1
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Mogharehabed F, Czubryt MP. The role of fibrosis in the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1326-C1335. [PMID: 37781738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy exerts significant and dramatic impacts on affected patients, including progressive muscle wasting leading to lung and heart failure, and results in severely curtailed lifespan. Although the focus for many years has been on the dysfunction induced by the loss of function of dystrophin or related components of the striated muscle costamere, recent studies have demonstrated that accompanying pathologies, particularly muscle fibrosis, also contribute adversely to patient outcomes. A significant body of research has now shown that therapeutically targeting these accompanying pathologies via their underlying molecular mechanisms may provide novel approaches to patient management that can complement the current standard of care. In this review, we discuss the interplay between muscle fibrosis and muscular dystrophy pathology. A better understanding of these processes will contribute to improved patient care options, restoration of muscle function, and reduced patient morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Mogharehabed
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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2
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Gannam ZTK, Jamali H, Kweon OS, Herrington J, Shillingford SR, Papini C, Gentzel E, Lolis E, Bennett AM, Ellman JA, Anderson KS. Defining the structure-activity relationship for a novel class of allosteric MKP5 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114712. [PMID: 36116232 PMCID: PMC9830533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 5 (MKP5) is responsible for regulating the activity of the stress-responsive MAPKs and has been put forth as a potential therapeutic target for a number of diseases, including dystrophic muscle disease a fatal rare disease which has neither a treatment nor cure. In previous work, we identified Compound 1 (3,3-dimethyl-1-((9-(methylthio)-5,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-h]quinazolin-2-yl)thio)butan-2-one) as the lead compound of a novel class of MKP5 inhibitors. In this work, we explore the structure-activity relationship for inhibition of MKP5 through modifications to the scaffold and functional groups present in 1. A series of derivative compounds was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for inhibition of MKP5. In addition, the X-ray crystal structures of six enzyme-inhibitor complexes were solved, further elucidating the necessary requirements for MKP5 inhibition. We found that the parallel-displaced π-π interaction between the inhibitor three-ring core and Tyr435 is critical for modulating potency, and that modifications to the core and functionalization at the C-9 position are essential for ensuring proper positioning of the core for this interaction. These results lay the foundation from which more potent MKP5 allosteric inhibitors can be developed for potential therapeutics towards the treatment of dystrophic muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zira T K Gannam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Haya Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Oh Sang Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - James Herrington
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Christina Papini
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Erik Gentzel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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3
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Wang Y, Lu J, Liu Y. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113380. [PMID: 36362166 PMCID: PMC9657523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries occur frequently in daily life and exercise. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration is critical for accelerating the repair and regeneration of muscle. Therefore, this article reviews knowledge on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. The process of regeneration is similar in different mouse strains and is inhibited by aging, obesity, and diabetes. Exercise, microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation, and mechanical loading improve regeneration. The mechanisms of regeneration are complex and strain-dependent, and changes in functional proteins involved in the processes of necrotic fiber debris clearance, M1 to M2 macrophage conversion, SC activation, myoblast proliferation, differentiation and fusion, and fibrosis and calcification influence the final outcome of the regenerative activity.
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4
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Tidyman WE, Goodwin AF, Maeda Y, Klein OD, Rauen KA. MEK-inhibitor-mediated rescue of skeletal myopathy caused by activating Hras mutation in a Costello syndrome mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:272258. [PMID: 34553752 PMCID: PMC8617311 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS) is a congenital disorder caused by heterozygous activating germline HRAS mutations in the canonical Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/MAPK) pathway. CS is one of the RASopathies, a large group of syndromes caused by mutations within various components of the Ras/MAPK pathway. An important part of the phenotype that greatly impacts quality of life is hypotonia. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying hypotonia in CS, a mouse model with an activating HrasG12V allele was utilized. We identified a skeletal myopathy that was due, in part, to inhibition of embryonic myogenesis and myofiber formation, resulting in a reduction in myofiber size and number that led to reduced muscle mass and strength. In addition to hyperactivation of the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, there was a significant reduction in p38 signaling, as well as global transcriptional alterations consistent with the myopathic phenotype. Inhibition of Ras/MAPK pathway signaling using a MEK inhibitor rescued the HrasG12V myopathy phenotype both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that increased MAPK signaling is the main cause of the muscle phenotype in CS. Summary: A Costello syndrome (CS) mouse model carrying a heterozygous Hras p.G12V mutation was utilized to investigate Ras pathway dysregulation, revealing that increased MAPK signaling is the main cause of the muscle phenotype in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Tidyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Alice F Goodwin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yoshiko Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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5
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Brennan CM, Emerson CP, Owens J, Christoforou N. p38 MAPKs - roles in skeletal muscle physiology, disease mechanisms, and as potential therapeutic targets. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149915. [PMID: 34156029 PMCID: PMC8262482 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 MAPKs play a central role in orchestrating the cellular response to stress and inflammation and in the regulation of myogenesis. Potent inhibitors of p38 MAPKs have been pursued as potential therapies for several disease indications due to their antiinflammatory properties, although none have been approved to date. Here, we provide a brief overview of p38 MAPKs, including their role in regulating myogenesis and their association with disease progression. Finally, we discuss targeting p38 MAPKs as a therapeutic approach for treating facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and other muscular dystrophies by addressing multiple pathological mechanisms in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles P Emerson
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane Owens
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Maeda Y, Tidyman WE, Ander BP, Pritchard CA, Rauen KA. Ras/MAPK dysregulation in development causes a skeletal myopathy in an activating Braf L597V mouse model for cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1074-1095. [PMID: 33522658 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a human multiple congenital anomaly syndrome that is caused by activating heterozygous mutations in either BRAF, MEK1, or MEK2, three protein kinases of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CFC belongs to a group of syndromes known as RASopathies. Skeletal muscle hypotonia is a ubiquitous phenotype of RASopathies, especially in CFC syndrome. To better understand the underlying mechanisms for the skeletal myopathy in CFC, a mouse model with an activating BrafL597V allele was utilized. RESULTS The activating BrafL597V allele resulted in phenotypic alterations in skeletal muscle characterized by a reduction in fiber size which leads to a reduction in muscle size which are functionally weaker. MAPK pathway activation caused inhibition of myofiber differentiation during embryonic myogenesis and global transcriptional dysregulation of developmental pathways. Inhibition in differentiation can be rescued by MEK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS A skeletal myopathy was identified in the CFC BrafL597V mouse validating the use of models to study the effect of Ras/MAPK dysregulation on skeletal myogenesis. RASopathies present a novel opportunity to identify new paradigms of myogenesis and further our understanding of Ras in development. Rescue of the phenotype by inhibitors may help advance the development of therapeutic options for RASopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - William E Tidyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Catrin A Pritchard
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
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7
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Gannam ZTK, Min K, Shillingford SR, Zhang L, Herrington J, Abriola L, Gareiss PC, Pantouris G, Tzouvelekis A, Kaminski N, Zhang X, Yu J, Jamali H, Ellman JA, Lolis E, Anderson KS, Bennett AM. An allosteric site on MKP5 reveals a strategy for small-molecule inhibition. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaba3043. [PMID: 32843541 PMCID: PMC7569488 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) have been considered "undruggable," but their position as regulators of the MAPKs makes them promising therapeutic targets. MKP5 has been suggested as a potential target for the treatment of dystrophic muscle disease. Here, we identified an inhibitor of MKP5 using a p38α MAPK-derived, phosphopeptide-based small-molecule screen. We solved the structure of MKP5 in complex with this inhibitor, which revealed a previously undescribed allosteric binding pocket. Binding of the inhibitor to this pocket collapsed the MKP5 active site and was predicted to limit MAPK binding. Treatment with the inhibitor recapitulated the phenotype of MKP5 deficiency, resulting in activation of p38 MAPK and JNK. We demonstrated that MKP5 was required for TGF-β1 signaling in muscle and that the inhibitor blocked TGF-β1-mediated Smad2 phosphorylation. TGF-β1 pathway antagonism has been proposed for the treatment of dystrophic muscle disease. Thus, allosteric inhibition of MKP5 represents a therapeutic strategy against dystrophic muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zira T K Gannam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kisuk Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shanelle R Shillingford
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - James Herrington
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Laura Abriola
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Peter C Gareiss
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Haya Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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8
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Chande S, Caballero D, Ho BB, Fetene J, Serna J, Pesta D, Nasiri A, Jurczak M, Chavkin NW, Hernando N, Giachelli CM, Wagner CA, Zeiss C, Shulman GI, Bergwitz C. Slc20a1/Pit1 and Slc20a2/Pit2 are essential for normal skeletal myofiber function and survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3069. [PMID: 32080237 PMCID: PMC7033257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low blood phosphate (Pi) reduces muscle function in hypophosphatemic disorders. Which Pi transporters are required and whether hormonal changes due to hypophosphatemia contribute to muscle function is unknown. To address these questions we generated a series of conditional knockout mice lacking one or both house-keeping Pi transporters Pit1 and Pit2 in skeletal muscle (sm), using the postnatally expressed human skeletal actin-cre. Simultaneous conditional deletion of both transporters caused skeletal muscle atrophy, resulting in death by postnatal day P13. smPit1-/-, smPit2-/- and three allele mutants are fertile and have normal body weights, suggesting a high degree of redundance for the two transporters in skeletal muscle. However, these mice show a gene-dose dependent reduction in running activity also seen in another hypophosphatemic model (Hyp mice). In contrast to Hyp mice, grip strength is preserved. Further evaluation of the mechanism shows reduced ERK1/2 activation and stimulation of AMP kinase in skeletal muscle from smPit1-/-; smPit2-/- mice consistent with energy-stress. Similarly, C2C12 myoblasts show a reduced oxygen consumption rate mediated by Pi transport-dependent and ERK1/2-dependent metabolic Pi sensing pathways. In conclusion, we here show that Pit1 and Pit2 are essential for normal myofiber function and survival, insights which may improve management of hypophosphatemic myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Chande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Caballero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bryan B Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Fetene
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Juan Serna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Department of Cellular&Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Department of Cellular&Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas W Chavkin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Zeiss
- Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular&Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Corona BT, Rivera JC, Dalske KA, Wenke JC, Greising SM. Pharmacological Mitigation of Fibrosis in a Porcine Model of Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:636-646. [PMID: 31856683 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from extremity trauma presents functional deficits and fibrosis, ultimately manifesting disability. The extensive fibrotic accumulation is expected to interfere with neural, trophic, vascular, and mechanical connectivity of any possible regenerative medicine approaches. Our objective was to quantify the muscle properties and stiffness following injury and investigate if the fibrotic deposition could be mitigated using an antifibrotic agent; we hypothesized that antifibrotic treatment would prevent the overwhelming fibrotic response. Yorkshire Cross pigs (n = 10) were randomized to sham or a nontreated ∼20% VML injury. Immediately following surgery, injured animals were further randomized to nintedanib (Ofev; 300 mg/day) or no treatment for 30 days. Longitudinal analysis of muscle function via peroneal nerve stimulation, compartment volume, and quantitative muscle stiffness using shearwave elastography were conducted. Terminally comprehensive histopathologic, biochemical, and genetic investigations were conducted on the skeletal muscle and fibrosis. Through 4 weeks post-VML, nontreated muscles presented a significant deficit (23%) in maximal torque compared to the sham operated (p < 0.01). The stiffness in the VML defect area increased significantly (7-fold) in the VML-nontreated leg than the VML antifibrotic-treated legs by 4 weeks postinjury, which was coupled with the nontreated muscle having ∼40% more hydroxyproline per mg of tissue than those receiving antifibrotic treatment (p = 0.01). This work indicates that VML injury progressively induces fibrosis and muscle stiffness. Antifibrotic treatment can mitigate the pathologic development of fibrosis. Future work should evaluate optimal timing and duration of treatments combined with regenerative medicine approaches in efforts to improve function. Impact statement This work primarily evaluated the effect of a clinically available antifibrotic therapy (nintedanib) on the development of fibrosis after volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury in a large animal model. As a primary outcome measure of fibrosis, skeletal muscle stiffness was repeatedly measured in vivo and noninvasively using a quantitative ultrasound device with shearwave elastography capability. The most salient finding of the study is that the antifibrotic nintedanib significantly reduced the development of VML injury-induced fibrous tissue deposition and stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Corona
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.,School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jessica C Rivera
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.,Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopaedics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyle A Dalske
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joseph C Wenke
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah M Greising
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.,School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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10
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Bennett AM, Lawan A. Improving Obesity and Insulin Resistance by Targeting Skeletal Muscle MKP-1. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2020; 1:160-168. [PMID: 33179019 PMCID: PMC7654974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached a global epidemic and it predisposes to the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic diseases. Current interventions against obesity and/or type 2 diabetes such as calorie restriction, exercise, genetic manipulations or established pharmacological treatments have not been successful for many patients with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. There is an urgent need for new strategies to treat insulin resistance, T2D and obesity. Increased activity of stress-responsive pathways has been linked to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity. In this commentary, we argue that chronic upregulation of MKP-1 in skeletal muscle is part of a stress response that contributes to the development of insulin resistance, T2D and obesity. Therefore, inhibition of MKP-1 in skeletal muscle is a potential strategy for the treatment of T2D and obesity. We highlight therapeutic strategies for potential targeting of MKP-1 in skeletal muscle for the treatment of metabolic diseases as well as other diseases of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Ahmed Lawan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Ahmed Lawan;
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11
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Coller HA. The paradox of metabolism in quiescent stem cells. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2817-2839. [PMID: 31531979 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The shift between a proliferating and a nonproliferating state is associated with significant changes in metabolic needs. Proliferating cells tend to have higher metabolic rates, and their metabolic profiles facilitate biosynthesis, as compared to those of nondividing cells of the same sort. Recent studies have elucidated specific molecules that control metabolic changes while cells shift between proliferation and quiescence. Embryonic stem cells, which are rapidly proliferating, tend to have metabolic patterns that are similar to those of nonstem cells in a proliferative state. Moreover, although adult stem cells tend to be quiescent, their metabolic profiles have been reported in multiple organs to more closely resemble those of proliferating than those of nondividing cells in some respects. The findings raise questions about whether there are metabolic profiles that are required for stemness, and whether these profiles relate to the metabolic properties that may be required for quiescence. Here, we review the literature on how metabolism changes upon commitment to proliferation and compare the proliferating and nonproliferating metabolic states of differentiated cells and embryonic and adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Coller
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Pemmari A, Paukkeri EL, Hämäläinen M, Leppänen T, Korhonen R, Moilanen E. MKP-1 promotes anti-inflammatory M(IL-4/IL-13) macrophage phenotype and mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:404-415. [PMID: 30388313 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization refers to the ability of these cells to adopt different functional phenotypes according to their environment. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is known to regulate the classical lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory macrophage activation and the inflammatory response. Here, we investigated the effects of MKP-1 on the anti-inflammatory and healing-promoting macrophage phenotype induced by cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and examined the potential mediator role of MKP-1 in glucocorticoid effects on the two macrophage phenotypes. In MKP-1-deficient macrophages treated with IL-4 and IL-13 to induce the anti-inflammatory phenotype, the expression of phenotypic markers arginase 1, Ym-1 and FGF2 was reduced as compared to wild-type cells. In contrast, LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and iNOS was significantly higher in MKP-1-deficient macrophages. Dexamethasone suppressed the pro-inflammatory phenotype and enhanced the anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, both of these glucocorticoid effects were attenuated in macrophages from MKP-1-deficient mice. Accordingly, dexamethasone increased MKP-1 expression in both LPS- and IL4+13-treated wild-type cells. In conclusion, the findings support MKP-1 as an endogenous mechanism able to shift macrophage activation from the classical pro-inflammatory state towards the anti-inflammatory and healing-promoting phenotype. In addition, MKP-1 was found to mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone in a dualistic manner: by suppressing the pro-inflammatory macrophage activation and by enhancing the healing-promoting macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Pemmari
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Erja-Leena Paukkeri
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Leppänen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riku Korhonen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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13
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Seternes OM, Kidger AM, Keyse SM. Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:124-143. [PMID: 30401534 PMCID: PMC6227380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that a family of dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) play key roles in the regulated dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAP kinase isoforms in mammalian cells and tissues. MKPs provide a mechanism of spatiotemporal feedback control of these key signalling pathways, but can also mediate crosstalk between distinct MAP kinase cascades and facilitate interactions between MAP kinase pathways and other key signalling modules. As our knowledge of the regulation, substrate specificity and catalytic mechanisms of MKPs has matured, more recent work using genetic models has revealed key physiological functions for MKPs and also uncovered potentially important roles in regulating the pathophysiological outcome of signalling with relevance to human diseases. These include cancer, diabetes, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. It is hoped that this understanding will reveal novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for disease, thus contributing to more effective diagnosis and treatment for these debilitating and often fatal conditions. A comprehensive review of the dual-specificity MAP kinase Phosphatases (MKPs) Focus is on MKPs in the regulation of MAPK signalling in health and disease. Covers roles of MKPs in inflammation, obesity/diabetes, cancer and neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Andrew M Kidger
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, England, UK.
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrot Drive, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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14
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Daughtry MR, Berio E, Shen Z, Suess EJR, Shah N, Geiger AE, Berguson ER, Dalloul RA, Persia ME, Shi H, Gerrard DE. Satellite cell-mediated breast muscle regeneration decreases with broiler size. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3457-3464. [PMID: 28521021 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) reside between the sarcolemma and basal lamina of muscle fibers and are the primary contributor of DNA for post-hatch muscle growth and repair. Alterations in SC content or properties by intrinsic and extrinsic factors can have detrimental effects on muscle health and function, and ultimately meat quality. We hypothesized that disrupted SC homeostasis may account in part for the increased breast myopathies observed in growing broilers. To test this hypothesis, we selected broilers with different body weights at comparable ages and studied SC characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Data shows that SC numbers in the breast muscles decrease (P < 0.001) and their inherent abilities to proliferate and differentiate diminish (P < 0.001) with age and size. Further, when breast muscle is presented with an insult, muscle of larger broilers regenerates more slowly than their smaller, age-matched counterparts arguing that SC quality changes with size and age. Together, our studies show that birds with greater muscle hypertrophy have less SCs with diminished ability to function, and suggest that aggressive selection for breast growth in broilers may exhaust SC pools when birds are grown to heavier processing weights. These findings provide new insights into a possible mechanism leading to breast myopathies in the poultry industry and provide targets for mitigating adverse fresh breast quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Daughtry
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - E Berio
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Z Shen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - E J R Suess
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - N Shah
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - A E Geiger
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - E R Berguson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - R A Dalloul
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - M E Persia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - H Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - D E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA.
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15
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Dickinson JM, D'Lugos AC, Naymik MA, Siniard AL, Wolfe AJ, Curtis DR, Huentelman MJ, Carroll CC. Transcriptome response of human skeletal muscle to divergent exercise stimuli. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018. [PMID: 29543133 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) elicit unique adaptations in skeletal muscle that have distinct implications for health and performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the unique transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute AE and RE. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, six healthy, recreationally active young men (27 ± 3 yr) completed acute AE (40 min of cycling, ∼70% maximal HR) and RE [8 sets, 10 reps, ∼65% 1-repetition maximum (1RM)], separated by ∼1 wk. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and at 1 and 4 h postexercise. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (HiSeq2500; Illumina) was performed on cDNA synthesized from skeletal muscle RNA. Sequencing data were analyzed using HTSeq, and differential gene expression was identified using DESeq2 [adjusted P value (FDR) <0.05, >1.5-fold change from preexercise]. RE resulted in a greater number of differentially expressed genes at 1 (67 vs. 48) and 4 h (523 vs. 221) compared with AE. We identified 348 genes that were differentially expressed only following RE, whereas 48 genes were differentially expressed only following AE. Gene clustering indicated that AE targeted functions related to zinc interaction, angiogenesis, and ubiquitination, whereas RE targeted functions related to transcription regulation, cytokine activity, cell adhesion, kinase activity, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. ESRRG and TNFSRF12A were identified as potential targets related to the specific response of skeletal muscle to AE and RE, respectively. These data describe the early postexercise transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute AE and RE and further highlight that different forms of exercise stimulate unique molecular activity in skeletal muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was used to determine the early postexercise transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) in untrained individuals. Although a number of shared genes were stimulated following both AE and RE, several genes were uniquely responsive to each exercise mode. These findings support the need for future research focused to better identify the role of exercise mode as it relates to targeting specific cellular skeletal muscle abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Dickinson
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Andrew C D'Lugos
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marcus A Naymik
- Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Amanda J Wolfe
- Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | - Chad C Carroll
- Midwestern University , Glendale, Arizona.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
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16
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Bennett AH, O’Donohue MF, Gundry SR, Chan AT, Widrick J, Draper I, Chakraborty A, Zhou Y, Zon LI, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH, Gupta VA. RNA helicase, DDX27 regulates skeletal muscle growth and regeneration by modulation of translational processes. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29518074 PMCID: PMC5843160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression in a tissue-specific context depends on the combined efforts of epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes that lead to the production of specific proteins that are important determinants of cellular identity. Ribosomes are a central component of the protein biosynthesis machinery in cells; however, their regulatory roles in the translational control of gene expression in skeletal muscle remain to be defined. In a genetic screen to identify critical regulators of myogenesis, we identified a DEAD-Box RNA helicase, DDX27, that is required for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. We demonstrate that DDX27 regulates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation, and thereby the ribosome biogenesis and the translation of specific transcripts during myogenesis. These findings provide insight into the translational regulation of gene expression in myogenesis and suggest novel functions for ribosomes in regulating gene expression in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis H. Bennett
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marie-Francoise O’Donohue
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, France
| | - Stacey R. Gundry
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aye T. Chan
- Stem Cell Program and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Widrick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Draper
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, France
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cancer, NU Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, France
| | - Alan H. Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vandana A. Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Pawlikowski B, Vogler TO, Gadek K, Olwin BB. Regulation of skeletal muscle stem cells by fibroblast growth factors. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:359-367. [PMID: 28249356 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are essential for self-renewal of skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) and required for maintenance and repair of skeletal muscle. Satellite cells express high levels of FGF receptors 1 and 4, low levels of FGF receptor 3, and little or no detectable FGF receptor 2. Of the multiple FGFs that influence satellite cell function in culture, FGF2 and FGF6 are the only members that regulate satellite cell function in vivo by activating ERK MAPK, p38α/β MAPKs, PI3 kinase, PLCγ and STATs. Regulation of FGF signaling is complex in satellite cells, requiring Syndecan-4, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, as well as ß1-integrin and fibronectin. During aging, reduced responsiveness to FGF diminishes satellite cell self-renewal, leading to impaired skeletal muscle regeneration and depletion of satellite cells. Mislocalization of ß1-integrin, reductions in fibronectin, and alterations in heparan sulfate content all contribute to reduced FGF responsiveness in satellite cells. How these cell surface proteins regulate satellite cell self-renewal is incompletely understood. Here we summarize the current knowledge, highlighting the role(s) for FGF signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration, satellite cell behavior, and age-induced muscle wasting. Developmental Dynamics 246:359-367, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Pawlikowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Thomas Orion Vogler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Katherine Gadek
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Bradley B Olwin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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18
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Lee H, Min K, Yi JS, Shi H, Chang W, Jackson L, Bennett AM. A Phosphoproteomic Screen Identifies a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for Rab3A Protein as a Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Phosphatase-5-regulated MAP Kinase Target in Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Secretion and Myogenesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3581-3590. [PMID: 28096466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been shown to regulate skeletal muscle function. Previously, we showed that MAPK phosphatase-5 (MKP-5) negatively regulates myogenesis and regeneration of skeletal muscle through inhibition of p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, the identity and contribution of MKP-5-regulated MAPK targets in the control of skeletal muscle function and regenerative myogenesis have not been established. To identify MKP-5-regulated MAPK substrates in skeletal muscle, we performed a global differential phospho-MAPK substrate screen in regenerating skeletal muscles of wild type and MKP-5-deficient mice. We discovered a novel MKP-5-regulated MAPK substrate called guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab3A (GRAB) that was hyperphosphorylated on a phospho-MAPK motif in skeletal muscle of MKP-5-deficient mice. GRAB was found to be phosphorylated by JNK on serine 169. Myoblasts overexpressing a phosphorylation-defective mutant of GRAB containing a mutation at Ser-169 to Ala-169 (GRAB-S169A) inhibited the ability of C2C12 myoblasts to differentiate. We found that GRAB phosphorylation at Ser-169 was required for the secretion of the promyogenic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Consistent with this observation, MKP-5-deficient mice exhibited increased circulating IL-6 expression as compared with wild type mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel mechanism whereby MKP-5-mediated regulation of JNK negatively regulates phosphorylation of GRAB, which subsequently controls secretion of IL-6. These data support the notion that MKP-5 serves as a negative regulator of MAPK-dependent signaling of critical skeletal muscle signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Lee
- From the Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Kisuk Min
- From the Department of Pharmacology and
| | | | - Hao Shi
- the Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
| | - Woochul Chang
- the Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Leandra Jackson
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Anton M Bennett
- From the Department of Pharmacology and .,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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19
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Qaisar R, Bhaskaran S, Van Remmen H. Muscle fiber type diversification during exercise and regeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:56-67. [PMID: 27032709 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of skeletal muscle can be traced down to extensive metabolic, structural and molecular remodeling at the single fiber level. Skeletal muscle is comprised of different fiber types that are the basis of muscle plasticity in response to various functional demands. Resistance and endurance exercises are two external stimuli that differ in their duration and intensity of contraction and elicit markedly different responses in muscles adaptation. Further, eccentric contractions that are associated with exercise-induced injuries, elicit varied muscle adaptation and regenerative responses. Most adaptive changes are fiber type-specific and are highly influenced by diverse structural, metabolic and functional characteristics of individual fiber types. Regulation of signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress also plays an important role in muscle fiber adaptation during exercise. This review focuses on cellular and molecular responses that regulate the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise and exercise-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Qaisar
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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20
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Broome DT, Datta NS. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: function and regulation in bone and related tissues. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:175-89. [PMID: 27031422 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1125480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have highlighted work that has clearly demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a negative regulator of MAPKs, is an important signaling mediator in bone, muscle, and fat tissue homeostasis and differentiation. Further, we examined recent studies with particular focus on MKP-1 overexpression or deletion and its impact on tissues connected to bone. We also summarized regulation of MKP-1 by known skeletal regulators like parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) and bone morphogenic proteins. MKP-1's integration into the pathophysiological state of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and muscular dystrophy are examined to emphasize possible involvement of MKP-1 both at the molecular level and in disease complications such as sarcopenia- or diabetes-related osteoporosis. We predict that understanding the mechanism of MKP-1-mediated signaling in bone-muscle-fat crosstalk will be a key in coordinating their activities and developing therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes for diseases associated with advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Broome
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Nabanita S Datta
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
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21
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Low HB, Zhang Y. Regulatory Roles of MAPK Phosphatases in Cancer. Immune Netw 2016; 16:85-98. [PMID: 27162525 PMCID: PMC4853501 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of cell growth and survival in physiological and pathological processes. Aberrant MAPK signaling plays a critical role in the development and progression of human cancer, as well as in determining responses to cancer treatment. The MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), also known as dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), are a family of proteins that function as major negative regulators of MAPK activities in mammalian cells. Studies using mice deficient in specific MKPs including MKP1/DUSP1, PAC-1/DUSP2, MKP2/DUSP4, MKP5/DUSP10 and MKP7/DUSP16 demonstrated that these molecules are important not only for both innate and adaptive immune responses, but also for metabolic homeostasis. In addition, the consequences of the gain or loss of function of the MKPs in normal and malignant tissues have highlighted the importance of these phosphatases in the pathogenesis of cancers. The involvement of the MKPs in resistance to cancer therapy has also gained prominence, making the MKPs a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the MKPs in cancer development, progression and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Boon Low
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.; Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.; Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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22
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Ex Vivo Expansion and In Vivo Self-Renewal of Human Muscle Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:621-32. [PMID: 26344908 PMCID: PMC4624935 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), regenerate functional muscle following transplantation into injured or diseased tissue. To gain insight into human SC (huSC) biology, we analyzed transcriptome dynamics by RNA sequencing of prospectively isolated quiescent and activated huSCs. This analysis indicated that huSCs differentiate and lose proliferative potential when maintained in high-mitogen conditions ex vivo. Further analysis of gene expression revealed that p38 MAPK acts in a transcriptional network underlying huSC self-renewal. Activation of p38 signaling correlated with huSC differentiation, while inhibition of p38 reversibly prevented differentiation, enabling expansion of huSCs. When transplanted, expanded huSCs differentiated to generate chimeric muscle and engrafted as SCs in the sublaminar niche with a greater frequency than freshly isolated cells or cells cultured without p38 inhibition. These studies indicate characteristics of the huSC transcriptome that promote expansion ex vivo to allow enhanced functional engraftment of a defined population of self-renewing huSCs. Prospective isolation of highly pure huSCs from diverse muscles RNA sequencing resource for studying the huSC transcriptome Core transcription factor regulatory network of huSC differentiation Expanded huSCs that are genetically manipulable and self-renew in vivo
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23
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Rumman M, Dhawan J, Kassem M. Concise Review: Quiescence in Adult Stem Cells: Biological Significance and Relevance to Tissue Regeneration. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2903-12. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rumman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem); Bangalore Karnataka India
- CSIR-Center for Cell and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; University Hospital of Odense; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Panum Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Stem cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine; King Saud University; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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24
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Apolinário LM, De Carvalho SC, Santo Neto H, Marques MJ. Long-Term Therapy With Omega-3 Ameliorates Myonecrosis and Benefits Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Mdx Mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1589-96. [PMID: 26011009 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) and in the mdx mouse model of DMD, a lack of dystrophin leads to myonecrosis and cardiorespiratory failure. Several lines of evidence suggest a detrimental role of the inflammatory process in the dystrophic process. Previously, we demonstrated that short-term therapy with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), at early stages of disease, ameliorated dystrophy progression in the mdx mouse. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a long-term therapy with omega-3 later in dystrophy progression. Three-month-old mdx mice received omega-3 (300 mg/kg) or vehicle by gavage for 5 months. The quadriceps and diaphragm muscles were removed and processed for histopathology and Western blot. Long-term therapy with omega-3 increased the regulatory protein MyoD and muscle regeneration and reduced markers of inflammation (TNF-α and NF-kB) in both muscles studied. The present study supports the long-term use of omega-3 at later stages of dystrophy as a promising option to be investigated in DMD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Montanholi Apolinário
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Samara Camaçari De Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Humberto Santo Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Marques
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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25
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Shi H, Gatzke F, Molle JM, Lee HB, Helm ET, Oldham JJ, Zhang L, Gerrard DE, Bennett AM. Mice lacking MKP-1 and MKP-5 Reveal Hierarchical Regulation of Regenerative Myogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:1-7. [PMID: 27064463 DOI: 10.15436/2741-0598.15.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of the MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) in the integration of MAP kinase-dependent signaling during regenerative myogenesis has yet to be fully investigated. MKP-1 and MKP-5 maintain skeletal muscle homeostasis by providing positive and negative effects on regenerative myogenesis, respectively. In order to define the hierarchical contributions of MKP-1 and MKP-5 in the regulation of regenerative myogenesis we genetically ablated both MKPs in mice. MKP-1/MKP 5-deficient double-knockout (MKP1/5- DKO) mice were viable, and upon skeletal muscle injury, were severely impaired in their capacity to regenerate skeletal muscle. Satellite cells were fewer in number in MKP1/5-DKO mice and displayed a reduced proliferative capacity as compared with those derived from wild-type mice. MKP1/5-DKO mice exhibited increased inflammation and the macrophage M1 to M2 transition during the resolution of inflammation was impaired following injury. These results demonstrate that the actions of MKP-1 to positively regulate myogenesis predominate over those of MKP-5, which negatively regulates myogenesis. Hence, MKP-1 and MKP-5 function to maintain skeletal muscle homeostasis through non-overlapping and opposing signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Julia M Molle
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Han Bin Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessie J Oldham
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Wissing ER, Boyer JG, Kwong JQ, Sargent MA, Karch J, McNally EM, Otsu K, Molkentin JD. P38α MAPK underlies muscular dystrophy and myofiber death through a Bax-dependent mechanism. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5452-63. [PMID: 24876160 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases that lead to muscle wasting and, in most cases, premature death. Cytokines and inflammatory factors are released during the disease process where they promote deleterious signaling events that directly participate in myofiber death. Here, we show that p38α, a kinase in the greater mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling network, serves as a nodal regulator of disease signaling in dystrophic muscle. Deletion of Mapk14 (p38α-encoding gene) in the skeletal muscle of mdx- (lacking dystrophin) or sgcd- (δ-sarcoglycan-encoding gene) null mice resulted in a significant reduction in pathology up to 6 months of age. We also generated MAPK kinase 6 (MKK6) muscle-specific transgenic mice to model heightened p38α disease signaling that occurs in dystrophic muscle, which resulted in severe myofiber necrosis and many hallmarks of muscular dystrophy. Mechanistically, we show that p38α directly induces myofiber death through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway involving direct phosphorylation and activation of the pro-death Bcl-2 family member Bax. Indeed, muscle-specific deletion of Bax, but not the apoptosis regulatory gene Tp53 (encoding p53), significantly reduced dystrophic pathology in the muscles of MKK6 transgenic mice. Moreover, use of a p38 MAPK pharmacologic inhibitor reduced dystrophic disease in Sgcd(-/-) mice suggesting a future therapeutic approach to delay disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Wissing
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Justin G Boyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michelle A Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland, MC 6088, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kinya Otsu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK and
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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27
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Tidball JG, Dorshkind K, Wehling-Henricks M. Shared signaling systems in myeloid cell-mediated muscle regeneration. Development 2014; 141:1184-96. [PMID: 24595286 PMCID: PMC3943178 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much of the focus in muscle regeneration has been placed on the identification and delivery of stem cells to promote regenerative capacity. As those efforts have advanced, we have learned that complex features of the microenvironment in which regeneration occurs can determine success or failure. The immune system is an important contributor to that complexity and can determine the extent to which muscle regeneration succeeds. Immune cells of the myeloid lineage play major regulatory roles in tissue regeneration through two general, inductive mechanisms: instructive mechanisms that act directly on muscle cells; and permissive mechanisms that act indirectly to influence regeneration by modulating angiogenesis and fibrosis. In this article, recent discoveries that identify inductive actions of specific populations of myeloid cells on muscle regeneration are presented, with an emphasis on how processes in muscle and myeloid cells are co-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Tidball
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorshkind
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | - Michelle Wehling-Henricks
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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Wang H, Melton DW, Porter L, Sarwar ZU, McManus LM, Shireman PK. Altered macrophage phenotype transition impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1167-1184. [PMID: 24525152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage polarization in skeletal muscle regeneration is ill defined. We used CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice to transiently deplete monocytes/macrophages at multiple stages before and after muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin. Fat accumulation within regenerated muscle was maximal when ablation occurred at the same time as cardiotoxin-induced injury. Early ablation (day 1 after cardiotoxin) resulted in the smallest regenerated myofiber size together with increased residual necrotic myofibers and fat accumulation. However, muscle regeneration after late (day 4) ablation was similar to controls. Levels of inflammatory cells in injured muscle following early ablation and associated with impaired muscle regeneration were determined by flow cytometry. Delayed, but exaggerated, monocyte [CD11b(+)(CD90/B220/CD49b/NK1.1/Ly6G)(-)(F4/80/I-Ab/CD11c)(-)Ly6C(+/-)] accumulation occurred; interestingly, Ly6C(+) and Ly6C(-) monocytes were present concurrently in ablated animals and control mice. In addition to monocytes, proinflammatory, Ly6C(+) macrophage accumulation following early ablation was delayed compared to controls. In both groups, CD11b(+)F4/80(+) cells exhibited minimal expression of the M2 markers CD206 and CD301. Nevertheless, early ablation delayed and decreased the transient accumulation of CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C(-)CD301(-) macrophages; in control animals, the later tissue accumulation of these cells appeared to correspond to that of anti-inflammatory macrophages, determined by cytokine production and arginase activity. In summary, impairments in muscle regeneration were associated with exaggerated monocyte recruitment and reduced Ly6C(-) macrophages; the switch of macrophage/monocyte subsets is critical to muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David W Melton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laurel Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zaheer U Sarwar
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Linda M McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
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Korhonen R, Moilanen E. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 as an inflammatory factor and drug target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:24-36. [PMID: 24112275 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are signaling proteins that are activated through phosphorylation, and they regulate many physiological and pathophysiological processes in cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) is an inducible nuclear phosphatase that dephosphorylates MAPKs, and thus, it is a negative feedback regulator of MAPK activity. MKP-1 has been found as a key endogenous suppressor of innate immune responses, as well as a regulator of the onset and course of adaptive immune responses. Altered MKP-1 signaling is implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases in man. Interestingly, MKP-1 expression and protein function have been found to be regulated by certain anti-inflammatory drugs, namely by glucocorticoids, antirheumatic gold compounds and PDE4 inhibitors, and MKP-1 has been shown to mediate many of their anti-inflammatory effects. In this Mini Review, we summarize the effect of MKP-1 in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and its role as a potential anti-inflammatory drug target and review recent findings concerning the role of MKP-1 in certain anti-inflammatory drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Korhonen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology &Toxicology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
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Shi H, Verma M, Zhang L, Dong C, Flavell RA, Bennett AM. Improved regenerative myogenesis and muscular dystrophy in mice lacking Mkp5. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2064-77. [PMID: 23543058 DOI: 10.1172/jci64375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a degenerative skeletal muscle disease caused by mutations in dystrophin. The degree of functional deterioration in muscle stem cells determines the severity of DMD. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are inactivated by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), represent a central signaling node in the regulation of muscle stem cell function. Here we show that the dual-specificity protein phosphatase DUSP10/MKP-5 negatively regulates muscle stem cell function in mice. MKP-5 controlled JNK to coordinate muscle stem cell proliferation and p38 MAPK to control differentiation. Genetic loss of Mkp5 in mice improved regenerative myogenesis and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice lacking Mkp5 exhibited an attenuated dystrophic muscle phenotype. Hence, enhanced promyogenic MAPK activity preserved muscle stem cell function even in the absence of dystrophin and ultimately curtailed the pathogenesis associated with DMD. These results identify MKP-5 as an essential negative regulator of the promyogenic actions of the MAPKs and suggest that MKP-5 may serve as a target to promote muscle stem cell function in the treatment of degenerative skeletal muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, USA
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31
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Enwere EK, Boudreault L, Holbrook J, Timusk K, Earl N, LaCasse E, Renaud JM, Korneluk RG. Loss of cIAP1 attenuates soleus muscle pathology and improves diaphragm function in mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 2012. [PMID: 23184147 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) protein is an essential regulator of canonical and noncanonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. NF-κB signaling is known to play important roles in myogenesis and degenerative muscle disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but the involvement of cIAP1 in muscle disease has not been studied directly. Here, we asked whether the loss of cIAP1 would influence the pathology of skeletal muscle in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Double-mutant cIAP1(-/-);mdx mice exhibited reduced muscle damage and decreased fiber centronucleation in the soleus, compared with single-mutant cIAP1(+/+);mdx mice. This improvement in pathology was associated with a reduction in muscle infiltration by macrophages and diminished expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, the cIAP1(-/-);mdx mice exhibited reduced serum creatine kinase, and improved exercise endurance associated with improved exercise resilience by the diaphragm. Mechanistically, the loss of cIAP1 was sufficient to drive constitutive activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway, which led to increased myoblast fusion in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these results show that the loss of cIAP1 protects skeletal muscle from the degenerative pathology resulting from systemic loss of dystrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka K Enwere
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Novel role for SHP-2 in nutrient-responsive control of S6 kinase 1 signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:293-306. [PMID: 23129808 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01285-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are required for the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which plays a critical role in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. The branched-chain amino acid leucine is an essential nutrient that stimulates mTORC1 to promote protein synthesis by activating p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Here we show that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 is required for leucine-induced activation of S6K1 in skeletal myoblasts. In response to leucine, S6K1 activation is inhibited in myoblasts either lacking SHP-2 expression or overexpressing a catalytically inactive mutant of SHP-2. Activation of S6K1 by leucine requires the mobilization of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)), which we show is mediated by SHP-2 in an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent manner. Ectopic Ca(2+) mobilization rescued the S6K1 activation defect in SHP-2-deficient myoblasts. SHP-2 was identified to act upstream of phospholipase C β4, linking it to the generation of nutrient-induced Ca(2+) release and S6K1 phosphorylation. Consistent with these results, SHP-2-deficient myoblasts exhibited impaired leucine sensing, leading to defective autophagy and reduced myoblast size. These data define a new role for SHP-2 as a nutrient-sensing regulator in skeletal myoblasts that is required for the activation of S6K1.
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Enwere EK, Holbrook J, Lejmi-Mrad R, Vineham J, Timusk K, Sivaraj B, Isaac M, Uehling D, Al-awar R, LaCasse E, Korneluk RG. TWEAK and cIAP1 regulate myoblast fusion through the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra75. [PMID: 23074266 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The fusion of mononucleated muscle progenitor cells (myoblasts) into multinucleated muscle fibers is a critical aspect of muscle development and regeneration. We identified the noncanonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway as a signaling axis that drives the recruitment of myoblasts into new muscle fibers. Loss of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) protein led to constitutive activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway and an increase in the number of nuclei per myotube. Knockdown of essential mediators of NF-κB signaling, such as p100, RelB, inhibitor of κB kinase α, and NF-κB-inducing kinase, attenuated myoblast fusion in wild-type myoblasts. In contrast, the extent of myoblast fusion was increased when the activity of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway was enhanced by increasing the abundance of p52 and RelB or decreasing the abundance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 3, an inhibitor of this pathway. Low concentrations of the cytokine TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), which preferentially activates the noncanonical NF-κB pathway, also increased myoblast fusion, without causing atrophy or impairing myogenesis. These results identify roles for TWEAK, cIAP1, and noncanonical NF-κB signaling in the regulation of myoblast fusion and highlight a role for cytokine signaling during adult skeletal myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka K Enwere
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Gagan J, Dey BK, Layer R, Yan Z, Dutta A. Notch3 and Mef2c proteins are mutually antagonistic via Mkp1 protein and miR-1/206 microRNAs in differentiating myoblasts. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40360-70. [PMID: 23055528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch3 is expressed in myogenic precursors, but its function is not well known. RESULTS Notch3 represses the activity of Mef2c and is in turn inhibited by the microRNAs-1 and -206. CONCLUSION Notch3 serves as a regulator for preventing premature myogenic differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how precocious differentiation is prevented is critical for designing therapy for skeletal muscle regeneration. The Notch signaling pathway is a well known regulator of skeletal muscle stem cells known as satellite cells. Loss of Notch1 signaling leads to spontaneous myogenic differentiation. Notch1, normally expressed in satellite cells, is targeted for proteasomal degradation by Numb during differentiation. A homolog of Notch1, Notch3, is also expressed in these cells but is not inhibited by Numb. We find that Notch3 is paradoxically up-regulated during the early stages of differentiation by an enhancer that requires both MyoD and activated Notch1. Notch3 itself strongly inhibits the myogenic transcription factor Mef2c, most likely by increasing the p38 phosphatase Mkp1, which inhibits the Mef2c activator p38 MAP kinase. Active Notch3 decreases differentiation. Mef2c, however, induces microRNAs miR-1 and miR-206, which directly down-regulate Notch3 and allow differentiation to proceed. Thus, the myogenic differentiation-induced microRNAs miR-1 and -206 are important for differentiation at least partly because they turn off Notch3. We suggest that the transient expression of Notch3 early in differentiation generates a temporal lag between myoblast activation by MyoD and terminal differentiation into myotubes directed by Mef2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Gagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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35
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Diversity and specificity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:223-37. [PMID: 22695679 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The balance of protein phosphorylation is achieved through the actions of a family of protein serine/threonine kinases called the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The propagation of MAPK signals is attenuated through the actions of the MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). The MKPs specifically inactivate the MAPKs by direct dephosphorylation. The archetypal MKP family member, MKP-1 has garnered much of the attention amongst its ten other MKP family members. Initially viewed to play a redundant role in the control of MAPK signaling, it is now clear that MKP-1 exerts profound regulatory functions on the immune, metabolic, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. This review focuses on the physiological functions of MKP-1 that have been revealed using mouse genetic approaches. The implications from studies using MKP-1-deficient mice to uncover the role of MKP-1 in disease will be discussed.
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Perdiguero E, Kharraz Y, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. MKP-1 coordinates ordered macrophage-phenotype transitions essential for stem cell-dependent tissue repair. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:877-86. [PMID: 22361726 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-establishing tissue homoeostasis in response to injury requires infiltration of inflammatory cells and activation of resident stem cells. However, full tissue recovery also requires that the inflammation is resolved. While it is known that disturbing the interactions between inflammatory cells and tissue resident cells prevents successful healing, the molecular mechanisms underlying the paracrine interactions between these cell types are practically unknown. Here, and in a recent study, we provide mechanistic evidence that macrophages control stem cell-dependent tissue repair. In particular, we found that the temporal spacing of the pro- to anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization switch is controlled by the balance of p38 MAPK (termed here p38) and the MAPK phosphatase MKP-1 during the muscle healing process. Moreover, we demonstrate a new function for MKP-1-regulated p38 signaling in deactivating macrophages during inflammation resolution after injury. Specifically, at advanced stages of regeneration, MKP-1 loss caused an unscheduled "exhaustion-like" state in muscle macrophages, in which neither pro- nor anti-inflammatory cytokines are expressed despite persistent tissue damage, leading to dysregulated reparation by the tissue stem cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that p38 and MKP-1 control the AKT pathway through a miR-21-dependent PTEN regulation. Importantly, both genetic and pharmacological interference with the individual components of this pathway restored inflammation-dependent tissue homeostasis in MKP-1-deficient mice and delayed inflammation resolution and tissue repair dysregulation in wild-type mice. Because the process of tolerance to bacterial infection involves a progressive attenuation of pro-inflammatory gene expression, we discuss here the potential similarities between the mechanisms underlying inflammation resolution during tissue repair and those controlling endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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Perdiguero E, Sousa-Victor P, Ruiz-Bonilla V, Jardí M, Caelles C, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. p38/MKP-1-regulated AKT coordinates macrophage transitions and resolution of inflammation during tissue repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 195:307-22. [PMID: 21987635 PMCID: PMC3198158 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Repair of damaged tissue requires the coordinated action of inflammatory and tissue-specific cells to restore homeostasis, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. In this paper, we report new roles for MKP-1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] phosphatase-1) in controlling macrophage phenotypic transitions necessary for appropriate muscle stem cell-dependent tissue repair. By restricting p38 MAPK activation, MKP-1 allows the early pro- to antiinflammatory macrophage transition and the later progression into a macrophage exhaustion-like state characterized by cytokine silencing, thereby permitting resolution of inflammation as tissue fully recovers. p38 hyperactivation in macrophages lacking MKP-1 induced the expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21), which in turn reduced PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue) levels, thereby extending AKT activation. In the absence of MKP-1, p38-induced AKT activity anticipated the acquisition of the antiinflammatory gene program and final cytokine silencing in macrophages, resulting in impaired tissue healing. Such defects were reversed by temporally controlled p38 inhibition. Conversely, miR-21-AKT interference altered homeostasis during tissue repair. This novel regulatory mechanism involving the appropriate balance of p38, MKP-1, miR-21, and AKT activities may have implications in chronic inflammatory degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23:620-5. [PMID: 21960037 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32834ccef6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Murray J, Huss JM. Estrogen-related receptor α regulates skeletal myocyte differentiation via modulation of the ERK MAP kinase pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C630-45. [PMID: 21562305 PMCID: PMC3174569 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00033.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocyte differentiation involves complex interactions between signal transduction pathways and transcription factors. The estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) regulate energy substrate uptake, mitochondrial respiration, and biogenesis and may target structural gene programs in striated muscle. However, ERRα's role in regulating myocyte differentiation is not known. ERRα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) are coordinately upregulated with metabolic and skeletal muscle-specific genes early in myogenesis. We analyzed effects of ERRα overexpression and loss of function in myogenic models. In C2C12 myocytes ERRα overexpression accelerated differentiation, whereas XCT790 treatment delayed myogenesis and resulted in myotubes with fewer mitochondria and disorganized sarcomeres. ERRα-/- primary myocytes showed delayed myogenesis, resulting in structurally immature myotubes with reduced sarcomeric assembly and mitochondrial function. However, sarcomeric and metabolic gene expression was unaffected or upregulated in ERRα-/- cells. Instead, ERRα-/- myocytes exhibited aberrant ERK activation early in myogenesis, consistent with delayed myotube formation. XCT790 treatment also increased ERK phosphorylation in C2C12, whereas ERRα overexpression decreased early ERK activation, consistent with the opposing effects of these treatments on differentiation. The transient induction of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), which mediates ERK dephosphorylation at the onset of myogenesis, was lost in ERRα-/- myocytes and in XCT790-treated C2C12. The ERRα-PGC-1α complex activates the Dusp1 gene, which encodes MKP-1, and ERRα occupies the proximal 5' regulatory region during early differentiation in C2C12 myocytes. Finally, treatment of ERRα-/- myocytes with MEK inhibitors rescued normal ERK signaling and myogenesis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ERRα is required for normal skeletal myocyte differentiation via modulation of MAP kinase signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Butadienes/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form/genetics
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1/genetics
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Kinetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle Development/drug effects
- Muscle Development/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/drug effects
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/enzymology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myogenin/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/deficiency
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Sarcomeres/pathology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
- Transduction, Genetic
- Troponin I/genetics
- Troponin I/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Murray
- Division of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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Roth Flach RJ, Bennett AM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 - a potential therapeutic target in metabolic disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 14:1323-32. [PMID: 21058921 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.528395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Metabolic disease, which is associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease, is a worldwide epidemic. There continues to be a tremendous effort towards the development of therapies to curtail obesity and its associated pathophysiological sequelae. MAPKs have been implicated in metabolic disease suggesting that these enzymes, and those that regulate them, can potentially serve as therapeutic targets to combat this disease. The MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) mediates the dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAPKs in insulin-responsive tissues. Therefore, the actions of MKP-1 may play an important role in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The functional effects of MKP-1 in MAPK regulation with emphasis on its role in physiological and pathophysiological signaling functions that have been elucidated through the use of mouse genetics. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will learn that MAPK inactivation through the effects of MKP-1 is essential for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. We will convey the idea that MKP-1 acts as a critical signaling node in MAPK-mediated regulation of cell signaling and metabolism. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Pharmacological inactivation of MKP-1 may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of obesity and possibly other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Roth Flach
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
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Ciemerych MA, Archacka K, Grabowska I, Przewoźniak M. Cell cycle regulation during proliferation and differentiation of mammalian muscle precursor cells. Results Probl Cell Differ 2011; 53:473-527. [PMID: 21630157 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19065-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of muscle precursor cells are intensively studied not only in the developing mouse embryo but also using models of skeletal muscle regeneration or analyzing in vitro cultured cells. These analyses allowed to show the universality of the cell cycle regulation and also uncovered tissue-specific interplay between major cell cycle regulators and factors crucial for the myogenic differentiation. Examination of the events accompanying proliferation and differentiation leading to the formation of functional skeletal muscle fibers allows understanding the molecular basis not only of myogenesis but also of skeletal muscle regeneration. This chapter presents the basis of the cell cycle regulation in proliferating and differentiating muscle precursor cells during development and after muscle injury. It focuses at major cell cycle regulators, myogenic factors, and extracellular environment impacting on the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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