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Wang D, Cai J, Pei Q, Yan Z, Zhu F, Zhao Z, Liu R, Guo X, Sun T, Liu J, Tian Y, Liu H, Shao X, Huang J, Hao X, Chang Q, Luo Z, Jing D. Gut microbial alterations in arginine metabolism determine bone mechanical adaptation. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1252-1268.e8. [PMID: 38718794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Although mechanical loading is essential for maintaining bone health and combating osteoporosis, its practical application is limited to a large extent by the high variability in bone mechanoresponsiveness. Here, we found that gut microbial depletion promoted a significant reduction in skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading. Among experimental mice, we observed differences between those with high and low responses to exercise with respect to the gut microbial composition, in which the differential abundance of Lachnospiraceae contributed to the differences in bone mechanoresponsiveness. Microbial production of L-citrulline and its conversion into L-arginine were identified as key regulators of bone mechanoadaptation, and administration of these metabolites enhanced bone mechanoresponsiveness in normal, aged, and ovariectomized mice. Mechanistically, L-arginine-mediated enhancement of bone mechanoadaptation was primarily attributable to the activation of a nitric-oxide-calcium positive feedback loop in osteocytes. This study identifies a promising anti-osteoporotic strategy for maximizing mechanical loading-induced skeletal benefits via the microbiota-metabolite axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Qilin Pei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruobing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University Xi'an Third Hospital, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 989(th) Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force, Luoyang 471031, China.
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Niroobakhsh M, Laughrey LE, Dallas SL, Johnson ML, Ganesh T. Computational modeling based on confocal imaging predicts changes in osteocyte and dendrite shear stress due to canalicular loss with aging. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:129-143. [PMID: 37642807 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity exert mechanical loading on the bones which induces bone formation. However, the relationship between the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular morphology and mechanical stress experienced locally by osteocytes transducing signals for bone formation is not fully understood. In this study, we used computational modeling to predict the effect of canalicular density, the number of fluid inlets, and load direction on fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) and bone strains and how these might change following the microstructural deterioration of the lacunar-canalicular network that occurs with aging. Four distinct computational models were initially generated of osteocytes with either ten or eighteen dendrites using a fluid-structure interaction method with idealized geometries. Next, a young and a simulated aged osteocyte were developed from confocal images after FITC staining of the femur of a 4-month-old C57BL/6 mouse to estimate FFSS using a computational fluid dynamics approach. The models predicted higher fluid velocities in the canaliculi versus the lacunae. Comparison of idealized models with five versus one fluid inlet indicated that with four more inlets, one-half of the dendrites experienced FFSS greater than 0.8 Pa, which has been associated with osteogenic responses. Confocal image-based models of real osteocytes indicated a six times higher ratio of canalicular to lacunar surface area in the young osteocyte model than the simulated aged model and the average FFSS in the young model (FFSS = 0.46 Pa) was three times greater than the aged model (FFSS = 0.15 Pa). Interestingly, the surface area with FFSS values above 0.8 Pa was 23 times greater in the young versus the simulated aged model. These findings may explain the impaired mechano-responsiveness of osteocytes with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Niroobakhsh
- Division of Natural and Built Environment, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 350 L Flarsheim Hall, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 620 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Loretta E Laughrey
- Division of Natural and Built Environment, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 350 L Flarsheim Hall, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 620 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 620 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 620 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Thiagarajan Ganesh
- Division of Natural and Built Environment, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 350 L Flarsheim Hall, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
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Shao X, Tian Y, Liu J, Yan Z, Ding Y, Hao X, Wang D, Shen L, Luo E, Guo XE, Luo P, Luo W, Cai J, Jing D. Rescuing SERCA2 pump deficiency improves bone mechano-responsiveness in type 2 diabetes by shaping osteocyte calcium dynamics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:890. [PMID: 38291059 PMCID: PMC10828510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related fragility fractures represent an increasingly tough medical challenge, and the current treatment options are limited. Mechanical loading is essential for maintaining bone integrity, although bone mechano-responsiveness in T2D remains poorly characterized. Herein, we report that exogenous cyclic loading-induced improvements in bone architecture and strength are compromised in both genetically spontaneous and experimentally-induced T2D mice. T2D-induced reduction in bone mechano-responsiveness is directly associated with the weakened Ca2+ oscillatory dynamics of osteocytes, although not those of osteoblasts, which is dependent on PPARα-mediated specific reduction in osteocytic SERCA2 pump expression. Treatment with the SERCA2 agonist istaroxime was demonstrated to improve T2D bone mechano-responsiveness by rescuing osteocyte Ca2+ dynamics and the associated regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Moreover, T2D-induced deterioration of bone mechano-responsiveness is blunted in mice with osteocytic SERCA2 overexpression. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insights into T2D-mediated deterioration of bone mechano-responsiveness and identifies a promising countermeasure against T2D-associated fragility fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liangliang Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenjing Luo
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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He MC, Tian JQ, He XM, Yang P, Lin TY, Zhang QW, He W, Wei QS. Mechanical properties of trabeculae and osteocyte morphology change significantly in different areas of the necrotic femoral head. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1250070. [PMID: 37822871 PMCID: PMC10562544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1250070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a complex hip ailment. The precise changes in bone tissue during the disease's onset remain unclear. It is vital to assess both the quantity and quality of the trabecular state in a necrotic femoral head. Aim: This study aims to identify and compare the ultrastructural changes in osteocyte morphology and nanomechanical characteristics within various regions of necrotic femoral heads. Methods: Between December 2016 and May 2023, we gathered ten necrotic femoral heads from patients and five femoral heads from cadavers. The samples from the necrotic femoral heads were categorized into three areas: necrotic, sclerotic, and normal. Our assessment methods encompassed hematoxylin and eosin staining, sclerostin (SOST) immunohistochemistry, micro-computed tomography, nanoindentation, and acid-etched scanning electron microscopy. These techniques enabled us to examine the SOST expression, trabecular microstructure, micromechanical properties of trabeculae, and modifications in osteocyte morphology at the ultrastructural level. Results: The protein level of SOST was found to be lower in the sclerotic area. In the necrotic area, decreased values of bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number and an increased value of trabecular separation were found. Conversely, in the sclerotic area, higher mean values of bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness and lower trabecular separation indicated significant changes in the structural characteristics of trabeculae. Compared with the healthy area, the elastic modulus and hardness in the sclerotic area were significantly higher than those in the necrotic, normal, and control areas, while those in necrotic areas were significantly lower than those in the healthy area. The number of osteocytes tended to increase in the sclerotic area with more canalicular cells compared to the healthy area and control group. Conclusion: These results imply that the stress distribution within the sclerotic area could potentially lead to enhanced trabecular quality and quantity. This effect is also reflected in the increased count of osteocytes and their canaliculars. It is plausible that the sclerotic trabecular bone plays a pivotal role in the repair of necrotic femoral heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Cong He
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qing Tian
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming He
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ye Lin
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei He
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Wei
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Zheng L, Zhou D, Ju F, Liu Z, Yan C, Dong Z, Chen S, Deng L, Chan S, Deng J, Zhang X. Oscillating Fluid Flow Activated Osteocyte Lysate-Based Hydrogel for Regulating Osteoblast/Osteoclast Homeostasis to Enhance Bone Repair. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204592. [PMID: 37017573 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As major regulators on bone formation/resorption in response to mechanical stimuli, osteocytes have shown great promise for restoring bone injury. However, due to the unmanageable and unabiding cell functions in unloading or diseased environments, the efficacy of osteogenic induction by osteocytes has been enormously limited. Herein, a facile method of oscillating fluid flow (OFF) loading for cell culture is reported, which enables osteocytes to initiate only osteogenesis and not the osteolysis process. After OFF loading, multiple and sufficient soluble mediators are produced in osteocytes, and the collected osteocyte lysates invariably induce robust osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation while restraining osteoclast generation and activity under unloading or pathological conditions. Mechanistic studies confirm that elevated glycolysis and activation of the ERK1/2 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways are the major contributors to the initiation of osteoinduction functions induced by osteocytes. Moreover, an osteocyte lysate-based hydrogel is designed to establish a stockpile of "active osteocytes" to sustainably deliver bioactive proteins, resulting in accelerated healing through regulation of endogenous osteoblast/osteoclast homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Disheng Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Feier Ju
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Chenzhi Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Shuna Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Szehoi Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P. R. China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518106, P. R. China
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Liu X, Yan Z, Cai J, Wang D, Yang Y, Ding Y, Shao X, Hao X, Luo E, Guo XE, Luo P, Shen L, Jing D. Glucose- and glutamine-dependent bioenergetics sensitize bone mechanoresponse after unloading by modulating osteocyte calcium dynamics. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:164508. [PMID: 36512405 PMCID: PMC9888392 DOI: 10.1172/jci164508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disuse osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease resulting from skeletal unloading (e.g., during extended bed rest, limb immobilization, and spaceflight), and the slow and insufficient bone recovery during reambulation remains an unresolved medical challenge. Here, we demonstrated that loading-induced increase in bone architecture/strength was suppressed in skeletons previously exposed to unloading. This reduction in bone mechanosensitivity was directly associated with attenuated osteocytic Ca2+ oscillatory dynamics. The unloading-induced compromised osteocytic Ca2+ response to reloading resulted from the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis-mediated increase in glycolysis, and a subsequent reduction in ATP synthesis. HIF-1α also transcriptionally induced substantial glutaminase 2 expression and thereby glutamine addiction in osteocytes. Inhibition of glycolysis by blockade of PDK1 or glutamine supplementation restored the mechanosensitivity in those skeletons with previous unloading by fueling the tricarboxylic acid cycle and rescuing subsequent Ca2+ oscillations in osteocytes. Thus, we provide mechanistic insight into disuse-induced deterioration of bone mechanosensitivity and a promising therapeutic approach to accelerate bone recovery after long-duration disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - X. Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital
| | - Liangliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, and,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Zeng Y, Riquelme MA, Hua R, Zhang J, Acosta FM, Gu S, Jiang JX. Mechanosensitive piezo1 calcium channel activates connexin 43 hemichannels through PI3K signaling pathway in bone. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:191. [PMID: 36457052 PMCID: PMC9716748 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical loading promotes bone formation and osteocytes are a major mechanosensory cell in the bone. Both Piezo1 channels and connexin 43 hemichannels (Cx43 HCs) in osteocytes are important players in mechanotransduction and anabolic function by mechanical loading. However, the mechanism underlying mechanotransduction involving Piezo1 channels and Cx43 HCs in osteocytes and bone remains unknown. RESULTS We showed that, like mechanical loading, Piezo1 specific agonist Yoda1 was able to increase intracellular Ca2+ signaling and activate Cx43 HCs, while Yoda1 antagonist Dooku1 inhibited Ca2+ and Cx43 HC activation induced by both mechanical loading and Yoda1. Moreover, the intracellular Ca2+ signal activated by Yoda1 was reduced by the inhibition of Cx43 HCs and pannexin1 (Panx1) channels, as well as ATP-P2X receptor signaling. Piezo1 and Cx43 HCs were co-localized on the osteocyte cell surface, and Yoda1-activated PI3K-Akt signaling regulated the opening of Cx43 HCs. Furthermore, Cx43 HCs opening by mechanical loading on tibias was ablated by inhibition of Piezo1 activation in vivo. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that upon mechanical stress, increased intracellular Ca2+ activated by Piezo1 regulates the opening of HCs through PI3K-Akt and opened Cx43 HCs, along with Panx1 channels, and ATP-P2X signaling sustain the intracellular Ca2+ signal, leading to bone anabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA ,grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Manuel A. Riquelme
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Rui Hua
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Jingruo Zhang
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Francisca M. Acosta
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Sumin Gu
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
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8
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Zhang K, Ogando C, Filip A, Zhang T, Horton JA, Soman P. In vitromodel to study confined osteocyte networks exposed to flow-induced mechanical stimuli. Biomed Mater 2022; 17:10.1088/1748-605X/aca37c. [PMID: 36384043 PMCID: PMC10642715 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aca37c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are considered the primary mechanical sensor in bone tissue and orchestrate the coupled bone remodeling activity of adjacent osteoblast and osteoclast cells.In vivoinvestigation of mechanically induced signal propagation through networks of interconnected osteocytes is confounded by their confinement within the mineralized bone matrix, which cannot be modeled in conventional culture systems. In this study, we developed a new model that mimics thisin vivoconfinement using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel or GelMA mineralized using osteoblast-like model cells. This model also enables real-time optical examination of osteocyte calcium (Ca2+) signaling dynamics in response to fluid shear stimuli cultured under confined conditions. Using this system, we discovered several distinct and previously undescribed patterns of Ca2+responses that vary across networks of interconnected osteocytes as a function of space, time and connectivity. Heterogeneity in Ca2+signaling may provide new insights into bone remodeling in response to mechanical loading. Overall, such a model can be extended to study signaling dynamics within cell networks exposed to flow-induced mechanical stimuli under confined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Courtney Ogando
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Alex Filip
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Teng Zhang
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Jason A. Horton
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210
| | - Pranav Soman
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
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9
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Lewis KJ. Musculoskeletal mechanobiology. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:1-2. [PMID: 34781792 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2021.2005172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Lewis
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Weill Hall, 237 Tower Road Ithaca NY 14853
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10
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Osteocytic Pericellular Matrix (PCM): Accelerated Degradation under In Vivo Loading and Unloading Conditions Using a Novel Imaging Approach. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010072. [PMID: 35052411 PMCID: PMC8775093 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteoglycan-containing pericellular matrix (PCM) controls both the biophysical and biochemical microenvironment of osteocytes, which are the most abundant cells embedded and dispersed in bones. As a molecular sieve, osteocytic PCMs not only regulate mass transport to and from osteocytes but also act as sensors of external mechanical environments. The turnover of osteocytic PCM remains largely unknown due to technical challenges. Here, we report a novel imaging technique based on metabolic labeling and “click-chemistry,” which labels de novo PCM as “halos” surrounding osteocytes in vitro and in vivo. We then tested the method and showed different labeling patterns in young vs. old bones. Further “pulse-chase” experiments revealed dramatic difference in the “half-life” of PCM of cultured osteocytes (~70 h) and that of osteocytes in vivo (~75 d). When mice were subjected to either 3-week hindlimb unloading or 7-week tibial loading (5.1 N, 4 Hz, 3 d/week), PCM half-life was shortened (~20 d) and degradation accelerated. Matrix metallopeptidase MMP-14 was elevated in mechanically loaded osteocytes, which may contribute to PCM degradation. This study provides a detailed procedure that enables semi-quantitative study of the osteocytic PCM remodeling in vivo and in vitro.
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ZHANG HAO, LIU HAIYING, ZHANG CHUNQIU, LIU ZHENZHONG, WANG WEI. MULTI-SCALE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS ON FLUID–SOLID COUPLING FOR OSTEONS IN VARIOUS GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS. J MECH MED BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519421500718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Compact bone mainly consists of cylindrical osteon structures. In microgravity, the change in the mechanical microenvironment of osteocytes might be the root cause of astronauts’ bone loss during space flights. Methods: A multi-scale three-dimensional (3D) fluid–solid coupling finite element model of osteons with a two-stage pore structure was developed using COMSOL software based on the natural structure of osteocytes. Gradients in gravitational fields of [Formula: see text]1, 0, 1, 2.5, and 3.7[Formula: see text]g were used to investigate the changes in the mechanical microenvironment on osteocyte structure. The difference in arteriole pulsating pressure and static compression stress caused by each gravity gradient was investigated. Results: The mechanical response of osteocytes increased with the value of g, compared with the Earth’s gravitational field. For instance, the fluid pressure of osteocytes and the von Mises stress of bone matrix near lacunae decreased by 31.3% and 99.9%, respectively, in microgravity. Under static loading, only about 16.7% of osteocytes in microgravity and 58.3% of osteocytes in the Earth’s gravitational field could reach the fluid shear stress threshold of biological reactions in cell culture experiments. Compared with the Earth’s gravitational field, the pressure gradient inside osteocytes severely decreased in microgravity. Conclusion: The mechanical microenvironment of osteocytes in microgravity might cause significant changes in the mechanical microenvironment of osteocytes, which may lead to disuse osteoporosis in astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- HAO ZHANG
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic, System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - HAI-YING LIU
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic, System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - CHUN-QIU ZHANG
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic, System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - ZHEN-ZHONG LIU
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic, System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - WEI WANG
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
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12
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Lewis KJ. Osteocyte calcium signaling - A potential translator of mechanical load to mechanobiology. Bone 2021; 153:116136. [PMID: 34339908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are embedded dendritic bone cells; by virtue of their position in bone tissue, ability to coordinate bone building osteoblasts and resorbing osteoclasts, and sensitivity to tissue level mechanical loading, they serve as the resident bone mechanosensor. The mechanisms osteocytes use to change mechanical loading into biological signals that drive tissue level changes has been well studied over the last 30 years, however the ways loading parameters are encoded at the cellular level are still not fully understood. Calcium signaling is a first messenger signal exhibited by osteocytes in response to mechanical forces. A body of work interrogating the mechanisms of osteocyte calcium signaling exists and is presently expanding, presenting the opportunity to better understand the relationship between calcium signaling characteristics and tuned osteocyte responses to tissue level strain features (e.g. magnitude, duration, frequency). This review covers the history of osteocyte load induced calcium signaling and highlights potential cellular mechanisms used by osteocytes to turn details about loading parameters into biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Lewis
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
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13
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Moharrer Y, Boerckel JD. Tunnels in the rock: Dynamics of osteocyte morphogenesis. Bone 2021; 153:116104. [PMID: 34245936 PMCID: PMC8478866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are dynamic, bone matrix-remodeling cells that form an intricate network of interconnected projections through the bone matrix, called the lacunar-canalicular system. Osteocytes are the dominant mechanosensory cells in bone and their mechanosensory and mechanotransductive functions follow their morphological form. During osteocytogenesis and development of the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular network, osteocytes must dramatically remodel both their cytoskeleton and their extracellular matrix. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms that govern osteocyte differentiation, cytoskeletal morphogenesis, mechanotransduction, and matrix remodeling. We postulate that the physiologic activation of matrix remodeling in adult osteocytes, known as perilacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR) represents a re-activation of the developmental program by which the osteocyte network is first established. While much of osteocyte biology remains unclear, new tools and approaches make the present moment a particularly fruitful and exciting time to study the development of these remarkable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Moharrer
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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Jiang M, Ding Y, Xu S, Hao X, Yang Y, Luo E, Jing D, Yan Z, Cai J. Radiotherapy-induced bone deterioration is exacerbated in diabetic rats treated with streptozotocin. Braz J Med Biol Res 2021; 54:e11550. [PMID: 34730682 PMCID: PMC8555449 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following radiotherapy, patients have decreased bone mass and increased risk of fragility fractures. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is also reported to have detrimental effects on bone architecture and quality. However, no clinical or experimental study has systematically characterized the bone phenotype of the diabetic patients following radiotherapy. After one month of streptozotocin injection, three-month-old male rats were subjected to focal radiotherapy (8 Gy, twice, at days 1 and 3), and then bone mass, microarchitecture, and turnover as well as bone cell activities were evaluated at 2 months post-irradiation. Micro-computed tomography results demonstrated that DM rats exhibited greater deterioration in trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture following irradiation compared with the damage to bone structure induced by DM or radiotherapy. The serum biochemical, bone histomorphometric, and gene expression assays revealed that DM combined with radiotherapy showed lower bone formation rate, osteoblast number on bone surface, and expression of osteoblast-related markers (ALP, Runx2, Osx, and Col-1) compared with DM or irradiation alone. DM plus irradiation also caused higher bone resorption rate, osteoclast number on bone surface, and expression of osteoclast-specific markers (TRAP, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor) than DM or irradiation treatment alone. Moreover, lower osteocyte survival and higher expression of Sost and DKK1 genes (two negative modulators of Wnt signaling) were observed in rats with combined DM and radiotherapy. Together, these findings revealed a higher deterioration of the diabetic skeleton following radiotherapy, and emphasized the clinical importance of health maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maogang Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Department of Medical Technical Support, NCO School of Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hao
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
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15
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Weng Y, Wang Z, Fukuhara Y, Tanai A, Ikegame M, Yamada D, Takarada T, Izawa T, Hayano S, Yoshida K, Kamioka H, Okamura H. O-GlcNAcylation drives calcium signaling toward osteoblast differentiation: A bioinformatics-oriented study. Biofactors 2021; 47:992-1015. [PMID: 34418170 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the possible mechanisms by which O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulates osteoblast differentiation using a series of bioinformatics-oriented experiments. To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. O-GlcNAcylation was positively associated with osteoblast differentiation. The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. Bioinformatic analysis of the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins revealed the importance of [Ca2+ ]i . CLS showed that alteration of O-GlcNAcylation rapidly changed [Ca2+ ]i in MC3T3-E1 cells. O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i showed an interaction effect on the expression of osteogenic markers. OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. O-GlcNAcylation interacts with [Ca2+ ]i and elicits osteoblast differentiation by regulating the expression of osteogenic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Weng
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoko Fukuhara
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Airi Tanai
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegame
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Izawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Hayano
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Wang H, Liu H, Wang X, Zhang C. The lack of mass transfer in bone lacunar-canalicular system may be the decisive factor of osteoporosis under microgravity. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 31:80-84. [PMID: 34689953 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During spaceflight, astronauts experience 1-1.5% bone loss per month, especially in the lumbar spine, pelvis and lower limbs. The bone loss leads to osteoporosis and increased the risk of fracture. Current researches focus on anti-osteoporosis under microgravity mainly by inhibiting bone resorption of osteoclasts and / or increasing bone formation of osteoblasts. However, studies on the effects of mass transfer in the bone lacunar-canalicular system (LCS) on osteoporosis are lacking. Osteocytes reside in the lacunae and communicate with other osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts through the LCS in the bone matrix. Osteocytes are mainly responsible for mechanosensing and signal regulation in bone, and the LCS is the basic structure for signaling, mass transfer and mechanical stimulation. Microgravity causes deficient mass transfer in the LCS, especially in the outer layer of osteon. Osteocytes far away from the Haversian canals are inhibited or accelerated apoptosis to stimulate osteoclasts which result in bone loss. Deficient mass transfer in the LCS may be a determinant of human osteoporosis under microgravity, which will open up a new way to treat osteoporosis in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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17
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Lai X, Chung R, Li Y, Liu XS, Wang L. Lactation alters fluid flow and solute transport in maternal skeleton: A multiscale modeling study on the effects of microstructural changes and loading frequency. Bone 2021; 151:116033. [PMID: 34102350 PMCID: PMC8276854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The female skeleton undergoes significant material and ultrastructural changes to meet high calcium demands during reproduction and lactation. Through the peri-lacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR), osteocytes actively resorb surrounding matrix and enlarge their lacunae and canaliculi during lactation, which are quickly reversed after weaning. How these changes alter the physicochemical environment of osteocytes, the most abundant and primary mechanosensing cells in bone, are not well understood. In this study, we developed a multiscale poroelastic modeling technique to investigate lactation-induced changes in stress, fluid pressurization, fluid flow, and solute transport across multiple length scales (whole bone, porous midshaft cortex, lacunar-canalicular pore system (LCS), and pericellular matrix (PCM) around osteocytes) in murine tibiae subjected to axial compression at 3 N peak load (~320 με) at 0.5, 2, or 4 Hz. Based on previously reported skeletal anatomical measurements from lactating and nulliparous mice, our models demonstrated that loading frequency, LCS porosity, and PCM density were major determinants of fluid and solute flows responsible for osteocyte mechanosensing, cell-cell signaling, and metabolism. When loaded at 0.5 Hz, lactation-induced LCS expansion and potential PCM reduction promoted solute transport and osteocyte mechanosensing via primary cilia, but suppressed mechanosensing via fluid shear and/or drag force on the cell membrane. Interestingly, loading at 2 or 4 Hz was found to overcome the mechanosensing deficits observed at 0.5 Hz and these counter effects became more pronounced at 4 Hz and with sparser PCM in the lactating bone. Synergistically, higher loading frequency (2, 4 Hz) and sparser PCM enhanced flow-mediated mechanosensing and diffusion/convection of nutrients and signaling molecules for osteocytes. In summary, lactation-induced structural changes alter the local environment of osteocytes in ways that favor metabolism, mechanosensing, and post-weaning recovery of maternal bone. Thus, osteocytes play a role in balancing the metabolic and mechanical functions of female skeleton during reproduction and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lai
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Rebecca Chung
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaowei Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, United States.
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Morrell AE, Robinson ST, Ke HZ, Holdsworth G, Guo XE. Osteocyte mechanosensing following short-term and long-term treatment with sclerostin antibody. Bone 2021; 149:115967. [PMID: 33892178 PMCID: PMC8217200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin antibody romosozumab (EVENITY™, romosozumab-aqqg) has a dual mechanism of action on bone, increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption, leading to increases in bone mass and strength, and a decreased risk of fracture, and has been approved for osteoporosis treatment in patients with high risk of fragility fractures. The bone formation aspect of the response to sclerostin antibody treatment has thus far been best described as having two phases: an immediate and robust phase of anabolic bone formation, followed by a long-term response characterized by attenuated bone accrual. We herein test the hypothesis that following the immediate pharmacologic anabolic response, the changes in bone morphology result in altered (lesser) mechanical stimulation of the resident osteocytes, initiating a negative feedback signal quantifiable by a reduced osteocyte signaling response to load. This potential desensitization of the osteocytic network is probed via a novel ex vivo assessment of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) oscillations in osteocytes below the anteromedial surface of murine tibiae subjected to load after short-term (2 weeks) or long-term (8 weeks) treatment with sclerostin antibody or vehicle control. We found that for both equivalent load levels and equivalent strain levels, osteocyte Ca2+ dynamics are maintained between tibiae from the control mice and the mice that received long-term sclerostin antibody treatment. Furthermore, under matched strain environments, we found that short-term sclerostin antibody treatment results in a reduction of both the number of responsive cells and the speed of their responses, which we attribute largely to the probability that the observed cells in the short-term group are relatively immature osteocytes embedded during initial pharmacologic anabolism. Within this study, we demonstrate that osteocytes embedded following long-term sclerostin antibody treatment exhibit localized Ca2+ signaling akin to those of mature osteocytes from the vehicle group, and thus, systemic attenuation of responses such as circulating P1NP and bone formation rates likely occur as a result of processes downstream of osteocyte Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Morrell
- Bone Bioengineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 365 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Samuel T Robinson
- Bone Bioengineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 365 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Hua Zhu Ke
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK; Angitia Biopharmaceuticals, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | | | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 365 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
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Wurtz T. Nested information processing in the living world. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1500:5-16. [PMID: 34042190 PMCID: PMC8518751 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms create, copy, and make use of information, the content depending on the level of organization. In cells, a network of signal chain proteins regulates gene expression and other cell functions. Incoming information is encoded through signal reception, processed by the network, and decoded by the synthesis of new gene products and other biological functions. Signaling proteins represent nodes, and signal transmission proceeds via allosteric binding, chemical and structural modifications, synthesis, sequestering, and degradation. The induction of the gene caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) in the mammalian preimplantation embryo is outlined as a demonstration of this concept. CDX2 is involved in the decision of cells to enter the trophoblast lineage. Two signal chains are coordinated into an information processing model with the help of logic gates. The model introduces a formal structure that incorporates experimental and morphological data. Above the cell level, information flow relates to tissue formation and functioning, and whole cells play the role of network nodes. This is described for the anatomical patterning of bone with implications for bone formation and homeostasis. The information usage in cells and tissues is set into a context of the nervous system and the interaction of human individuals in societies, both established scenes of information processing.
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Li MCM, Chow SKH, Wong RMY, Qin L, Cheung WH. The role of osteocytes-specific molecular mechanism in regulation of mechanotransduction - A systematic review. J Orthop Translat 2021; 29:1-9. [PMID: 34036041 PMCID: PMC8138679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteocytes, composing over 90% of bone cells, are well known for their mechanosensing abilities. Aged osteocytes with impaired morphology and function are less efficient in mechanotransduction which will disrupt bone turnover leading to osteoporosis. The aim of this systematic review is to delineate the mechanotransduction mechanism at different stages in order to explore potential target for therapeutic drugs. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science. Original animal, cell and clinical studies with available English full-text were included. Information was extracted from the included studies for review. Results The 26 studies included in this review provided evidence that mechanical loading are sensed by osteocytes via various sensing proteins and transduced to different signaling molecules which later initiate various biochemical responses. Studies have shown that osteocyte plasma membrane and cytoskeletons are emerging key players in initiating mechanotransduction. Bone regulating genes expressions are altered in response to load sensed by osteocytes, but the genes involved different signaling pathways and the spatiotemporal expression pattern had made mechanotransduction mechanism complicated. Most of the included studies described the important role of osteocytes in pathways that regulate mechanosensing and bone remodeling. Conclusions This systematic review provides an up-to-date insight to different steps of mechanotransduction. A better understanding of the mechanotransduction mechanism is beneficial in search of new potential treatment for osteoporotic patients. By delineating the unique morphology of osteocytes and their interconnected signaling network new targets can be discovered for drug development. Translational potential of this article This systematic review provides an up-to-date sequential overview and highlights the different osteocyte-related pathways and signaling molecules during mechanotransduction. This allows a better understanding of mechanotransduction for future development of new therapeutic interventions to treat patients with impaired mechanosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen Michelle Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Kwoon Ho Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
- Corresponding author.Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 5/F, Clinical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Patil KC, Soekmadji C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:297-361. [PMID: 33779922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the tendency of certain primary tumors to spawn and dictate secondary neoplasia in the bone. The process of bone metastasis is regulated by the dynamic crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells, cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), and the bone matrix. The feed-forward loop mechanisms governs the co-option of homeostatic bone remodeling by cancer cells in bone. Recent developments have highlighted the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their diverse roles in distant outgrowths. Several studies have implicated EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment in synergistically promoting pathological skeletal metabolism in the metastatic site. Nevertheless, the potential role that EVs serve in arbitrating intricate sequences of coordinated events within the bone microenvironment remains an emerging field. In this chapter, we review the role of cellular participants and molecular mechanisms in regulating normal bone physiology and explore the progress of current research into bone-derived EVs in directly triggering and coordinating the processes of physiological bone remodeling. In view of the emerging role of EVs in interorgan crosstalk, this review also highlights the multiple systemic pathophysiological processes orchestrated by the EVs to direct organotropism in bone in prostate cancer. Given the deleterious consequences of bone metastasis and its clinical importance, in-depth knowledge of the multifarious role of EVs in distant organ metastasis is expected to open new possibilities for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic intervention for advanced bone metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani C Patil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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22
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Load adaptation through bone remodeling: a mechanobiological model coupled with the finite element method. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1495-1507. [PMID: 33900492 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes a novel tissue-scale mechanobiological model of bone remodeling to study bone's adaptation to distinct loading conditions. The devised algorithm describes the mechanosensitivity of bone and its impact on bone cells' functioning through distinct signaling factors. In this study, remodeling is mechanically ruled by variations of the strain energy density (SED) of bone, which is determined by performing a linear elastostatic analysis combined with the finite element method. Depending on the SED levels and on a set of biological signaling factors ([Formula: see text] parameters), osteoclasts and osteoblasts can be mechanically triggered. To reproduce this phenomenon, this work proposes a new set of [Formula: see text] parameters. The combined response of osteoclasts and osteoblasts will then affect bone's apparent density, which is correlated with other mechanical properties of bone, through a phenomenological law. Thus, this novel model proposes a constant interplay between the mechanical and biological components of the process. The spatiotemporal simulation used to validate this new approach is a benchmark example composed by two distinct phases: (1) pre-orientation and (2) load adaptation. On both of them, bone is able to adapt its morphology according to the loading condition, achieving the required trabecular distribution to withstand the applied loads. Moreover, the equilibrium morphology reflects the orientation of the load. These preliminary results support the new approach proposed in this study.
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23
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Wright CS, Robling AG, Farach-Carson MC, Thompson WR. Skeletal Functions of Voltage Sensitive Calcium Channels. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:206-221. [PMID: 33721180 PMCID: PMC8216424 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) are ubiquitous multimeric protein complexes that are necessary for the regulation of numerous physiological processes. VSCCs regulate calcium influx and various intracellular processes including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, hormone secretion, and gene transcription, with function specificity defined by the channel's subunits and tissue location. The functions of VSCCs in bone are often overlooked since bone is not considered an electrically excitable tissue. However, skeletal homeostasis and adaptation relies heavily on VSCCs. Inhibition or deletion of VSCCs decreases osteogenesis, impairs skeletal structure, and impedes anabolic responses to mechanical loading. RECENT FINDINGS: While the functions of VSCCs in osteoclasts are less clear, VSCCs have distinct but complementary functions in osteoblasts and osteocytes. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review details the structure, function, and nomenclature of VSCCs, followed by a comprehensive description of the known functions of VSCCs in bone cells and their regulation of bone development, bone formation, and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - William R Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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24
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Li ES, Saha MS. Optimizing Calcium Detection Methods in Animal Systems: A Sandbox for Synthetic Biology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:343. [PMID: 33668387 PMCID: PMC7996158 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, the emergence and expansion of novel methods for calcium ion (Ca2+) detection have found diverse applications in vitro and in vivo across a series of model animal systems. Matched with advances in fluorescence imaging techniques, the improvements in the functional range and stability of various calcium indicators have significantly enhanced more accurate study of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and its effects on cell signaling, growth, differentiation, and regulation. Nonetheless, the current limitations broadly presented by organic calcium dyes, genetically encoded calcium indicators, and calcium-responsive nanoparticles suggest a potential path toward more rapid optimization by taking advantage of a synthetic biology approach. This engineering-oriented discipline applies principles of modularity and standardization to redesign and interrogate endogenous biological systems. This review will elucidate how novel synthetic biology technologies constructed for eukaryotic systems can offer a promising toolkit for interfacing with calcium signaling and overcoming barriers in order to accelerate the process of Ca2+ detection optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA;
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by in vivo animal studies. The in vitro results are often not representative of the results observed in vivo. This could be caused by the complexity of the natural bone environment that is missing in vitro. Ex vivo bone explant cultures provide a model in which cells are preserved in their native three-dimensional environment. Herein, it is aimed to review the current status of bone explant culture models in relation to their potential in complementing the preclinical evaluation process with specific attention paid to the incorporation of mechanical loading within ex vivo culture systems. RECENT FINDINGS Bone explant cultures are often performed with physiologically less relevant bone, immature bone, and explants derived from rodents, which complicates translatability into clinical practice. Mature bone explants encounter difficulties with maintaining viability, especially in static culture. The integration of mechanical stimuli was able to extend the lifespan of explants and to induce new bone formation. Bone explant cultures provide unique platforms for bone research and mechanical loading was demonstrated to be an important component in achieving osteogenesis ex vivo. However, more research is needed to establish a representative, reliable, and reproducible bone explant culture system that includes both components of bone remodeling, i.e., formation and resorption, in order to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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26
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Peyroteo MMA, Belinha J, Natal Jorge RM. A mathematical biomechanical model for bone remodeling integrated with a radial point interpolating meshless method. Comput Biol Med 2020; 129:104170. [PMID: 33352308 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a highly complex process, in which bone cells interact and regulate bone's apparent density as a response to several external and internal stimuli. In this work, this process is numerically described using a novel 2D biomechanical model. Some of the new features in this model are (i) the mathematical parameters used to determine bone's apparent density and cellular density; (ii) an automatic boundary recognition step to spatially control bone remodeling and (iii) an approach to mimic the mechanical transduction to osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Moreover, this model is combined with a meshless approach - the Radial Point Interpolation Method (RPIM). The use of RPIM is an asset for this application, especially in the construction of the boundary maps. This work studies bone's adaptation to a certain loading regime through bone resorption. The signaling pathways of bone cells are dependent on the level of strain energy density (SED) in bone. So, when SED changes, bone cells' functioning is affected, causing also changes on bone's apparent density. With this model, bone is able to achieve an equilibrium state, optimizing its structure to withstand the applied loads. Results suggest that this model has the potential to provide high quality solutions while being a simpler alternative to more complex bone remodeling models in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M A Peyroteo
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - J Belinha
- School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP), Mechanical Engineering Department, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - R M Natal Jorge
- Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Mechanical Engineering Department, FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S/N, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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27
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Li H, Guo J, Ouyang B, Wang M, Xu Q, Wang J, Lv M, Guo X, Liu Q, Wei L, Ren H, Xi Y, Guo Y, Ren B, Pan S, Liu C, Ding X, Xiang H, Yu Y, Song Y, Meng L, Liu S, Wang J, Jiang Y, Shi J, Liu S, Sabir JSM, Sabir MJ, Khan M, Hajrah NH, Ming-Yuen Lee S, Xu X, Yang H, Wang J, Fan G, Yang N, Liu X. The White-Spotted Bamboo Shark Genome Reveals Chromosome Rearrangements and Fast-Evolving Immune Genes of Cartilaginous Fish. iScience 2020; 23:101754. [PMID: 33251490 PMCID: PMC7677710 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrichthyan (cartilaginous fish) occupies a key phylogenetic position and is important for investigating evolutionary processes of vertebrates. However, limited whole genomes impede our in-depth knowledge of important issues such as chromosome evolution and immunity. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome of white-spotted bamboo shark. Combing it with other shark genomes, we reconstructed 16 ancestral chromosomes of bamboo shark and illustrate a dynamic chromosome rearrangement process. We found that genes on 13 fast-evolving chromosomes can be enriched in immune-related pathways. And two chromosomes contain important genes that can be used to develop single-chain antibodies, which were shown to have high affinity to human disease markers by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also found three bone formation-related genes were lost due to chromosome rearrangements. Our study highlights the importance of chromosome rearrangements, providing resources for understanding of cartilaginous fish diversification and potential application of single-chain antibodies. Inferred ancestral chromosome karyotypes of cartilaginous fish Chromosome rearrangements resulted in fast-evolving chromosomes and immune genes Chromosome rearrangements led to deletion of bone formation-related genes Proved that single-domain antibodies in shark have great potential application
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Haoyang Gao
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hanbo Li
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bingjie Ouyang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiniang Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qiwu Xu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiqi Lv
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Likun Wei
- City University of Hongkong, Kowloon, Hongkong SAR
| | - Han Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yang Xi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yang Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bingzhao Ren
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shanshan Pan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Chuxin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yue Song
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Lingfeng Meng
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Complete Genomics, Inc., San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Jiahai Shi
- City University of Hongkong, Kowloon, Hongkong SAR
| | - Shiping Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mumdooh J Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhummadh Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid H Hajrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Macao, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Macao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Naibo Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Complete Genomics, Inc., San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
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28
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Targeting Mechanotransduction in Osteosarcoma: A Comparative Oncology Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207595. [PMID: 33066583 PMCID: PMC7589883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is the process in which cells can convert extracellular mechanical stimuli into biochemical changes within a cell. While this a normal process for physiological development and function in many organ systems, tumour cells can exploit this process to promote tumour progression. Here we summarise the current state of knowledge of mechanotransduction in osteosarcoma (OSA), the most common primary bone tumour, referencing both human and canine models and other similar mesenchymal malignancies (e.g., Ewing sarcoma). Specifically, we discuss the mechanical properties of OSA cells, the pathways that these cells utilise to respond to external mechanical cues, and mechanotransduction-targeting strategies tested in OSA so far. We point out gaps in the literature and propose avenues to address them. Understanding how the physical microenvironment influences cell signalling and behaviour will lead to the improved design of strategies to target the mechanical vulnerabilities of OSA cells.
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29
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Dallas SL, Moore DS. Using confocal imaging approaches to understand the structure and function of osteocytes and the lacunocanalicular network. Bone 2020; 138:115463. [PMID: 32512167 PMCID: PMC7423610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although overlooked in the past, osteocytes have come to the forefront of skeletal biology and are now recognized as a key cell type that integrates hormonal, mechanical and other signals to control bone mass through regulation of both osteoblast and osteoclast activity. With the surge of recent interest in osteocytes as bone regulatory cells and the discovery that they also function as endocrine regulators of phosphate homeostasis, there has been renewed interest in understanding the structure and function of these unique and relatively inaccessible cells. Osteocytes are embedded within the mineralized bone matrix and are housed within a complex lacunocanalicular system which connects them with the circulation and with other organ systems. This has presented unique challenges for imaging these cells. This review summarizes recent advances in confocal imaging approaches for visualizing osteocytes and their lacunocanalicular networks in both living and fixed bone specimens and discusses how computational approaches can be combined with live and fixed cell imaging techniques to generate quantitative outputs and predictive models. The integration of advanced imaging with computational approaches promises to lead to a more in depth understanding of the structure and function of osteocyte networks and the lacunocanalicular system in the healthy and aging state as well as in pathological conditions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America.
| | - David S Moore
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America
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30
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Williams KM, Leser JM, Gould NR, Joca HC, Lyons JS, Khairallah RJ, Ward CW, Stains JP. TRPV4 calcium influx controls sclerostin protein loss independent of purinergic calcium oscillations. Bone 2020; 136:115356. [PMID: 32272228 PMCID: PMC7605285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal remodeling is driven in part by the osteocyte's ability to respond to its mechanical environment by regulating the abundance of sclerostin, a negative regulator of bone mass. We have recently shown that the osteocyte responds to fluid shear stress via the microtubule network-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-generated reactive oxygen species and subsequent opening of TRPV4 cation channels, leading to calcium influx, activation of CaMKII, and rapid sclerostin protein downregulation. In addition to the initial calcium influx, purinergic receptor signaling and calcium oscillations occur in response to mechanical load and prior to rapid sclerostin protein loss. However, the independent contributions of TRPV4-mediated calcium influx and purinergic calcium oscillations to the rapid sclerostin protein downregulation remain unclear. Here, we showed that NOX2 and TRPV4-dependent calcium influx is required for calcium oscillations, and that TRPV4 activation is both necessary and sufficient for sclerostin degradation. In contrast, calcium oscillations are neither necessary nor sufficient to acutely decrease sclerostin protein abundance. However, blocking oscillations with apyrase prevented fluid shear stress induced changes in osterix (Sp7), osteoprotegerin (Tnfrsf11b), and sclerostin (Sost) gene expression. In total, these data provide key mechanistic insights into the way bone cells translate mechanical cues to target a key effector of bone formation, sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Williams
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jenna M Leser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicole R Gould
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Humberto C Joca
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James S Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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31
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Onaizah O, Xu L, Middleton K, You L, Diller E. Local stimulation of osteocytes using a magnetically actuated oscillating beam. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235366. [PMID: 32598396 PMCID: PMC7323988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading on bone tissue is an important physiological stimulus that plays a key role in bone growth, fracture repair, and treatment of bone diseases. Osteocytes (bone cells embedded in bone matrix) are well accepted as the sensor cells to mechanical loading and play a critical role in regulating the bone structure in response to mechanical loading. To understand the response of osteocytes to differential mechanical stimulation in physiologically relevant arrangements, there is a need for a platform which can locally stimulate bone cells with different levels of fluid shear stress. In this study, we developed a device aiming to achieve non-contact local mechanical stimulation of osteocytes with a magnetically actuated beam that generates the fluid shear stresses encountered in vivo. The stimulating beam was made from a composite of magnetic powder and polymer, where a magnetic field was used to precisely oscillate the beam in the horizontal plane. The beam is placed above a cell-seeded surface with an estimated gap height of 5 μm. Finite element simulations were performed to quantify the shear stress values and to generate a shear stress map in the region of interest. Osteocytes were seeded on the device and were stimulated while their intracellular calcium responses were quantified and correlated with their position and local shear stress value. We observed that cells closer to the oscillating beam respond earlier compared to cells further away from the local shear stress gradient generated by the oscillating beam. We have demonstrated the capability of our device to mimic the propagation of calcium signalling to osteocytes outside of the stimulatory region. This device will allow for future studies of osteocyte network signalling with a physiologically accurate localized shear stress gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onaizah Onaizah
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liangcheng Xu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin Middleton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lidan You
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Diller
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
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32
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Yang Z, Yue Z, Ma X, Xu Z. Calcium Homeostasis: A Potential Vicious Cycle of Bone Metastasis in Breast Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:293. [PMID: 32211326 PMCID: PMC7076168 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers have been considered as one of the most severe health problems in the world. Efforts to elucidate the cancer progression reveal the importance of bone metastasis for tumor malignancy, one of the leading causes for high mortality rate. Multiple cancers develop bone metastasis, from which breast cancers exhibit the highest rate and have been well-recognized. Numerous cells and environmental factors have been believed to synergistically facilitate bone metastasis in breast cancers, from which breast cancer cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and their produced cytokines have been well-recognized to form a vicious cycle that aggravates tumor malignancy. Except the cytokines or chemokines, calcium ions are another element largely released from bones during bone metastasis that leads to hypercalcemia, however, have not been well-characterized yet in modulation of bone metastasis. Calcium ions act as a type of unique second messenger that exhibits omnipotent functions in numerous cells, including tumor cells, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Calcium ions cannot be produced in the cells and are dynamically fluxed among extracellular calcium pools, intracellular calcium storages and cytosolic calcium signals, namely calcium homeostasis, raising a possibility that calcium ions released from bone during bone metastasis would further enhance bone metastasis and aggravate tumor progression via the vicious cycle due to abnormal calcium homeostasis in breast cancer cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts. TRPs, VGCCs, SOCE, and P2Xs are four major calcium channels/routes mediating extracellular calcium entry and affect calcium homeostasis. Here we will summarize the overall functions of these four calcium channels in breast cancer cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, providing evidence of calcium homeostasis as a vicious cycle in modulation of bone metastasis in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology Center for Microbiota & Immune Related Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiying Yue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrun Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology Center for Microbiota & Immune Related Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyao Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology Center for Microbiota & Immune Related Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yan Y, Wang L, Ge L, Pathak JL. Osteocyte-Mediated Translation of Mechanical Stimuli to Cellular Signaling and Its Role in Bone and Non-bone-Related Clinical Complications. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:67-80. [PMID: 31953640 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes comprise > 95% of the cellular component in bone tissue and produce a wide range of cytokines and cellular signaling molecules in response to mechanical stimuli. In this review, we aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the osteocyte-mediated translation of mechanical stimuli to cellular signaling, and discuss their role in skeletal (bone) diseases and extra-skeletal (non-bone) clinical complications. RECENT FINDINGS Two decades before, osteocytes were assumed as a dormant cells buried in bone matrix. In recent years, emerging evidences have shown that osteocytes are pivotal not only for bone homeostasis but also for vital organ functions such as muscle, kidney, and heart. Osteocyte mechanotransduction regulates osteoblast and osteoclast function and maintains bone homeostasis. Mechanical stimuli modulate the release of osteocyte-derived cytokines, signaling molecules, and extracellular cellular vesicles that regulate not only the surrounding bone cell function and bone homeostasis but also the distant organ function in a paracrine and endocrine fashion. Mechanical loading and unloading modulate the osteocytic release of NO, PGE2, and ATPs that regulates multiple cellular signaling such as Wnt/β-catenin, RANKL/OPG, BMPs, PTH, IGF1, VEGF, sclerostin, and others. Therefore, the in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of osteocyte mechanotransduction could unravel therapeutic targets for various bone and non-bone-related clinical complications such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and cancer metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
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Pei S, Parthasarathy S, Parajuli A, Martinez J, Lv M, Jiang S, Wu D, Wei S, Lu XL, Farach-Carson MC, Kirn-Safran CB, Wang L. Perlecan/Hspg2 deficiency impairs bone's calcium signaling and associated transcriptome in response to mechanical loading. Bone 2020; 131:115078. [PMID: 31715337 PMCID: PMC6945981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, acts as a mechanical sensor for bone to detect external loading. Deficiency of perlecan increases the risk of osteoporosis in patients with Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome (SJS) and attenuates loading-induced bone formation in perlecan deficient mice (Hypo). Considering that intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i is an ubiquitous messenger controlling numerous cellular processes including mechanotransduction, we hypothesized that perlecan deficiency impairs bone's calcium signaling in response to loading. To test this, we performed real-time [Ca2+]i imaging on in situ osteocytes of adult murine tibiae under cyclic loading (8N). Relative to wild type (WT), Hypo osteocytes showed decreases in the overall [Ca2+]i response rate (-58%), calcium peaks (-33%), cells with multiple peaks (-53%), peak magnitude (-6.8%), and recovery speed to baseline (-23%). RNA sequencing and pathway analysis of tibiae from mice subjected to one or seven days of unilateral loading demonstrated that perlecan deficiency significantly suppressed the calcium signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, and focal adhesion pathways following repetitive loading. Defects in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium cycling regulators such as Ryr1/ryanodine receptors and Atp2a1/Serca1 calcium pumps were identified in Hypo bones. Taken together, impaired calcium signaling may contribute to bone's reduced anabolic response to loading, underlying the osteoporosis risk for the SJS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Pei
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | | | - Ashutosh Parajuli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Jerahme Martinez
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Mengxi Lv
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Sida Jiang
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Shuo Wei
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Catherine B Kirn-Safran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States; Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, United States
| | - Liyun Wang
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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35
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Sun T, Yan Z, Cai J, Shao X, Wang D, Ding Y, Feng Y, Yang J, Luo E, Feng X, Jing D. Effects of mechanical vibration on cell morphology, proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine expression/secretion in osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells exposed to high glucose. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:216-228. [PMID: 31448865 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients exhibit significant bone deterioration. Our recent findings demonstrate that mechanical vibration is capable of resisting diabetic bone loss, whereas the relevant mechanism remains unclear. We herein examined the effects of mechanical vibration on the activities and functions of osteocytes (the most abundant and well-recognized mechanosensitive cells in the bone) exposed to high glucose (HG). The osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells were incubated with 50 mM HG for 24 h, and then stimulated with 1 h/day mechanical vibration (0.5 g, 45 Hz) for 3 days. We found that mechanical vibration significantly increased the proliferation and viability of MLO-Y4 cells under the HG environment via the MTT, BrdU, and Cell Viability Analyzer assays. The apoptosis detection showed that HG-induced apoptosis in MLO-Y4 cells was inhibited by mechanical vibration. Moreover, increased cellular area, microfilament density, and anisotropy in HG-incubated MLO-Y4 cells were observed after mechanical vibration via the F-actin fluorescence staining. The real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting results demonstrated that mechanical vibration significantly upregulated the gene and protein expression of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and decreased the sclerostin, DKK1, and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in osteocytes exposed to HG. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assays showed that mechanical vibration promoted the secretion of prostaglandin E2 and OPG, and inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and RANKL in the supernatant of HG-treated MLO-Y4 cells. Together, this study demonstrates that mechanical vibration improves osteocytic architecture and viability, and regulates cytokine expression and secretion in the HG environment, and implies the potential great contribution of the modulation of osteocytic activities in resisting diabetic osteopenia/osteoporosis by mechanical vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Diagnosis, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Diagnosis, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingyue Yang
- Department of Oncology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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36
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Morrell AE, Robinson ST, Silva MJ, Guo XE. Mechanosensitive Ca 2+ signaling and coordination is diminished in osteocytes of aged mice during ex vivo tibial loading. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:389-398. [PMID: 31931640 PMCID: PMC7785095 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1712377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The osteocyte is considered the major mechanosensor in bone, capable of detecting forces at a cellular level to coordinate bone formation and resorption. The pathology of age-related bone loss, a hallmark of osteoporosis, is attributed in part to impaired osteocyte mechanosensing. However, real-time evidence of the effect of aging on osteocyte responses to mechanical load is lacking. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) oscillations have been characterized as an early mechanosensitive response in osteocytes in systems of multiple scales and thus can serve as a real-time measure of osteocyte mechanosensitivity. Our objective was to utilize an ex vivo model to investigate potentially altered mechanosensing in the osteocyte network with aging.Methods: Tibiae were explanted from young-adult (5 mo) and aged (22 mo) female mice and incubated with Fluo-8 AM to visualize osteocyte intracellular Ca2+. Whole tibiae were cyclically loaded while in situ osteocyte Ca2+ dynamics were simultaneously imaged with confocal microscopy. Responsive osteocyte percentage and Ca2+ peak characteristics were quantified, as well as signaling synchrony between paired cells in the field of view.Results: Fewer osteocytes responded to mechanical loading in aged mice compared to young-adult and did so in a delayed manner. Osteocytes from aged mice also lacked the well-correlated relationship between Ca2+ signaling synchrony and cell-cell distance exhibited by young-adult osteocytes.Conclusions: We have demonstrated, for the first time, real-time evidence of the diminished mechanosensing and lack of signaling coordination in aged osteocyte networks in tibial explants, which may contribute to pathology of age-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Morrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel T. Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - X. Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author: X. Edward Guo, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904,1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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37
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Cai J, Shao X, Yan Z, Liu X, Yang Y, Luo E, Jing D. Differential skeletal response in adult and aged rats to independent and combinatorial stimulation with pulsed electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibration. FASEB J 2019; 34:3037-3050. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902779r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
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38
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Rizzuto E, Peruzzi B, Giudice M, Urciuoli E, Pittella E, Piuzzi E, Musarò A, Del Prete Z. Detection of the Strains Induced in Murine Tibias by Ex Vivo Uniaxial Loading with Different Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235109. [PMID: 31766596 PMCID: PMC6928746 DOI: 10.3390/s19235109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the characterization of the main techniques and transducers employed to measure local and global strains induced by uniaxial loading of murine tibiae is presented. Micro strain gauges and digital image correlation (DIC) were tested to measure local strains, while a moving coil motor-based length transducer was employed to measure relative global shortening. Local strain is the crucial parameter to be measured when dealing with bone cell mechanotransduction, so we characterized these techniques in the experimental conditions known to activate cell mechanosensing in vivo. The experimental tests were performed using tibia samples excised from twenty-two C57BL/6 mice. To evaluate measurement repeatability we computed the standard deviation of ten repetitive compressions to the mean value. This value was lower than 3% for micro strain gauges, and in the range of 7%-10% for DIC and the length transducer. The coefficient of variation, i.e., the standard deviation to the mean value, was about 35% for strain gauges and the length transducer, and about 40% for DIC. These results provided a comprehensive characterization of three methodologies for local and global bone strain measurement, suggesting a possible field of application on the basis of their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4458-5273
| | - Barbara Peruzzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.P.); (E.U.)
| | | | - Enrica Urciuoli
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.P.); (E.U.)
| | - Erika Pittella
- Department of Information, Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Emanuele Piuzzi
- Department of Information, Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Zaccaria Del Prete
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy;
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39
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Lorusso D, Nikolov HN, Holdsworth DW, Dixon SJ. Vibration of osteoblastic cells using a novel motion-control platform does not acutely alter cytosolic calcium, but desensitizes subsequent responses to extracellular ATP. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5096-5110. [PMID: 31696507 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low-magnitude high-frequency mechanical vibration induces biological responses in many tissues. Like many cell types, osteoblasts respond rapidly to certain forms of mechanostimulation, such as fluid shear, with transient elevation in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ). However, it is not known whether vibration of osteoblastic cells also induces acute elevation in [Ca2+ ]i . To address this question, we built a platform for vibrating live cells that is compatible with microscopy and microspectrofluorometry, enabling us to observe immediate responses of cells to low-magnitude high-frequency vibrations. The horizontal vibration system was mounted on an inverted microscope, and its mechanical performance was evaluated using optical tracking and accelerometry. The platform was driven by a sinusoidal signal at 20-500 Hz, producing peak accelerations from 0.1 to 1 g. Accelerometer-derived displacements matched those observed optically within 10%. We then used this system to investigate the effect of acceleration on [Ca2+ ]i in rodent osteoblastic cells. Cells were loaded with fura-2, and [Ca2+ ]i was monitored using microspectrofluorometry and fluorescence ratio imaging. No acute changes in [Ca2+ ]i or cell morphology were detected in response to vibration over the range of frequencies and accelerations studied. However, vibration did attenuate Ca2+ transients generated subsequently by extracellular ATP, which activates P2 purinoceptors and has been implicated in mechanical signaling in bone. In summary, we developed and validated a motion-control system capable of precisely delivering vibrations to live cells during real-time microscopy. Vibration did not elicit acute elevation of [Ca2+ ]i , but did desensitize responses to later stimulation with ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lorusso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hristo N Nikolov
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - David W Holdsworth
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S Jeffrey Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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40
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Hu M, Lee W, Jiao J, Li X, Gibbons DE, Hassan CR, Tian GW, Qin YX. Mechanobiological modulation of in situ and in vivo osteocyte calcium oscillation by acoustic radiation force. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1460:68-76. [PMID: 31646646 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biological effect of ultrasound on bone regeneration has been well documented, yet the underlying mechanotransduction mechanism is largely unknown. In relation to the mechanobiological modulation of the cytoskeleton and Ca2+ influx by short-term focused acoustic radiation force (FARF), the current study aimed to visualize and quantify Ca2+ oscillations in real-time of in situ and in vivo osteocytes in response to focused low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (FLIPUS). For in situ studies, fresh mice calvaria were subjected to FLIPUS stimulation at 0.05, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.7 W. For the in vivo study, 3-month-old C57BL/6J Ai38/Dmp1-Cre mice were subjected to FLIPUS at 0.15, 1, and 1.5 W. As observed via real-time confocal imaging, in situ FLIPUS led to more than 80% of cells exhibiting Ca2+ oscillations at 0.3-0.7 W and led to a higher number of Ca2+ spikes with larger values at >0.3 W. In vivo FLIPUS at 1-1.5 W led to more than 90% of cells exhibiting Ca2+ oscillations. Higher FLIPUS energies led to larger Ca2+ spike magnitudes. In conclusion, this study provided a pilot study of both in situ and in vivo osteocytic Ca2+ oscillations under noninvasive FARF, which aids further exploration of the mechanosensing mechanism of the controlled bone cell motility response to the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Wonsae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Daniel E Gibbons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Chaudhry Raza Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Guo-Wei Tian
- CMIC-Two Photon Imaging Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are responsible for mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in bone and play a crucial role in bone homeostasis. They are embedded in a calcified collagenous matrix and connected with each other through the lacuno-canalicular network. Due to this specific native environment, it is a challenge to isolate primary osteocytes without losing their specific characteristics in vitro. This review summarizes the commonly used and recently established models to study the function of osteocytes in vitro. RECENT FINDINGS Osteocytes are mostly studied in monolayer culture, but recently, 3D models of osteocyte-like cells and primary osteocytes in vitro have been established as well. These models mimic the native environment of osteocytes and show superior osteocyte morphology and behavior, enabling the development of human disease models. Osteocyte-like cell lines as well as primary osteocytes isolated from bone are widely used to study the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis. Both cells lines and primary cells are cultured in 2D-monolayer and 3D-models. The use of these models and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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42
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Ei Hsu Hlaing E, Ishihara Y, Wang Z, Odagaki N, Kamioka H. Role of intracellular Ca 2+-based mechanotransduction of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. FASEB J 2019; 33:10409-10424. [PMID: 31238000 PMCID: PMC6704454 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900484r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts are thought to receive mechanical stress (MS) produced by orthodontic tooth movement, thereby regulating alveolar bone remodeling. However, the role of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i)-based mechanotransduction is not fully understood. We explored the MS-induced [Ca2+]i responses both in isolated hPDL fibroblasts and in intact hPDL tissue and investigated its possible role in alveolar bone remodeling. hPDL fibroblasts were obtained from healthy donors' premolars that had been extracted for orthodontic reasons. The oscillatory [Ca2+]i activity induced by static compressive force was measured by a live-cell Ca2+ imaging system and evaluated by several feature extraction method. The spatial pattern of cell-cell communication was investigated by Moran's I, an index of spatial autocorrelation and the gap junction (GJ) inhibitor. The Ca2+-transporting ionophore A23187 was used to further investigate the role of [Ca2+]i up-regulation in hPDL cell behavior. hPDL fibroblasts displayed autonomous [Ca2+]i responses. Compressive MS activated this autonomous responsive behavior with an increased percentage of responsive cells both in vitro and ex vivo. The integration, variance, maximum amplitude, waveform length, and index J in the [Ca2+]i responses were also significantly increased, whereas the mean power frequency was attenuated in response to MS. The increased Moran's I after MS indicated that MS might affect the pattern of cell-cell communication via GJs. Similar to the findings of MS-mediated regulation, the A23187-mediated [Ca2+]i uptake resulted in the up-regulation of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (Rankl) and Sost along with increased sclerostin immunoreactivity, suggesting that [Ca2+]i signaling networks may be involved in bone remodeling. In addition, A23187-treated hPDL fibroblasts also showed the suppression of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. Our findings suggest that augmented MS-mediated [Ca2+]i oscillations in hPDL fibroblasts enhance the production and release of bone regulatory signals via Rankl/Osteoprotegerin and the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway as an early process in tooth movement-initiated alveolar bone remodeling.-Ei Hsu Hlaing, E., Ishihara, Y., Wang, Z., Odagaki, N., Kamioka, H. Role of intracellular Ca2+-based mechanotransduction of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Hsu Hlaing
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS DC2), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Wang Z, Ishihara Y, Ishikawa T, Hoshijima M, Odagaki N, Ei Hsu Hlaing E, Kamioka H. Screening of key candidate genes and pathways for osteocytes involved in the differential response to different types of mechanical stimulation using a bioinformatics analysis. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:614-626. [PMID: 30413886 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to predict the key genes and pathways that are activated when different types of mechanical loading are applied to osteocytes. mRNA expression datasets (series number of GSE62128 and GSE42874) were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). High gravity-treated osteocytic MLO-Y4 cell-line samples from GSE62128 (Set1), and fluid flow-treated MLO-Y4 samples from GSE42874 (Set2) were employed. After identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional enrichment was performed. The common DEGs between Set1 and Set2 were considered as key DEGs, then a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the minimal nodes from all of the DEGs in Set1 and Set2, which linked most of the key DEGs. Several open source software programs were employed to process and analyze the original data. The bioinformatic results and the biological meaning were validated by in vitro experiments. High gravity and fluid flow induced opposite expression trends in the key DEGs. The hypoxia-related biological process and signaling pathway were the common functional enrichment terms among the DEGs from Set1, Set2 and the PPI network. The expression of almost all the key DEGs (Pdk1, Ccng2, Eno2, Egln1, Higd1a, Slc5a3 and Mxi1) were mechano-sensitive. Eno2 was identified as the hub gene in the PPI network. Eno2 knockdown results in expression changes of some other key DEGs (Pdk1, Mxi1 and Higd1a). Our findings indicated that the hypoxia response might have an important role in the differential responses of osteocytes to the different types of mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Ishikawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hoshijima
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ei Ei Hsu Hlaing
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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44
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Wittig NK, Laugesen M, Birkbak ME, Bach-Gansmo FL, Pacureanu A, Bruns S, Wendelboe MH, Brüel A, Sørensen HO, Thomsen JS, Birkedal H. Canalicular Junctions in the Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Network of Cortical Bone. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6421-6430. [PMID: 31095362 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) is essential for bone remodeling because osteocytes regulate cell recruitment. This has been proposed to occur through liquid-flow-induced shear forces in the canaliculi. Models of the LCN have thus far assumed that it contains canaliculi connecting the osteocyte lacunae. However, here, we reveal that enlarged spaces occur at places where several canaliculi cross; we name these spaces canalicular junctions. We characterize them in detail within mice cortical bone using synchrotron nanotomography at two length scales, with 50 and 130 nm voxel size, and show that canalicular junctions occur at a density similar to that of osteocyte lacunae and that canalicular junctions tend to cluster. Through confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that canalicular junctions are widespread as we have observed them in cortical bone from several species, even though the number density of the canalicular junctions was not universal. Fluid flow simulations of a simple model system with and without a canalicular junction clearly show that liquid mass transport and flow velocities are altered by the presence of canalicular junctions. We suggest that these canalicular junctions may play an important role in osteocyte communication and possibly also in canalicular fluid flow. Therefore, we believe that they constitute an important component in the bone osteocyte network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen Ø , Denmark
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Mei X, Middleton K, Shim D, Wan Q, Xu L, Ma YHV, Devadas D, Walji N, Wang L, Young EWK, You L. Microfluidic platform for studying osteocyte mechanoregulation of breast cancer bone metastasis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:119-129. [DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBone metastasis is a common, yet serious, complication of breast cancer. Breast cancer cells that extravasate from blood vessels to the bone devastate bone quality by interacting with bone cells and disrupting the bone remodeling balance. Although exercise is often suggested as a cancer intervention strategy and mechanical loading during exercise is known to regulate bone remodeling, its role in preventing bone metastasis remains unknown. We developed a novel in vitro microfluidic tissue model to investigate the role of osteocytes in the mechanical regulation of breast cancer bone metastasis. Metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured inside a 3D microfluidic lumen lined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which is adjacent to a channel seeded with osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells. Physiologically relevant oscillatory fluid flow (OFF) (1 Pa, 1 Hz) was applied to mechanically stimulate the osteocytes. Hydrogel-filled side channels in-between the two channels allowed real-time, bi-directional cellular signaling and cancer cell extravasation over 3 days. The applied OFF was capable of inducing intracellular calcium responses in osteocytes (82.3% cells responding with a 3.71 fold increase average magnitude). Both extravasation distance and percentage of extravasated side-channels were significantly reduced with mechanically stimulated osteocytes (32.4% and 53.5% of control, respectively) compared to static osteocytes (102.1% and 107.3% of control, respectively). This is the first microfluidic device that has successfully integrated stimulatory bone fluid flow, and demonstrated that mechanically stimulated osteocytes reduced breast cancer extravasation. Future work with this platform will determine the specific mechanisms involved in osteocyte mechanoregulation of breast cancer bone metastasis, as well as other types of cancer metastasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Mei
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Middleton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dongsub Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qianqian Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liangcheng Xu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Heng Vivian Ma
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deepika Devadas
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Noosheen Walji
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lidan You
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tiede-Lewis LM, Dallas SL. Changes in the osteocyte lacunocanalicular network with aging. Bone 2019; 122:101-113. [PMID: 30743014 PMCID: PMC6638547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an aging-related disease of reduced bone mass that is particularly prevalent in post-menopausal women, but also affects the aged male population and is associated with increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis is the result of an imbalance whereby bone formation by osteoblasts no longer keeps pace with resorption of bone by osteoclasts. Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone and, although previously thought to be quiescent, they are now known to be active, multifunctional cells that play a key role in the maintenance of bone mass by regulating both osteoblast and osteoclast activity. They are also thought to regulate bone mass through their role as mechanoresponsive cells in bone that coordinate adaptive responses to mechanical loading. Osteocytes form an extensive interconnected network throughout the mineralized bone matrix and receive their nutrients as well as hormones and signaling factors through the lacunocanalicular system. Several studies have shown that the extent and connectivity of the lacunocanalicular system and osteocyte networks degenerates in aged humans as well as in animal models of aging. It is also known that the bone anabolic response to loading is decreased with aging. This review summarizes recent research on the degenerative changes that occur in osteocytes and their lacunocanalicular system as a result of aging and discusses the implications for skeletal health and homeostasis as well as potential mechanisms that may underlie these degenerative changes. Since osteocytes are such key regulators of skeletal homeostasis, maintaining the health of the osteocyte network would seem critical for maintenance of bone health. Therefore, a more complete understanding of the structure and function of the osteocyte network, its lacunocanalicular system, and the degenerative changes that occur with aging should lead to advances in our understanding of age related bone loss and potentially lead to improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeAnn M Tiede-Lewis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America.
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Prasad J, Goyal A. An Invertible Mathematical Model of Cortical Bone's Adaptation to Mechanical Loading. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5890. [PMID: 30971812 PMCID: PMC6458131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of mechanical loading regimen that would induce a prescribed new bone formation rate and its site-specific distribution, may be desirable to treat some orthopaedic conditions such as bone loss due to muscle disuse, e.g. because of space flight, bed-rest, osteopenia etc. Site-specific new bone formation has been determined earlier experimentally and numerically for a given loading regimen; however these models are mostly non-invertible, which means that they cannot be easily inverted to predict loading parameters for a desired new bone formation. The present work proposes an invertible model of bone remodeling, which can predict loading parameters such as peak strain, or magnitude and direction of periodic forces for a desired or prescribed site-specific mineral apposition rate (MAR), and vice versa. This fast, mathematical model has a potential to be developed into an important aid for orthopaedic surgeons for prescribing exercise or exogenous loading of bone to treat bone-loss due to muscle disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
| | - Ajay Goyal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
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48
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Wang K, Du Y, Liu H, Gan M, Tong S, Wen W, Zhuang Z, Qiu P. Visualizing the "sandwich" structure of osteocytes in their native environment deep in bone in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800360. [PMID: 30421510 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone and always the focus of bone research. They are embedded in the highly scattering mineralized bone matrix. Consequently, visualizing osteocytes deep in bone with subcellular resolution poses a major challenge for in vivo bone research. Here we overcome this challenge by demonstrating 3-photon imaging of osteocytes through the intact mouse skull in vivo. Through broadband transmittance characterization, we establish that the excitation at the 1700-nm window enables the highest optical transmittance through the skull. Using label-free third-harmonic generation (THG) imaging excited at this window, we visualize osteocytes through the whole 140-μm mouse skull and 155 μm into the brain in vivo. By developing selective labeling technique for the interstitial space, we visualize the "sandwich" structure of osteocytes in their native environment. Our work provides novel imaging methodology for bone research in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengyao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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49
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Zhou Y, Lv M, Li T, Zhang T, Duncan R, Wang L, Lu XL. Spontaneous calcium signaling of cartilage cells: from spatiotemporal features to biophysical modeling. FASEB J 2019; 33:4675-4687. [PMID: 30601690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801460r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) oscillation is a fundamental signaling response of cartilage cells under mechanical loading or osmotic stress. Chondrocytes are usually considered as nonexcitable cells with no spontaneous [Ca2+]i signaling. This study proved that chondrocytes can exhibit robust spontaneous [Ca2+]i signaling without explicit external stimuli. The intensity of [Ca2+]i peaks from individual chondrocytes maintain a consistent spatiotemporal pattern, acting as a unique "fingerprint" for each cell. Statistical analysis revealed lognormal distributions of the temporal parameters of [Ca2+]i peaks, as well as strong linear correlations between their means and sds. Based on these statistical findings, we hypothesized that the spontaneous [Ca2+]i peaks may result from an autocatalytic process and that [Ca2+]i oscillation is controlled by a threshold-regulating mechanism. To test these 2 mechanisms, we established a multistage biophysical model by assuming the spontaneous [Ca2+]i signaling of chondrocytes as a combination of deterministic and stochastic processes. The theoretical model successfully explained the lognormal distribution of the temporal parameters and the fingerprint feature of [Ca2+]i peaks. In addition, by using antagonists for 10 pathways, we revealed that the initiation of spontaneous [Ca2+]i peaks in chondrocytes requires the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and that the PLC-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway, which controls the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, can affect the initiation of spontaneous [Ca2+]i peaks in chondrocytes. The purinoceptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels on the plasma membrane also play key roles in the spontaneous [Ca2+]i signaling of chondrocytes. In contrast, blocking the T-type or L-type voltage-gated calcium channel promoted the spontaneous calcium signaling. This study represents a systematic effort to understand the features and initiation mechanisms of spontaneous [Ca2+]i signaling in chondrocytes, which are critical for chondrocyte mechanobiology.-Zhou, Y., Lv, M., Li, T., Zhang, T., Duncan, R., Wang, L., Lu, X. L. Spontaneous calcium signaling of cartilage cells: from spatiotemporal features to biophysical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Mengxi Lv
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; and
| | - Tiange Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Randall Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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50
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Wang P, Tang C, Wu J, Yang Y, Yan Z, Liu X, Shao X, Zhai M, Gao J, Liang S, Luo E, Jing D. Pulsed electromagnetic fields regulate osteocyte apoptosis, RANKL/OPG expression, and its control of osteoclastogenesis depending on the presence of primary cilia. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10588-10601. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Chi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Yuefan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery 251 Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Zhangjiakou China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Mingming Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Shengru Liang
- Department of Endocrinology Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical Univerisity Xi’an China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
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