles met the themes of this review and previous critical studies were also reviewed to provide essential background information. Current evidences indicate that various TCM formulas, extracts and active ingredients have the effect on stimulating liver regeneration through modulating JAK/STAT, Hippo, PI3K/Akt and other signaling pathways. Besides, the mechanisms of liver regeneration, the limitation of existing studies and the application prospect of TCM to promote liver regeneration are also outlined and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION This review supports TCM as new potential therapeutic options for promoting liver regeneration and repair of the failing liver, although extensive pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies, as well as elaborate clinical trials, are still needed to demonstrate safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ting Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Fen Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China.
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China.
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6
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Oderberg IM, Goessling W. Biliary epithelial cells are facultative liver stem cells during liver regeneration in adult zebrafish. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163929. [PMID: 36625346 PMCID: PMC9870093 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a highly regenerative organ, yet the presence of a dedicated stem cell population remains controversial. Here, we interrogate a severe hepatocyte injury model in adult zebrafish to define that regeneration involves a stem cell population. After near-total hepatocyte ablation, single-cell transcriptomic and high-resolution imaging analyses throughout the entire regenerative timeline reveal that biliary epithelial cells undergo transcriptional and morphological changes to become hepatocytes. As a population, biliary epithelial cells give rise to both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. Biliary epithelial cells proliferate and dedifferentiate to express hepatoblast transcription factors prior to hepatocyte differentiation. This process is characterized by increased MAPK, PI3K, and mTOR signaling, and chemical inhibition of these pathways impairs biliary epithelial cell proliferation and fate conversion. We conclude that, upon severe hepatocyte ablation in the adult liver, biliary epithelial cells act as facultative liver stem cells in an EGFR-PI3K-mTOR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Oderberg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Banu S, Gaur N, Nair S, Ravikrishnan T, Khan S, Mani S, Bharathi S, Mandal K, Kuram NA, Vuppaladadium S, Ravi R, Murthy CLN, Quoseena M, Babu NS, Idris MM. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of epimorphic regeneration in zebrafish caudal fin tissue. Genomics 2022; 114:110300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Gupta S, Pinky, Vishal, Sharma H, Soni N, Rao EP, Dalela M, Yadav A, Nautiyal N, Kumar A, Nayak B, Banerjee A, Dinda AK, Mohanty S. Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Tissue Specific Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Amelioration of CCl4 Induced Chronic Liver Injury. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:1097-1112. [PMID: 34859376 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an effective candidate for amelioration of liver fibrosis. However, the effect and the mechanisms of MSC-EVs in liver repair remains elusive. In this study, we have evaluated the differential regenerative efficacy of EVs derived from two different human tissue-specific MSCs (Adipose tissue; AD-MSC and Wharton's Jelly; WJ-MSC), in a murine model of chronic liver fibrosis. Mouse model of chronic liver injury was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection, followed by administration of EVs via the tail vein. Both quantitative and qualitative assessment was done to evaluate the hepatic regenerative potential of tissue specific MSC-extracellular vesicles. EVs, regardless of their MSC source, were found to be effective in alleviating chronic liver fibrosis, as demonstrated by macroscopic alterations in the liver. According to the findings of the comprehensive study, there were subtle variations in the tissue specific MSCs-EVs mediated approaches. A greater anti-fibrotic impact was demonstrated by AD-MSC derived EVs through extracellular matrix alteration and hepatocyte proliferation. WJ-MSC EVs, on the other hand, have an anti-inflammatory effect, as evidenced by alterations in the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, cargo profiling of these EVs revealed differences in the miRNA and protein expression, as well as the pathways that they were associated. Comparative overview of regression of fibrosis using tissue specific MSC derived EVs (credits BioRender.com ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchi Gupta
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Pinky
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Vishal
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Harshita Sharma
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Naina Soni
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - E Pranshu Rao
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Manu Dalela
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Alka Yadav
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Nidhi Nautiyal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arup Banerjee
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 1st Floor, ORBO Complex, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India.
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9
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Cordero-Espinoza L, Dowbaj AM, Kohler TN, Strauss B, Sarlidou O, Belenguer G, Pacini C, Martins NP, Dobie R, Wilson-Kanamori JR, Butler R, Prior N, Serup P, Jug F, Henderson NC, Hollfelder F, Huch M. Dynamic cell contacts between periportal mesenchyme and ductal epithelium act as a rheostat for liver cell proliferation. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1907-1921.e8. [PMID: 34343491 PMCID: PMC8577825 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the liver, ductal cells rarely proliferate during homeostasis but do so transiently after tissue injury. These cells can be expanded as organoids that recapitulate several of the cell-autonomous mechanisms of regeneration but lack the stromal interactions of the native tissue. Here, using organoid co-cultures that recapitulate the ductal-to-mesenchymal cell architecture of the portal tract, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of mouse periportal mesenchymal cells exerts dual control on proliferation of the epithelium. Ductal cell proliferation is either induced and sustained or, conversely, completely abolished, depending on the number of direct mesenchymal cell contacts, through a mechanism mediated, at least in part, by Notch signaling. Our findings expand the concept of the cellular niche in epithelial tissues, whereby not only soluble factors but also cell-cell contacts are the key regulatory cues involved in the control of cellular behaviors, suggesting a critical role for cell-cell contacts during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Anna M Dowbaj
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Timo N Kohler
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Bernhard Strauss
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Olga Sarlidou
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - German Belenguer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Clare Pacini
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nuno P Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John R Wilson-Kanamori
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard Butler
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Nicole Prior
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Palle Serup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Florian Jug
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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10
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Prudovsky I. Cellular Mechanisms of FGF-Stimulated Tissue Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071830. [PMID: 34360000 PMCID: PMC8304273 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors belonging to the FGF family play important roles in tissue and organ repair after trauma. In this review, I discuss the regulation by FGFs of the aspects of cellular behavior important for reparative processes. In particular, I focus on the FGF-dependent regulation of cell proliferation, cell stemness, de-differentiation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell senescence, cell death, and the production of proteases. In addition, I review the available literature on the enhancement of FGF expression and secretion in damaged tissues resulting in the increased FGF supply required for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Dr., Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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11
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Role of FGF15 in Hepatic Surgery in the Presence of Tumorigenesis: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061421. [PMID: 34200439 PMCID: PMC8228386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-tumorigenic activity of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 (FGF15 in its rodent orthologue) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the unsolved problem that ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury supposes in liver surgeries, are well known. However, it has been shown that FGF15 administration protects against liver damage and regenerative failure in liver transplantation (LT) from brain-dead donors without tumor signals, providing a benefit in avoiding IR injury. The protection provided by FGF15/19 is due to its anti-apoptotic and pro-regenerative properties, which make this molecule a potentially beneficial or harmful factor, depending on the disease. In the present review, we describe the preclinical models currently available to understand the signaling pathways responsible for the apparent controversial effects of FGF15/19 in the liver (to repair a damaged liver or to promote tumorigenesis). As well, we study the potential pharmacological use that has the activation or inhibition of FGF15/19 pathways depending on the disease to be treated. We also discuss whether FGF15/19 non-pro-tumorigenic variants, which have been developed for the treatment of liver diseases, might be promising approaches in the surgery of hepatic resections and LT using healthy livers and livers from extended-criteria donors.
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12
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Khyeam S, Lee S, Huang GN. Genetic, Epigenetic, and Post-Transcriptional Basis of Divergent Tissue Regenerative Capacities Among Vertebrates. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:e10042. [PMID: 34423307 PMCID: PMC8372189 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is widespread across the animal kingdom but varies vastly across phylogeny and even ontogeny. Adult mammalian regeneration in most organs and appendages is limited, while vertebrates such as zebrafish and salamanders are able to regenerate various organs and body parts. Here, we focus on the regeneration of appendages, spinal cord, and heart - organs and body parts that are highly regenerative among fish and amphibian species but limited in adult mammals. We then describe potential genetic, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional similarities among these different forms of regeneration across vertebrates and discuss several theories for diminished regenerative capacity throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheamin Khyeam
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sukjun Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Guo N. Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Abstract
Liver failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and mortality from chronic liver disease is rising sharply in the United States. Healthy livers are capable of regenerating from toxic damage, but in advanced liver disease, the natural ability of the liver to regenerate is impaired. Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful experimental system for studying regeneration. They are an ideal model for studying liver regeneration from partial hepatectomy, a procedure with direct clinical relevance in which part of the liver is surgically removed, leaving the rest intact. There is no standard protocol for partial hepatectomy; previous studies using this model have used slightly different protocols and reported disparate results. Described here is an efficient, reproducible protocol for performing a partial hepatectomy in adult zebrafish. We use this technique to demonstrate that zebrafish are capable of epimorphic regeneration of the resected lobe. This protocol can be used to further interrogate the mechanisms required for liver regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital
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14
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Delgado-Coello B. Liver regeneration observed across the different classes of vertebrates from an evolutionary perspective. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06449. [PMID: 33748499 PMCID: PMC7970152 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a key organ that performs diverse functions such as metabolic processing of nutrients or disposal of dangerous substances (xenobiotics). Accordingly, it seems to be protected by several mechanisms throughout the life of organisms, one of which is compensatory hyperplasia, also known as liver regeneration. This review is a recapitulation of the scientific reports describing the different ways in which the various classes of vertebrates deal with liver injuries, where since mammals have an improved molecular toolkit, exhibit optimized regeneration of the liver compared to lower vertebrates. The main molecules involved in the compensatory process, such as proinflammatory and inhibitory cytokines, are analyzed across vertebrates with an evolutionary perspective. In addition, the possible significance of this mechanism is discussed in the context of the long life span of vertebrates, especially in the case of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Delgado-Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-243, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Gao C, Peng J. All routes lead to Rome: multifaceted origin of hepatocytes during liver regeneration. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:2. [PMID: 33403526 PMCID: PMC7785766 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver is the largest internal organ that serves as the key site for various metabolic activities and maintenance of homeostasis. Liver diseases are great threats to human health. The capability of liver to regain its mass after partial hepatectomy has widely been applied in treating liver diseases either by removing the damaged part of a diseased liver in a patient or transplanting a part of healthy liver into a patient. Vast efforts have been made to study the biology of liver regeneration in different liver-damage models. Regarding the sources of hepatocytes during liver regeneration, convincing evidences have demonstrated that different liver-damage models mobilized different subtype hepatocytes in contributing to liver regeneration. Under extreme hepatocyte ablation, biliary epithelial cells can undergo dedifferentiation to liver progenitor cells (LPCs) and then LPCs differentiate to produce hepatocytes. Here we will focus on summarizing the progresses made in identifying cell types contributing to producing new hepatocytes during liver regeneration in mice and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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16
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Ohashi A, Saito N, Kashimoto R, Furukawa S, Yamamoto S, Satoh A. Axolotl liver regeneration is accomplished via compensatory congestion mechanisms regulated by ERK signaling after partial hepatectomy. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:838-851. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ohashi
- Okayama University Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS) Okayama Japan
- Okayama University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Okayama Japan
| | - Nanami Saito
- Okayama University Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS) Okayama Japan
- Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama Japan
| | - Rena Kashimoto
- Okayama University Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS) Okayama Japan
- Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama Japan
| | - Saya Furukawa
- Okayama University Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS) Okayama Japan
- Okayama University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Okayama Japan
| | - Sakiya Yamamoto
- Okayama University Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS) Okayama Japan
- Okayama University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Okayama Japan
| | - Akira Satoh
- Okayama University Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS) Okayama Japan
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17
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Chen F, Huang D, Shi H, Gao C, Wang Y, Peng J. Capn3 depletion causes Chk1 and Wee1 accumulation and disrupts synchronization of cell cycle reentry during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 9:8. [PMID: 32588143 PMCID: PMC7306836 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of liver mass to a healthy liver donor by compensatory regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) is a prerequisite for liver transplantation. Synchronized cell cycle reentry of the existing hepatocytes after PH is seemingly a hallmark of liver compensatory regeneration. Although the molecular control of the PH-triggered cell cycle reentry has been extensively studied, little is known about how the synchronization is achieved after PH. The nucleolus-localized protein cleavage complex formed by the nucleolar protein Digestive-organ expansion factor (Def) and cysteine proteinase Calpain 3 (Capn3) has been implicated to control wounding healing during liver regeneration through selectively cleaving the tumor suppressor p53 in the nucleolus. However, whether the Def-Capn3 complex participates in regulating the synchronization of cell cycle reentry after PH is unknown. In this report, we generated a zebrafish capn3b null mutant (capn3b∆19∆14). The homozygous mutant was viable and fertile, but suffered from a delayed liver regeneration after PH. Delayed liver regeneration in capn3b∆19∆14 was due to disruption of synchronized cell proliferation after PH. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of nuclear proteins revealed that a number of negative regulators of cell cycle are accumulated in the capn3b∆19∆14 liver after PH. Moreover, we demonstrated that Check-point kinase 1 (Chk1) and Wee1, two key negative regulators of G2 to M transition, are substrates of Capn3. We also demonstrated that Chk1 and Wee1 were abnormally accumulated in the nucleoli of amputated capn3b∆19∆14 liver. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the nucleolar-localized Def-Capn3 complex acts as a novel regulatory pathway for the synchronization of cell cycle reentry, at least partially, through inactivating Chk1 and Wee1 during liver regeneration after PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Delai Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Present address: Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Present address: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jinrong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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18
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Vacca M, Leslie J, Virtue S, Lam BYH, Govaere O, Tiniakos D, Snow S, Davies S, Petkevicius K, Tong Z, Peirce V, Nielsen MJ, Ament Z, Li W, Kostrzewski T, Leeming DJ, Ratziu V, Allison MED, Anstee QM, Griffin JL, Oakley F, Vidal-Puig A. Bone morphogenetic protein 8B promotes the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Metab 2020; 2:514-531. [PMID: 32694734 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by lipotoxicity, inflammation and fibrosis, ultimately leading to end-stage liver disease. The molecular mechanisms promoting NASH are poorly understood, and treatment options are limited. Here, we demonstrate that hepatic expression of bone morphogenetic protein 8B (BMP8B), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-BMP superfamily, increases proportionally to disease stage in people and animal models with NASH. BMP8B signals via both SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/9 branches of the TGFβ-BMP pathway in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), promoting their proinflammatory phenotype. In vivo, the absence of BMP8B prevents HSC activation, reduces inflammation and affects the wound-healing responses, thereby limiting NASH progression. Evidence is featured in primary human 3D microtissues modelling NASH, when challenged with recombinant BMP8. Our data show that BMP8B is a major contributor to NASH progression. Owing to the near absence of BMP8B in healthy livers, inhibition of BMP8B may represent a promising new therapeutic avenue for NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vacca
- TVP Lab, WT/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit - Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- TVP Lab, WT/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit - Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- Yeo Group and Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, WT/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Susan Davies
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kasparas Petkevicius
- TVP Lab, WT/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit - Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhen Tong
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivian Peirce
- TVP Lab, WT/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit - Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Ament
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Vlad Ratziu
- Sorbonne Université, Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Michael E D Allison
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Biomolecular Medicine, Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- TVP Lab, WT/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit - Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Jiangbei Area, Nanjing, P R China.
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19
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Macchi F, Sadler KC. Unraveling the Epigenetic Basis of Liver Development, Regeneration and Disease. Trends Genet 2020; 36:587-597. [PMID: 32487496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of studies over several decades has revealed an epigenetic prepattern that determines the competence of cellular differentiation in the developing liver. More recently, studies focused on the impact of epigenetic factors during liver regeneration suggest that an epigenetic code in the quiescent liver may establish its regenerative potential. We review work on the pioneer factors and other chromatin remodelers that impact the gene expression patterns instructing hepatocyte and biliary cell specification and differentiation, along with the requirement of epigenetic regulatory factors for hepatic outgrowth. We then explore recent studies involving the role of epigenetic regulators, Arid1a and Uhrf1, in efficient activation of proregenerative genes during liver regeneration, thus highlighting the epigenetic mechanisms of liver disease and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Macchi
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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20
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Li X, Li H, He Z, Tan Z, Yan Q. Effects of maternal intake restriction during early pregnancy on fetal growth and bone metabolism in goats. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Shwartz A, Goessling W, Yin C. Macrophages in Zebrafish Models of Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2840. [PMID: 31867007 PMCID: PMC6904306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are key components of the liver immunity and consist of two main populations. Liver resident macrophages, known as Kupffer cells in mammals, are crucial for maintaining normal liver homeostasis. Upon injury, they become activated to release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and recruit a large population of inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages to the liver. During the progression of liver diseases, macrophages are highly plastic and have opposing functions depending on the signaling cues that they receive from the microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding of liver macrophages is essential for developing therapeutic interventions that target these cells in acute and chronic liver diseases. Mouse studies have provided the bulk of our current knowledge of liver macrophages. The emergence of various liver disease models and availability of transgenic tools to visualize and manipulate macrophages have made the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) an attractive new vertebrate model to study liver macrophages. In this review, we summarize the origin and behaviors of macrophages in healthy and injured livers in zebrafish. We highlight the roles of macrophages in zebrafish models of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver regeneration, and how they compare with the roles that have been described in mammals. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of using zebrafish to study liver macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Shwartz
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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22
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Marques IJ, Lupi E, Mercader N. Model systems for regeneration: zebrafish. Development 2019; 146:146/18/dev167692. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.167692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Tissue damage can resolve completely through healing and regeneration, or can produce permanent scarring and loss of function. The response to tissue damage varies across tissues and between species. Determining the natural mechanisms behind regeneration in model organisms that regenerate well can help us develop strategies for tissue recovery in species with poor regenerative capacity (such as humans). The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the most accessible vertebrate models to study regeneration. In this Primer, we highlight the tools available to study regeneration in the zebrafish, provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying regeneration in this system and discuss future perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines J. Marques
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Lupi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Acquifer, Ditabis, Digital Biomedical Imaging Systems, Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC, Madrid 2029, Spain
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23
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Valizadeh A, Majidinia M, Samadi-Kafil H, Yousefi M, Yousefi B. The roles of signaling pathways in liver repair and regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14966-14974. [PMID: 30770551 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The liver has remarkable regeneration potency that restores liver mass and sustains body hemostasis. Liver regeneration through signaling pathways following resection or moderate damages are well studied. Various cell signaling, growth factors, cytokines, receptors, and cell types implicated in liver regeneration undergo controlled hypertrophy and proliferation. Some aspects of liver regeneration have been discovered and many investigations have been carried out to identify its mechanisms. However, for optimizing liver regeneration more should be understood about mechanisms that control the growth of hepatocytes and other liver cell types in adults. The current paper deals with the possible applicability of liver regeneration signaling pathways as a target for therapeutic approaches and preventing various liver damages. Furthermore, the latest findings of spectrum-specific signaling pathway mechanisms that underlie liver regeneration are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Valizadeh
- Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi-Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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24
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Ali MS, Anuradha V, Yogananth N, Krishnakumar S. Heart and liver regeneration in zebrafish using silver nanoparticle synthesized from Turbinaria conoides – In vivo. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Tsai JM, Weissman IL, Rinkevich Y. Partial Lobular Hepatectomy: A Surgical Model for Morphologic Liver Regeneration. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29912198 DOI: 10.3791/57302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy results in hepatocyte hypertrophy with some replication in remaining lobes with restoration of metabolic activity, but with permanent loss of the injured lobe's morphology and architecture. Here, we detail a new surgical method in the neonate that leaves a physiologic environment conducive to regeneration. This model involves amputation of the left lobe apex and a subsequent conservative management regimen, and lacks the necessity for ligation of major liver vessels or chemical injury, leaving a physiologic environment where regeneration may occur. We extend this protocol to amputations on juvenile (P7-14) mice, during which the injured liver transitions from organ regeneration to compensatory growth by hypertrophy. The presented, brief 30 min protocol provides a framework to study the mechanisms of regeneration, its age-associated decline in mammals, and the characterization of putative hepatic stem or progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Tsai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; German Center for Lung Research (DZL);
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26
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Gao C, Zhu Z, Gao Y, Lo LJ, Chen J, Luo L, Peng J. Hepatocytes in a normal adult liver are derived solely from the embryonic hepatocytes. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:173-175. [PMID: 29574114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Jan Lo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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27
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Abstract
Zebrafish extraocular muscles regenerate after severe injury. Injured myocytes dedifferentiate to a mesenchymal progenitor state and reenter the cell cycle to proliferate, migrate, and redifferentiate into functional muscles. A dedifferentiation process that begins with a multinucleated syncytial myofiber filled with sarcomeres and ends with proliferating mononucleated myoblasts must include significant remodeling of the protein machinery and organelle content of the cell. It turns out that autophagy plays a key role early in this process, to degrade the sarcomeres as well as the excess nuclei of the syncytial multinucleated myofibers. Because of the robustness of the zebrafish reprogramming process, and its relative synchrony, it can serve as a useful in vivo model for studying the biology of autophagy. In this chapter, we describe the surgical muscle injury model as well as the experimental protocols for assessing and manipulating autophagy activation.
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28
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Herrera B, Addante A, Sánchez A. BMP Signalling at the Crossroad of Liver Fibrosis and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010039. [PMID: 29295498 PMCID: PMC5795989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) belong to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) family. Initially identified due to their ability to induce bone formation, they are now known to have multiple functions in a variety of tissues, being critical not only during development for tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis but also during adult tissue homeostasis. This review focus on the liver as a target tissue for BMPs actions, devoting most efforts to summarize our knowledge on their recently recognized and/or emerging roles on regulation of the liver regenerative response to various insults, either acute or chronic and their effects on development and progression of liver fibrosis in different pathological conditions. In an attempt to provide the basis for guiding research efforts in this field both the more solid and more controversial areas of research were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Annalisa Addante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Maddaluno L, Urwyler C, Werner S. Fibroblast growth factors: key players in regeneration and tissue repair. Development 2017; 144:4047-4060. [PMID: 29138288 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates a complex repair process, which in some organisms can lead to the complete regeneration of a tissue. In mammals, however, the repair of most organs is imperfect and results in scar formation. Both regeneration and repair are orchestrated by a highly coordinated interplay of different growth factors and cytokines. Among the key players are the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which control the migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival of different cell types. In addition, FGFs influence the expression of other factors involved in the regenerative response. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of endogenous FGFs in regeneration and repair in different organisms and in different tissues and organs. Gaining a better understanding of these FGF activities is important for appropriate modulation of FGF signaling after injury to prevent impaired healing and to promote organ regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Maddaluno
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Urwyler
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Laprairie RB, Denovan-Wright EM, Wright JM. Differential regulation of the duplicated fabp7 , fabp10 and fabp11 genes of zebrafish by peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 213:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liver Regeneration: Analysis of the Main Relevant Signaling Molecules. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4256352. [PMID: 28947857 PMCID: PMC5602614 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4256352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a highly organized tissue regrowth process and is the most important reaction of the liver to injury. The overall process of liver regeneration includes three phases: priming stage, proliferative phase, and termination phase. The initial step aims to induce hepatocytes to be sensitive to growth factors with the aid of some cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. The proliferation phase promotes hepatocytes to re-enter G1 with the stimulation of growth factors. While during the termination stage, hepatocytes will discontinue to proliferate to maintain normal liver mass and function. Except for cytokine- and growth factor-mediated pathways involved in regulating liver regeneration, new substances and technologies emerge to influence the regenerative process. Here, we reviewed novel and important signaling molecules involved in the process of liver regeneration to provide a cue for further research.
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Pham DH, Zhang C, Yin C. Using zebrafish to model liver diseases-Where do we stand? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:207-221. [PMID: 29098121 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The liver is the largest internal organ and performs both exocrine and endocrine function that is necessary for survival. Liver failure is among the leading causes of death and represents a major global health burden. Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Animal models advance our understanding of liver disease etiology and hold promise for the development of alternative therapies. Zebrafish has become an increasingly popular system for modeling liver diseases and complements the rodent models. Recent Findings The zebrafish liver contains main cell types that are found in mammalian liver and exhibits similar pathogenic responses to environmental insults and genetic mutations. Zebrafish have been used to model neonatal cholestasis, cholangiopathies, such as polycystic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It also provides a unique opportunity to study the plasticity of liver parenchymal cells during regeneration. Summary In this review, we summarize the recent work of building zebrafish models of liver diseases. We highlight how these studies have brought new knowledge of disease mechanisms. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of using zebrafish to model liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hung Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Changwen Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
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Localized hepatic lobular regeneration by central-vein-associated lineage-restricted progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3654-3659. [PMID: 28330992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621361114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of organ morphology and function following tissue loss is critical to restore normal physiology, yet few cases are documented in mammalian postnatal life. Partial hepatectomy of the adult mammalian liver activates compensatory hepatocyte hypertrophy and cell division across remaining lobes, resulting in restitution of organ mass but with permanent alteration of architecture. Here, we identify a time window in early postnatal life wherein partial amputation culminates in a localized regeneration instead of global hypertrophy and proliferation. Quantifications of liver mass, enzymatic activity, and immunohistochemistry demonstrate that damaged lobes underwent multilineage regeneration, reforming a lobe often indistinguishable from undamaged ones. Clonal analysis during regeneration reveals local clonal expansions of hepatocyte stem/progenitors at injured sites that are lineage but not fate restricted. Tetrachimeric mice show clonal selection occurs during development with further selections following injury. Surviving progenitors associate mainly with central veins, in a pattern of selection different from that of normal development. These results illuminate a previously unknown program of liver regeneration after acute injury and allow for exploration of latent regenerative programs with potential applications to adult liver regeneration.
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34
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Inhibition of Fgf signaling in short bowel syndrome increases weight loss and epithelial proliferation. Surgery 2017; 161:694-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang S, Miller SR, Ober EA, Sadler KC. Making It New Again: Insight Into Liver Development, Regeneration, and Disease From Zebrafish Research. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 124:161-195. [PMID: 28335859 PMCID: PMC6450094 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult liver of most vertebrates is predominantly comprised of hepatocytes. However, these cells must work in concert with biliary, stellate, vascular, and immune cells to accomplish the vast array of hepatic functions required for physiological homeostasis. Our understanding of liver development was accelerated as zebrafish emerged as an ideal vertebrate system to study embryogenesis. Through work in zebrafish and other models, it is now clear that the cells in the liver develop in a coordinated fashion during embryogenesis through a complex yet incompletely understood set of molecular guidelines. Zebrafish research has uncovered many key players that govern the acquisition of hepatic potential, cell fate, and plasticity. Although rare, some hepatobiliary diseases-especially biliary atresia-are caused by developmental defects; we discuss how research using zebrafish to study liver development has informed our understanding of and approaches to liver disease. The liver can be injured in response to an array of stressors including viral, mechanical/surgical, toxin-induced, immune-mediated, or inborn defects in metabolism. The liver has thus evolved the capacity to efficiently repair and regenerate. We discuss the emerging field of using zebrafish to study liver regeneration and highlight recent advances where zebrafish genetics and imaging approaches have provided novel insights into how cell plasticity contributes to liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sophie R Miller
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Elke A Ober
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Laprairie RB, Denovan-Wright EM, Wright JM. Subfunctionalization of peroxisome proliferator response elements accounts for retention of duplicated fabp1 genes in zebrafish. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:147. [PMID: 27421266 PMCID: PMC4947323 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model, a duplicated gene has three possible fates: it may lose functionality through the accumulation of mutations (nonfunctionalization), acquire a new function (neofunctionalization), or each duplicate gene may retain a subset of functions of the ancestral gene (subfunctionalization). The role that promoter evolution plays in retention of duplicated genes in eukaryotic genomes is not well understood. Fatty acid-binding proteins (Fabp) belong to a multigene family that are highly conserved in sequence and function, but differ in their gene regulation, suggesting selective pressure is exerted via regulatory elements in the promoter. Results In this study, we describe the PPAR regulation of zebrafish fabp1a, fabp1b.1, and fabp1b.2 promoters and compare them to the PPAR regulation of the spotted gar fabp1 promoter, representative of the ancestral fabp1 gene. Evolution of the fabp1 promoter was inferred by sequence analysis, and differential PPAR-agonist activation of fabp1 promoter activity in zebrafish liver and intestine explant cells, and in HEK293A cells transiently transfected with wild-type and mutated fabp1promoter-reporter gene constructs. The promoter activity of spotted gar fabp1, representative of the ancestral fabp1, was induced by both PPARα- and PPARγ-specific agonists, but displayed a biphasic response to PPARα activation. Zebrafish fabp1a was PPARα-selective, fabp1b.1 was PPARγ-selective, and fabp1b.2 was not regulated by PPAR. Conclusions The zebrafish fabp1 promoters underwent two successive rounds of subfunctionalization with respect to PPAR regulation leading to retention of three zebrafish fabp1 genes with stimuli-specific regulation. Using a pharmacological approach, we demonstrated here the divergent regulation of the zebrafish fabp1a, fabp1b.1, and fabp1b.2 with regard to subfunctionalization of PPAR regulation following two rounds of gene duplication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0717-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eileen M Denovan-Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Wright
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 31355 Oxford St, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Saera-Vila A, Kish PE, Kahana A. Fgf regulates dedifferentiation during skeletal muscle regeneration in adult zebrafish. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1196-1204. [PMID: 27267062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) regulate critical biological processes such as embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In zebrafish, Fgf signaling plays an important role in the regeneration of the spinal cord, liver, heart, fin, and photoreceptors, although its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood. Utilizing an adult zebrafish extraocular muscle (EOM) regeneration model, we demonstrate that blocking Fgf receptor function using either a chemical inhibitor (SU5402) or a dominant-negative transgenic construct (dnFGFR1a:EGFP) impairs muscle regeneration. Adult zebrafish EOMs regenerate through a myocyte dedifferentiation process, which involves a muscle-to-mesenchyme transition and cell cycle reentry by differentiated myocytes. Blocking Fgf signaling reduced cell proliferation and active caspase 3 levels in the regenerating muscle with no detectable levels of apoptosis, supporting the hypothesis that Fgf signaling is involved in the early steps of dedifferentiation. Fgf signaling in regenerating myocytes involves the MAPK/ERK pathway: inhibition of MEK activity with U0126 mimicked the phenotype of the Fgf receptor inhibition on both muscle regeneration and cell proliferation, and activated ERK (p-ERK) was detected in injured muscles by immunofluorescence and western blot. Interestingly, following injury, ERK2 expression is specifically induced and activated by phosphorylation, suggesting a key role in muscle regeneration. We conclude that the critical early steps of myocyte dedifferentiation in EOM regeneration are dependent on Fgf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saera-Vila
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip E Kish
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alon Kahana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Ultrastructural Mapping of the Zebrafish Gastrointestinal System as a Basis for Experimental Drug Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8758460. [PMID: 27340669 PMCID: PMC4909927 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8758460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research in the field of gastroenterology is increasingly focused on the use of alternative nonrodent model organisms to provide new experimental tools to study chronic diseases. The zebrafish is a particularly valuable experimental platform to explore organ and cell structure-function relationships under relevant biological and pathobiological settings. This is due to its optical transparency and its close-to-human genetic makeup. To-date, the structure-function properties of the GIS of the zebrafish are relatively unexplored and limited to histology and fluorescent microscopy. Occasionally those studies include EM of a given subcellular process but lack the required full histological picture. In this work, we employed a novel combined biomolecular imaging approach in order to cross-correlate 3D ultrastructure over different length scales (optical-, X-ray micro-CT, and high-resolution EM). Our correlated imaging studies and subsequent data modelling provide to our knowledge the first detailed 3D picture of the zebrafish larvae GIS. Our results provide unequivocally a limit of confidence for studying various digestive disorders and drug delivery pathways in the zebrafish.
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Abstract
The endoderm is the innermost embryonic germ layer, and in zebrafish, it gives rise to the lining of the gut, the gills, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouch. These organs form the gastrointestinal tract and are involved with the absorption, delivery, and metabolism of nutrients. The liver has a central role in regulating these processes because it controls carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and breakdown of endogenous and xenobiotic products. Liver dysfunction frequently leads to significant morbidity and mortality; however, in most settings of organ injury, the liver exhibits remarkable regenerative capacity. In this chapter, we review the principal mechanisms of endoderm and liver formation and provide protocols to assess liver formation and liver regeneration.
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40
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Laprairie RB, Denovan-Wright EM, Wright JM. Divergent evolution of cis-acting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor elements that differentially control the tandemly duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes, fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2, in zebrafish. Genome 2016; 59:403-12. [PMID: 27228313 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication is thought to facilitate increasing complexity in the evolution of life. The fate of most duplicated genes is nonfunctionalization: functional decay resulting from the accumulation of mutations. According to the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model, duplicated genes are retained by subfunctionalization, where the functions of the ancestral gene are sub-divided between duplicate genes, or by neofunctionalization, where one of the duplicates acquires a new function. Here, we report the differential regulation of the zebrafish tandemly duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes, fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2, by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). fabp1b.1 mRNA levels were induced in tissue explants of liver, but not intestine, by PPAR agonists. fabp1b.1 promoter activity was induced to a greater extent by rosiglitazone (PPARγ-selective agonist) compared to WY 14,643 (PPARα-selective agonist) in HEK293A cells. Mutation of a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) at -1232 bp in the fabp1b.1 promoter reduced PPAR-dependent activation. fabp1b.2 promoter activity was not affected by PPAR agonists. Differential regulation of the duplicated fabp1b promoters may be the result of PPRE loss in fabp1b.2 during a meiotic crossing-over event. Retention of PPAR inducibility in fabp1b.1 and not fabp1b.2 suggests unique regulation and function of the fabp1b duplicates.
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41
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Feng G, Long Y, Peng J, Li Q, Cui Z. Transcriptomic characterization of the dorsal lobes after hepatectomy of the ventral lobe in zebrafish. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:979. [PMID: 26584608 PMCID: PMC4653908 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver possesses an ability of compensatory growth after removing three of five lobes in mammals or one of three lobes in zebrafish. The reenter of hepatocytes into the cell cycle is one of the hallmarks for the initiation of liver compensatory growth, but cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of hepatocytes remain largely unknown. Results To better understand the process, transcriptional profiles of the remaining liver dorsal lobes in female zebrafish were generated with RNA-seq. About 44 million raw reads were obtained from three sequencing libraries and 71 % of raw reads were mapped to the reference genome of zebrafish. A total number of 5652 genes were differentially expressed in at least one of two time points during the compensatory growth of liver dorsal lobes and classified into different functional categories. A number of genes encoding angiogenesis-related growth factors/ligands and apoptosis-associated cytokines were strongly expressed at 6-h time point after the removal of the ventral lobe. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes up-regulated during early stages of liver compensatory growth revealed that small GTPase-mediated signal transduction, RNA processing and intracellular protein transport were the most highly overrepresented biological processes and SNARE interactions in vesicular transport, proteasome and basal transcription factors were the most highly enriched pathways. Moreover, 477 genes differently expressed during liver compensatory growth of both female zebrafish and mice were involved in the response to stimulus, DNA replication, metabolic processes of fatty acid, lipid and steroid, multicellular organismal homeostasis and extracellular matrix constituent secretion. Conclusions Multiple biological processes and signaling pathways are immediately activated in remaining dorsal lobes of female zebrafish right after removal of the ventral lobe and these findings provide crucial clues for further identification of cis-elements and trans-factors that are extensively involved in the initiation of liver compensatory growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2145-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yong Long
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Jinrong Peng
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Zongbin Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
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Goessling W, Sadler KC. Zebrafish: an important tool for liver disease research. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1361-77. [PMID: 26319012 PMCID: PMC4762709 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the incidence of hepatobiliary diseases increases, we must improve our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and physiological factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of liver disease. Animal models help us identify disease mechanisms that might be targeted therapeutically. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have traditionally been used to study embryonic development but are also important to the study of liver disease. Zebrafish embryos develop rapidly; all of their digestive organs are mature in larvae by 5 days of age. At this stage, they can develop hepatobiliary diseases caused by developmental defects or toxin- or ethanol-induced injury and manifest premalignant changes within weeks. Zebrafish are similar to humans in hepatic cellular composition, function, signaling, and response to injury as well as the cellular processes that mediate liver diseases. Genes are highly conserved between humans and zebrafish, making them a useful system to study the basic mechanisms of liver disease. We can perform genetic screens to identify novel genes involved in specific disease processes and chemical screens to identify pathways and compounds that act on specific processes. We review how studies of zebrafish have advanced our understanding of inherited and acquired liver diseases as well as liver cancer and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Goessling
- Divisions of Genetics and Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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43
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Shi W, Fang Z, Li L, Luo L. Using zebrafish as the model organism to understand organ regeneration. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:343-51. [PMID: 25862658 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The limited regenerative capacity of several organs, such as central nervous system (CNS), heart and limb in mammals makes related major diseases quite difficult to recover. Therefore, dissection of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying organ regeneration is of great scientific and clinical interests. Tremendous progression has already been made after extensive investigations using several model organisms for decades. Unfortunately, distance to the final achievement of the goal still remains. Recently, zebrafish became a popular model organism for the deep understanding of regeneration based on its powerful regenerative capacity, in particular the organs that are limitedly regenerated in mammals. Additionally, zebrafish are endowed with other advantages good for the study of organ regeneration. This review summarizes the recent progress in the study of zebrafish organ regeneration, in particular regeneration of fin, heart, CNS, and liver as the representatives. We also discuss reasons of the reduced regenerative capacity in higher vertebrate, the roles of inflammation during regeneration, and the difference between organogenesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenChao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Cox AG, Goessling W. The lure of zebrafish in liver research: regulation of hepatic growth in development and regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:153-61. [PMID: 25863341 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an essential organ that plays a pivotal role in metabolism, digestion and nutrient storage. Major efforts have been made to develop zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system to study the pathways regulating hepatic growth during liver development and regeneration. Zebrafish offer unique advantages over other vertebrates including in vivo imaging at cellular resolution and the capacity for large-scale chemical and genetic screens. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate hepatic growth during liver development in zebrafish. We also highlight emerging evidence that developmental pathways are reactivated following liver injury to facilitate regeneration. Finally, we discuss how zebrafish have transformed drug discovery efforts and enabled the identification of drugs that stimulate hepatic growth and provide hepatoprotection in pre-clinical models of liver injury, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapeutic approaches to treat liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Cox
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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45
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Goessling W, North TE. Repairing quite swimmingly: advances in regenerative medicine using zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:769-76. [PMID: 24973747 PMCID: PMC4073267 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has the promise to alleviate morbidity and mortality caused by organ dysfunction, longstanding injury and trauma. Although regenerative approaches for a few diseases have been highly successful, some organs either do not regenerate well or have no current treatment approach to harness their intrinsic regenerative potential. In this Review, we describe the modeling of human disease and tissue repair in zebrafish, through the discovery of disease-causing genes using classical forward-genetic screens and by modulating clinically relevant phenotypes through chemical genetic screening approaches. Furthermore, we present an overview of those organ systems that regenerate well in zebrafish in contrast to mammalian tissue, as well as those organs in which the regenerative potential is conserved from fish to mammals, enabling drug discovery in preclinical disease-relevant models. We provide two examples from our own work in which the clinical translation of zebrafish findings is either imminent or has already proven successful. The promising results in multiple organs suggest that further insight into regenerative mechanisms and novel clinically relevant therapeutic approaches will emerge from zebrafish research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Goessling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Trista E North
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA.
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46
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Onakpoya IJ, Heneghan CJ. Effect of the natural sweetener, steviol glycoside, on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:1575-87. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487314560663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igho J Onakpoya
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Carl J Heneghan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
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Luan H, Yang L, Liu L, Liu S, Zhao X, Sui H, Wang J, Wang S. Effects of platycodins on liver complications of type 2 diabetes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1597-603. [PMID: 25017203 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of platycodin in liver complications of type 2 diabetes. All rats were randomly divided into two groups: The control group (normal diet) and the model group (a high‑fat and high‑sugar diet). The model group was injected with 2% streptozocin (25 mg/kg body weight) through the tail vein following 4 weeks of dieting. After a total of 8 weeks of dieting, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and liver function were examined. The high‑fat and high‑sugar diet was continued in the successful model rats, which were randomly divided into four groups and treated with the following doses of platycodins: The untreated, and 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day groups. Platycodins treatment lasted for 12 weeks. Platycodins treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight/day reduced the FBG, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) and liver index levels compared with the untreated group (P<0.05), while the high‑density lipoprotein levels increased (P<0.05). Furthermore, FBG, GPT, TC and LDL levels were returned to the normal level. This dose also increased the expression of BMP‑9 mRNA and BMP‑9 protein, and reduced the expression of Smad‑4 mRNA and Smad‑4 protein. These findings indicate that platycodins can rectify disorders of blood glucose and lipid metabolism, improve liver index and protect liver function in liver complications of type 2 diabetes. The current study suggests that this therapeutic effect is mediated through the BMP‑9/Smad‑4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Luan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Limin Yang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolian Zhao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Sui
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
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48
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Zhu Z, Chen J, Xiong JW, Peng J. Haploinsufficiency of Def activates p53-dependent TGFβ signalling and causes scar formation after partial hepatectomy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96576. [PMID: 24801718 PMCID: PMC4011785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metazoan liver exhibits a remarkable capacity to regenerate lost liver mass without leaving a scar following partial hepatectomy (PH). Whilst previous studies have identified components of several different signaling pathways that are essential for activation of hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration, the mechanisms that enable such regeneration to occur without accompanying scar formation remain poorly understood. Here we use the adult zebrafish liver, which can regenerate within two weeks following PH, as a new genetic model to address this important question. We focus on the role of Digestive-organ-expansion-factor (Def), a nucleolar protein which has recently been shown to complex with calpain3 (Capn3) to mediate p53 degradation specifically in the nucleolus, in liver regeneration. Firstly, we show that Def expression is up-regulated in the wild-type liver following amputation, and that the defhi429/+ heteroozygous mutant (def+/−) suffers from haploinsufficiency of Def in the liver. We then show that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines is up-regulated in the def+/− liver, which leads to distortion of the migration and the clearance of leukocytes after PH. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling is thus activated in the wound epidermis in def+/− due to a prolonged inflammatory response, which leads to fibrosis at the amputation site. Fibrotic scar formation in def+/− is blocked by the over-expression of Def, by the loss-of-function of p53, and by treatment with anti-inflammation drug dexamethasone or TGFβ-signalling inhibitor SB431542. We finally show that the Def- p53 pathway suppresses fibrotic scar formation, at least in part, through the regulation of the expression of the pro-inflammatory factor, high-mobility group box 1. We conclude that the novel Def- p53 nucleolar pathway functions specifically to prevent a scar formation at the amputation site in a normal amputated liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The liver performs a large number of essential synthetic and regulatory functions that are acquired during fetal development and persist throughout life. Their disruption underlies a diverse group of heritable and acquired diseases that affect both pediatric and adult patients. Although experimental analyses used to study liver development and disease are typically performed in cell culture models or rodents, the zebrafish is increasingly used to complement discoveries made in these systems. Forward and reverse genetic analyses over the past two decades have shown that the molecular program for liver development is largely conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and that the zebrafish can be used to model heritable human liver disorders. Recent work has demonstrated that zebrafish can also be used to study the mechanistic basis of acquired liver diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of how the zebrafish has contributed to our understanding of human liver development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Unguez GA. Electric fish: new insights into conserved processes of adult tissue regeneration. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2478-86. [PMID: 23761473 PMCID: PMC3680508 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biology is replete with examples of regeneration, the process that allows animals to replace or repair cells, tissues and organs. As on land, vertebrates in aquatic environments experience the occurrence of injury with varying frequency and to different degrees. Studies demonstrate that ray-finned fishes possess a very high capacity to regenerate different tissues and organs when they are adults. Among fishes that exhibit robust regenerative capacities are the neotropical electric fishes of South America (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes). Specifically, adult gymnotiform electric fishes can regenerate injured brain and spinal cord tissues and restore amputated body parts repeatedly. We have begun to identify some aspects of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tail regeneration in the weakly electric fish Sternopygus macrurus (long-tailed knifefish) with a focus on regeneration of skeletal muscle and the muscle-derived electric organ. Application of in vivo microinjection techniques and generation of myogenic stem cell markers are beginning to overcome some of the challenges owing to the limitations of working with non-genetic animal models with extensive regenerative capacity. This review highlights some aspects of tail regeneration in S. macrurus and discusses the advantages of using gymnotiform electric fishes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that produce new cells during regeneration in adult vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela A Unguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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