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Ju W, Cai HH, Zheng W, Li DM, Zhang W, Yang XH, Yan ZX. Cross‑talk between lymphangiogenesis and malignant melanoma cells: New opinions on tumour drainage and immunization (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 27:81. [PMID: 38249813 PMCID: PMC10797314 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive tumour that can easily metastasize through the lymphatic system at the early stages. Lymph node (LN) involvement and lymphatic vessel (LV) density (LVD) represent a harbinger of an adverse prognosis, indicating a strong link between the state of the lymphatic system and the advancement of MM. Permeable capillary lymphatic vessels are the optimal conduits for melanoma cell (MMC) invasion, and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) can also release a variety of chemokines that actively attract MMCs expressing chemokine ligands through a gradient orientation. Moreover, due to the lower oxidative stress environment in the lymph compared with the blood circulation, MMCs are more likely to survive and colonize. The number of LVs surrounding MM is associated with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which is crucial for the effectiveness of immunotherapy. On the other hand, MMCs can release various endothelial growth factors such as VEGF-C/D-VEGFR3 to mediate LN education and promote lymphangiogenesis. Tumour-derived extracellular vesicles are also used to promote lymphangiogenesis and create a microenvironment that is more conducive to tumour progression. MM is surrounded by a large number of lymphocytes. However, both LECs and MMCs are highly plastic, playing multiple roles in evading immune surveillance. They achieve this by expressing inhibitory ligands or reducing antigen recognition. In recent years, tertiary lymphoid structures have been shown to be associated with response to anti-immune checkpoint therapy, which is often a positive prognostic feature in MM. The present review discusses the interaction between lymphangiogenesis and MM metastasis, and it was concluded that the relationship between LVD and TILs and patient prognosis is analogous to a dynamically tilted scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ju
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hua Cai
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - De-Ming Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Hu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Yan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
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2
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Mezyk-Kopec R, Potin L, Medellin JEG, Salles CM, Swartz MA. TGF-β Signaling Prevents MHC Class II-Expressing Lymphatic Endothelial Cells from Reactivating Human Allogenic Memory CD4+ T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:782-790. [PMID: 37486193 PMCID: PMC11155268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) express MHC class II (MHC-II) upon IFN-γ stimulation, yet recent evidence suggests that LECs cannot activate naive or memory CD4+ T cells. In this article, we show that IFN-γ-activated human dermal LECs can robustly reactivate allogeneic human memory CD4+ T cells (hCD4+ TMs), but only when TGF-β signaling is inhibited. We found that in addition to upregulating MHC-II, IFN-γ also induces LECs to upregulate glycoprotein A repetitions predominant, which anchors latent TGF-β to the membrane and potentially inhibits T cell activation. Indeed, hCD4+ TM proliferation was substantially increased when LEC-CD4+ TM cultures were treated with a TGF-β receptor type 1 inhibitor or when glycoprotein A repetitions predominant expression was silenced in LECs. Reactivated hCD4+ TMs were characterized by their proliferation, CD25 expression, and cytokine secretion. CD4+ TM reactivation was dependent on LEC expression of MHC-II, confirming direct TCR engagement. Although CD80 and CD86 were not detected on LECs, the costimulatory molecules OX40L and ICOSL were upregulated upon cytokine stimulation; however, blocking these did not affect CD4+ TM reactivation by LECs. Finally, we found that human dermal LECs also supported the maintenance of Foxp3-expressing hCD4+ TMs independently of IFN-γ-induced MHC-II. Together, these results demonstrate a role for LECs in directly modulating CD4+ TM reactivation under inflammatory conditions and point to LEC-expressed TGF-β as a negative regulator of this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mezyk-Kopec
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lambert Potin
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Calixto M. Salles
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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3
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Laaker C, Baenen C, Kovács KG, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Immune cells as messengers from the CNS to the periphery: the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in immune cell migration from the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233908. [PMID: 37662908 PMCID: PMC10471710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a large focus on understanding the mechanisms of peripheral immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in neuroinflammatory diseases. This intense research led to several immunomodulatory therapies to attempt to regulate immune cell infiltration at the blood brain barrier (BBB), the choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium, and the glial barrier. The fate of these infiltrating immune cells depends on both the neuroinflammatory environment and their type-specific interactions with innate cells of the CNS. Although the fate of the majority of tissue infiltrating immune cells is death, a percentage of these cells could become tissue resident immune cells. Additionally, key populations of immune cells can possess the ability to "drain" out of the CNS and act as messengers reporting signals from the CNS toward peripheral lymphatics. Recent data supports that the meningeal lymphatic system is involved not just in fluid homeostatic functions in the CNS but also in facilitating immune cell migration, most notably dendritic cell migration from the CNS to the meningeal borders and to the draining cervical lymph nodes. Similar to the peripheral sites, draining immune cells from the CNS during neuroinflammation have the potential to coordinate immunity in the lymph nodes and thus influence disease. Here in this review, we will evaluate evidence of immune cell drainage from the brain via the meningeal lymphatics and establish the importance of this in animal models and humans. We will discuss how targeting immune cells at sites like the meningeal lymphatics could provide a new mechanism to better provide treatment for a variety of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Laaker
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cameron Baenen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristóf G. Kovács
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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4
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The Lymphatic Endothelium in the Context of Radioimmuno-Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010021. [PMID: 36612017 PMCID: PMC9817924 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of lymphatic tumor vasculature has been gaining interest in the context of cancer immunotherapy. These vessels constitute conduits for immune cells' transit toward the lymph nodes, and they endow tumors with routes to metastasize to the lymph nodes and, from them, toward distant sites. In addition, this vasculature participates in the modulation of the immune response directly through the interaction with tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and indirectly through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines that attract leukocytes and tumor cells. Radiotherapy constitutes the therapeutic option for more than 50% of solid tumors. Besides impacting transformed cells, RT affects stromal cells such as endothelial and immune cells. Mature lymphatic endothelial cells are resistant to RT, but we do not know to what extent RT may affect tumor-aberrant lymphatics. RT compromises lymphatic integrity and functionality, and it is a risk factor to the onset of lymphedema, a condition characterized by deficient lymphatic drainage and compromised tissue homeostasis. This review aims to provide evidence of RT's effects on tumor vessels, particularly on lymphatic endothelial cell physiology and immune properties. We will also explore the therapeutic options available so far to modulate signaling through lymphatic endothelial cell receptors and their repercussions on tumor immune cells in the context of cancer. There is a need for careful consideration of the RT dosage to come to terms with the participation of the lymphatic vasculature in anti-tumor response. Here, we provide new approaches to enhance the contribution of the lymphatic endothelium to radioimmuno-oncology.
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Ambler W, Santambrogio L, Lu TT. Advances in understanding and examining lymphatic function: relevance for understanding autoimmunity. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2022; 34:133-138. [PMID: 34954700 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to give insights into how novel lymphatics functions may influence autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS The lymphatic system connects peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes to regulate adaptive immunity and directly interfaces with leukocytes in lymph vessels and in the lymph node. Here, we discuss recent findings showing evidence of dysfunctional lymphatics in autoimmune disease, new understanding of how afferent lymphatic regulation can modulate immunity, lymph node lymphatic heterogeneity and how these lymphatics can directly modulate lymphocyte function, how this understanding can be harnessed for new therapeutics, and new tools for the investigation of lymphatic and immune biology. SUMMARY Lymphatics have an active role in the regulation of inflammation and the adaptive immune response. Here, we review recent findings in lymphatics biology in peripheral tissues and lymph nodes and emphasize the relevance for better understanding autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ambler
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine
- Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Li T, Liu T, Zhao Z, Xu X, Zhan S, Zhou S, Jiang N, Zhu W, Sun R, Wei F, Feng B, Guo H, Yang R. The Lymph Node Microenvironment May Invigorate Cancer Cells With Enhanced Metastatic Capacities. Front Oncol 2022; 12:816506. [PMID: 35295999 PMCID: PMC8918682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.816506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, a typical malignant biological behavior involving the distant migration of tumor cells from the primary site to other organs, contributed majorly to cancer-related deaths of patients. Although constant efforts have been paid by researchers to elucidate the mechanisms of cancer metastasis, we are still far away from the definite answer. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrated that cancer metastasis is a continuous coevolutionary process mediated by the interactions between tumor cells and the host organ microenvironment, and epigenetic reprogramming of metastatic cancer cells may confer them with stronger metastatic capacities. The lymph node served as the first metastatic niche for many types of cancer, and the appearance of lymph node metastasis predicted poor prognosis. Importantly, multiple immune cells and stromal cells station and linger in the lymph nodes, which constitutes the complexity of the lymph node microenvironment. The active cross talk between cancer cells and immune cells could happen unceasingly within the metastatic environment of lymph nodes. Of note, diverse immune cells have been found to participate in the formation of malignant properties of tumor, including stemness and immune escape. Based on these available evidence and data, we hypothesize that the metastatic microenvironment of lymph nodes could drive cancer cells to metastasize to further organs through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyan Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shoubin Zhan
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengkai Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fayun Wei
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baofu Feng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Li CY, Brown S, Mehrara BJ, Kataru RP. Lymphatics in Tumor Progression and Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042127. [PMID: 35216243 PMCID: PMC8875298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system consists of a unidirectional hierarchy of vessels responsible for fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and the transport of immune cells and antigens to secondary lymphoid organs. In cancer, lymphatics play complex and heterogenous roles that can promote or inhibit tumor growth. While lymphatic proliferation and remodeling promote tumor dissemination, functional lymphatics are necessary for generating an effective immune response. Recent reports have noted lymphatic-dependent effects on the efficacy of immunotherapy. These findings suggest that the impact of lymphatic vessels on tumor progression is organ- and context-specific and that a greater understanding of the interaction of tumor cells, lymphatics, and the tumor microenvironment can unveil novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raghu P. Kataru
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-646-888-3201; Fax: +01-646-888-3200
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8
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Cakala-Jakimowicz M, Kolodziej-Wojnar P, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Aging-Related Cellular, Structural and Functional Changes in the Lymph Nodes: A Significant Component of Immunosenescence? An Overview. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113148. [PMID: 34831371 PMCID: PMC8621398 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging affects all tissues and organs. Aging of the immune system results in the severe disruption of its functions, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, an increase in autoimmune disorders and cancer incidence, and a decreased response to vaccines. Lymph nodes are precisely organized structures of the peripheral lymphoid organs and are the key sites coordinating innate and long-term adaptive immune responses to external antigens and vaccines. They are also involved in immune tolerance. The aging of lymph nodes results in decreased cell transport to and within the nodes, a disturbance in the structure and organization of nodal zones, incorrect location of individual immune cell types and impaired intercellular interactions, as well as changes in the production of adequate amounts of chemokines and cytokines necessary for immune cell proliferation, survival and function, impaired naïve T- and B-cell homeostasis, and a diminished long-term humoral response. Understanding the causes of these stromal and lymphoid microenvironment changes in the lymph nodes that cause the aging-related dysfunction of the immune system can help to improve long-term immune responses and the effectiveness of vaccines in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cakala-Jakimowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.C.-J.); (M.P.-K.)
| | - Paulina Kolodziej-Wojnar
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.C.-J.); (M.P.-K.)
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9
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Grasso C, Pierie C, Mebius RE, van Baarsen LGM. Lymph node stromal cells: subsets and functions in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:920-936. [PMID: 34521601 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) aid the interaction between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in adequate and prolonged adaptive immune responses. LN stromal cells (LNSCs) are crucially involved in steering adaptive immune responses at different levels. Most knowledge on LNSCs has been obtained from mouse studies, and few studies indicate similarities with their human counterparts. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed significant LNSC heterogeneity among different subsets with potential selective functions in immunity. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of LNSCs based on human and murine studies describing the role of these cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grasso
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Pierie
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - L G M van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Honan AM, Vazquez EN, Chen Z. Lymph Node Stromal Cell-Intrinsic MHC Class II Expression Promotes MHC Class I-Restricted CD8 T Cell Lineage Conversion to Regulatory CD4 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1530-1544. [PMID: 34408011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I (MHC-I)-restricted CD4+ T cells have long been discovered in the natural repertoire of healthy humans as well as patients with autoimmune diseases or cancer, but the exact origin of these cells remains to be fully characterized. In mouse models, mature peripheral CD8+ T cells have the potential to convert to CD4+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. This conversion can produce a unique population of MHC-I-restricted CD4+ T cells including Foxp3+ regulatory T cells termed MHC-I-restricted CD4+Foxp3+ T (CI-Treg) cells. In this study we examined the cellular and molecular elements that promote CD8-to-CD4 lineage conversion and the development of CI-Treg cells in mice. Using adoptive transfer and bone marrow chimera experiments, we found that the differentiation of CI-Treg cells was driven by lymph node stromal cell (LNSC)-intrinsic MHC-II expression as opposed to transcytosis of MHC-II from bone marrow-derived APCs. The lineage conversion was accompanied by Runx3 versus ThPOK transcriptional switch. This finding of a new role for LNSCs in vivo led us to develop an efficient tissue culture method using LNSCs to generate and expand CI-Treg cells in vitro. CI-Treg cells expanded in vitro with LNSCs effectively suppressed inflammatory tissue damage caused by pathogenic CD4+ T cells in mouse models of colitis. This study identified a novel role of MHC-II expressed by LNSCs in immune regulation and the potential utilization of LNSCs to generate novel subsets of immune regulatory cells for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Honan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Emily N Vazquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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11
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Presence of Donor Lymph Nodes Within Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Ameliorates VEGF-C-mediated Lymphangiogenesis and Delays the Onset of Acute Rejection. Transplantation 2021; 105:1747-1759. [PMID: 34291766 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system plays an active role in modulating inflammation in autoimmune diseases and organ rejection. In this work, we hypothesized that the transfer of donor lymph node (LN) might be used to promote lymphangiogenesis and influence rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). METHODS Hindlimb transplantations were performed in which (1) recipient rats received VCA containing donor LN (D:LN+), (2) recipient rats received VCA depleted of all donor LN (D:LN-), and (3) D:LN+ transplantations were followed by lymphangiogenesis inhibition using a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR3) blocker. RESULTS Our data show that graft rejection started significantly later in D:LN+ transplanted rats as compared to the D:LN- group. Moreover, we observed a higher level of VEGF-C and a quicker and more efficient lymphangiogenesis in the D:LN+ group as compared to the D:LN- group. The presence of donor LN within the graft was associated with reduced immunoactivation in the draining LN and increased frequency of circulating and skin-resident donor T regulatory cells. Blocking of the VEGF-C pathway using a VEGFR3 blocker disrupts the lymphangiogenesis process, accelerates rejection onset, and interferes with donor T-cell migration. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that VCA LNs play a pivotal role in the regulation of graft rejection and underlines the potential of specifically targeting the LN component of a VCA to control graft rejection.
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12
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Olmeda D, Cerezo-Wallis D, Castellano-Sanz E, García-Silva S, Peinado H, Soengas MS. Physiological models for in vivo imaging and targeting the lymphatic system: Nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113833. [PMID: 34147531 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of the lymphatic vasculature has gained great attention in various fields, not only because lymphatic vessels act as a key draining system in the body, but also for their implication in autoimmune diseases, organ transplant, inflammation and cancer. Thus, neolymphangiogenesis, or the generation of new lymphatics, is typically an early event in the development of multiple tumor types, particularly in aggressive ones such as malignant melanoma. Still, the understanding of how lymphatic endothelial cells get activated at distal (pre)metastatic niches and their impact on therapy is still unclear. Addressing these questions is of particular interest in the case of immune modulators, because endothelial cells may favor or halt inflammatory processes depending on the cellular context. Therefore, there is great interest in visualizing the lymphatic vasculature in vivo. Here, we review imaging tools and mouse models used to analyze the lymphatic vasculature during tumor progression. We also discuss therapeutic approaches based on nanomedicines to target the lymphatic system and the potential use of extracellular vesicles to track and target sentinel lymph nodes. Finally, we summarize main pre-clinical models developed to visualize the lymphatic vasculature in vivo, discussing their applications with a particular focus in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olmeda
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Cerezo-Wallis
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Castellano-Sanz
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María S Soengas
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Honan AM, Chen Z. Stromal Cells Underlining the Paths From Autoimmunity, Inflammation to Cancer With Roles Beyond Structural and Nutritional Support. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658984. [PMID: 34113615 PMCID: PMC8185233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells provide structural support and nutrients in secondary lymphoid organs and non-lymphoid tissues. However, accumulating evidence suggests that a complex relationship exists between stromal cells and immune cells. Interactions between immune cells and stromal cells have been shown to influence the pathology of both autoimmunity and cancer. This review examines the heterogeneity of stromal cells within the lymph node and non-lymphoid tissues during both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, in particular autoimmunity and cancer, with the goal of better understanding the complex and apparently paradoxical relationship between these two classes of diseases. The review surveys potential novel mechanisms involving the interactions between stromal cells and immune cells which may contribute to the development, pathology and underlying connection between autoimmunity and cancer, including potential pathways from autoimmune inflammation to either “hot” or “cold” tumors. These interactions may provide some insights to explain the rising incidence of both autoimmunity and cancer in young women in industrialized countries and have the potential to be exploited in the development of new interventions for preventions and treatments of both autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Honan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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14
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Certo M, Elkafrawy H, Pucino V, Cucchi D, Cheung KC, Mauro C. Endothelial cell and T-cell crosstalk: Targeting metabolism as a therapeutic approach in chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2041-2059. [PMID: 31999357 PMCID: PMC8246814 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of metabolic reprogramming in the coordination of the immune response has gained increasing consideration in recent years. Indeed, it has become clear that changes in the metabolic status of immune cells can alter their functional properties. During inflammation, T cells need to generate sufficient energy and biomolecules to support growth, proliferation, and effector functions. Therefore, T cells need to rearrange their metabolism to meet these demands. A similar metabolic reprogramming has been described in endothelial cells, which have the ability to interact with and modulate the function of immune cells. In this overview, we will discuss recent insights in the complex crosstalk between endothelial cells and T cells as well as their metabolic reprogramming following activation. We highlight key components of this metabolic switch that can lead to the development of new therapeutics against chronic inflammatory disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Cellular metabolism and diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Hagar Elkafrawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of MedicineAlexandria UniversityAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Danilo Cucchi
- Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kenneth C.P. Cheung
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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15
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He M, He Q, Cai X, Chen Z, Lao S, Deng H, Liu X, Zheng Y, Liu X, Liu J, Xie Z, Yao M, Liang W, He J. Role of lymphatic endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment-a narrative review of recent advances. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2252-2277. [PMID: 34164274 PMCID: PMC8182726 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background As lymphatic vessel is a major route for solid tumor metastasis, they are considered an essential part of tumor drainage conduits. Apart from forming the walls of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) have been found to play multiple other roles in the tumor microenvironment, calling for a more in-depth review. We hope that this review may help researchers gain a detailed understanding of this fast-developing field and shed some light upon future research. Methods To achieve an informative review of recent advance, we carefully searched the Medline database for English literature that are openly published from the January 1995 to December 2020 and covered the topic of LEC or lymphangiogenesis in tumor progression and therapies. Two different authors independently examined the literature abstracts to exclude possible unqualified ones, and 310 papers with full texts were finally retrieved. Results In this paper, we discussed the structural and molecular basis of tumor-associated LECs, together with their roles in tumor metastasis and drug therapy. We then focused on their impacts on tumor cells, tumor stroma, and anti-tumor immunity, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. Special emphasis on lung cancer and possible therapeutic targets based on LECs were also discussed. Conclusions LECs can play a much more complex role than simply forming conduits for tumor cell dissemination. Therapies targeting tumor-associated lymphatics for lung cancer and other tumors are promising, but more research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihua He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyu Cai
- Department of VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zisheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shen Lao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhong Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maojin Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The First People Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Harlé G, Kowalski C, Dubrot J, Brighouse D, Clavel G, Pick R, Bessis N, Niven J, Scheiermann C, Gannagé M, Hugues S. Macroautophagy in lymphatic endothelial cells inhibits T cell-mediated autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212000. [PMID: 33861848 PMCID: PMC8056750 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) present peripheral tissue antigens to induce T cell tolerance. In addition, LECs are the main source of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), promoting naive T cell survival and effector T cell exit from lymph nodes (LNs). Autophagy is a physiological process essential for cellular homeostasis. We investigated whether autophagy in LECs modulates T cell activation in experimental arthritis. Whereas genetic abrogation of autophagy in LECs does not alter immune homeostasis, it induces alterations of the regulatory T cell (T reg cell) population in LNs from arthritic mice, which might be linked to MHCII-mediated antigen presentation by LECs. Furthermore, inflammation-induced autophagy in LECs promotes the degradation of Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), resulting in decreased S1P production. Consequently, in arthritic mice lacking autophagy in LECs, pathogenic Th17 cell migration toward LEC-derived S1P gradients and egress from LNs are enhanced, as well as infiltration of inflamed joints, resulting in exacerbated arthritis. Our results highlight the autophagy pathway as an important regulator of LEC immunomodulatory functions in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Harlé
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Kowalski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dale Brighouse
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Clavel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1125, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Robert Pick
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Bessis
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Niven
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Scheiermann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monique Gannagé
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Mutually exclusive lymphangiogenesis or perineural infiltration in human skin squamous-cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:638-648. [PMID: 33868585 PMCID: PMC8021034 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis in several cancers, it also supports T cell infiltration into the tumor and predicts favorable outcome to immunotherapy. The role of lymphatic vessels in skin squamous-cell carcinoma (sSCC), the second most common form of skin cancer, remains mostly unknown. Although anti-PD-1 therapy is beneficial for some patients with advanced sSCC, a greater understanding of disease mechanisms is still needed to develop better therapies. Using quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry, we analyzed sSCC sections from 36 patients. CD8+ T cell infiltration showed great differences between patients, whereby these cells were mainly excluded from the tumor mass. Similar to our data in melanoma, sSCC with high density of lymphatic endothelial cells showed increased CD8+ T cell density in tumor areas. An entirely new observation is that sSCC with perineural infiltration but without metastasis was characterized by low lymphatic endothelial cell density. Since both, metastasis and perineural infiltration are known to affect tumor progression and patients’ prognosis, it is important to identify the molecular drivers, opening future options for therapeutic targeting. Our data suggest that the mechanisms underlying perineural infiltration may be linked with the biology of lymphatic vessels and thus stroma.
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18
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Sasso MS, Mitrousis N, Wang Y, Briquez PS, Hauert S, Ishihara J, Hubbell JA, Swartz MA. Lymphangiogenesis-inducing vaccines elicit potent and long-lasting T cell immunity against melanomas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe4362. [PMID: 33762337 PMCID: PMC7990326 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In melanoma, the induction of lymphatic growth (lymphangiogenesis) has long been correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis, but we recently showed it can synergistically enhance cancer immunotherapy and boost T cell immunity. Here, we develop a translational approach for exploiting this "lymphangiogenic potentiation" of immunotherapy in a cancer vaccine using lethally irradiated tumor cells overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and topical adjuvants. Our "VEGFC vax" induced extensive local lymphangiogenesis and promoted stronger T cell activation in both the intradermal vaccine site and draining lymph nodes, resulting in higher frequencies of antigen-specific T cells present systemically than control vaccines. In mouse melanoma models, VEGFC vax elicited potent tumor-specific T cell immunity and provided effective tumor control and long-term immunological memory. Together, these data introduce the potential of lymphangiogenesis induction as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to consider in cancer vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella Sasso
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Nikolaos Mitrousis
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Priscilla S Briquez
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sylvie Hauert
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Zhou C, Zhang Y, Yan R, Huang L, Mellor AL, Yang Y, Chen X, Wei W, Wu X, Yu L, Liang L, Zhang D, Wu S, Wang W. Exosome-derived miR-142-5p remodels lymphatic vessels and induces IDO to promote immune privilege in the tumour microenvironment. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:715-729. [PMID: 32929219 PMCID: PMC7862304 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical response to immunotherapy is closely associated with the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), and influenced by the dynamic interaction between tumour cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Here, we show that high levels of miR-142-5p positively correlate with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in tumour-associated lymphatic vessels in advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). The miR-142-5p is transferred by CSCC-secreted exosomes into LECs to exhaust CD8+ T cells via the up-regulation of lymphatic IDO expression, which was abrogated by an IDO inhibitor. Mechanistically, miR-142-5p directly down-regulates lymphatic AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 2 (ARID2) expression, inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) recruitment to interferon (IFN)-γ promoter, and enhances IFN-γ transcription by suppressing promoter methylation, thereby leading to elevated IDO activity. Furthermore, increased serum exosomal miR-142-5p levels and the consequent IDO activity positively correlate with CSCC progression. In conclusion, exosomes secreted by CSCC cells deliver miR-142-5p to LECs and induce IDO expression via ARID2-DNMT1-IFN-γ signalling to suppress and exhaust CD8+ T cells. Our study suggests that LECs act as an integral component of the immune checkpoint(s) in the TME and may serve as a potential new target for CSCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ruiming Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenfei Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangguang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Luojiao Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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20
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Lymph Node Stromal Cells: Mapmakers of T Cell Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207785. [PMID: 33096748 PMCID: PMC7588999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells (SCs) are strategically positioned in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs to provide a scaffold and orchestrate immunity by modulating immune cell maturation, migration and activation. Recent characterizations of SCs have expanded our understanding of their heterogeneity and suggested a functional specialization of distinct SC subsets, further modulated by the microenvironment. Lymph node SCs (LNSCs) have been shown to be particularly important in maintaining immune homeostasis and T cell tolerance. Under inflammation situations, such as viral infections or tumor development, SCs undergo profound changes in their numbers and phenotype and play important roles in contributing to either the activation or the control of T cell immunity. In this review, we highlight the role of SCs located in LNs in shaping peripheral T cell responses in different immune contexts, such as autoimmunity, viral and cancer immunity.
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21
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Meireson A, Devos M, Brochez L. IDO Expression in Cancer: Different Compartment, Different Functionality? Front Immunol 2020; 11:531491. [PMID: 33072086 PMCID: PMC7541907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.531491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a cytosolic haem-containing enzyme involved in the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine. Although initially thought to be solely implicated in the modulation of innate immune responses during infection, subsequent discoveries demonstrated IDO1 as a mechanism of acquired immune tolerance. In cancer, IDO1 expression/activity has been observed in tumor cells as well as in the tumor-surrounding stroma, which is composed of endothelial cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells. IDO1 expression/activity has also been reported in the peripheral blood. This manuscript reviews available data on IDO1 expression, mechanisms of its induction, and its function in cancer for each of these compartments. In-depth study of the biological function of IDO1 according to the expressing (tumor) cell can help to understand if and when IDO1 inhibition can play a role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Meireson
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Hähnlein JS, Nadafi R, de Jong TA, Semmelink JF, Remmerswaal EBM, Safy M, van Lienden KP, Maas M, Gerlag DM, Tak PP, Mebius RE, Wähämaa H, Catrina AI, G. M. van Baarsen L. Human Lymph Node Stromal Cells Have the Machinery to Regulate Peripheral Tolerance during Health and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165713. [PMID: 32784936 PMCID: PMC7460812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the cause for loss of tolerance and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) production remains unidentified. Mouse studies showed that lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) maintain peripheral tolerance through presentation of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs). We hypothesize that dysregulation of peripheral tolerance mechanisms in human LNSCs might underlie pathogenesis of RA. METHOD Lymph node (LN) needle biopsies were obtained from 24 RA patients, 23 individuals positive for RA-associated autoantibodies but without clinical disease (RA-risk individuals), and 14 seronegative healthy individuals. Ex vivo human LNs from non-RA individuals were used to directly analyze stromal cells. Molecules involved in antigen presentation and immune modulation were measured in LNSCs upon interferon γ (IFNγ) stimulation (n = 15). RESULTS Citrullinated targets of ACPAs were detected in human LN tissue and in cultured LNSCs. Human LNSCs express several PTAs, transcription factors autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 (DEAF1), and molecules involved in citrullination, antigen presentation, and immunomodulation. Overall, no clear differences between donor groups were observed with exception of a slightly lower induction of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1) molecules in LNSCs from RA patients. CONCLUSION Human LNSCs have the machinery to regulate peripheral tolerance making them an attractive target to exploit in tolerance induction and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S. Hähnlein
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.S.H.); (T.A.d.J.); (J.F.S.); (M.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.)
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Nadafi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (R.E.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke A. de Jong
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.S.H.); (T.A.d.J.); (J.F.S.); (M.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.)
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna F. Semmelink
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.S.H.); (T.A.d.J.); (J.F.S.); (M.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.)
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ester B. M. Remmerswaal
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mary Safy
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.S.H.); (T.A.d.J.); (J.F.S.); (M.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.)
| | - Krijn P. van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.v.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Mario Maas
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.v.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Danielle M. Gerlag
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.S.H.); (T.A.d.J.); (J.F.S.); (M.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.)
| | - Paul P. Tak
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.S.H.); (T.A.d.J.); (J.F.S.); (M.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.)
- Kintai Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
- Internal Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
- Rheumatology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Reina E. Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Heidi Wähämaa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.W.); (A.I.C.)
| | - Anca I. Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.W.); (A.I.C.)
| | - Lisa G. M. van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.S.H.); (T.A.d.J.); (J.F.S.); (M.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.)
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-205668043
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23
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Abstract
The influx and efflux of cells and antigens to and from the draining lymph nodes largely take place through the subcapsular, cortical and medullary sinus systems. Recent analyses in mice and humans have revealed unexpected diversity in the lymphatic endothelial cells, which form the distinct regions of the sinuses. As a semipermeable barrier, the lymphatic endothelial cells regulate the sorting of lymph-borne antigens to the lymph node parenchyma and can themselves serve as antigen-presenting cells. The leukocytes entering the lymph node via the sinus system and the lymphocytes egressing from the parenchyma migrate through the lymphatic endothelial cell layer. The sinus lymphatic endothelial cells also orchestrate the organogenesis of lymph nodes, and they undergo bidirectional signalling with other sinus-resident cells, such as subcapsular sinus macrophages, to generate a unique lymphatic niche. In this Review, we consider the structural and functional basis of how the lymph node sinus system coordinates immune responses under physiological conditions, and in inflammation and cancer.
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24
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Wu ZS, Ding W, Cai J, Bashir G, Li YQ, Wu S. Communication Of Cancer Cells And Lymphatic Vessels In Cancer: Focus On Bladder Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8161-8177. [PMID: 31632067 PMCID: PMC6781639 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s219111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and causes the highest lifetime treatment costs per patient. Bladder cancer is most likely to metastasize through lymphatic ducts, and once the lymph nodes are involved, the prognosis is poorly and finitely improved by current modalities. The underlying metastatic mechanism for bladder cancer is thus becoming a research focus to date. To identify relevant published data, an online search of the PubMed/Medline archives was performed to locate original articles and review articles regarding lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in urinary bladder cancer (UBC), and was limited to articles in English published between 1998 and 2018. A further search of the clinical trials.gov search engine was conducted to identify both trials with results available and those with results not yet available. Herein, we summarized the unique mechanisms and biomarkers involved in the malignant progression of bladder cancer as well as their emerging roles in therapeutics, and that current data suggests that lymphangiogenesis and lymph node invasion are important prognostic factors for UBC. The growing knowledge about their roles in bladder cancers provides the basis for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, more basic and clinical research needs to be conducted in order to identify further accurate predictive molecules and relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-song Wu
- Medical College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wa Ding
- Medical College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan232001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ghassan Bashir
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-qing Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wu
- Medical College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan232001, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Karouzakis E, Hähnlein J, Grasso C, Semmelink JF, Tak PP, Gerlag DM, Gay S, Ospelt C, van Baarsen LGM. Molecular Characterization of Human Lymph Node Stromal Cells During the Earliest Phases of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1863. [PMID: 31481955 PMCID: PMC6711342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive, destructive autoimmune arthritis. Break of tolerance and formation of autoantibodies occur years before arthritis. Adaptive immunity is initiated in lymphoid tissue where lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) play a crucial role in shaping the immune response and maintaining peripheral tolerance. Here we performed the first epigenomic characterization of LNSCs during health and early RA, by analyzing their transcriptome and DNA methylome in LNSCs isolated from lymph node needle biopsies obtained from healthy controls (HC), autoantibody positive RA-risk individuals and patients with established RA. Of interest, LNSCs from RA-risk individuals and RA patients revealed a common significantly differential expressed gene signature compared with HC LNSCs. Pathway analysis of this common signature showed, among others, significant enrichment of pathways affecting the extracellular matrix (ECM), cholesterol biosynthesis and immune system. In a gel contraction assay LNSCs from RA-risk individuals and RA patients showed impaired collagen contraction compared to healthy LNSCs. In RA LNSCs a significant enrichment was observed for genes involved in cytokine signaling, hemostasis and packaging of telomere ends. In contrast, in RA-risk LNSCs pathways in cancer (cell cycle related genes) were differentially expressed compared with HC, which could be validated in vitro using a proliferation assay, which indicated a slower proliferation rate. DNA methylation analyses revealed common and specific differentially methylated CpG sites (DMS) in LNSC from RA patients and RA-risk individuals compared with HC. Intriguingly, shared DMS were all associated with antigen processing and presentation. This data point toward alterations in cytoskeleton and antigen-processing and presentation in LNSC from RA-risk individuals and RA patients. Further studies are required to investigate the consequence of this LNSC abnormality on LNSC-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Karouzakis
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Hähnlein
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristoforo Grasso
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johanna F Semmelink
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul P Tak
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Flagship Pioneering, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle M Gerlag
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,RxCelerate, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Gay
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Ospelt
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa G M van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Jiang X. Lymphatic vasculature in tumor metastasis and immunobiology. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 21:3-11. [PMID: 31317681 PMCID: PMC6964999 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are essential for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and intestinal lipid absorption. The lymphatics have long been recognized to serve as conduits for distant tumor dissemination. However, recent findings suggest that the regional lymphatic vasculature also shapes the immune microenvironment of the tumor mass and potentiates immunotherapy. This review discusses the role of lymphatic vessels in tumor metastasis and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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27
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Alderfer L, Wei A, Hanjaya-Putra D. Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 30564284 PMCID: PMC6296077 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Alicia Wei
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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28
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Bordry N, Broggi MAS, de Jonge K, Schaeuble K, Gannon PO, Foukas PG, Danenberg E, Romano E, Baumgaertner P, Fankhauser M, Wald N, Cagnon L, Abed-Maillard S, Maby-El Hajjami H, Murray T, Ioannidou K, Letovanec I, Yan P, Michielin O, Matter M, Swartz MA, Speiser DE. Lymphatic vessel density is associated with CD8 + T cell infiltration and immunosuppressive factors in human melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1462878. [PMID: 30221058 PMCID: PMC6136869 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1462878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased density of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels correlates with poor patient survival in melanoma and other cancers, yet lymphatic drainage is essential for initiating an immune response. Here we asked whether and how lymphatic vessel density (LVD) correlates with immune cell infiltration in primary tumors and lymph nodes (LNs) from patients with cutaneous melanoma. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis, we found significant positive correlations between LVD and CD8+ T cell infiltration as well as expression of the immunosuppressive molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO). Interestingly, similar associations were seen in tumor-free LNs adjacent to metastatic ones, indicating loco-regional effects of tumors. Our data suggest that lymphatic vessels play multiple roles at tumor sites and LNs, promoting both T cell infiltration and adaptive immunosuppressive mechanisms. Lymph vessel associated T cell infiltration may increase immunotherapy success rates provided that the treatment overcomes adaptive immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bordry
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria A. S. Broggi
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaat de Jonge
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin Schaeuble
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Periklis G. Foukas
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Danenberg
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, FRANCE
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Fankhauser
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Wald
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed-Maillard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Maby-El Hajjami
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Murray
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pu Yan
- Department of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Matter
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Permanyer M, Bošnjak B, Förster R. Dendritic cells, T cells and lymphatics: dialogues in migration and beyond. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:173-179. [PMID: 29857205 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells continuously recirculate through lymph vessels en route from peripheral tissues to the blood. Leuyte trafficking into and within lymph vessels is mediated by an interply with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, lymphatic vessels are much more than mere conduits for fluid and immune cell transport. Data accumulating during past several years indicate that LECs support T cell survival, induce tolerance to self-antigens, inhibit exaggerated T cell proliferation during immune response and maintain T cell memory. Reciprocally, leukocytes impact LEC biology: lymphatic vessel permeability depends on DCs while lymphocytes regulate LEC proliferation during inflammation. Altogether, these novel results provide important insights on intimate connections between LECs and leukocytes that contribute to the understanding of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Fankhauser M, Broggi MAS, Potin L, Bordry N, Jeanbart L, Lund AW, Da Costa E, Hauert S, Rincon-Restrepo M, Tremblay C, Cabello E, Homicsko K, Michielin O, Hanahan D, Speiser DE, Swartz MA. Tumor lymphangiogenesis promotes T cell infiltration and potentiates immunotherapy in melanoma. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/407/eaal4712. [PMID: 28904226 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In melanoma, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression and consequent lymphangiogenesis correlate with metastasis and poor prognosis. VEGF-C also promotes tumor immunosuppression, suggesting that lymphangiogenesis inhibitors may be clinically useful in combination with immunotherapy. We addressed this concept in mouse melanoma models with VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3)-blocking antibodies and unexpectedly found that VEGF-C signaling enhanced rather than suppressed the response to immunotherapy. We further found that this effect was mediated by VEGF-C-induced CCL21 and tumor infiltration of naïve T cells before immunotherapy because CCR7 blockade reversed the potentiating effects of VEGF-C. In human metastatic melanoma, gene expression of VEGF-C strongly correlated with CCL21 and T cell inflammation, and serum VEGF-C concentrations associated with both T cell activation and expansion after peptide vaccination and clinical response to checkpoint blockade. We propose that VEGF-C potentiates immunotherapy by attracting naïve T cells, which are locally activated upon immunotherapy-induced tumor cell killing, and that serum VEGF-C may serve as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fankhauser
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria A S Broggi
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lambert Potin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Natacha Bordry
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Jeanbart
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elodie Da Costa
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Hauert
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marcela Rincon-Restrepo
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Tremblay
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cabello
- The Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krisztian Homicsko
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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31
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The evolving role of lymphatics in cancer metastasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:64-73. [PMID: 29698919 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While the link between the lymphatic system and the metastatic spread of cancer is centuries old, understanding of the underlying mechanisms is still evolving. Lymphatic vessels provide a route for tumour cells to reach regional lymph nodes (LNs), which is prognostic of distant organ metastasis and poor survival. However, genomic analyses of metastatic cancer now reveal complex patterns of dissemination. The lymphatic endothelial cells lining lymphatics respond to molecular cues from the tumour microenvironment, mediating growth and remodelling of lymphatic vessels at the primary tumour, draining LNs and distant premetastatic niches. Recent studies emphasise that this not only supports metastasis but also influences antitumour immunity. Understanding the complex interactions between tumour cells, the immune system and lymphatics will be essential to inform developing therapeutic and prognostic approaches to cancer.
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32
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Role of Autophagy in HIV-1 Matrix Protein p17-Driven Lymphangiogenesis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00801-17. [PMID: 28592537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00801-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS-related lymphomas (ARLs) are expected to increase in the future since combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) enhances the life expectancy of HIV-1-infected (HIV+) patients but does not affect the occurrence of ARLs to the same extent as that of other tumors. Lymphangiogenesis is essential in supporting growth and metastatic spreading of ARLs. HIV-1 does not infect the neoplastic B cells, but HIV-1 proteins have been hypothesized to play a key role in sustaining a prolymphangiogenic microenvironment in lymphoid organs. The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 is detected in blood and accumulates in the germinal centers of lymph nodes of HIV+ patients under successful cART. The viral protein displays potent lymphangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo This is, at least in part, mediated by the secretion of the lymphangiogenic factor endothelin-1, suggesting that activation of a secretory pathway sustains the lymphangiogenic activity of p17. Here, we show that the p17 lymphangiogenic activity occurs on human lymph node-derived lymphatic endothelial cells (LN-LECs) under stress conditions only and relies entirely on activation of an autophagy-based pathway. In fact, induction of autophagy by p17 promotes lymphangiogenesis, whereas pharmacological and genetic inhibition of autophagy inhibits p17-triggered lymphangiogenesis. Similarly, the vasculogenic activity of p17 was totally inhibited in autophagy-incompetent mice. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of autophagy in lymphangiogenesis and open the way to identify novel treatment strategies aimed at inhibiting aberrant tumor-driven lymphangiogenesis in HIV+ patients.IMPORTANCE AIDS-related lymphomas (ARLs) are the most common malignancies in HIV-1-infected (HIV+) patients after the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Lymphangiogenesis is of critical importance in sustaining growth and metastasis of ARLs. Indeed, enhanced lymphangiogenesis occurs in the lymph nodes of HIV+ patients under successful cART. The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 is detected in blood and accumulates in the lymph node germinal centers even in the absence of virus replication. Several findings suggest a key role for p17 as a microenvironmental factor capable of promoting lymphangiogenesis. Here, we show that p17 promotes lymphangiogenesis of human lymph node-derived lymphatic endothelial cells (LN-LECs). The lymphangiogenic activity of p17 is sustained by an autophagy-based pathway that enables LN-LECs to release prolymphangiogenic factors into the extracellular microenvironment. Our findings indicate that specific targeting of autophagy may provide an important new tool for treating ARLs.
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33
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Maisel K, Sasso MS, Potin L, Swartz MA. Exploiting lymphatic vessels for immunomodulation: Rationale, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:43-59. [PMID: 28694027 PMCID: PMC6026542 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are the primary route of communication from peripheral tissues to the immune system; as such, they represent an important component of local immunity. In addition to their transport functions, new immunomodulatory roles for lymphatic vessels and lymphatic endothelial cells have come to light in recent years, demonstrating that lymphatic vessels help shape immune responses in a variety of ways: promoting tolerance to self-antigens, archiving antigen for later presentation, dampening effector immune responses, and resolving inflammation, among others. In addition to these new biological insights, the growing field of immunoengineering has begun to explore therapeutic approaches to utilize or exploit the lymphatic system for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Maisel
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Stella Sasso
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lambert Potin
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Yee D, Coles MC, Lagos D. microRNAs in the Lymphatic Endothelium: Master Regulators of Lineage Plasticity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:104. [PMID: 28232833 PMCID: PMC5298995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. They have crucial roles in organismal development, homeostasis, and cellular responses to pathological stress. The lymphatic system is a large vascular network that actively regulates the immune response through antigen trafficking, cytokine secretion, and inducing peripheral tolerance. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in the lymphatic endothelium with a particular focus on their role in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) plasticity, inflammation, and regulatory function. We highlight the lineage plasticity of LECs during inflammation and the importance of understanding the regulatory role of miRNAs in these processes. We propose that targeting miRNA expression in lymphatic endothelium can be a novel strategy in treating human pathologies associated with lymphatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yee
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | - Mark C Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
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Yeo KP, Angeli V. Bidirectional Crosstalk between Lymphatic Endothelial Cell and T Cell and Its Implications in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:83. [PMID: 28220121 PMCID: PMC5292621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have been traditionally considered as passive transporters of fluid and lipids. However, it is apparent from recent literature that the function of lymphatic vessels is not only restricted to fluid balance homeostasis but also extends to regulation of immune cell trafficking, antigen presentation, tolerance, and immunity, all which may impact the progression of inflammatory responses and diseases such as cancer. The lymphatic system and the immune system are intimately connected, and there is emergent evidence for a crosstalk between T cell and lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC). This review describes how LECs in lymph nodes can affect multiple functional properties of T cells and the impact of these LEC-driven effects on adaptive immunity and, conversely, how T cells can modulate LEC growth. The significance of such crosstalk between T cells and LECs in cancer will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pin Yeo
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
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Humbert M, Hugues S, Dubrot J. Shaping of Peripheral T Cell Responses by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 7:684. [PMID: 28127298 PMCID: PMC5226940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) have newly been promoted to the rank of new modulators of T cell responses. The different non-hematopoietic cell subsets in lymph node (LN) were considered for years as a simple scaffold, forming routes and proper environment for antigen (Ag)-lymphocyte encountering. Deeper characterization of those cells has recently clearly shown their impact on both dendritic cell and T cell functions. In particular, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) control lymphocyte trafficking and homeostasis in LNs and limit adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the new role of LECs in shaping immune responses has drawn the attention of immunologists. Striking is the discovery that LECs, among other LNSCs, ectopically express a large range of peripheral tissue-restricted Ags (PTAs), and further present PTA-derived peptides through major histocompatibility class I molecules to induce self-reactive CD8+ T cell deletional tolerance. In addition, both steady-state and tumor-associated LECs were described to be capable of exogenous Ag cross-presentation. Whether LECs can similarly impact CD4+ T cell responses through major histocompatibility class II restricted Ag presentation is still a matter of debate. Here, we review and discuss our current knowledge on the contribution of Ag-presenting LECs as regulators of peripheral T cell responses in different immunological contexts, including autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Humbert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School , Geneva , Switzerland
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Ji RC. Lymph Nodes and Cancer Metastasis: New Perspectives on the Role of Intranodal Lymphatic Sinuses. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010051. [PMID: 28036019 PMCID: PMC5297686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for transporting interstitial fluid, soluble antigen, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs). Functional integrity of LNs is dependent on intact lymphatics and effective lymph drainage. Molecular mechanisms that facilitate interactions between tumor cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during tumor progression still remain to be identified. The cellular and molecular structures of LNs are optimized to trigger a rapid and efficient immune response, and to participate in the process of tumor metastasis by stimulating lymphangiogenesis and establishing a premetastatic niche in LNs. Several molecules, e.g., S1P, CCR7-CCL19/CCL21, CXCL12/CXCR4, IL-7, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and integrin α4β1 play an important role in controlling the activity of LN stromal cells including LECs, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and follicular dendritic cells (DCs). The functional stromal cells are critical for reconstruction and remodeling of the LN that creates a unique microenvironment of tumor cells and LECs for cancer metastasis. LN metastasis is a major determinant for the prognosis of most human cancers and clinical management. Ongoing work to elucidate the function and molecular regulation of LN lymphatic sinuses will provide insight into cancer development mechanisms and improve therapeutic approaches for human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Faculty of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University, Oita 870-1192, Japan.
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Hendry SA, Farnsworth RH, Solomon B, Achen MG, Stacker SA, Fox SB. The Role of the Tumor Vasculature in the Host Immune Response: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2016; 7:621. [PMID: 28066431 PMCID: PMC5168440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed cancer immunotherapy approaches including immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cell transfer are showing promising results both in trials and in clinical practice. These approaches reflect increasing recognition of the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer development and progression. Cancer cells do not act alone, but develop a complex relationship with the environment in which they reside. The host immune response to tumors is critical to the success of immunotherapy; however, the determinants of this response are incompletely understood. The immune cell infiltrate in tumors varies widely in density, composition, and clinical significance. The tumor vasculature is a key component of the microenvironment that can influence tumor behavior and treatment response and can be targeted through the use of antiangiogenic drugs. Blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells have important roles in the trafficking of immune cells, controlling the microenvironment, and modulating the immune response. Improving access to the tumor through vascular alteration with antiangiogenic drugs may prove an effective combinatorial strategy with immunotherapy approaches and might be applicable to many tumor types. In this review, we briefly discuss the host's immune response to cancer and the treatment strategies utilizing this response, before focusing on the pathological features of tumor blood and lymphatic vessels and the contribution these might make to tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona A Hendry
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rae H Farnsworth
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Louveau A, Da Mesquita S, Kipnis J. Lymphatics in Neurological Disorders: A Neuro-Lympho-Vascular Component of Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease? Neuron 2016; 91:957-973. [PMID: 27608759 PMCID: PMC5019121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature drains interstitial fluids, which contain the tissue's waste products, and ensures immune surveillance of the tissues, allowing immune cell recirculation. Until recently, the CNS was considered to be devoid of a conventional lymphatic vasculature. The recent discovery in the meninges of a lymphatic network that drains the CNS calls into question classic models for the drainage of macromolecules and immune cells from the CNS. In the context of neurological disorders, the presence of a lymphatic system draining the CNS potentially offers a new player and a new avenue for therapy. In this review, we will attempt to integrate the known primary functions of the tissue lymphatic vasculature that exists in peripheral organs with the proposed function of meningeal lymphatic vessels in neurological disorders, specifically multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We propose that these (and potentially other) neurological afflictions can be viewed as diseases with a neuro-lympho-vascular component and should be therapeutically targeted as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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40
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Lerner TR, de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz C, Repnik U, Russell MR, Borel S, Diedrich CR, Rohde M, Wainwright H, Collinson LM, Wilkinson RJ, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Lymphatic endothelial cells are a replicative niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1093-108. [PMID: 26901813 PMCID: PMC4767353 DOI: 10.1172/jci83379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In extrapulmonary tuberculosis, the most common site of infection is within the lymphatic system, and there is growing recognition that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are involved in immune function. Here, we identified LECs, which line the lymphatic vessels, as a niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lymph nodes of patients with tuberculosis. In cultured primary human LECs (hLECs), we determined that M. tuberculosis replicates both in the cytosol and within autophagosomes, but the bacteria failed to replicate when the virulence locus RD1 was deleted. Activation by IFN-γ induced a cell-autonomous response in hLECs via autophagy and NO production that restricted M. tuberculosis growth. Thus, depending on the activation status of LECs, autophagy can both promote and restrict replication. Together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for hLECs and autophagy in tuberculosis pathogenesis and suggest that hLECs are a potential niche for M. tuberculosis that allows establishment of persistent infection in lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Lerner
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiane de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew R.G. Russell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Borel
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Collin R. Diedrich
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helen Wainwright
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maximiliano G. Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Cui Y, Liu K, Monzon-Medina ME, Padera RF, Wang H, George G, Toprak D, Abdelnour E, D'Agostino E, Goldberg HJ, Perrella MA, Forteza RM, Rosas IO, Visner G, El-Chemaly S. Therapeutic lymphangiogenesis ameliorates established acute lung allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4255-68. [PMID: 26485284 DOI: 10.1172/jci79693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the only viable option for patients suffering from otherwise incurable end-stage pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Despite aggressive immunosuppression, acute rejection of the lung allograft occurs in over half of transplant recipients, and the factors that promote lung acceptance are poorly understood. The contribution of lymphatic vessels to transplant pathophysiology remains controversial, and data that directly address the exact roles of lymphatic vessels in lung allograft function and survival are limited. Here, we have shown that there is a marked decline in the density of lymphatic vessels, accompanied by accumulation of low-MW hyaluronan (HA) in mouse orthotopic allografts undergoing rejection. We found that stimulation of lymphangiogenesis with VEGF-C156S, a mutant form of VEGF-C with selective VEGFR-3 binding, alleviates an established rejection response and improves clearance of HA from the lung allograft. Longitudinal analysis of transbronchial biopsies from human lung transplant recipients demonstrated an association between resolution of acute lung rejection and decreased HA in the graft tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that lymphatic vessel formation after lung transplantation mediates HA drainage and suggest that treatments to stimulate lymphangiogenesis have promise for improving graft outcomes.
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42
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Lymphangiogenesis is induced by mycobacterial granulomas via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 and supports systemic T-cell responses against mycobacterial antigen. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:432-45. [PMID: 25597700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation is characteristic of many autoimmune and infectious diseases. The lymphatic drainage of these inflammatory sites remains poorly understood, despite an expanding understanding of lymphatic role in inflammation and disease. Here, we show that the lymph vessel growth factor Vegf-c is up-regulated in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin- and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced granulomas, and that infection results in lymph vessel sprouting and increased lymphatic area in granulomatous tissue. The observed lymphangiogenesis during infection was reduced by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3. By using a model of chronic granulomatous infection, we also show that lymphatic remodeling of tissue persists despite resolution of acute infection and a 10- to 100-fold reduction in the number of bacteria and tissue-infiltrating leukocytes. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 decreased the growth of new vessels, but also reduced the proliferation of antigen-specific T cells. Together, our data show that granuloma-up-regulated factors increase granuloma access to secondary lymph organs by lymphangiogenesis, and that this process facilitates the generation of systemic T-cell responses to granuloma-contained antigens.
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43
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Tokumoto MW, Tanaka H, Tauchi Y, Kasashima H, Kurata K, Yashiro M, Sakurai K, Toyokawa T, Kubo N, Amano R, Kimura K, Muguruma K, Maeda K, Ohira M, Hirakawa K. Identification of tumour-reactive lymphatic endothelial cells capable of inducing progression of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1046-54. [PMID: 26355233 PMCID: PMC4651131 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour cells and stromal cells interact in the tumour microenvironment; moreover, stromal cells can acquire abnormalities that contribute to tumour progression. However, interactions between lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and tumour cells are largely unexamined. In this study, we aimed to determine whether tumour-specific LECs inhabit the tumour microenvironment and examine their influence on this microenvironment. Methods: We isolated normal LECs (NLECs) from a non-metastatic lymph node and tumour-associated LECs (TLECs) from cancerous lymph nodes. We examined proliferative and migratory potency, growth factor production, and gene expression of each type of LEC. Moreover, we developed a co-culture system to investigate the interactions between gastric cancer cells and LECs. Results: When compared with NLEC, TLECs had an abnormal shape, high proliferative and migratory abilities, and elevated expression of genes associated with inflammation, cell growth, and cell migration. NLECs co-cultured with gastric cancer cells from the OCUM12 cell line acquired TLEC-like phenotypes. Also, OCUM12 cells co-cultured with TLECs expressed high levels of genes responsible for metastasis. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that LECs interacted with tumour cells and obtained abnormal phenotypes that could have important roles in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Watanabe Tokumoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yukie Tauchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kasashima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kento Kurata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Katsunobu Sakurai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toyokawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naoshi Kubo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Amano
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kimura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuya Muguruma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Maeda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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44
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Hirosue S, Dubrot J. Modes of Antigen Presentation by Lymph Node Stromal Cells and Their Immunological Implications. Front Immunol 2015; 6:446. [PMID: 26441957 PMCID: PMC4561840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is no longer the exclusive domain of cells of hematopoietic origin. Recent works have demonstrated that lymph node stromal cell (LNSC) populations, such as fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells, not only provide a scaffold for lymphocyte interactions but also exhibit active immunomodulatory roles that are critical to mounting and resolving effective immune responses. Importantly, LNSCs possess the ability to present antigens and establish antigen-specific interactions with T cells. One example is the expression of peripheral tissue antigens, which are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I molecules with tolerogenic consequences on T cells. Additionally, exogenous antigens, including self and tumor antigens, can be processed and presented on MHC-I complexes, which result in dysfunctional activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. While MHC-I is widely expressed on cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins, antigen presentation via MHC-II is more precisely regulated. Nevertheless, LNSCs are capable of endogenously expressing, or alternatively, acquiring MHC-II molecules. Transfer of antigen between LNSC and dendritic cells in both directions has been recently suggested to promote tolerogenic roles of LNSCs on the CD4+ T cell compartment. Thus, antigen presentation by LNSCs is thought to be a mechanism that promotes the maintenance of peripheral tolerance as well as generates a pool of diverse antigen-experienced T cells for protective immunity. This review aims to integrate the current and emerging literature to highlight the importance of LNSCs in immune responses, and emphasize their role in antigen trafficking, retention, and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève , Geneva , Switzerland
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45
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Liao S, von der Weid PY. Lymphatic system: an active pathway for immune protection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 38:83-9. [PMID: 25534659 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are well known to participate in the immune response by providing the structural and functional support for the delivery of antigens and antigen presenting cells to draining lymph nodes. Recent advances have improved our understanding of how the lymphatic system works and how it participates to the development of immune responses. New findings suggest that the lymphatic system may control the ultimate immune response through a number of ways which may include guiding antigen/dendritic cells (DC) entry into initial lymphatics at the periphery; promoting antigen/DC trafficking through afferent lymphatic vessels by actively facilitating lymph and cell movement; enabling antigen presentation in lymph nodes via a network of lymphatic endothelial cells and lymph node stroma cell and finally by direct lymphocytes exit from lymph nodes. The same mechanisms are likely also important to maintain peripheral tolerance. In this review we will discuss how the morphology and gene expression profile of the lymphatic endothelial cells in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes provides a highly efficient pathway to initiate immune responses. The fundamental understanding of how lymphatic system participates in immune regulation will guide the research on lymphatic function in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liao
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - P Y von der Weid
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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46
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Shin K, Lee SH. Interplay between Inflammatory Responses and Lymphatic Vessels. Immune Netw 2014; 14:182-6. [PMID: 25177250 PMCID: PMC4148488 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.4.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are routes for leukocyte migration and fluid drainage. In addition to their passive roles in migration of leukocytes, increasing evidence indicates their active roles in immune regulation. Tissue inflammation rapidly induces lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and chemokine production, thereby resulting in lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, lymphatic endothelial cells induce T cell tolerance through various mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on how inflammatory cytokines affect lymphangiogenesis and the roles of lymphatic vessels in modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuk Shin
- Department of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Korea. ; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, and Biomedical Research Center, and KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyo Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, and Biomedical Research Center, and KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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47
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Podgrabinska S, Skobe M. Role of lymphatic vasculature in regional and distant metastases. Microvasc Res 2014; 95:46-52. [PMID: 25026412 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In cancer, lymphatic vasculature has been traditionally viewed only as a transportation system for metastatic cells. It has now become clear that lymphatics perform many additional functions which could influence cancer progression. Lymphangiogenesis, induced at the primary tumor site and at distant sites, potently augments metastasis. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) control tumor cell entry and exit from the lymphatic vessels. LECs also control immune cell traffic and directly modulate adaptive immune responses. This review highlights advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which lymphatic vessels, and in particular lymphatic endothelium, impact metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Podgrabinska
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mihaela Skobe
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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48
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Hirosue S, Vokali E, Raghavan VR, Rincon-Restrepo M, Lund AW, Corthésy-Henrioud P, Capotosti F, Halin Winter C, Hugues S, Swartz MA. Steady-state antigen scavenging, cross-presentation, and CD8+ T cell priming: a new role for lymphatic endothelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5002-11. [PMID: 24795456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the known roles of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in immune modulation were limited to directing immune cell trafficking and passively transporting peripheral Ags to lymph nodes. Recent studies demonstrated that LECs can directly suppress dendritic cell maturation and present peripheral tissue and tumor Ags for autoreactive T cell deletion. We asked whether LECs play a constitutive role in T cell deletion under homeostatic conditions. In this study, we demonstrate that murine LECs under noninflamed conditions actively scavenge and cross-present foreign exogenous Ags to cognate CD8(+) T cells. This cross-presentation was sensitive to inhibitors of lysosomal acidification and endoplasmic reticulum-golgi transport and was TAP1 dependent. Furthermore, LECs upregulated MHC class I and the PD-1 ligand PD-L1, but not the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, or CD86, upon Ag-specific interactions with CD8(+) T cells. Finally, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells that were activated by LECs underwent proliferation, with early-generation apoptosis and dysfunctionally activated phenotypes that could not be reversed by exogenous IL-2. These findings help to establish LECs as APCs that are capable of scavenging and cross-presenting exogenous Ags, in turn causing dysfunctional activation of CD8(+) T cells under homeostatic conditions. Thus, we suggest that steady-state lymphatic drainage may contribute to peripheral tolerance by delivering self-Ags to lymph node-resident leukocytes, as well as by providing constant exposure of draining peripheral Ags to LECs, which maintain tolerogenic cross-presentation of such Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Efthymia Vokali
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vidya R Raghavan
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Rincon-Restrepo
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesca Capotosti
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin Winter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Card CM, Yu SS, Swartz MA. Emerging roles of lymphatic endothelium in regulating adaptive immunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:943-52. [PMID: 24590280 DOI: 10.1172/jci73316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging research on the roles of stromal cells in modulating adaptive immune responses has included a new focus on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). LECs are presumably the first cells that come into direct contact with peripheral antigens, cytokines, danger signals, and immune cells travelling from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes. LECs can modulate dendritic cell function, present antigens to T cells on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, and express immunomodulatory cytokines and receptors, which suggests that their roles in adaptive immunity are far more extensive than previously realized. This Review summarizes the emergent evidence that LECs are important in maintaining peripheral tolerance, limiting and resolving effector T cell responses, and modulating leukocyte function.
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50
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Rouhani SJ, Eccles JD, Tewalt EF, Engelhard VH. Regulation of T-cell Tolerance by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 25580369 PMCID: PMC4286360 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells are most often thought of as structural cells that form the lymphatic vasculature, which transports fluid out of peripheral tissues and transports antigens and antigen presenting cells to lymph nodes. Recently, it has been shown that lymphatic endothelial cells also dynamically respond to and influence the immune response in several ways. Here, we describe how lymphatic endothelial cells induce peripheral T-cell tolerance and how this relates to tolerance induced by other types of antigen presenting cells. Furthermore, the ability of lymphatic endothelial cells to alter immune responses under steady-state or inflammatory conditions is explored, and the therapeutic potential of bypassing lymphatic endothelial cell-induced tolerance to enhance cancer immunotherapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin J Rouhani
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jacob D Eccles
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Eric F Tewalt
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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