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Wadhwa A, Moreno-Villanueva M, Crucian B, Wu H. Synergistic interplay between radiation and microgravity in spaceflight-related immunological health risks. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:50. [PMID: 39033285 PMCID: PMC11264846 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Spaceflight poses a myriad of environmental stressors to astronauts´ physiology including microgravity and radiation. The individual impacts of microgravity and radiation on the immune system have been extensively investigated, though a comprehensive review on their combined effects on immune system outcomes is missing. Therefore, this review aims at understanding the synergistic, additive, and antagonistic interactions between microgravity and radiation and their impact on immune function as observed during spaceflight-analog studies such as rodent hindlimb unloading and cell culture rotating wall vessel models. These mimic some, but not all, of the physiological changes observed in astronauts during spaceflight and provide valuable information that should be considered when planning future missions. We provide guidelines for the design of further spaceflight-analog studies, incorporating influential factors such as age and sex for rodent models and standardizing the longitudinal evaluation of specific immunological alterations for both rodent and cellular models of spaceflight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wadhwa
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.
| | | | | | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
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2
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Tomsia M, Cieśla J, Śmieszek J, Florek S, Macionga A, Michalczyk K, Stygar D. Long-term space missions' effects on the human organism: what we do know and what requires further research. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1284644. [PMID: 38415007 PMCID: PMC10896920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1284644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Space has always fascinated people. Many years have passed since the first spaceflight, and in addition to the enormous technological progress, the level of understanding of human physiology in space is also increasing. The presented paper aims to summarize the recent research findings on the influence of the space environment (microgravity, pressure differences, cosmic radiation, etc.) on the human body systems during short-term and long-term space missions. The review also presents the biggest challenges and problems that must be solved in order to extend safely the time of human stay in space. In the era of increasing engineering capabilities, plans to colonize other planets, and the growing interest in commercial space flights, the most topical issues of modern medicine seems to be understanding the effects of long-term stay in space, and finding solutions to minimize the harmful effects of the space environment on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Tomsia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Cieśla
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Śmieszek
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Florek
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Macionga
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalczyk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- SLU University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Fonte C, Jacob P, Vanet A, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Hindlimb unloading, a physiological model of microgravity, modifies the murine bone marrow IgM repertoire in a similar manner as aging but less strongly. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:64. [PMID: 37986079 PMCID: PMC10659048 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spaceflight environment is an extreme environment that affects the immune system of approximately 50% of astronauts. With planned long-duration missions, such as the deployment of the Lunar Gateway and possible interplanetary missions, it is mandatory to determine how all components of the immune system are affected, which will allow the establishment of countermeasures to preserve astronaut health. However, despite being an important component of the immune system, antibody-mediated humoral immunity has rarely been investigated in the context of the effects of the space environment. It has previously been demonstrated that 30 days aboard the BION-M1 satellite and 21 days of hindlimb unloading (HU), a model classically used to mimic the effects of microgravity, decrease murine B lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, modifications in B lymphopoiesis reported in young mice subjected to 21 days of HU were shown to be similar to those observed in aged mice (18-22 months). Since the primary antibody repertoire composed of IgM is created by V(D) J recombination during B lymphopoiesis, the objective of this study was to assess the degree of similarity between changes in the bone marrow IgM repertoire and in the V(D)J recombination process in 2.5-month-old mice subjected to 21 days of HU and aged (18 months) mice. RESULTS We found that in 21 days, HU induced changes in the IgM repertoire that were approximately 3-fold less than those in aged mice, which is a rapid effect. Bone remodeling and epigenetics likely mediate these changes. Indeed, we previously demonstrated a significant decrease in tibial morphometric parameters from day 6 of HU and a progressive reduction in these parameters until day 21 of HU, and it has been shown that age and microgravity induce epigenetic changes. CONCLUSION These data reveal novel immune changes that are akin to advanced aging and underline the importance of studying the effects of spaceflight on antibody-mediated humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fonte
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Pauline Jacob
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Anne Vanet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France.
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Jacob P, Oertlin C, Baselet B, Westerberg LS, Frippiat JP, Baatout S. Next generation of astronauts or ESA astronaut 2.0 concept and spotlight on immunity. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37380641 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although we have sent humans into space for more than 50 years, crucial questions regarding immune response in space conditions remain unanswered. There are many complex interactions between the immune system and other physiological systems in the human body. This makes it difficult to study the combined long-term effects of space stressors such as radiation and microgravity. In particular, exposure to microgravity and cosmic radiation may produce changes in the performance of the immune system at the cellular and molecular levels and in the major physiological systems of the body. Consequently, abnormal immune responses induced in the space environment may have serious health consequences, especially in future long-term space missions. In particular, radiation-induced immune effects pose significant health challenges for long-duration space exploration missions with potential risks to reduce the organism's ability to respond to injuries, infections, and vaccines, and predispose astronauts to the onset of chronic diseases (e.g., immunosuppression, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, gut dysbiosis). Other deleterious effects encountered by radiation may include cancer and premature aging, induced by dysregulated redox and metabolic processes, microbiota, immune cell function, endotoxin, and pro-inflammatory signal production1,2. In this review, we summarize and highlight the current understanding of the effects of microgravity and radiation on the immune system and discuss knowledge gaps that future studies should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacob
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christian Oertlin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Bie M, Tang Y, Xia Y, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Cheng C, Li X, Qi X, Kang F. HIF-1α mediates osteoclast-induced disuse osteoporosis via cytoophidia in the femur of mice. Bone 2023; 168:116648. [PMID: 36563716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis induced by disuse because of bed rest or the aerospace industry has become one of the most common skeletal disorders. However, mechanisms underlying the disuse osteoporosis remain largely unknown. We validated the tail-suspended model in mice and demonstrated that there is bone loss in the trabecular and cortical bones of the femur. Importantly, we showed that genetical deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in osteoclasts ameliorated osteoclastic bone resorption in the trabecular bone whereas pharmacological treatment with HIF-1α inhibitor protected the hindlimb-unloaded mice from disuse-induced osteoporosis in the trabecular and cortical bones. The HIF-1α knockout RAW264.7 cells and RNA-sequencing proved that HIF-1α is vital for osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption because it regulated the level of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and cytidine triphosphate synthetase (CTPS) via cellular myelocytomatosis (c-Myc) oncogene. The IMPDH and CTPS are vital nucleotide metabolic enzymes which have an important functional role in cell metabolism, and they can assemble into intracellular linear or ring-shaped structures to cope with cell stress. Interestingly, both in vitro and in vivo, the IMPDH and CTPS cytoophidia were found in osteoclasts, and the level of HIF-1α correlated with osteoclastogenesis and bone-resorbing activity. Our data revealed that HIF-1α/c-Myc/cytoophidia signalling might be required for osteoclasts to mediate cell metabolism in disuse-induced osteoporosis. Overall, our results revealed a new role of HIF-1α/c-Myc/cytoophidia in supporting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption and exposed evidence for its role in the pathogenesis of disuse osteoporosis, which might provide promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Bie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanye Tian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunan Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinzhao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiwu Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Lenaerts A, Kucinski I, Deboutte W, Derecka M, Cauchy P, Manke T, Göttgens B, Grosschedl R. EBF1 primes B-lymphoid enhancers and limits the myeloid bias in murine multipotent progenitors. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213432. [PMID: 36048017 PMCID: PMC9437269 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs) generate all cells of the blood system. Despite their multipotency, MPPs display poorly understood lineage bias. Here, we examine whether lineage-specifying transcription factors, such as the B-lineage determinant EBF1, regulate lineage preference in early progenitors. We detect low-level EBF1 expression in myeloid-biased MPP3 and lymphoid-biased MPP4 cells, coinciding with expression of the myeloid determinant C/EBPα. Hematopoietic deletion of Ebf1 results in enhanced myelopoiesis and reduced HSC repopulation capacity. Ebf1-deficient MPP3 and MPP4 cells exhibit an augmented myeloid differentiation potential and a transcriptome with an enriched C/EBPα signature. Correspondingly, EBF1 binds the Cebpa enhancer, and the deficiency and overexpression of Ebf1 in MPP3 and MPP4 cells lead to an up- and downregulation of Cebpa expression, respectively. In addition, EBF1 primes the chromatin of B-lymphoid enhancers specifically in MPP3 cells. Thus, our study implicates EBF1 in regulating myeloid/lymphoid fate bias in MPPs by constraining C/EBPα-driven myelopoiesis and priming the B-lymphoid fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Lenaerts
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iwo Kucinski
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ward Deboutte
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Derecka
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Manke
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rudolf Grosschedl
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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Peng H, Hu B, Xie LQ, Su T, Li CJ, Liu Y, Yang M, Xiao Y, Feng X, Zhou R, Guo Q, Zhou HY, Huang Y, Jiang TJ, Luo XH. A mechanosensitive lipolytic factor in the bone marrow promotes osteogenesis and lymphopoiesis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1168-1182.e6. [PMID: 35705079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise can prevent osteoporosis and improve immune function, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that exercise promotes reticulocalbin-2 secretion from the bone marrow macrophages to initiate bone marrow fat lipolysis. Given the crucial role of lipolysis in exercise-stimulated osteogenesis and lymphopoiesis, these findings suggest that reticulocalbin-2 is a pivotal regulator of a local adipose-osteogenic/immune axis. Mechanistically, reticulocalbin-2 binds to a functional receptor complex, which is composed of neuronilin-2 and integrin beta-1, to activate a cAMP-PKA signaling pathway that mobilizes bone marrow fat via lipolysis to fuel the differentiation and function of mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells. Notably, the administration of recombinant reticulocalbin-2 in tail-suspended and old mice remarkably decreases bone marrow fat accumulation and promotes osteogenesis and lymphopoiesis. These findings identify reticulocalbin-2 as a novel mechanosensitive lipolytic factor in maintaining energy homeostasis in bone resident cells, and it provides a promising target for skeletal and immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ling-Qi Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tian Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chang-Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tie-Jian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiang-Hang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan 410008, China.
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8
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Calcagno G, Ouzren N, Kaminski S, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Chronic Hypergravity Induces a Modification of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Trimethylation at TCRβ Locus in Murine Thymocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137133. [PMID: 35806138 PMCID: PMC9267123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity changes are major stressors encountered during spaceflight that affect the immune system. We previously evidenced that hypergravity exposure during gestation affects the TCRβ repertoire of newborn pups. To identify the mechanisms underlying this observation, we studied post-translational histone modifications. We first showed that among the four studied post-translational histone H3 modifications, only lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) is downregulated in the thymus of mice exposed to 2× g for 21 days. We then asked whether the TCRβ locus chromatin structure is altered by hypergravity exposure. ChIP studies performed on four Vβ segments of the murine double-negative SCIET27 thymic cell line, which corresponds to the last maturation stage before V(D)J recombination, revealed increases in H3K27me3 after 2× g exposure. Finally, we evaluated the implication for the EZH2 methyltransferase in the regulation of the H3K27me3 level at these Vβ segments by treating SCIET27 cells with the GSK126-specific inhibitor. These experiments showed that the downregulation of H3K27me3 contributes to the regulation of the Vβ germline transcript expression that precedes V(D)J recombination. These data show that modifications of H3K27me3 at the TCRβ locus likely contribute to an explanation of why the TCR repertoire is affected by gravity changes and imply, for the first time, EZH2 in the regulation of the TCRβ locus chromatin structure.
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9
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Bonnefoy J, Baselet B, Moser D, Ghislin S, Miranda S, Riant E, Vermeesen R, Keiler AM, Baatout S, Choukér A, Frippiat JP. B-Cell Homeostasis Is Maintained During Two Months of Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest With or Without Antioxidant Supplementation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830662. [PMID: 35251019 PMCID: PMC8892569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the immune system could seriously impair the ability to combat infections during future long-duration space missions. However, little is known about the effects of spaceflight on the B-cell compartment. Given the limited access to astronaut samples, we addressed this question using blood samples collected from 20 healthy male volunteers subjected to long-duration bed rest, an Earth-based analog of spaceflight. Hematopoietic progenitors, white blood cells, total lymphocytes and B-cells, four B-cell subsets, immunoglobulin isotypes, six cytokines involved in inflammation, cortisone and cortisol were quantified at five time points. Tibia microarchitecture was also studied. Moreover, we investigated the efficiency of antioxidant supplementation with a cocktail including polyphenols, omega 3, vitamin E and selenium. Our results show that circulating hematopoietic progenitors, white blood cells, total lymphocytes and B-cells, and B-cell subsets were not affected by bed rest. Cytokine quantification suggested a lower systemic inflammatory status, supported by an increase in serum cortisone, during bed rest. These data confirm the in vivo hormonal dysregulation of immunity observed in astronauts and show that bed rest does not alter B-cell homeostasis. This lack of an impact of long-term bed rest on B-cell homeostasis can, at least partially, be explained by limited bone remodeling. None of the evaluated parameters were affected by the administration of the antioxidant supplement. The non-effectiveness of the supplement may be because the diet provided to the non-supplemented and supplemented volunteers already contained sufficient antioxidants. Given the limitations of this model, further studies will be required to determine whether B-cell homeostasis is affected, especially during future deep-space exploration missions that will be of unprecedented durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bonnefoy
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Dominique Moser
- Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvana Miranda
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Elodie Riant
- Cytometry Facility, I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), TRI Genotoul, Toulouse, France
| | - Randy Vermeesen
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Choukér
- Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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10
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Markina EA, Alekseeva OY, Andreeva ER, Buravkova LB. Short-Term Reloading After Prolonged Unloading Ensures Restoration of Stromal but Not Hematopoietic Precursor Activity in Tibia Bone Marrow of C57Bl/6N Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1228-1240. [PMID: 34714129 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle tissues are mostly susceptible to different kinds of hypodynamia, including real and simulated microgravity (sμg). To evaluate the effect of sμg on bone marrow (BM), male C57Bl/6N mice were divided into three groups: vivarium control (VC), 30-day hindlimb suspension (HS), and subsequent 12-h short-term support reloading (RL). The effects on BM total mononucleated cells (MNCs) as well as stromal and hematopoietic progenitors from murine tibia were studied. The number of BM MNCs, immunophenotype, proliferation, colony-forming units (CFUs), differentiation and secretory activity of hematopoietic and stromal BM cells were determined. HS led to a twofold decrease in MNCs, alteration of surface molecule expression profiles, suppression of proliferative activity of BM cells, and change of soluble mediators' levels. The stromal compartment was characterized by a decrease of CFU of fibroblasts and suppression of spontaneous osteo-commitment after HS. Among the hematopoietic precursors, a decrease in the total number of CFUs was found mainly at the expense of suppression of CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM. After RL, restoration of the stromal precursor's functional activity to control levels and overabundance of paracrine mediator's production were detected, whereas the complete recovery of hematopoietic precursor's activity did not occur. These data demonstrate the fast functional reaction of the stromal compartment on restoration of loading support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Markina
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Y Alekseeva
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena R Andreeva
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila B Buravkova
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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11
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Juhl OJ, Buettmann EG, Friedman MA, DeNapoli RC, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Update on the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34301942 PMCID: PMC8302614 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable. However, this venture would not be without risk. The lower gravitational force, known as microgravity, that would be experienced during spaceflight significantly disrupts many physiological systems. One of the most notably affected systems is the musculoskeletal system, where exposure to microgravity causes both bone and skeletal muscle loss, both of which have significant clinical implications. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in our understanding of how exposure to microgravity affects the musculoskeletal system. We will focus on the catabolic effects microgravity exposure has on both bone and skeletal muscle cells, as well as their respective progenitor stem cells. Additionally, we report on the mechanisms that underlie bone and muscle tissue loss resulting from exposure to microgravity and then discuss current countermeasures being evaluated. We reveal the gaps in the current knowledge and expound upon how current research is filling these gaps while also identifying new avenues of study as we continue to pursue manned spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel C DeNapoli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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12
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Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092784. [PMID: 34066886 PMCID: PMC8125950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space–time continuum but the biological continuum, as well.
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13
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Bonnefoy J, Ghislin S, Beyrend J, Coste F, Calcagno G, Lartaud I, Gauquelin-Koch G, Poussier S, Frippiat JP. Gravitational Experimental Platform for Animal Models, a New Platform at ESA's Terrestrial Facilities to Study the Effects of Micro- and Hypergravity on Aquatic and Rodent Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2961. [PMID: 33803957 PMCID: PMC7998548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Using rotors to expose animals to different levels of hypergravity is an efficient means of understanding how altered gravity affects physiological functions, interactions between physiological systems and animal development. Furthermore, rotors can be used to prepare space experiments, e.g., conducting hypergravity experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of a study before its implementation and to complement inflight experiments by comparing the effects of micro- and hypergravity. In this paper, we present a new platform called the Gravitational Experimental Platform for Animal Models (GEPAM), which has been part of European Space Agency (ESA)'s portfolio of ground-based facilities since 2020, to study the effects of altered gravity on aquatic animal models (amphibian embryos/tadpoles) and mice. This platform comprises rotors for hypergravity exposure (three aquatic rotors and one rodent rotor) and models to simulate microgravity (cages for mouse hindlimb unloading and a random positioning machine (RPM)). Four species of amphibians can be used at present. All murine strains can be used and are maintained in a specific pathogen-free area. This platform is surrounded by numerous facilities for sample preparation and analysis using state-of-the-art techniques. Finally, we illustrate how GEPAM can contribute to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms and the identification of countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bonnefoy
- Stress, Immunity, Pathogens Laboratory, SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.G.); (F.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress, Immunity, Pathogens Laboratory, SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.G.); (F.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Jérôme Beyrend
- Animalerie du Campus Biologie Santé, ACBS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.B.); (I.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Florence Coste
- Stress, Immunity, Pathogens Laboratory, SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.G.); (F.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Gaetano Calcagno
- Stress, Immunity, Pathogens Laboratory, SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.G.); (F.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Isabelle Lartaud
- Animalerie du Campus Biologie Santé, ACBS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.B.); (I.L.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Sylvain Poussier
- Animalerie du Campus Biologie Santé, ACBS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.B.); (I.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress, Immunity, Pathogens Laboratory, SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.G.); (F.C.); (G.C.)
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14
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Buchheim JI, Ghislin S, Ouzren N, Albuisson E, Vanet A, Matzel S, Ponomarev S, Rykova M, Choukér A, Frippiat JP. Plasticity of the human IgM repertoire in response to long-term spaceflight. FASEB J 2020; 34:16144-16162. [PMID: 33047384 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001403rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is among the main adverse outcomes of spaceflight. Despite the crucial role of the antibody repertoire in host protection, the effects of spaceflight on the human antibody repertoire are unknown. Consequently, using high-throughput sequencing, we examined the IgM repertoire of five cosmonauts 25 days before launch, after 64 ± 11 and 129 ± 20 days spent on the International Space Station (ISS), and at 1, 7, and 30 days after landing. This is the first study of this kind in humans. Our data revealed that the IgM repertoire of the cosmonauts was different from that of control subjects (n = 4) prior to launch and that two out the five analyzed cosmonauts presented significant changes in their IgM repertoire during the mission. These modifications persisted up to 30 days after landing, likely affected the specificities of IgM binding sites, correlated with changes in the V(D)J recombination process responsible for creating antibody genes, and coincided with a higher stress response. These data confirm that the immune system of approximately half of the astronauts who spent 6 months on the ISS is sensitive to spaceflight conditions, and reveal individual responses indicating that personalized approaches should be implemented during future deep-space exploration missions that will be of unprecedented durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith-Irina Buchheim
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300 Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nassima Ouzren
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300 Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Eliane Albuisson
- DRCI, MPI Department, Methodology Unit, Data Management and Statistics UMDS, Nancy University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne Vanet
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Genoinformatics Center, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR7592, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Matzel
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergey Ponomarev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Rykova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Choukér
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300 Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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15
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Dai S, Kong F, Liu C, Xiao F, Dong X, Zhang Y, Wang H. Effect of simulated microgravity conditions of hindlimb unloading on mice hematopoietic and mesenchymal stromal cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2243-2252. [PMID: 32716109 PMCID: PMC7589432 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conditions in space, such as microgravity, may affect the hematopoietic and bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) of astronauts. However, to date, few detailed phenotype change data about the different type of hematopoietic cells have reported. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (control) and a hindlimb suspension group (treated). After four weeks of hindlimb suspension, we found that this simulated microgravity (sµg) condition could increase the percentage of monocytes and macrophages and decrease the percentage of B lymphocytes and mature red cells in bone marrow. The percentage of B lymphocytes in the spleen and the red blood cell count in peripheral blood also decreased, consistent with the response of bone marrow. The cytoskeleton in the BM‐MSCs was disrupted. The expression levels of hematopoietic‐related genes, such as fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐3 ligand, granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin‐3, and adipogenic differentiation associated genes, leptin and proliferator‐activated receptor γ type 2, were upregulated under sµg conditions. These results indicated that simulating microgravity can affect the phenotype of certain types of hematopoietic cells and the morphology and gene expression pattern of BM‐MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Dai
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fanxuan Kong
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiwen Dong
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yikun Zhang
- Department of Hematology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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16
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Validation of Methods to Assess the Immunoglobulin Gene Repertoire in Tissues Obtained from Mice on the International Space Station. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Spaceflight is known to affect immune cell populations. In particular, splenic B-cell numbers decrease during spaceflight and in ground-based physiological models. Although antibody isotype changes have been assessed during and after spaceflight, an extensive characterization of the impact of spaceflight on antibody composition has not been conducted in mice. Next Generation Sequencing and bioinformatic tools are now available to assess antibody repertoires. We can now identify immunoglobulin gene-segment usage, junctional regions, and modifications that contribute to specificity and diversity. Due to limitations on the International Space Station, alternate sample collection and storage methods must be employed. Our group compared Illumina MiSeq® sequencing data from multiple sample preparation methods in normal C57Bl/6J mice to validate that sample preparation and storage would not bias the outcome of antibody repertoire characterization. In this report, we also compared sequencing techniques and a bioinformatic workflow on the data output when we assessed the IgH and Igκ variable gene usage. Our bioinformatic workflow has been optimized for Illumina HiSeq® and MiSeq® datasets, and is designed specifically to reduce bias, capture the most information from Ig sequences, and produce a data set that provides other data mining options.
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17
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Nguyen J, Massoumi R, Alliston T. CYLD, a mechanosensitive deubiquitinase, regulates TGFβ signaling in load-induced bone formation. Bone 2020; 131:115148. [PMID: 31715338 PMCID: PMC7032548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many signaling pathways involved in bone homeostasis also participate in the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading. For example, TGFβ signaling coordinates the maintenance of bone mass and bone quality through its effects on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. TGFβ signaling is also essential for the mechanosensitive formation of new bone. However, the mechanosensitive mechanisms controlling TGFβ signaling in osteocytes remain to be determined, particularly those that integrate TGFβ signaling with other early responses to mechanical stimulation. Here, we used an in vivo mouse hindlimb loading model to identify mechanosensitive molecules in the TGFβ pathway, and MLO-Y4 cells to evaluate their interactions with the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway, which is well-known for its rapid response to mechanical stimulation and its role in bone anabolism. Although mRNA levels for several TGFβ ligands, receptors, and effectors were unchanged, the level of phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) was reduced in tibial bone as early as 3 h after early mechanical stimulation. We found that PGE2 and its receptor, EP2, repress pSmad2/3 levels and transactivation of Serpine1 in osteocytes. PGE2 and EP2 control the level of pSmad2/3 through a proteasome-dependent mechanism that relies on the deubiquitinase CYLD. CYLD protein levels were also reduced in the tibiae within 3 h of mechanical loading. Using CYLD-deficient mice, we found that CYLD is required for the rapid load-mediated repression of pSmad2/3 and for load-induced bone formation. These data introduce CYLD as a mechanosensitive deubiquitinase that participates in the prostaglandin-dependent repression of TGFβ signaling in osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Ramin Massoumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Medicon Village, 22381, Sweden
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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18
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Rettig TA, Nishiyama NC, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Effects of skeletal unloading on the bone marrow antibody repertoire of tetanus toxoid and/or CpG treated C57BL/6J mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 22:16-28. [PMID: 31421845 PMCID: PMC6703179 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spaceflight is known to impact the immune system in multiple ways. However, its effect on the antibody repertoire, especially in response to challenge, has not been well characterized. The development of the repertoire has multiple steps that could be affected by spaceflight, including V-(D-)J-gene segment rearrangement and the selection of complementarity determining regions (CDRs); specifically, CDR3, responsible for much of the diversity in the repertoire. We used skeletal unloading with the antiorthostatic suspension (AOS) model to simulate some of the physiological effects associated with spaceflight. Animals ± AOS were challenged with tetanus toxoid (TT) and/or CpG, an adjuvant. Two weeks after challenge, bone marrow was collected and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq 2 × 300 platform. The resulting antibody repertoire was characterized, including V-, D- (heavy only), and J-gene segment usage, constant region usage, CDR3 length, and V(D)J combinations. We detected changes in gene-segment usage in response to AOS, TT, and CpG treatment in both the heavy and light chains. Additionally, changes were seen in the class-switched VH-gene repertoire. Alterations were also detected in V/J pairing for both the heavy and light chains, and changes in CDR3 length. We also detected lower levels of CDR3 AA overlap than detected in the splenic repertoire. These results demonstrate that AOS, TT, and CpG alter the bone marrow antibody repertoire however, it is still unclear from the data whether there is a loss of host antigen-specific responsiveness because of the change in gene use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A Rettig
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1711 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, Chan Shun Pavilion, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Nina C Nishiyama
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, Chan Shun Pavilion, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, Chan Shun Pavilion, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Stephen K Chapes
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1711 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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19
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Alauzet C, Cunat L, Wack M, Lozniewski A, Busby H, Agrinier N, Cailliez-Grimal C, Frippiat JP. Hypergravity disrupts murine intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9410. [PMID: 31253829 PMCID: PMC6599200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During spaceflight, organisms are subjected to various physical stressors including modification of gravity (G) that, associated with lifestyle, could lead to impaired immunity, intestinal dysbiosis and thus potentially predispose astronauts to illness. Whether space travel affects microbiota homeostasis has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in intestinal microbiota and mucosa in a ground-based murine model consisting in a 21-days confinement of mice in a centrifuge running at 2 or 3G. Results revealed an increased α-diversity and a significant change in intracaecal β-diversity observed only at 3G, with profiles characterized by a decrease of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Compared to 1G microbiota, 12.1% of the taxa were significantly impacted in 3G microbiota, most of them (78%) being enriched. This study shows a G-level-dependent disruption of intracaecal microbiota, without alteration of mucosal integrity. These first data reinforce those recently obtained with in-flight experimentations or microgravity models, and emphasize the critical need for further studies exploring the impact of spaceflight on intestinal microbiota in order to optimize long-term space travel conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentine Alauzet
- Université de Lorraine, SIMPA, F-54000, Nancy, France.
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Nancy, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Lisiane Cunat
- Université de Lorraine, SIMPA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Maxime Wack
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Epidémiologie Clinique, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Alain Lozniewski
- Université de Lorraine, SIMPA, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Nancy, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Hélène Busby
- Département d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Nancy, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nelly Agrinier
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Epidémiologie Clinique, F-54000, Nancy, France
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20
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Guéguinou N, Jeandel J, Kaminski S, Baatout S, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Modulation of Iberian Ribbed Newt Complement Component C3 by Stressors Similar to those Encountered during a Stay Onboard the International Space Station. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071579. [PMID: 30934839 PMCID: PMC6479312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in inflammation, innate and acquired immunity, as well as homeostasis. Despite these functions, the effects of spaceflight conditions on the complement system have not yet been intensively studied. Consequently, we investigated the effects of five types of chronic stressors, similar to those encountered during a stay onboard the International Space Station, on C3 expression in larvae of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl. We focused on C3 because it is a critical component of this system. These studies were completed by the analysis of adult mice exposed to two models of inflight stressors. Our data show that simulating space radiation, or combining a modification of the circadian rhythm with simulated microgravity, affects the amount of C3 proteins. These results suggest that C3 expression could be modified under real spaceflight conditions, potentially increasing the risk of inflammation and associated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Guéguinou
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jérémy Jeandel
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sandra Kaminski
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, SCK·CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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21
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Cao D, Song J, Ling S, Niu S, Lu L, Cui Z, Li Y, Hao S, Zhong G, Qi Z, Sun W, Yuan X, Li H, Zhao D, Jin X, Liu C, Wu X, Kan G, Cao H, Kang Y, Yu S, Li Y. Hematopoietic stem cells and lineage cells undergo dynamic alterations under microgravity and recovery conditions. FASEB J 2019; 33:6904-6918. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802421rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jinping Song
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Shukuan Ling
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Shuaishuai Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liang Lu
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Zhengzhi Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuheng Li
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guohui Zhong
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Zhihong Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weijia Sun
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xinxin Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Hongxing Li
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Dingsheng Zhao
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Caizhi Liu
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xiaorui Wu
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Guanghan Kan
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Hongqing Cao
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
| | - Youmin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuyang Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yingxian Li
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and ApplicationChina Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijingChina
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22
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Rettig TA, Bye BA, Nishiyama NC, Hlavacek S, Ward C, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Effects of skeletal unloading on the antibody repertoire of tetanus toxoid and/or CpG treated C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210284. [PMID: 30653556 PMCID: PMC6336310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight affects the immune system, but the effects on the antibody repertoire, responsible for humoral immunity, has not been well explored. In particular, the complex gene assembly and expression process; including mutations, might make this process vulnerable. Complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), composed of parts of the V-(D-)J-gene segments, is very important for antigen binding and can be used as an important measure of variability. Skeletal unloading, and the physiological effects of it, parallel many impacts of space flight. Therefore, we explored the impact of skeletal unloading using the antiorthostatic suspension (AOS) model. Animals were experimentally challenged with tetanus toxoid (TT) and/or the adjuvant CpG. Blood was analyzed for anti-TT antibody and corticosterone concentrations. Whole spleen tissue was prepared for repertoire characterization. AOS animals showed higher levels of corticosterone levels, but AOS alone did not affect anti-TT serum antibody levels. Administration of CpG significantly increased the circulating anti-TT antibody concentrations. AOS did alter constant gene usage resulting in higher levels of IgM and lower levels of IgG. CpG also altered constant gene region usage increasing usage of IgA. Significant changes could be detected in multiple V-, D-, and J-gene segments in both the heavy and light chains in response to AOS, TT, and CpG treatments. Analysis of class-switched only transcripts revealed a different pattern of V-gene segment usage than detected in the whole repertoire and also showed significant alterations in gene segment usage after challenge. Alterations in V/J pairing were also detected in response to challenge. CDR3 amino acid sequence overlaps were similar among treatment groups, though the addition of CpG lowered overlap in the heavy chain. We isolated 3,045 whole repertoire and 98 potentially TT-specific CDR3 sequences for the heavy chain and 569 for the light chain. Our results demonstrate that AOS alters the repertoire response to challenge with TT and/or CpG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A. Rettig
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Bailey A. Bye
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Nina C. Nishiyama
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Savannah Hlavacek
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Claire Ward
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Chapes
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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23
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Tascher G, Gerbaix M, Maes P, Chazarin B, Ghislin S, Antropova E, Vassilieva G, Ouzren-Zarhloul N, Gauquelin-Koch G, Vico L, Frippiat JP, Bertile F. Analysis of femurs from mice embarked on board BION-M1 biosatellite reveals a decrease in immune cell development, including B cells, after 1 wk of recovery on Earth. FASEB J 2018; 33:3772-3783. [PMID: 30521760 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801463r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss and immune dysregulation are among the main adverse outcomes of spaceflight challenging astronauts' health and safety. However, consequences on B-cell development and responses are still under-investigated. To fill this gap, we used advanced proteomics analysis of femur bone and marrow to compare mice flown for 1 mo on board the BION-M1 biosatellite, followed or not by 1 wk of recovery on Earth, to control mice kept on Earth. Our data revealed an adverse effect on B lymphopoiesis 1 wk after landing. This phenomenon was associated with a 41% reduction of B cells in the spleen. These reductions may contribute to explain increased susceptibility to infection even if our data suggest that flown animals can mount a humoral immune response. Future studies should investigate the quality/efficiency of produced antibodies and whether longer missions worsen these immune alterations.-Tascher, G., Gerbaix, M., Maes, P., Chazarin, B., Ghislin, S., Antropova, E., Vassilieva, G., Ouzren-Zarhloul, N., Gauquelin-Koch, G., Vico, L., Frippiat, J.-P., Bertile, F. Analysis of femurs from mice embarked on board BION-M1 biosatellite reveals a decrease in immune cell development, including B cells, after 1 wk of recovery on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Tascher
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Paris, France
| | - Maude Gerbaix
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 1059 Sainbiose, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet, Campus Santé Innovation, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Pauline Maes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Blandine Chazarin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Equipe d'Accueil 7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Evgenia Antropova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Vassilieva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nassima Ouzren-Zarhloul
- Equipe d'Accueil 7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM, Unité 1059 Sainbiose, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet, Campus Santé Innovation, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Equipe d'Accueil 7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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24
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Spielmann G, Agha N, Kunz H, Simpson RJ, Crucian B, Mehta S, Laughlin M, Campbell J. B cell homeostasis is maintained during long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:469-476. [PMID: 30496712 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-duration spaceflights reportedly induce immune dysregulation, which is considered a risk to astronaut safety and mission success. Recent studies have examined the impact of spaceflight on markers of adaptive and innate immunity, but no study, to date, has comprehensively evaluated humoral immunity and serological markers of B cell function. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in B cell numbers and phenotypes, along with plasma Igs and polyclonal free light chains (FLCs)-near-"real-time" biomarkers of Ig synthesis-in response to an ~6-mo mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Whole-blood samples were collected before flight, during flight ("Early flight," "Mid-flight," and "Late flight"), immediately upon return, and during a recovery period (R + 18, R + 30/R + 33, and R + 60/R + 66) from 23 ISS crew members. B Cell counts and phenotypes were measured throughout the duration of the mission, along with total plasma Ig and FLC levels. There was no effect of spaceflight on the number and proportion of the different B cell subsets. There was no difference in kappa FLC between preflight samples and either in-flight or recovery samples ( P > 0.05), and only a marginal reduction was observed in lambda FLC levels upon return to Earth ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, IgG and IgM remained unchanged during and after spaceflight compared with preflight values ( P > 0.05). Of note, plasma IgA concentrations were elevated in-flight compared with baseline and recovery values ( P < 0.05). These results indicate that B cell homeostasis is maintained during long-duration spaceflight, advocating for potential in-flight vaccination as viable countermeasures against viral reactivation during exploration-class missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
| | - Hawley Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Brian Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Satish Mehta
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Fondren Orthopedic Group, Fondren Orthopedic Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - John Campbell
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath , United Kingdom
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25
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Fonte C, Kaminski S, Vanet A, Lanfumey L, Cohen-Salmon C, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Socioenvironmental stressors encountered during spaceflight partially affect the murine TCR-β repertoire and increase its self-reactivity. FASEB J 2018; 33:896-908. [PMID: 30052484 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800969r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spaceflights are known to affect the immune system. In a previous study, we demonstrated that hypergravity exposure during murine development modified 85% of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-β repertoire. In this study, we investigated whether socioenvironmental stressors encountered during space missions affect T lymphopoiesis and the TCR-β repertoire. To address this question, pregnant mice were subjected throughout gestation to chronic unpredictable mild stressors (CUMS), a model used to mimic socioenvironmental stresses encountered during space missions. Then, newborn T lymphopoiesis and the TCR-β repertoire were studied by flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing, respectively. No change in thymocyte maturation or TCR expression were noted. TCR-β repertoire analysis revealed that 75% of neonate TCR-β sequences resulted from the expression of 3 variable (V)β segments and that this core repertoire was not affected by CUMS. However, the minor repertoire, representing 25% of the global repertoire, was sensitive to CUMS exposure. We also showed that the variable (diversity) joining [V(D)J] recombination process was unlikely to be affected. Finally, we noted that the CUMS neonatal minor repertoire was more self-reactive than the one of control pups. These findings show that socioenvironmental stressors such as those encountered during space missions affect a fraction (25%) of the TCR-β repertoire and that these stressors could increase self-reactivity.-Fonte, C., Kaminski, S., Vanet, A., Lanfumey, L., Cohen-Salmon, C., Ghislin, S., Frippiat, J.-P. Socioenvironmental stressors encountered during spaceflight partially affect the murine TCR-β repertoire and increase its self-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fonte
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, l'Équipe d'Accueil 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sandra Kaminski
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, l'Équipe d'Accueil 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne Vanet
- Epôle de Génoinformatique, Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Diderot University, University Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Paris, France; and
| | - Charles Cohen-Salmon
- INSERM, Unité 1141, PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, l'Équipe d'Accueil 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, l'Équipe d'Accueil 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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26
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Crucian BE, Choukèr A, Simpson RJ, Mehta S, Marshall G, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Heer M, Ponomarev S, Whitmire A, Frippiat JP, Douglas GL, Lorenzi H, Buchheim JI, Makedonas G, Ginsburg GS, Ott CM, Pierson DL, Krieger SS, Baecker N, Sams C. Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1437. [PMID: 30018614 PMCID: PMC6038331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established that dysregulation of the human immune system and the reactivation of latent herpesviruses persists for the duration of a 6-month orbital spaceflight. It appears certain aspects of adaptive immunity are dysregulated during flight, yet some aspects of innate immunity are heightened. Interaction between adaptive and innate immunity also seems to be altered. Some crews experience persistent hypersensitivity reactions during flight. This phenomenon may, in synergy with extended duration and galactic radiation exposure, increase specific crew clinical risks during deep space exploration missions. The clinical challenge is based upon both the frequency of these phenomena in multiple crewmembers during low earth orbit missions and the inability to predict which specific individual crewmembers will experience these changes. Thus, a general countermeasure approach that offers the broadest possible coverage is needed. The vehicles, architecture, and mission profiles to enable such voyages are now under development. These include deployment and use of a cis-Lunar station (mid 2020s) with possible Moon surface operations, to be followed by multiple Mars flyby missions, and eventual human Mars surface exploration. Current ISS studies will continue to characterize physiological dysregulation associated with prolonged orbital spaceflight. However, sufficient information exists to begin consideration of both the need for, and nature of, specific immune countermeasures to ensure astronaut health. This article will review relevant in-place operational countermeasures onboard ISS and discuss a myriad of potential immune countermeasures for exploration missions. Discussion points include nutritional supplementation and functional foods, exercise and immunity, pharmacological options, the relationship between bone and immune countermeasures, and vaccination to mitigate herpes (and possibly other) virus risks. As the immune system has sentinel connectivity within every other physiological system, translational effects must be considered for all potential immune countermeasures. Finally, we shall discuss immune countermeasures in the context of their individualized implementation or precision medicine, based on crewmember specific immunological biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Crucian
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity”, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Gailen Marshall
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Scott M. Smith
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Martina Heer
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Jean P. Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | - Grace L. Douglas
- Human Systems Engineering and Development Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Judith-Irina Buchheim
- Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity”, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Geoffrey S. Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - C. Mark Ott
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Duane L. Pierson
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Natalie Baecker
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Clarence Sams
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
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27
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Li B, Zhao J, Ma JX, Li GM, Zhang Y, Xing GS, Liu J, Ma XL. Overexpression of DNMT1 leads to hypermethylation of H19 promoter and inhibition of Erk signaling pathway in disuse osteoporosis. Bone 2018; 111:82-91. [PMID: 29555308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Disuse osteoporosis (DOP) is a common complication of the lack of mechanical loading. The precise mechanism underlying DOP remains unknown, although epigenetic modifications may be a major cause. Recently, cumulative research has revealed that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) proteins can catalyze the conversion of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (5mC), altering the epigenetic state of DNA. Here, we report that DNMT1 expression and lncRNA-H19 methylation are upregulated in the femoral tissues of DOP rats, accompanied with inhibited Erk signaling pathway. Overexpression of DNMT1 in UMR-106 cells mimics 5mC enrichment in the H19 promoter, inhibition of Erk signaling and impairment of osteogenesis, which can be rescued by 5'-aza-deoxycytidine (5'-Aza) treatment. Moreover, local intramedullary injection of Dnmt1 siRNA (siDNMT1) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats abrogated disuse lncRNA-H19 (H19) downregulation, Erk signaling inhibition, histopathological changes, and bone microstructure declines in the distal femur in vivo. Therefore, our data identify for the first time a new signaling cascade in DOP: mechanical unloading causes upregulation of DNMT1 and hypermethylation of H19 promoter, which subsequently leads to downregulation of lncRNA-H19 and inhibition of the ERK signaling, suggesting a new potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Joint Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Orthopedic Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xiong Ma
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Min Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Sheng Xing
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Joint Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Joint Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, People's Republic of China; Orthopedic Research Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Jang TY, Jung AY, Kwon S, Kim YH. Hypergravity enhances the therapeutic effect of dexamethasone in allergic asthma and rhinitis animal model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197594. [PMID: 29772010 PMCID: PMC5957331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the therapeutic effects of dexamethasone for allergic asthma and rhinitis were enhanced in mice when exposed to hypergravity. Forty mice were divided into 5 groups (n = 8/group): Control group received saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) and intranasally (i.n.); Asthma group received i.p./i.n. ovalbumin (OVA) for inducing allergic asthma/rhinitis; Dexa group received i.n. dexamethasone (0.75 mg/kg) 30 minutes before each OVA challenge; Hypergravity group was subjected to allergic asthma/rhinitis as well as exposed to 5 G hypergravity for 30 days; Finally in Dexa/Hypergravity group, hypergravity and dexamethasone were used simultaneously during induction of allergic asthma/rhinitis. Dexa group and Hypergravity group showed a significant decrease in serum total IgE levels compared to the Asthma group (p<0.05). Dexa/Hypergravity group showed greater IgE decrease compared with Dexa group (p = 0.040). Compared with the monotherapy groups, Dexa/Hypergravity group showed significantly fewer eosinophils in BAL fluid (p<0.05). Dexa/Hypergravity group showed significantly decreased eosinophilic infiltration into the lungs and nasal cavity (p<0.05). EC-SOD (extracellular superoxide dismutase) expression was significantly upregulated in the Hypergravity group and Dexa/Hypergravity group, compared with the Dexa group (p<0.05). In conclusion, hypergravity enhanced the therapeutic effect of dexamethasone in a murine model of allergic asthma and rhinitis. Therefore, combination could be a promising strategy, and one of its mechanisms could be up-regulation of EC-SOD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Jang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Yeoun Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjo Kwon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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29
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Gaignier F, Legrand-Frossi C, Stragier E, Mathiot J, Merlin JL, Cohen-Salmon C, Lanfumey L, Frippiat JP. A Model of Chronic Exposure to Unpredictable Mild Socio-Environmental Stressors Replicates Some Spaceflight-Induced Immunological Changes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:514. [PMID: 29867558 PMCID: PMC5954118 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During spaceflight, astronauts face radiations, mechanical, and socio-environmental stressors. To determine the impact of chronic socio-environmental stressors on immunity, we exposed adult male mice to chronic unpredictable mild psychosocial and environmental stressors (CUMS model) for 3 weeks. This duration was chosen to simulate a long flight at the human scale. Our data show that this combination of stressors induces an increase of serum IgA, a reduction of normalized splenic mass and tends to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as previously reported during or after space missions. However, CUMS did not modify major splenic lymphocyte sub-populations and the proliferative responses of splenocytes suggesting that these changes could be due to other factors such as gravity changes. Thus, CUMS, which is an easy to implement model, could contribute to deepen our understanding of some spaceflight-associated immune alterations and could be useful to test countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gaignier
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christine Legrand-Frossi
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Emilien Stragier
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Merlin
- Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Service de Biopathologie and CNRS UMR 7039 CRAN, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Charles Cohen-Salmon
- INSERM U1141, PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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30
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Vegger JB, Brüel A, Brent MB, Thomsen JS. Disuse osteopenia induced by botulinum toxin is similar in skeletally mature young and aged female C57BL/6J mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:170-179. [PMID: 28365811 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteopenia and osteoporosis predominately occur in the fully grown skeleton. However, it is unknown whether disuse osteopenia in skeletally mature, but growing, mice resembles that of fully grown mice. Twenty-four 16-week-old (young) and eighteen 44-week-old (aged) female C57BL/6J mice were investigated. Twelve young and nine aged mice were injected with botulinum toxin in one hind limb; the remaining mice served as controls. The mice were euthanized after 3 weeks of disuse. The femora were scanned by micro-computed tomography (µCT) and bone strength was determined by mechanically testing the femoral mid-diaphysis and neck. At the distal femoral metaphysis, the loss of trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) differed between the young and aged mice. However, at the distal femoral epiphysis, no age-dependent differences were observed. Thinning of the trabeculae was not affected by the age of the mice at either the distal femoral metaphysis or the epiphysis. Furthermore, the aged mice lost more bone strength at the femoral mid-diaphysis, but not at the femoral neck, compared to the young mice. In general, the bone loss induced by botulinum toxin did not differ substantially between young and aged mice. Therefore, the loss of bone in young mice resembles that of aged mice, even though they are not fully grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bay Vegger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Skovhus Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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31
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Ward C, Rettig TA, Hlavacek S, Bye BA, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Effects of spaceflight on the immunoglobulin repertoire of unimmunized C57BL/6 mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2018; 16:63-75. [PMID: 29475521 PMCID: PMC5826609 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spaceflight has been shown to suppress the adaptive immune response, altering the distribution and function of lymphocyte populations. B lymphocytes express highly specific and highly diversified receptors, known as immunoglobulins (Ig), that directly bind and neutralize pathogens. Ig diversity is achieved through the enzymatic splicing of gene segments within the genomic DNA of each B cell in a host. The collection of Ig specificities within a host, or Ig repertoire, has been increasingly characterized in both basic research and clinical settings using high-throughput sequencing technology (HTS). We utilized HTS to test the hypothesis that spaceflight affects the B-cell repertoire. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the impact of spaceflight on the unimmunized Ig repertoire of C57BL/6 mice that were flown aboard the International Space Station (ISS) during the Rodent Research One validation flight in comparison to ground controls. Individual gene segment usage was similar between ground control and flight animals, however, gene segment combinations and the junctions in which gene segments combine was varied among animals within and between treatment groups. We also found that spontaneous somatic mutations in the IgH and Igκ gene loci were not increased. These data suggest that space flight did not affect the B cell repertoire of mice flown and housed on the ISS over a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ward
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Rd, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Trisha A Rettig
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Rd, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Savannah Hlavacek
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Rd, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Bailey A Bye
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Rd, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St. Rm 101, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States
| | - Stephen K Chapes
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Rd, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States.
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Michaletti A, Gioia M, Tarantino U, Zolla L. Effects of microgravity on osteoblast mitochondria: a proteomic and metabolomics profile. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15376. [PMID: 29133864 PMCID: PMC5684136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of human primary osteoblasts exposed to simulated microgravity has been investigated and analysis of metabolomic and proteomic profiles demonstrated a prominent dysregulation of mitochondrion homeostasis. Gravitational unloading treatment induced a decrease in mitochondrial proteins, mainly affecting efficiency of the respiratory chain. Metabolomic analysis revealed that microgravity influenced several metabolic pathways; stimulating glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathways, while the Krebs cycle was interrupted at succinate-fumarate transformation. Interestingly, proteomic analysis revealed that Complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which catalyses the biotransformation of this step, was under-represented by 50%. Accordingly, down-regulation of quinones 9 and 10 was measured. Complex III resulted in up-regulation by 60%, while Complex IV was down-regulated by 14%, accompanied by a reduction in proton transport synthesis of ATP. Finally, microgravity treatment induced an oxidative stress response, indicated by significant decreases in oxidised glutathione and antioxidant enzymes. Decrease in malate dehydrogenase induced a reverse in the malate-aspartate shuttle, contributing to dysregulation of ATP synthesis. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids was inhibited, promoting triglyceride production along with a reduction in the glycerol shuttle. Taken together, our findings suggest that microgravity may suppress bone cell functions, impairing mitochondrial energy potential and the energy state of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michaletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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Kawao N, Morita H, Obata K, Tamura Y, Okumoto K, Kaji H. The vestibular system is critical for the changes in muscle and bone induced by hypergravity in mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/19/e12979. [PMID: 27697847 PMCID: PMC5064136 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity changes concurrently affect muscle and bone as well as induce alterations in vestibular signals. However, the role of vestibular signals in the changes in muscle and bone induced by gravity changes remains unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of vestibular lesions (VL) on the changes in muscle and bone induced by 3 g hypergravity for 4 weeks in C57BL/6J mice. Quantitative computed tomography analysis revealed that hypergravity increased muscle mass surrounding the tibia and trabecular bone mineral content, adjusting for body weight in mice. Hypergravity did not affect cortical bone and fat masses surrounding the tibia. Vestibular lesions blunted the increases in muscle and bone masses induced by hypergravity. Histological analysis showed that hypergravity elevated the cross‐sectional area of myofiber in the soleus muscle. The mRNA levels of myogenic genes such as MyoD, Myf6, and myogenin in the soleus muscle were elevated in mice exposed to hypergravity. Vestibular lesions attenuated myofiber size and the mRNA levels of myogenic differentiation markers enhanced by hypergravity in the soleus muscle. Propranolol, a β‐blocker, antagonized the changes in muscle induced by hypergravity. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that gravity changes affect muscle and bone through vestibular signals and subsequent sympathetic outflow in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo Experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koji Obata
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukinori Tamura
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Okumoto
- Life Science Research Institute, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG. Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1351-1402. [PMID: 28814614 PMCID: PMC6347102 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Griko YV, Rask JC, Raychev R. Advantage of Animal Models with Metabolic Flexibility for Space Research Beyond Low Earth Orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/space.2016.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V. Griko
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Jon C. Rask
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- KBRwyle, Moffett Field, California
| | - Raycho Raychev
- Space Challenges Program, EnduroSat, Inc., Sofia, Bulgaria
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Frippiat JP, Crucian BE, de Quervain DJF, Grimm D, Montano N, Praun S, Roozendaal B, Schelling G, Thiel M, Ullrich O, Choukèr A. Towards human exploration of space: The THESEUS review series on immunology research priorities. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16040. [PMID: 28725745 PMCID: PMC5515533 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system occurs during spaceflight and may represent a crew health risk during exploration missions because astronauts are challenged by many stressors. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the biology of immune modulation under spaceflight conditions in order to be able to maintain immune homeostasis under such challenges. In the framework of the THESEUS project whose aim was to develop an integrated life sciences research roadmap regarding human space exploration, experts working in the field of space immunology, and related disciplines, established a questionnaire sent to scientists around the world. From the review of collected answers, they deduced a list of key issues and provided several recommendations such as a maximal exploitation of currently available resources on Earth and in space, and to increase increments duration for some ISS crew members to 12 months or longer. These recommendations should contribute to improve our knowledge about spaceflight effects on the immune system and the development of countermeasures that, beyond astronauts, could have a societal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicola Montano
- Cardiovascular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, 'Stress and Immunity' Laboratory, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Thiel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Ullrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, 'Stress and Immunity' Laboratory, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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37
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Microgravity induces proteomics changes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial protection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34091. [PMID: 27670941 PMCID: PMC5037457 DOI: 10.1038/srep34091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On Earth, biological systems have evolved in response to environmental stressors, interactions dictated by physical forces that include gravity. The absence of gravity is an extreme stressor and the impact of its absence on biological systems is ill-defined. Astronauts who have spent extended time under conditions of minimal gravity (microgravity) experience an array of biological alterations, including perturbations in cardiovascular function. We hypothesized that physiological perturbations in cardiac function in microgravity may be a consequence of alterations in molecular and organellar dynamics within the cellular milieu of cardiomyocytes. We used a combination of mass spectrometry-based approaches to compare the relative abundance and turnover rates of 848 and 196 proteins, respectively, in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes exposed to simulated microgravity or normal gravity. Gene functional enrichment analysis of these data suggested that the protein content and function of the mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum were differentially modulated in microgravity. We confirmed experimentally that in microgravity protein synthesis was decreased while apoptosis, cell viability, and protein degradation were largely unaffected. These data support our conclusion that in microgravity cardiomyocytes attempt to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis at the expense of protein synthesis. The overall response to this stress may culminate in cardiac muscle atrophy.
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38
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Grimm D, Grosse J, Wehland M, Mann V, Reseland JE, Sundaresan A, Corydon TJ. The impact of microgravity on bone in humans. Bone 2016; 87:44-56. [PMID: 27032715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing real weightlessness in space is a dream for many of us who are interested in space research. Although space traveling fascinates us, it can cause both short-term and long-term health problems. Microgravity is the most important influence on the human organism in space. The human body undergoes dramatic changes during a long-term spaceflight. In this review, we will mainly focus on changes in calcium, sodium and bone metabolism of space travelers. Moreover, we report on the current knowledge on the mechanisms of bone loss in space, available models to simulate the effects of microgravity on bone on Earth as well as the combined effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation on bone. The available countermeasures applied in space will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jirka Grosse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Germany, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Mann
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alamelu Sundaresan
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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Globus RK, Morey-Holton E. Hindlimb unloading: rodent analog for microgravity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1196-206. [PMID: 26869711 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00997.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent hindlimb unloading (HU) model was developed in the 1980s to make it possible to study mechanisms, responses, and treatments for the adverse consequences of spaceflight. Decades before development of the HU model, weightlessness was predicted to yield deficits in the principal tissues responsible for structure and movement on Earth, primarily muscle and bone. Indeed, results from early spaceflight and HU experiments confirmed the expected sensitivity of the musculoskeletal system to gravity loading. Results from human and animal spaceflight and HU experiments show that nearly all organ systems and tissues studied display some measurable changes, albeit sometimes minor and of uncertain relevance to astronaut health. The focus of this review is to examine key HU results for various organ systems including those related to stress; the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems; vision changes; and wound healing. Analysis of the validity of the HU model is important given its potential value for both hypothesis testing and countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Emily Morey-Holton
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
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40
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Ghislin S, Ouzren-Zarhloul N, Kaminski S, Frippiat JP. Hypergravity exposure during gestation modifies the TCRβ repertoire of newborn mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9318. [PMID: 25792033 PMCID: PMC5380131 DOI: 10.1038/srep09318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During spaceflight, organisms are subjected to mechanical force changes (gravity (G) changes) that affect the immune system. However, gravitational effects on lymphopoiesis have rarely been studied. Consequently, we investigated whether the TCRβ repertoire, created by V(D)J recombination during T lymphopoiesis, is affected by hypergravity exposure during murine development. To address this question, C57BL/6j mice were mated in a centrifuge so that embryonic development, birth and TCRβ rearrangements occurred at 2G. Pups were sacrificed at birth, and their thymus used to quantify transcripts coding for factors required for V(D)J recombination and T lymphopoiesis. We also created cDNA mini-libraries of TCRβ transcripts to study the impact of hypergravity on TCRβ diversity. Our data show that hypergravity exposure increases the transcription of TCRβ chains, and of genes whose products are involved in TCR signaling, and affects the V(D)J recombination process. We also observed that ~85% of the TCRβ repertoire is different between hypergravity and control pups. These data indicate that changing a mechanical force (the gravity) during ontogeny will likely affect host immunity because properties of loops constituting TCR antigen-binding sites are modified in hypergravity newborns. The spectrum of peptides recognized by TCR will therefore likely be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ghislin
- EA7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nassima Ouzren-Zarhloul
- EA7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sandra Kaminski
- EA7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- EA7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Casey T, Patel OV, Plaut K. Transcriptomes reveal alterations in gravity impact circadian clocks and activate mechanotransduction pathways with adaptation through epigenetic change. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:113-28. [PMID: 25649141 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00117.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the impact of alterations in gravity on mammalian transcriptomes. Here, we describe the impact of spaceflight on mammary transcriptome of late pregnant rats and the effect of hypergravity exposure on mammary, liver, and adipose transcriptomes in late pregnancy and at the onset of lactation. RNA was isolated from mammary collected on pregnancy day 20 from rats exposed to spaceflight from days 11 to 20 of gestation. To measure the impact of hypergravity on mammary, liver, and adipose transcriptomes we isolated RNA from tissues collected on P20 and lactation day 1 from rats exposed to hypergravity beginning on pregnancy day 9. Gene expression was measured with Affymetrix GeneChips. Microarray analysis of variance revealed alterations in gravity affected the expression of genes that regulate circadian clocks and activate mechanotransduction pathways. Changes in these systems may explain global gene expression changes in immune response, metabolism, and cell proliferation. Expression of genes that modify chromatin structure and methylation was affected, suggesting adaptation to gravity alterations may proceed through epigenetic change. Altered gravity experiments offer insights into the role of forces omnipresent on Earth that shape genomes in heritable ways. Our study is the first to analyze the impact of alterations in gravity on transcriptomes of pregnant and lactating mammals. Findings provide insight into systems that sense gravity and the way in which they affect phenotype, as well as the possibility of sustaining life beyond Earth's orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Casey
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Osman V Patel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
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