1
|
Dinc R. A review of the current state in neointimal hyperplasia development following endovascular intervention and minor emphasis on new horizons in immunotherapy. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2023; 31:191-201. [PMID: 38196998 PMCID: PMC10772059 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2023.31.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Endovascular strategies play a vital role in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, luminal loss or restenosis after endovascular intervention remains a significant challenge. The main underlying mechanisms are negative vascular remodeling and elastic recoil in balloon angioplasty. During stenting, the main reason for this complex is neointimal proliferation. Endothelial cell injury due to endovascular intervention initiates a series of molecular events, such as overexpression of growth factors, cytokine secretion, and adhesion molecules. These induce platelet activation and inflammatory processes, which trigger the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells into the intima, resulting in neointimal hyperplasia. During this process, PAD progression is mainly caused by chronic inflammation, in which macrophages play a central role. Of the current strategies, drug release interventions aim to suppress restenosis using antiproliferative drugs, such as sirolimus and paclitaxel, during drug release. These drugs inhibit vascular reendothelialization and reduce late in-stent restenosis. For this reason, immunotherapy can be considered an important alternative. Interventions that polarize macrophages to the M2 subtype are particularly important, as they shape the immune response in an anti-inflammatory direction and contribute to tissue repair. However, there are several challenges to overcome, such as localizing antiproliferative or polarizing agents only to areas of vascular injury. This review discusses, based on the early study observations, immunotherapeutic approaches to prevent restenosis after endovascular intervention for the treatment of PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasit Dinc
- INVAMED Medical Innovation Institute, Ankara 06810, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pham K, Mertelsmann A, Mages K, Kingery JR, Mazigo HD, Jaka H, Kalokola F, Changalucha JM, Kapiga S, Peck RN, Downs JA. Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011022. [PMID: 36827239 PMCID: PMC9956023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, helminth infections and cardiometabolic diseases often overlap in populations and individuals. Neither the causal relationship between helminth infections and cardiometabolic diseases nor the effect of helminth eradication on cardiometabolic risk have been reviewed systematically in a large number of human and animal studies. METHODS We conducted a systematic review assessing the reported effects of helminth infections and anthelmintic treatment on the development and/or severity of cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors. The search was limited to the most prevalent human helminths worldwide. This study followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered prospectively in PROSPERO (CRD42021228610). Searches were performed on December 10, 2020 and rerun on March 2, 2022 using Ovid MEDLINE ALL (1946 to March 2, 2022), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Global Index Medicus, and Ovid Embase (1974 to March 2, 2022). Randomized clinical trials, cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, and animal studies were included. Two reviewers performed screening independently. RESULTS Eighty-four animal and human studies were included in the final analysis. Most studies reported on lipids (45), metabolic syndrome (38), and diabetes (30), with fewer on blood pressure (18), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (11), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP, 5), and non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (4). Fifteen different helminth infections were represented. On average, helminth-infected participants had less dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eleven studies examined anthelmintic treatment, of which 9 (82%) reported post-treatment increases in dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes or glucose levels. Results from animal and human studies were generally consistent. No consistent effects of helminth infections on blood pressure, hsCRP, or cardiac function were reported except some trends towards association of schistosome infection with lower blood pressure. The vast majority of evidence linking helminth infections to lower cardiometabolic diseases was reported in those with schistosome infections. CONCLUSIONS Helminth infections may offer protection against dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This protection may lessen after anthelmintic treatment. Our findings highlight the need for mechanistic trials to determine the pathways linking helminth infections with cardiometabolic diseases. Such studies could have implications for helminth eradication campaigns and could generate new strategies to address the global challenge of cardiometabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Mertelsmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith Mages
- Samuel J. Wood Library, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Kingery
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Humphrey D. Mazigo
- Department of Parasitology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Hyasinta Jaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mwanza College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fredrick Kalokola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Robert N. Peck
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer A. Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang W, Liang M, Wang L, Bei W, Rong X, Xu J, Guo J. Role of prostaglandin E2 in macrophage polarization: Insights into atherosclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 207:115357. [PMID: 36455672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a trigger of cardiovascular disease, poses grave threats to human health. Although atherosclerosis depends on lipid accumulation and vascular wall inflammation, abnormal phenotypic regulation of macrophages is considered the pathological basis of atherosclerosis. Macrophage polarization mainly refers to the transformation of macrophages into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, which has recently become a much-discussed topic. Increasing evidence has shown that M2 macrophage polarization can alleviate atherosclerosis progression. PGE2 is a bioactive lipid that has been observed to be elevated in atherosclerosis and to play a pro-inflammatory role, yet recent studies have reported that PGE2 promotes anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization and mitigates atherosclerosis progression. However, the mechanisms by which PGE2 acts remain unclear. This review summarizes current knowledge of PGE2 and macrophages in atherosclerosis. Additionally, we discuss potential PGE2 mechanisms of macrophage polarization, including CREB, NF-κB, and STAT signaling pathways, which may provide important therapeutic strategies based on targeting PGE2 pathways to modulate macrophage polarization for atherosclerosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjie Liang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianqin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Su W, Liang L, Zhou L, Cao Y, Zhou X, Liu S, Wang Q, Zhang H. Macrophage Paired Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B Deficiency Promotes Peripheral Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:783954. [PMID: 35321392 PMCID: PMC8936951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Peripheral atherosclerotic disease (PAD) is the narrowing or blockage of arteries that supply blood to the lower limbs. Given its complex nature, bioinformatics can help identify crucial genes involved in the progression of peripheral atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: Raw human gene expression data for 462 PAD arterial plaque and 23 normal arterial samples were obtained from the GEO database. The data was analyzed using an integrated, multi-layer approach involving differentially-expressed gene analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, GO term enrichment analysis, weighted gene correlation network analysis, and protein-protein interaction analysis. The monocyte/macrophage-expressed leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B2 (LILRB2) was strongly associated with the human PAD phenotype. To explore the role of the murine LILRB2 homologue PirB in vivo, we created a myeloid-specific PirB-knockout Apoe−/− murine model of PAD (PirBMΦKO) to analyze femoral atherosclerotic burden, plaque features of vulnerability, and monocyte recruitment to femoral atherosclerotic lesions. The phenotypes of PirBMΦKO macrophages under various stimuli were also investigated in vitro. Results:PirBMΦKO mice displayed increased femoral atherogenesis, a more vulnerable plaque phenotype, and enhanced monocyte recruitment into lesions. PirBMΦKO macrophages showed enhanced pro-inflammatory responses and a shift toward M1 over M2 polarization under interferon-γ and oxidized LDL exposure. PirBMΦKO macrophages also displayed enhanced efferocytosis and reduced lipid efflux under lipid exposure. Conclusion: Macrophage PirB reduces peripheral atherosclerotic burden, stabilizes peripheral plaque composition, and suppresses macrophage accumulation in peripheral lesions. Macrophage PirB inhibits pro-inflammatory activation, inhibits efferocytosis, and promotes lipid efflux, characteristics critical to suppressing peripheral atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Su
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liwen Liang
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Functional Phenotypes of Intraplaque Macrophages and Their Distinct Roles in Atherosclerosis Development and Atheroinflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020452. [PMID: 35203661 PMCID: PMC8962399 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the key inflammatory cell type involved in all stages of atherosclerosis development and progression, as demonstrated by numerous studies. Correspondingly, macrophages are currently regarded as a promising therapeutic target for the development of new treatment approaches. The macrophage population is heterogeneous and dynamic, as these cells can switch between a number of distinct functional states with pro- and anti-atherogenic activity in response to various stimuli. An atherosclerotic plaque microenvironment defined by cytokine levels, cell-to-cell interactions, lipid accumulation, hypoxia, neoangiogenesis, and intraplaque haemorrhage may guide local macrophage polarization processes within the lesion. In this review, we discuss known functional phenotypes of intraplaque macrophages and their distinct contribution to ahteroinflammation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang H, Li H, Chen W, Mei Z, Yuan Y, Wang X, Chu L, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li D, Gao H, Zhan B, Li H, Yang X. Therapeutic Effect of Schistosoma japonicum Cystatin on Atherosclerotic Renal Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760980. [PMID: 34901005 PMCID: PMC8656285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial vessel wall driven by lipid metabolism disorders. Although helminthic infection and their derivatives have been identified to attenuate the chronic inflammatory diseases, the immunomodulatory effect of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (rSj-Cys) on metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage and explored the related immunological mechanism. The results demonstrated that treatment with rSj-Cys significantly reduced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis induced by the high-fat diet in apoE–/– mice. The treatment of rSj-Cys also significantly improved kidney functions through promoting macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, therefore inhibiting M1 macrophage–induced inflammation. The possible mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of rSj-Cys on reducing atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic renal damage is that rSj-Cys stimulates regulatory T cell and M2 macrophage polarization that produce regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β. The therapeutic effect of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage is possibly through inhibiting the activation of TLR2/Myd88 signaling pathway. The results in this study provide evidence for the first time that Schistosoma-derived cystatin could be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat lipid metabolism disorder and atherosclerosis that threats million lives around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Department of Gerontology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijie Mei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dingru Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Helminth-Derived Chitinase Structurally Similar to Mammalian Chitinase Displays Immunomodulatory Properties in Inflammatory Lung Disease. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6234836. [PMID: 34869783 PMCID: PMC8639245 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6234836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation of airway hyperreactivity by excretory-secretory (ES) products of the first larval stage (L1) of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris suis is reported by us and others. Here, we aimed to identify the proteins accounting for the modulatory effects of the T. suis L1 ES proteins and studied six selected T. suis L1 proteins for their immunomodulatory efficacy in a murine OVA-induced allergic airway disease model. In particular, an enzymatically active T. suis chitinase mediated amelioration of clinical signs of airway hyperreactivity, primarily associated with suppression of eosinophil recruitment into the lung, the associated chemokines, and increased numbers of RELMα+ interstitial lung macrophages. While there is no indication of T. suis chitinase directly interfering with dendritic cell activation or antigen presentation to CD4 T cells, treatment of allergic mice with the worm chitinase influenced the hosts' own chitinase activity in the inflamed lung. The three-dimensional structure of the T. suis chitinase as determined by high-resolution X-ray crystallography revealed high similarities to mouse acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) but a unique ability of T. suis chitinase to form dimers. Our data indicate that the structural similarities between the parasite and host chitinase contribute to the disease-ameliorating effect of the helminth-derived chitinase on allergic lung inflammation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Checkouri E, Blanchard V, Meilhac O. Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091214. [PMID: 34572399 PMCID: PMC8465019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a cell type that has been widely described in the context of atherosclerosis since the earliest studies in the 17th century. Their role has long been considered to be preponderant in the onset and aggravation of atherosclerosis, in particular by participating in the establishment of a chronic inflammatory state by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by uncontrolled engorgement of lipids resulting in the formation of foam cells and later of the necrotic core. However, recent evidence from mouse models using an elegant technique of tracing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during plaque development revealed that resident VSMCs display impressive plastic properties in response to an arterial injury, allowing them to switch into different cell types within the plaque, including mesenchymal-like cells, macrophage-like cells and osteochondrogenic-like cells. In this review, we oppose the arguments in favor or against the influence of macrophages versus VSMCs in all stages of atherosclerosis including pre-atherosclerosis, formation of lipid-rich foam cells, development of the necrotic core and the fibrous cap as well as calcification and rupture of the plaque. We also analyze the relevance of animal models for the investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in humans, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting either VSMCs or macrophage to prevent the development of cardiovascular events. Overall, although major findings have been made from animal models, efforts are still needed to better understand and therefore prevent the development of atherosclerotic plaques in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Checkouri
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- Habemus Papam, Food Industry, 97470 Saint-Benoit, France
| | - Valentin Blanchard
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- Departments of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- CHU de La Réunion, INSERM, CIC1410, 97500 Saint-Pierre, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-93-8811
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cord-Blood-Derived Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells: Functions and Applications in Current and Prospective Cell Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115923. [PMID: 34072923 PMCID: PMC8199409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) represents a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells, particularly for patients lacking a matching donor. UCB provides practical advantages, including a lower risk of graft-versus-host-disease and permissive human leukocyte antigen mismatching. These advantageous properties have so far been applied for stem cell, mesenchymal stromal cell, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. However, UCB-derived professional antigen-presenting cells are increasingly being utilized in the context of immune tolerance and regenerative therapy. Here, we review the cell-specific characteristics as well as recent advancements in UCB-based cell therapies focusing on dendritic cells, monocytes, B lymphocytes, innate lymphoid cells, and macrophages.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang B, Gems D. Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy? eLife 2021; 10:65180. [PMID: 33526169 PMCID: PMC7853715 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary medicine argues that disease can arise because modern conditions do not match those in which we evolved. For example, a decline in exposure to commensal microbes and gastrointestinal helminths in developed countries has been linked to increased prevalence of allergic and autoimmune inflammatory disorders (the hygiene hypothesis). Accordingly, probiotic therapies that restore ‘old friend’ microbes and helminths have been explored as Darwinian treatments for these disorders. A further possibility is that loss of old friend commensals also increases the sterile, aging-associated inflammation known as inflammaging, which contributes to a range of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, and cancer. Interestingly, Crowe et al., 2020 recently reported that treatment with a secreted glycoprotein from a parasitic nematode can protect against murine aging by induction of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Here, we explore the hypothesis that restorative helminth therapy would have anti-inflammaging effects. Could worm infections provide broad-spectrum protection against age-related disease?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Zhang
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Gems
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cortes-Selva D, Gibbs L, Maschek JA, Nascimento M, Van Ry T, Cox JE, Amiel E, Fairfax KC. Metabolic reprogramming of the myeloid lineage by Schistosoma mansoni infection persists independently of antigen exposure. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009198. [PMID: 33417618 PMCID: PMC7819610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have a defined role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease and cholesterol metabolism where alternative activation of macrophages is thought to be beneficial to both glucose and cholesterol metabolism during high fat diet induced disease. It is well established that helminth infection protects from metabolic disease, but the mechanisms underlying protection are not well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of Schistosoma mansoni infection and cytokine activation in the metabolic signatures of bone marrow derived macrophages using an approach that integrated transcriptomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics in a metabolic disease prone mouse model. We demonstrate that bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from S. mansoni infected male ApoE-/- mice have dramatically increased mitochondrial respiration compared to those from uninfected mice. This change is associated with increased glucose and palmitate shuttling into TCA cycle intermediates, increased accumulation of free fatty acids, and decreased accumulation of cellular cholesterol esters, tri and diglycerides, and is dependent on mgll activity. Systemic injection of IL-4 complexes is unable to recapitulate either reductions in systemic glucose AUC or the re-programing of BMDM mitochondrial respiration seen in infected males. Importantly, the metabolic reprogramming of male myeloid cells is transferrable via bone marrow transplantation to an uninfected host, indicating maintenance of reprogramming in the absence of sustained antigen exposure. Finally, schistosome induced metabolic and bone marrow modulation is sex-dependent, with infection protecting male, but not female mice from glucose intolerance and obesity. Our findings identify a transferable, long-lasting sex-dependent reprograming of the metabolic signature of macrophages by helminth infection, providing key mechanistic insight into the factors regulating the beneficial roles of helminth infection in metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cortes-Selva
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah, United States of America.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa Gibbs
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah, United States of America
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Cores, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Marcia Nascimento
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah, United States of America
| | - Tyler Van Ry
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Cores, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah, United States of America
| | - James E Cox
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Cores, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah, United States of America
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Keke C Fairfax
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah, United States of America.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vanhamme L, Souopgui J, Ghogomu S, Ngale Njume F. The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110975. [PMID: 33238479 PMCID: PMC7709020 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). We will mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes). We first present Onchocerca volvulus, mainly focusing on the aspects of this organism that seem relevant when it comes to ESPs: life cycle, manifestations of the sickness, immunosuppression, diagnosis and treatment. We then elaborate on the function and use of ESPs in these aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
| | - Stephen Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Ferdinand Ngale Njume
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stefanson A, Bakovic M. Dietary polyacetylene falcarinol upregulated intestinal heme oxygenase-1 and modified plasma cytokine profile in late phase lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation in CB57BL/6 mice. Nutr Res 2020; 80:89-105. [PMID: 32738564 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unlike polyphenols, which are widely available in the diet, polyacetylenes are available only from the Apiaceae family vegetables, including carrot, parsnip, fennel, celery, and many herbs (parsley, lovage, etc). The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that polyacetylene falcarinol (FA) reduces intestinal inflammation and examine its similarity of effect to isothiocyanate R-sulforaphane during the late phase of acute inflammation. To this end, 3-month-old male CB57BL/6 mice were fed twice daily for 1 week with 5 mg/kg of FA, sulforaphane, or vehicle before receiving an intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) to induce modest acute inflammation. The expression of intestinal and hepatic heme oxygenase-1 at the mRNA and protein levels, circulating cytokines, as well as intestinal and mesenteric n-6 and n-3 fatty acid lipid mediators was compared 24 hours after LPS administration to examine its effects on the late phase of inflammation. Intestinal nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 target enzyme heme oxygenase-1 was upregulated 8.42-fold at the mRNA level and 10.7-fold at the protein level by FA-supplemented diet. However, the FA-supplemented diet produced a unique type-2 plasma cytokine skew after LPS treatment. Plasma cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-9, and IL-10 were upregulated, reflecting the cytokine profile of reduced type 1 inflammation. A detailed lipidomic analysis of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways in the mesentery and intestinal mucosa showed that FA diet was more similar to the control groups than to other LPS treated groups. In this study, we demonstrated that FA-supplemented diet produced a unique immunomodulatory effect not observed with sulforaphane in late phases of inflammation. These results support the hypothesis that FA may have role as a dietary immunosuppressant in patients with inflammatory gastrointestinal as well as other inflammatory disorders that may be alleviated by increasing consumption of carrot or other FA-containing food sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Stefanson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which encompasses coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and aortic atherosclerosis. In each vascular bed, macrophages contribute to the maintenance of the local inflammatory response, propagate plaque development, and promote thrombosis. These central roles, coupled with their plasticity, makes macrophages attractive therapeutic targets in stemming the development of and stabilizing existing atherosclerosis. In the context of ASCVD, classically activated M1 macrophages initiate and sustain inflammation, and alternatively activated M2 macrophages resolve inflammation. However, this classification is now considered an oversimplification, and a greater understanding of plaque macrophage physiology in ASCVD is required to aid in the development of therapeutics to promote ASCVD regression. Reviewed herein are the macrophage phenotypes and molecular regulators characteristic of ASCVD regression, and the current murine models of ASCVD regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Barrett
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lumb FE, Crowe J, Doonan J, Suckling CJ, Selman C, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Synthetic small molecule analogues of the immunomodulatory Acanthocheilonema viteae product ES-62 promote metabolic homeostasis during obesity in a mouse model. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 234:111232. [PMID: 31634505 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most rapidly increasing human public health problems is obesity, whose sequelae like type-2 diabetes, represent continuously worsening, life-long conditions. Over the last 15 years, data have begun to emerge from human and more frequently, mouse studies, that support the idea that parasitic worm infection can protect against this condition. We have therefore investigated the potential of two synthetic small molecule analogues (SMAs) of the anti-inflammatory Acanthocheilonema viteae product ES-62, to protect against metabolic dysfunction in a C57BL/6 J mouse model of high calorie diet-induced obesity. We found weekly subcutaneous administration of the SMAs in combination (1 μg of each), starting one week before continuous exposure to high calorie diet (HCD), decreased fasting glucose levels and reversed the impaired glucose clearance observed in male mice, when measured at approximately 7 and 13 weeks after exposure to HCD. Fasting glucose levels were also-reduced in male mice fed a HCD for some 38 weeks when given SMA-treatment 13 weeks after the start of HCD, indicating an SMA-therapeutic potential. For the most part, protective effects were not observed in female mice. SMA treatment also conferred protection against each of reduced ileum villus length and liver fibrosis, but more prominently in female mice. Previous studies in mice indicate that protection against metabolic dysfunction is usually associated with polarisation of the immune system towards a type-2/anti-inflammatory direction but our attempts to correlate improved metabolic parameters with such changes were unsuccessful. Further analysis will therefore be required to define mechanism of action. Nevertheless, overall our data clearly show the potential of the drug-like SMAs as a preventative or treatment for metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicity E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Jenny Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Colin J Suckling
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Silva VJ, Dias SRC, Alves WP, Furtado LFV, Serafim LR, Moreira TB, de Aguiar PHN, de Faria AMC, Rabelo ÉML. Hookworm infection aggravates metabolic disorder in obesity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 232:111200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
17
|
Caputa G, Castoldi A, Pearce EJ. Metabolic adaptations of tissue-resident immune cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:793-801. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
Kuehn C, Tauchi M, Furtmair R, Urschel K, Raaz-Schrauder D, Neumann AL, Frohberger SJ, Hoerauf A, Regus S, Lang W, Sagban TA, Stumpfe FM, Achenbach S, Hübner MP, Dietel B. Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:6497-6513. [PMID: 30807258 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800947rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A type 1 immune response is involved in atherosclerosis progression, whereas the role of a type 2 polarization, especially with regard to an enhanced T helper (Th)2 cell differentiation, is still unclear. Helminths trigger type 2 immune responses, protecting the host from inflammatory disorders. We investigated whether an increased type 2 polarization by administration of Litomosoides sigmodontis adult worm extract (LsAg) affects atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Injections of 50 µg LsAg, i.p. into ApoE-/- mice induced a type 2 immune response shown by increased frequencies of peritoneal eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. To analyze the effect of LsAg on atherosclerosis initiation, ApoE-/- mice received a high-fat diet for 12 wk and weekly injections of 50 µg LsAg from wk 5 to 12. Therapeutic effects on advanced atherosclerosis were analyzed in mice that were fed a high-fat diet for 12 wk followed by 12 wk of normal chow and weekly LsAg injections. Both preventive and therapeutic LsAg application significantly decreased plaque size. Therapeutic treatment even caused regression of plaque size and macrophage density in the aortic root and reduced Th1-specific gene expression and intraplaque inflammation. In addition, plaque size after therapeutic treatment was inversely correlated with plaque-infiltrated alternatively activated macrophages. In vitro, LsAg treatment of HUVECs reduced intracellular levels of phosphorylated NF-κB-p65, IκB-α, and JNK1/2. In bifurcation flow-through slides, THP-1 cell adhesion to a HUVEC monolayer was decreased by LsAg in regions of nonuniform shear stress. Applying inhibitors of the respective kinases suggests JNK1/2 inhibition is involved in the suppressed cell adhesion. A switch to an enhanced type 2 immune response by LsAg exerts antiatherogenic effects on murine plaque development, indicating a protective role of a hampered type 1 polarization. In vitro, LsAg affects endothelial signaling pathways, among which JNK1/2 inhibition seems to be involved in the suppression of monocytic cell adhesion under proatherogenic shear stress.-Constanze, K., Tauchi, M., Furtmair, R., Urschel, K., Raaz-Schrauder, D., Neumann, A.-L., Frohberger, S. J., Hoerauf, A., Regus, S., Lang, W., Sagban, T. A., Stumpfe, F. M., Achenbach, S., Hübner, M. P., Dietel, B. Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kuehn
- Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miyuki Tauchi
- Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roman Furtmair
- Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Urschel
- Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorette Raaz-Schrauder
- Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan J Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Regus
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Werner Lang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tolga Atilla Sagban
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Sana-Klinikum Hameln-Pyrmont, Hameln, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Achenbach
- Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Department of Medicine 2-Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reyes JL, Lopes F, Leung G, Jayme TS, Matisz CE, Shute A, Burkhard R, Carneiro M, Workentine ML, Wang A, Petri B, Beck PL, Geuking MB, McKay DM. Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25 + T cells to suppress colitis. FASEB J 2019; 33:5676-5689. [PMID: 30668930 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802160r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play central roles in immunity as early effectors and modulating adaptive immune reponses; we implicated macrophages in the anticolitic effect of infection with the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Here, gene arrays revealed that H. diminuta antigen (HdAg) evoked a program in murine macrophages distinct from that elicited by IL-4. Further, HdAg suppressed LPS-evoked release of TNF-α and IL-1β from macrophages via autocrine IL-10 signaling. In assessing the ability of macrophages treated in vitro with an extract of H. diminuta [M(HdAg)] to affect disease, intravenous, but not peritoneal, injection of M(HdAg) protected wild-type but not RAG1-/- mice from dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis. Administration of splenic CD4+ T cells from in vitro cocultures with M(HdAg), but not those cocultured with M(IL-4) cells, inhibited DNBS-induced colitis; fractionation of the T-cell population indicated that the CD4+CD25+ T cells from cocultures with M(HdAg) drove the suppression of DNBS-induced colitis. Use of IL-4-/- or IL-10-/- CD4+ T cells revealed that neither cytokine alone from the donor cells was essential for the anticolitic effect. These data illustrate that HdAg evokes a unique regulatory program in macrophages, identifies HdAg-evoked IL-10 suppression of macrophage activation, and reveals the ability of HdAg-treated macrophages to educate ( i.e., condition) and mobilize CD4+CD25+ T cells, which could be deployed to treat colonic inflammation.-Reyes, J. L., Lopes, F., Leung, G., Jayme, T. S., Matisz, C. E., Shute, A., Burkhard, R., Carneiro, M., Workentine, M. L., Wang, A., Petri, B., Beck, P. L., Geuking, M. B., McKay, D. M., Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Reyes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada.,Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabriella Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy S Jayme
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsea E Matisz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam Shute
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Regula Burkhard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matheus Carneiro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Arthur Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul L Beck
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan, and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maizels RM, Smits HH, McSorley HJ. Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules. Immunity 2018; 49:801-818. [PMID: 30462997 PMCID: PMC6269126 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Helminths are extraordinarily successful parasites due to their ability to modulate the host immune response. They have evolved a spectrum of immunomodulatory molecules that are now beginning to be defined, heralding a molecular revolution in parasite immunology. These discoveries have the potential both to transform our understanding of parasite adaptation to the host and to develop possible therapies for immune-mediated disease. In this review we will summarize the current state of the art in parasite immunomodulation and discuss perspectives on future areas for research and discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Henry J McSorley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sanya RE, Nkurunungi G, Andia Biraro I, Mpairwe H, Elliott AM. A life without worms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:3-11. [PMID: 28340138 PMCID: PMC5412073 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Worms have co-evolved with humans over millions of years. To survive, they manipulate host systems by modulating immune responses so that they cause (in the majority of hosts) relatively subtle harm. Anthelminthic treatment has been promoted as a measure for averting worm specific pathology and to mitigate subtle morbidities which may include effects on anaemia, growth, cognitive function and economic activity. With our changing environment marked by rapid population growth, urbanisation, better hygiene practices and anthelminthic treatment, there has been a decline in worm infections and other infectious diseases and a rise in non-communicable diseases such as allergy, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review reflects upon our age-old interaction with worms, and the broader ramifications of life without worms for vaccine responses and susceptibility to other infections, and for allergy-related and metabolic disease. We touch upon the controversy around the benefits of mass drug administration for the more-subtle morbidities that have been associated with worm infections and then focus our attention on broader, additional aspects of life without worms, which may be either beneficial or detrimental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Sanya
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Harriet Mpairwe
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison M Elliott
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rahman K, Fisher EA. Insights From Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies on the Role of Innate Inflammation in Atherosclerosis Regression. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:32. [PMID: 29868610 PMCID: PMC5958627 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary artery (CAD) and other cardiovascular diseases, is initiated by macrophage-mediated immune responses to lipoprotein and cholesterol accumulation in artery walls, which result in the formation of plaques. Unlike at other sites of inflammation, the immune response becomes maladaptive and inflammation fails to resolve. The most common treatment for reducing the risk from atherosclerosis is low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering. Studies have shown, however, that while significant lowering of LDL-C reduces the risk of heart attacks to some degree, there is still residual risk for the majority of the population. We and others have observed “residual inflammatory risk” of atherosclerosis after plasma cholesterol lowering in pre-clinical studies, and that this phenomenon is clinically relevant has been dramatically reinforced by the recent Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS) trial. This review will summarize the role of the innate immune system, specifically macrophages, in atherosclerosis progression and regression, as well as the pre-clinical and clinical models that have provided significant insights into molecular pathways involved in the resolution of plaque inflammation and plaque regression. Partnered with clinical studies that can be envisioned in the post-CANTOS period, including progress in developing targeted plaque therapies, we expect that pre-clinical studies advancing on the path summarized in this review, already revealing key mechanisms, will continue to be essential contributors to achieve the goals of dampening plaque inflammation and inducing its resolution in order to maximize the therapeutic benefits of conventional risk factor modifications, such as LDL-C lowering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Almeida S, Nejsum P, Williams AR. Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state. Immunobiology 2018; 223:405-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Abdoli A, Rasti S. Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease. Heart 2018; 103:1651. [PMID: 28970236 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rasti
- Department of Parasitology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sanmarco LM, Eberhardt N, Ponce NE, Cano RC, Bonacci G, Aoki MP. New Insights into the Immunobiology of Mononuclear Phagocytic Cells and Their Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1921. [PMID: 29375564 PMCID: PMC5767236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary immune cells that reside within the myocardium, suggesting that these mononuclear phagocytes are essential in the orchestration of cardiac immunity and homeostasis. Independent of the nature of the injury, the heart triggers leukocyte activation and recruitment. However, inflammation is harmful to this vital terminally differentiated organ with extremely poor regenerative capacity. As such, cardiac tissue has evolved particular strategies to increase the stress tolerance and minimize the impact of inflammation. In this sense, growing evidences show that mononuclear phagocytic cells are particularly dynamic during cardiac inflammation or infection and would actively participate in tissue repair and functional recovery. They respond to soluble mediators such as metabolites or cytokines, which play central roles in the timing of the intrinsic cardiac stress response. During myocardial infarction two distinct phases of monocyte influx have been identified. Upon infarction, the heart modulates its chemokine expression profile that sequentially and actively recruits inflammatory monocytes, first, and healing monocytes, later. In the same way, a sudden switch from inflammatory macrophages (with microbicidal effectors) toward anti-inflammatory macrophages occurs within the myocardium very shortly after infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas cardiomyopathy. While in sterile injury, healing response is necessary to stop tissue damage; during an intracellular infection, the anti-inflammatory milieu in infected hearts would promote microbial persistence. The balance of mononuclear phagocytic cells seems to be also dynamic in atherosclerosis influencing plaque initiation and fate. This review summarizes the participation of mononuclear phagocyte system in cardiovascular diseases, keeping in mind that the immune system evolved to promote the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis following infection/injury, and that the effects of different mediators could modulate the magnitude and quality of the immune response. The knowledge of the effects triggered by diverse mediators would serve to identify new therapeutic targets in different cardiovascular pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maria Sanmarco
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Eberhardt
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Eric Ponce
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roxana Carolina Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Unidad Asociada Área Ciencias Agrarias, Ingeniería, Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Bonacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Pilar Aoki
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
van Die I, Cummings RD. The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1677. [PMID: 29238348 PMCID: PMC5712593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with parasitic helminths affects humanity and animal welfare. Parasitic helminths have the capacity to modulate host immune responses to promote their survival in infected hosts, often for a long time leading to chronic infections. In contrast to many infectious microbes, however, the helminths are able to induce immune responses that show positive bystander effects such as the protection to several immune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergies. They generally promote the generation of a tolerogenic immune microenvironment including the induction of type 2 (Th2) responses and a sub-population of alternatively activated macrophages. It is proposed that this anti-inflammatory response enables helminths to survive in their hosts and protects the host from excessive pathology arising from infection with these large pathogens. In any case, there is an urgent need to enhance understanding of how helminths beneficially modulate inflammatory reactions, to identify the molecules involved and to promote approaches to exploit this knowledge for future therapeutic interventions. Evidence is increasing that C-type lectins play an important role in driving helminth-mediated immune responses. C-type lectins belong to a large family of calcium-dependent receptors with broad glycan specificity. They are abundantly present on immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, which are essential in shaping host immune responses. Here, we will focus on the role of the C-type lectin macrophage mannose receptor (MR) in helminth-host interactions, which is a critically understudied area in the field of helminth immunobiology. We give an overview of the structural aspects of the MR including its glycan specificity, and the functional implications of the MR in helminth-host interactions focusing on a few selected helminth species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Arora S, Dev K, Agarwal B, Das P, Syed MA. Macrophages: Their role, activation and polarization in pulmonary diseases. Immunobiology 2017; 223:383-396. [PMID: 29146235 PMCID: PMC7114886 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, circulating in the blood or concatenated into different organs and tissues constitute the first barrier against any disease. They are foremost controllers of both innate and acquired immunity, healthy tissue homeostasis, vasculogenesis and congenital metabolism. Two hallmarks of macrophages are diversity and plasticity due to which they acquire a wobbling array of phenotypes. These phenotypes are appropriately synchronized responses to a variety of different stimuli from either the tissue microenvironment or - microbes or their products. Based on the phenotype, macrophages are classified into classically activated/(M1) and alternatively activated/(M2) which are further sub-categorized into M2a, M2b, M2c and M2d based upon gene expression profiles. Macrophage phenotype metamorphosis is the regulating factor in initiation, progression, and termination of numerous inflammatory diseases. Several transcriptional factors and other factors controlling gene expression such as miRNAs contribute to the transformation of macrophages at different points in different diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and modulation of their phenotypes to adjust to the micro environmental conditions might provide us a great prospective for designing novel therapeutic strategy. In view of the above, this review summarises the activation of macrophages, the factors intricated in activation along with benefaction of macrophage polarization in response to microbial infections, pulmonary toxicity, lung injury and other inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary dysplasia (COPD), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), asthma and sepsis, along with the existing efforts to develop therapies targeting this facet of macrophage biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Beamon Agarwal
- Department of Hematopathology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467-2401, United States.
| | - Pragnya Das
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19134, United States.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wacker BK, Dronadula N, Bi L, Stamatikos A, Dichek DA. Apo A-I (Apolipoprotein A-I) Vascular Gene Therapy Provides Durable Protection Against Atherosclerosis in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:206-217. [PMID: 29122817 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene therapy that expresses apo A-I (apolipoprotein A-I) from vascular wall cells has promise for preventing and reversing atherosclerosis. Previously, we reported that transduction of carotid artery endothelial cells with a helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector expressing apo A-I reduced early (4 weeks) fatty streak development in fat-fed rabbits. Here, we tested whether the same HDAd could provide long-term protection against development of more complex lesions. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fat-fed rabbits (n=25) underwent bilateral carotid artery gene transfer, with their left and right common carotids randomized to receive either a control vector (HDAdNull) or an apo A-I-expressing vector (HDAdApoAI). Twenty-four additional weeks of high-fat diet yielded complex intimal lesions containing lipid-rich macrophages as well as smooth muscle cells, often in a lesion cap. Twenty-four weeks after gene transfer, high levels of apo A-I mRNA (median ≥250-fold above background) were present in all HDAdApoAI-treated arteries. Compared with paired control HDAdNull-treated arteries in the same rabbit, HDAdApoAI-treated arteries had 30% less median intimal lesion volume (P=0.03), with concomitant reductions (23%-32%) in intimal lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content (P≤0.05 for all). HDAdApoAI-treated arteries also had decreased intimal inflammatory markers. VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1)-stained area was reduced by 36% (P=0.03), with trends toward lower expression of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α; 13%-39% less; P=0.06-0.1). CONCLUSIONS In rabbits with severe hyperlipidemia, transduction of vascular endothelial cells with an apo A-I-expressing HDAd yields at least 24 weeks of local apo A-I expression that durably reduces atherosclerotic lesion growth and intimal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K Wacker
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Nagadhara Dronadula
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Lianxiang Bi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Alexis Stamatikos
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - David A Dichek
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nagenborg J, Goossens P, Biessen EAL, Donners MMPC. Heterogeneity of atherosclerotic plaque macrophage origin, phenotype and functions: Implications for treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:14-24. [PMID: 28989084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in atherosclerotic lesions, regulating the local inflammatory milieu and plaque stability by the secretion of many inflammatory molecules, growth factors and cytokines. Monocytes have long been considered to be the main source of plaque macrophages. However, recent findings provide evidence for proliferation of local macrophages or transdifferentiation from other vascular cells as alternative sources. Recent years of research focused on the further identification and characterisation of macrophage phenotypes and functions. In this review we describe the advances in our understanding of monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity and its implications for specific therapeutic interventions, aiming to reduce the ever growing significant risk of cardiovascular events without any detrimental side effects on the patient's immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nagenborg
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Goossens
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
van den Berg SM, van Dam AD, Kusters PJH, Beckers L, den Toom M, van der Velden S, Van den Bossche J, van Die I, Boon MR, Rensen PCN, Lutgens E, de Winther MPJ. Helminth antigens counteract a rapid high-fat diet-induced decrease in adipose tissue eosinophils. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:245-255. [PMID: 28694301 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and white adipose tissue (WAT) beiging can increase energy expenditure and have the potential to reduce obesity and associated diseases. The immune system is a potential target in mediating brown and beige adipocyte activation. Type 2 and anti-inflammatory immune cells contribute to metabolic homeostasis within lean WAT, with a prominent role for eosinophils and interleukin (IL)-4-induced anti-inflammatory macrophages. We determined eosinophil numbers in epididymal WAT (EpAT), subcutaneous WAT (ScAT) and BAT after 1 day, 3 days or 1 week of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in C57Bl/6 mice. One day of HFD resulted in a rapid drop in eosinophil numbers in EpAT and BAT, and after 3 days, in ScAT. In an attempt to restore this HFD-induced drop in adipose tissue eosinophils, we treated 1-week HFD-fed mice with helminth antigens from Schistosoma mansoni or Trichuris suis and evaluated whether the well-known protective metabolic effects of helminth antigens involves BAT activation or beiging. Indeed, antigens of both helminth species induced high numbers of eosinophils in EpAT, but failed to induce beiging. In ScAT, Schistosoma mansoni antigens induced mild eosinophilia, which was accompanied by slightly more beiging. No effects were observed in BAT. To study type 2 responses on brown adipocytes directly, T37i cells were stimulated with IL-4. This increased Ucp1 expression and strongly induced the production of eosinophil chemoattractant CCL11 (+26-fold), revealing that brown adipocytes themselves can attract eosinophils. Our findings indicate that helminth antigen-induced eosinophilia fails to induce profound beiging of white adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of MedicineDivision Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe den Toom
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Velden
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of MedicineDivision Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of MedicineDivision Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK)Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical BiochemistryExperimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK)Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Many major tropical diseases are caused by long-lived helminth parasites that are able to survive by modulation of the host immune system, including the innate compartment of myeloid cells. In particular, dendritic cells and macrophages show markedly altered phenotypes during parasite infections. In addition, many specialized subsets such as eosinophils and basophils expand dramatically in response to these pathogens. The changes in phenotype and function, and their effects on both immunity to infection and reactivity to bystander antigens such as allergens, are discussed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rahman K, Vengrenyuk Y, Ramsey SA, Vila NR, Girgis NM, Liu J, Gusarova V, Gromada J, Weinstock A, Moore KJ, Loke P, Fisher EA. Inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and their conversion to M2 macrophages drive atherosclerosis regression. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28650342 DOI: 10.1172/jci75005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, and developing therapies to promote its regression is an important clinical goal. We previously established that atherosclerosis regression is characterized by an overall decrease in plaque macrophages and enrichment in markers of alternatively activated M2 macrophages. We have now investigated the origin and functional requirement for M2 macrophages in regression in normolipidemic mice that received transplants of atherosclerotic aortic segments. We compared plaque regression in WT normolipidemic recipients and those deficient in chemokine receptors necessary to recruit inflammatory Ly6Chi (Ccr2-/- or Cx3cr1-/-) or patrolling Ly6Clo (Ccr5-/-) monocytes. Atherosclerotic plaques transplanted into WT or Ccr5-/- recipients showed reduced macrophage content and increased M2 markers consistent with plaque regression, whereas plaques transplanted into Ccr2-/- or Cx3cr1-/- recipients lacked this regression signature. The requirement of recipient Ly6Chi monocyte recruitment was confirmed in cell trafficking studies. Fate-mapping and single-cell RNA sequencing studies also showed that M2-like macrophages were derived from newly recruited monocytes. Furthermore, we used recipient mice deficient in STAT6 to demonstrate a requirement for this critical component of M2 polarization in atherosclerosis regression. Collectively, these results suggest that continued recruitment of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes and their STAT6-dependent polarization to the M2 state are required for resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Rahman
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuliya Vengrenyuk
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan Vila
- Department of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ada Weinstock
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Surendar J, Indulekha K, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27862000 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is drastically increasing, and it is predicted that the global prevalence of diabetes will reach almost 600 million cases by 2035. Even though the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes is distinct, the immune system is actively involved in both forms of the disease. Genetic and environmental factors determine the risk to develop T1D. On the other hand, sedentary life style, surplus of food intake and other lifestyle changes contribute to the increase of T2D incidence. Improved sanitation with high-quality medical treatment is such an environmental factor that has led to a continuous reduction of infectious diseases including helminth infections over the past decades. Recently, a growing body of evidence has implicated a negative association between helminth infections and diabetes in humans as well as animal models. In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D. Possible mechanisms are presented by which helminths prevent T1D onset by mitigating pancreatic inflammation and confer protection against T2D by improving insulin sensitivity, alleviating inflammation, augmenting browning of adipose tissue and improving lipid metabolism and insulin signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Indulekha
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - M P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Elliott DE, Weinstock JV. Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27977856 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections likely provide a protective influence against some immune-mediated and metabolic diseases because helminth infection dramatically decreased in developed countries shortly before the explosive rise in the prevalence of these diseases. The capacity of helminths to activate immune-regulatory circuits in their hosts and to modulate the composition of intestinal flora appears to be the mechanisms of protective action. Animal models of disease show that various helminth species prevent and/or block inflammation in various organs in a diverse range of diseases. Clinical trials have demonstrated that medicinal exposure to Trichuris suis or small numbers of Necator americanus is safe with minor, if any, reported adverse effects. This includes exposure of inflamed intestine to T. suis, asthmathic lung to N. americanus and in patients with atopy. Efficacy has been suggested in some small studies, but is absent in others. Factors that may have led to inconclusive results in some trials are discussed. To date, there have been no registered clinical trials using helminths to treat metabolic syndrome or its component conditions. However, the excellent safety profile of T. suis or N. americanus suggests that such studies should be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Elliott
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cole SL, Dunning J, Kok WL, Benam KH, Benlahrech A, Repapi E, Martinez FO, Drumright L, Powell TJ, Bennett M, Elderfield R, Thomas C, Dong T, McCauley J, Liew FY, Taylor S, Zambon M, Barclay W, Cerundolo V, Openshaw PJ, McMichael AJ, Ho LP. M1-like monocytes are a major immunological determinant of severity in previously healthy adults with life-threatening influenza. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91868. [PMID: 28405622 PMCID: PMC5374077 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In each influenza season, a distinct group of young, otherwise healthy individuals with no risk factors succumbs to life-threatening infection. To better understand the cause for this, we analyzed a broad range of immune responses in blood from a unique cohort of patients, comprising previously healthy individuals hospitalized with and without respiratory failure during one influenza season, and infected with one specific influenza A strain. This analysis was compared with similarly hospitalized influenza patients with known risk factors (total of n = 60 patients recruited). We found a sustained increase in a specific subset of proinflammatory monocytes, with high TNF-α expression and an M1-like phenotype (independent of viral titers), in these previously healthy patients with severe disease. The relationship between M1-like monocytes and immunopathology was strengthened using murine models of influenza, in which severe infection generated using different models (including the high-pathogenicity H5N1 strain) was also accompanied by high levels of circulating M1-like monocytes. Additionally, a raised M1/M2 macrophage ratio in the lungs was observed. These studies identify a specific subtype of monocytes as a modifiable immunological determinant of disease severity in this subgroup of severely ill, previously healthy patients, offering potential novel therapeutic avenues. In a cohort of influenza patients, previously healthy and young patients who succumbed to life-threatening disease were defined by high levels of circulating M1-like, TNF-αhi monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Cole
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Dunning
- National Heart and Lung Division, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Ling Kok
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kambez Hajipouran Benam
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adel Benlahrech
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Drumright
- National Heart and Lung Division, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Powell
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Elderfield
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Foo Y Liew
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Computational Biology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Division, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Crowe J, Lumb FE, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28066896 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, one of the main causes of metabolic syndrome (MetS), is an increasingly common health and economic problem worldwide, and one of the major risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is associated with MetS and obesity. A dominant type 2/anti-inflammatory response is required for metabolic homoeostasis within adipose tissue: during obesity, this response is replaced by infiltrating, inflammatory macrophages and T cells. Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. Within this review, we will focus primarily on the excretory-secretory products that the parasites produce to modulate the immune system and discuss their potential use as therapeutics against MetS and its associated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - F E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - M M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Basałaj K, Strojny B, Młocicki D. New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm-An In Vitro Study. Front Immunol 2017; 8:148. [PMID: 28265273 PMCID: PMC5316519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths and their products can suppress the host immune response to escape host defense mechanisms and establish chronic infections. Current studies indicate that macrophages play a key role in the immune response to pathogen invasion. They can be polarized into two distinct phenotypes: M1 and M2. The present paper examines the impact of the adult Hymenolepis diminuta (HD) tapeworm and its excretory/secretory products (ESP) on THP-1 macrophages. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and cultured with a living parasite or its ESP. Our findings indicate that HD and ESP have a considerable impact on human THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages treated with parasite ESP (with or without LPS) demonstrated reduced expression of cytokines (i.e., IL-1α, TNFα, TGFβ, IL-10) and chemokines (i.e., IL-8, MIP-1α, RANTES, and IL-1ra), while s-ICAM and CxCL10 expression rose after ESP stimulation. In addition, inflammatory factor expression rose significantly when macrophages were exposed to living parasites. Regarding induced and repressed pathways, significant differences were found between HD and ESP concerning their influence on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, STAT2, STAT3, AMPKα1, Akt 1/2/3 S473, Hsp60, and Hck. The superior immunosuppressive properties of ESP compared to HD were demonstrated with lower levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-12p70 following stimulation. The presence of HD and its ESP were found to stimulate mixed M1/M2 macrophage phenotypes. Our findings indicate new molecular mechanisms involved in the response of human macrophages to tapeworm infection, this could be a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms underlying the processes of immune regulation during cestodiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Barbara Strojny
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Feeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Assunção LS, Magalhães KG, Carneiro AB, Molinaro R, Almeida PE, Atella GC, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT. Schistosomal-derived lysophosphatidylcholine triggers M2 polarization of macrophages through PPARγ dependent mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:246-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
39
|
High-Density Lipoproteins Exert Pro-inflammatory Effects on Macrophages via Passive Cholesterol Depletion and PKC-NF-κB/STAT1-IRF1 Signaling. Cell Metab 2017; 25:197-207. [PMID: 27866837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane cholesterol modulates a variety of cell signaling pathways and functions. While cholesterol depletion by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) has potent anti-inflammatory effects in various cell types, its effects on inflammatory responses in macrophages remain elusive. Here we show overt pro-inflammatory effects of HDL-mediated passive cholesterol depletion and lipid raft disruption in murine and human primary macrophages in vitro. These pro-inflammatory effects were confirmed in vivo in peritoneal macrophages from apoA-I transgenic mice, which have elevated HDL levels. In line with these findings, the innate immune responses required for clearance of P. aeruginosa bacterial infection in lung were compromised in mice with low HDL levels. Expression analysis, ChIP-PCR, and combinatorial pharmacological and genetic intervention studies unveiled that both native and reconstituted HDL enhance Toll-like-receptor-induced signaling by activating a PKC-NF-κB/STAT1-IRF1 axis, leading to increased inflammatory cytokine expression. HDL's pro-inflammatory activity supports proper functioning of macrophage immune responses.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages have different inflammatory response to oxLDL and M1/M2 marker expression - implications for atherosclerosis research. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35234. [PMID: 27734926 PMCID: PMC5062347 DOI: 10.1038/srep35234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous and can polarize into specific subsets, e.g. pro-inflammatory M1-like and re-modelling M2-like macrophages. To determine if peritoneal macrophages (PEMs) or bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) resembled aortic macrophages from ApoE-/- mice, their M1/M2 phenotype, inflammatory status, and lipid metabolism signatures were compared. oxLDL accumulation was similar in PEMs and BMDMs. On protein expression level, BMDMs showed an M2-like CD206highCD11clow profile, while cholesterol loading led to enhanced CD11c expression and reduced MCP-1 secretion. In contrast, PEMs expressed low levels of CD206 and CD11c, and responded to cholesterol loading by increasing CD11c expression and MCP-1 secretion. mRNA expression of M1/M2 markers was higher in PEMS than BMDMs, while lipid metabolism genes were similarly expressed. Whole aorta flow cytometry showed an accumulation of M2-like CD206highCD11clow macrophages in advanced versus early atherosclerotic disease in ApoE-/- mice. In isolated lesions, mRNA levels of the M2 markers Socs2, CD206, Retnla, and IL4 were downregulated with increasing disease severity. Likewise, mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes (SREBP2, ACSL1, SRB1, DGAT1, and cpt1a) was decreased in advanced versus early lesions. In conclusion, PEMs and BMDMs are phenotypically distinct and differ from macrophages in lesions with respect to expression of M1/M2 markers and lipid metabolism genes.
Collapse
|
41
|
Alvarado R, To J, Lund ME, Pinar A, Mansell A, Robinson MW, O'Brien BA, Dalton JP, Donnelly S. The immune modulatory peptide FhHDM-1 secreted by the helminth Fasciola hepatica prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting endolysosomal acidification in macrophages. FASEB J 2016; 31:85-95. [PMID: 27682204 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500093r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that controls the production of IL-1β, a cytokine that influences the development of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Helminth parasites secrete molecules that interact with innate immune cells, modulating their activity to ultimately determine the phenotype of differentiated T cells, thus creating an immune environment that is conducive to sustaining chronic infection. We show that one of these molecules, FhHDM-1, a cathelicidin-like peptide secreted by the helminth parasite, Fasciola hepatica, inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome resulting in reduced secretion of IL-1β by macrophages. FhHDM-1 had no effect on the synthesis of pro-IL-1β. Rather, the inhibitory effect was associated with the capacity of the peptide to prevent acidification of the endolysosome. The activation of cathepsin B protease by lysosomal destabilization was prevented in FhHDM-1-treated macrophages. By contrast, peptide derivatives of FhHDM-1 that did not alter the lysosomal pH did not inhibit secretion of IL-1β. We propose a novel immune modulatory strategy used by F. hepatica, whereby secretion of the FhHDM-1 peptide impairs the activation of NLRP3 by lysosomal cathepsin B protease, which prevents the downstream production of IL-1β and the development of protective T helper 1 type immune responses that are detrimental to parasite survival.-Alvarado, R., To, J., Lund, M. E., Pinar, A., Mansell, A., Robinson, M. W., O'Brien, B. A., Dalton, J. P., Donnelly, S. The immune modulatory peptide FhHDM-1 secreted by the helminth Fasciola hepatica prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting endolysosomal acidification in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alvarado
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joyce To
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria E Lund
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anita Pinar
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Mark W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Bronwyn A O'Brien
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Schistosome-Derived Molecules as Modulating Actors of the Immune System and Promising Candidates to Treat Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5267485. [PMID: 27635405 PMCID: PMC5011209 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5267485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is long known that some parasite infections are able to modulate specific pathways of host's metabolism and immune responses. This modulation is not only important in order to understand the host-pathogen interactions and to develop treatments against the parasites themselves but also important in the development of treatments against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Throughout the life cycle of schistosomes the mammalian hosts are exposed to several biomolecules that are excreted/secreted from the parasite infective stage, named cercariae, from their tegument, present in adult and larval stages, and finally from their eggs. These molecules can induce the activation and modulation of innate and adaptive responses as well as enabling the evasion of the parasite from host defense mechanisms. Immunomodulatory effects of helminth infections and egg molecules are clear, as well as their ability to downregulate proinflammatory cytokines, upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines, and drive a Th2 type of immune response. We believe that schistosomes can be used as a model to understand the potential applications of helminths and helminth-derived molecules against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
43
|
Aarup A, Pedersen TX, Junker N, Christoffersen C, Bartels ED, Madsen M, Nielsen CH, Nielsen LB. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Expression in Macrophages Promotes Development of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1782-90. [PMID: 27444197 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerotic lesions contain hypoxic areas, but the pathophysiological importance of hypoxia is unknown. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a key transcription factor in cellular responses to hypoxia. We investigated the hypothesis that HIF-1α has effects on macrophage biology that promotes atherogenesis in mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Studies with molecular probes, immunostaining, and laser microdissection of aortas revealed abundant hypoxic, HIF-1α-expressing macrophages in murine atherosclerotic lesions. To investigate the significance of macrophage HIF-1α, Ldlr(-/-) mice were transplanted with bone marrow from mice with HIF-1α deficiency in the myeloid cells or control bone marrow. The HIF-1α deficiency in myeloid cells reduced atherosclerosis in aorta of the Ldlr(-/-) recipient mice by ≈72% (P=0.006).In vitro, HIF-1α-deficient macrophages displayed decreased differentiation to proinflammatory M1 macrophages and reduced expression of inflammatory genes. HIF-1α deficiency also affected glucose uptake, apoptosis, and migratory abilities of the macrophages. CONCLUSIONS HIF-1α expression in macrophages affects their intrinsic inflammatory profile and promotes development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Aarup
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Tanja X Pedersen
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Nanna Junker
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Emil D Bartels
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Marie Madsen
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Carsten H Nielsen
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Lars B Nielsen
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.A., T.X.P., N.J., C.C., M.M., C.H.N., L.B.N.) and Department of Clinical Medicine (L.B.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (C.C., E.D.B., L.B.N.).
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kong Y, Tong Y, Chen C, Gao M, Gao X, Yao W. Alleviation of high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis and glucose intolerance by a novel GLP-1 fusion protein in ApoE(-/-) mice. Endocrine 2016; 53:71-80. [PMID: 26832342 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously constructed an engineered anti-diabetic fusion protein using glucagon-like peptide-1 and the globular domain of adiponectin. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of this fusion protein (GAD) on high-fat diet (HFD)-fed ApoE(-/-) mice. The lipid-lowering effect of GAD was determined in C57BL/6 mice using a lipid tolerance test. The effects of GAD on HFD-induced glucose intolerance, atherosclerosis, and hepatic steatosis were evaluated in HFD-fed ApoE(-/-) mice using glucose tolerance test, histological examinations and real-time quantitative PCR. The anti-inflammation activity of GAD was assessed in vitro on macrophages. GAD improved lipid metabolism in C57BL/6 mice. GAD treatment alleviated glucose intolerance, reduced blood lipid level, and attenuated atherosclerotic lesion in HFD-fed ApoE(-/-) mice, which was associated with a repressed macrophage infiltration in the vessel wall. GAD treatment also blocked hepatic macrophage infiltration and prevented hepatic inflammation. GAD suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered inflammation responses on macrophages, which can be abolished by H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A. These findings demonstrate that GAD is able to generate a variety of metabolic benefits in HFD-fed ApoE(-/-) mice and indicate that this engineered fusion protein is a promising lead structure for anti-atherosclerosis drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Tong
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbing Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hoeksema MA, Laan LC, Postma JJ, Cummings RD, de Winther MPJ, Dijkstra CD, van Die I, Kooij G. Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling. FASEB J 2016; 30:2826-36. [PMID: 27095802 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Helminths have strong immunoregulatory properties that may be exploited in treatment of chronic immune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Essential players in the pathogenesis of these diseases are proinflammatory macrophages. We present evidence that helminths modulate the function and phenotype of these innate immune cells. We found that soluble products derived from the Trichuris suis (TsSP) significantly affect the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and their subsequent polarization. TsSPs reduce the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF, in human proinflammatory M1 macrophages. TsSPs induce a concomitant anti-inflammatory M2 signature, with increased IL-10 production. Furthermore, they suppress CHIT activity and enhance secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9. Short-term triggering of monocytes with TsSPs early during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation imprinted these phenotypic alterations, suggesting long-lasting epigenetic changes. The TsSP-induced effects in M1 macrophages were completely reversed by inhibiting histone deacetylases, which corresponded with decreased histone acetylation at the TNF and IL6 promoters. These results demonstrate that TsSPs have a potent and sustained immunomodulatory effect on human macrophage differentiation and polarization through epigenetic remodeling and provide new insights into the mechanisms by which helminths modulate human immune responses.-Hoeksema, M. A., Laan, L. C., Postma, J. J., Cummings, R. D., de Winther, M. P. J., Dijkstra, C. D., van Die, I., Kooij, G. Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa C Laan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Juliette J Postma
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Richard D Cummings
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine D Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gurven MD, Trumble BC, Stieglitz J, Blackwell AD, Michalik DE, Finch CE, Kaplan HS. Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths? Evol Med Public Health 2016; 2016:338-357. [PMID: 27666719 PMCID: PMC5101910 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease and type 2 diabetes are commonly believed to be rare among contemporary subsistence-level human populations, and by extension prehistoric populations. Although some caveats remain, evidence shows these diseases to be unusual among well-studied hunter-gatherers and other subsistence populations with minimal access to healthcare. Here we expand on a relatively new proposal for why these and other populations may not show major signs of these diseases. Chronic infections, especially helminths, may offer protection against heart disease and diabetes through direct and indirect pathways. As part of a strategy to insure their own survival and reproduction, helminths exert multiple cardio-protective effects on their host through their effects on immune function and blood lipid metabolism. Helminths consume blood lipids and glucose, alter lipid metabolism, and modulate immune function towards Th-2 polarization - which combined can lower blood cholesterol, reduce obesity, increase insulin sensitivity, decrease atheroma progression, and reduce likelihood of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Traditional cardiometabolic risk factors, coupled with the mismatch between our evolved immune systems and modern, hygienic environments may interact in complex ways. In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change & Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Jonathan Stieglitz
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 21 allée de Brienne, 31015 Toulouse Cedex 6, France
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - David E Michalik
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine; Depts of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Andrus Gerontology Center and Dept. Neurobiology USC College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Hillard S Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fisher EA. Regression of Atherosclerosis: The Journey From the Liver to the Plaque and Back. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:226-35. [PMID: 26681754 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.301926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardinal events in atherogenesis are the retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the arterial wall and the reaction of macrophages to these particles. My laboratory has been interested in both the cell biological events producing apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, as well as in the reversal of the damage they cause in the plaques formed in the arterial wall. In the 2013 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture, as summarized in this review, I covered 3 areas of my past, present, and future interests, namely, the regulation of hepatic very low density lipoprotein production by the degradation of apolipoprotein B100, the dynamic changes in macrophages in the regression of atherosclerosis, and the application of nanoparticles to both image and treat atherosclerotic plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Fisher
- From the Department of Medicine (Cardiology), the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology and the Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York University School of Medicine.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ouimet M, Ediriweera HN, Gundra UM, Sheedy FJ, Ramkhelawon B, Hutchison SB, Rinehold K, van Solingen C, Fullerton MD, Cecchini K, Rayner KJ, Steinberg GR, Zamore PD, Fisher EA, Loke P, Moore KJ. MicroRNA-33-dependent regulation of macrophage metabolism directs immune cell polarization in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4334-48. [PMID: 26517695 PMCID: PMC4665799 DOI: 10.1172/jci81676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is increasingly recognized as a controller of immune cell fate and function. MicroRNA-33 (miR-33) regulates cellular lipid metabolism and represses genes involved in cholesterol efflux, HDL biogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation. Here, we determined that miR-33-mediated disruption of the balance of aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation instructs macrophage inflammatory polarization and shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophage-specific Mir33 deletion increased oxidative respiration, enhanced spare respiratory capacity, and induced an M2 macrophage polarization-associated gene profile. Furthermore, miR-33-mediated M2 polarization required miR-33 targeting of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but not cholesterol efflux. Notably, miR-33 inhibition increased macrophage expression of the retinoic acid-producing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) and retinal dehydrogenase activity both in vitro and in a mouse model. Consistent with the ability of retinoic acid to foster inducible Tregs, miR-33-depleted macrophages had an enhanced capacity to induce forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression in naive CD4(+) T cells. Finally, treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with miR-33 inhibitors for 8 weeks resulted in accumulation of inflammation-suppressing M2 macrophages and FOXP3(+) Tregs in plaques and reduced atherosclerosis progression. Collectively, these results reveal that miR-33 regulates macrophage inflammation and demonstrate that miR-33 antagonism is atheroprotective, in part, by reducing plaque inflammation by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and Treg induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - U. Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katharine Cecchini
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip D. Zamore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li Q, Sun W, Wang X, Zhang K, Xi W, Gao P. Skin-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Atherosclerosis via Modulating Macrophage Function. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1294-301. [PMID: 26400926 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit immunosuppressive efficacy and significantly inhibit the formation of the atherosclerosis (AS) plaque in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice. Of note, the largest lymphoid organ, the skin, provides a readily accessible and ideal source of tissue for the isolation of MSCs: skin-derived MSCs (S-MSCs). However, the effect and the mechanism of the therapeutic properties of S-MSCs in the progression of AS are unclear. We therefore investigated a direct effect of S-MSC treatment in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE(-/-) mice. Fifty apoE(-/-) mice were divided into four groups: the control group (AS), the S-MSC treatment group (S-MSC treatment), the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)(-/-)-S-MSC treatment group (KO-S-MSC treatment), and the additional S-MSC migration group. Brachiocephalic artery ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) analysis showed that S-MSC treatment significantly reduced lesion size compared with the control groups (p < .01). Histological studies demonstrated that the plaque area of the mouse aortic arch was significantly decreased after S-MSC treatment. All alterations were dependent on NF-κB activation. After tail-vein injection, S-MSCs were capable of migrating to atherosclerotic plaque and selectively taking up residence near macrophages. S-MSC treatment reduced the release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin (IL)-10 in the atherosclerotic plaque, which was also dependent on NF-κB activation. In vitro, we found lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced NF-κB-dependent expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in S-MSCs. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression was markedly increased after LPS-stimulated S-MSCs were cocultured with macrophages. LPS-stimulated macrophages produced less TNF-α/IL-1β and more IL-10 when cultured with S-MSCs, and although both were dependent upon NF-κB, the release of IL-10 was diminished if the S-MSCs were pretreated with a COX-2 inhibitor or an EP2/EP4 antagonist. Our data demonstrated that S-MSCs inhibited the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque in apoE(-/-) mice by modulating the functionality of macrophages, suggesting that S-MSCs may potentially have a role in stem cell-based therapy for AS. SIGNIFICANCE A combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells (S-MSCs) can attenuate the plaque size of atherosclerosis. This is probably because S-MSCs beneficially modulate the response of macrophages through an increased release of prostaglandin E2 acting on the EP2 and EP4 receptors of the macrophages, stimulating the production and release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, and decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. S-MSCs inhibited the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice by modulating the functionality of macrophages, and the suppressive property of S-MSCs is dependent on NF-κB signaling. This study provides direct evidence that S-MSCs have a potent immunosuppressive effect in the development of atherosclerosis in mice, suggesting that S-MSCs can easily be cultured and have similar function to bone marrow-derived MSCs, a promising cell source for stem cell-based therapies of atherosclerosis, and possibly also in transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenda Xi
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingjin Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Guigas B, Molofsky AB. A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:435-41. [PMID: 25991556 PMCID: PMC4567404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths have coexisted with human beings throughout time. Success in eradicating helminths has limited helminth-induced morbidity and mortality but is also correlated with increasing rates of 'western' diseases, including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Here, we review these studies and discuss how helminths and helminth-derived molecules may modulate these physiologic pathways to improve metabolic functions in specific tissues, such as adipose and liver, as well as at the whole-organism level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|