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Wang Q, Farhadipour M, Thijs T, Ruilova Sosoranga E, Van der Schueren B, Ceulemans LJ, Deleus E, Lannoo M, Tack J, Depoortere I. Bitter-tasting drugs tune GDF15 and GLP-1 expression via bitter taste or motilin receptors in the intestine of patients with obesity. Mol Metab 2024; 88:102002. [PMID: 39111389 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a stress related cytokine, was recently identified as a novel satiety signal acting via the GFRAL receptor located in the hindbrain. Bitter compounds are known to induce satiety via the release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) through activation of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs, 25 subtypes) on enteroendocrine cells in the gut. This study aimed to investigate whether and how bitter compounds induce a stress response in intestinal epithelial cells to affect GDF15 expression in patients with obesity, thereby facilitating satiety signaling from the gut. METHODS The acute effect of oral intake of the bitter-containing medication Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate) on plasma GDF15 levels was evaluated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, two-visit crossover study in healthy volunteers. Primary crypts isolated from the jejunal mucosa from patients with obesity were stimulated with vehicle or bitter compounds, and the effect on GDF15 expression was evaluated using RT-qPCR or ELISA. Immunofluorescence colocalization studies were performed between GDF15, epithelial cell type markers and TAS2Rs. The role of TAS2Rs was tested by 1) pretreatment with a TAS2R antagonist, GIV3727; 2) determining TAS2R4/43 polymorphisms that affect taste sensitivity to TAS2R4/43 agonists. RESULTS Acute intake of hydroxychloroquine sulfate increased GDF15 plasma levels, which correlated with reduced hunger scores and plasma ghrelin levels in healthy volunteers. This effect was mimicked in primary jejunal cultures from patients with obesity. GDF15 was expressed in enteroendocrine and goblet cells with higher expression levels in patients with obesity. Various bitter-tasting compounds (medicinal, plant extracts, bacterial) either increased or decreased GDF15 expression, with some also affecting GLP-1. The effect was mediated by specific intestinal TAS2R subtypes and the unfolded protein response pathway. The bitter-induced effect on GDF15/GLP-1 expression was influenced by the existence of TAS2R4 amino acid polymorphisms and TAS2R43 deletion polymorphisms that may predict patient's therapeutic responsiveness. However, the effect of the bitter-tasting antibiotic azithromycin on GDF15 release was mediated via the motilin receptor, possibly explaining some of its aversive side effects. CONCLUSIONS Bitter chemosensory and pharmacological receptors regulate the release of GDF15 from human gut epithelial cells and represent potential targets for modulating metabolic disorders or cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mona Farhadipour
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens J Ceulemans
- Leuven Intestinal Failure and Transplantation (LIFT) Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Deleus
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Lannoo
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Wang Q, Lin H, Shen C, Zhang M, Wang X, Yuan M, Yuan M, Jia S, Cao Z, Wu C, Chen B, Gao A, Bi Y, Ning G, Wang W, Wang J, Liu R. Gut microbiota regulates postprandial GLP-1 response via ileal bile acid-TGR5 signaling. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2274124. [PMID: 37942583 PMCID: PMC10730136 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2274124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota interacts with intestinal epithelial cells through microbial metabolites to regulate the release of gut hormones. We investigated whether the gut microbiota affects the postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) response using antibiotic-treated mice and germ-free mice. Gut microbiome depletion completely abolished postprandial GLP-1 response in the circulation and ileum in a lipid tolerance test. Microbiome depletion did not influence the GLP-1 secretory function of primary ileal cells in response to stimulators in vitro, but dramatically changed the postprandial dynamics of endogenous bile acids, particularly ω-muricholic acid (ωMCA) and hyocholic acid (HCA). The bile acid receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) but not farnesoid X receptor (FXR), participated in the regulation of postprandial GLP-1 response in the circulation and ileum, and ωMCA or HCA stimulated GLP-1 secretion via TGR5. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation or ωMCA and HCA supplementation restored postprandial GLP-1 response. In conclusion, gut microbiota is indispensable for maintaining the postprandial GLP-1 response specifically in the ileum, and bile acid (ωMCA and HCA)-TGR5 signaling is involved in this process. This study helps to understand the essential interplay between the gut microbiota and host in regulating postprandial GLP-1 response and opens the foundation for new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huibin Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongrong Shen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minchun Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyang Yuan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Jia
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Banru Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aibo Gao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ruilova Sosoranga E, Verbeure W, Geysen H, Thijs T, Matthys C, Depoortere I, Tack J. The Acute Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate on Hunger, the Plasma Concentration of Orexigenic Peptides and Hedonic Food Intake: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4264. [PMID: 37836548 PMCID: PMC10574275 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct infusion of bitter solutions in the gastrointestinal tract can reduce the secretion of orexigenic hormones and influence appetite and food intake. We aimed to explore whether oral ingestion of the bitter tastant hydroxychloroquine sulfate can exert similar effects. Ten lean adult women were included in this double-blind, randomized, two-visit, crossover study. After an overnight fast, each volunteer received film-coated tablets containing 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil®) or placebo. Plasma-ghrelin, -motilin, -insulin and blood-glucose concentrations were determined every 10 min before and 30 min after feeding; appetite was scored every 10 min. Hunger scores were investigated with a special interest 50-60 min after the ingestion of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, right before a rewarding chocolate milkshake was offered to drink ad libitum. Compared with the placebo, hydroxychloroquine sulfate tended to reduce hunger at the time of interest (p = 0.10). No effect was found upon subsequent milkshake intake. Motilin plasma concentrations were unaltered, but acyl-ghrelin plasma concentrations decreased after the ingestion of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (t = 40-50; p < 0.05). These data suggest that the oral intake of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets reduces subjective hunger via a ghrelin-dependent mechanism but does not affect motilin release, hedonic food intake or insulin levels in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ruilova Sosoranga
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Hannelore Geysen
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Christophe Matthys
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Chandrasekaran S, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Germinated chickpea protein ficin hydrolysate and its peptides inhibited glucose uptake and affected the bitter receptor signaling pathway in vitro. Food Funct 2023; 14:8467-8486. [PMID: 37646191 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01408h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate germinated chickpea protein hydrolysate (GCPH) in vitro for its effect on markers of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and bitter taste receptor expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Protein hydrolysate was obtained using ficin, and the resulting peptides were sequenced using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Caco-2 cells were used to determine glucose uptake and extra-oral bitter receptor activation. Three peptides, VVFW, GEAGR, and FDLPAL, were identified in legumin. FDLPAL was the most potent peptide in molecular docking studies with a DPP-IV energy of affinity of -9.8 kcal mol-1. GCPH significantly inhibited DPP-IV production by Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 2.1 mM). Glucose uptake was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (IC25 = 2.0 mM). A negative correlation was found between glucose uptake and PLCβ2 expression in Caco-2 cells (R value, -0.62). Thus, GCPH has the potential to be commercialized as a functional ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhiksha Chandrasekaran
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Descamps-Solà M, Vilalta A, Jalsevac F, Blay MT, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Pinent M, Beltrán-Debón R, Terra X, Ardévol A. Bitter taste receptors along the gastrointestinal tract: comparison between humans and rodents. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1215889. [PMID: 37712001 PMCID: PMC10498470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1215889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) were thought to be located only in the mouth and to serve as sensors for nutrients and harmful substances. However, in recent years Tas2r have also been reported in extraoral tissues such as the skin, the lungs, and the intestine, where their function is still uncertain. To better understand the physiological role of these receptors, in this paper we focused on the intestine, an organ in which their activation may be similar to the receptors found in the mouth. We compare the relative presence of these receptors along the gastrointestinal tract in three main species of biomedical research (mice, rats and humans) using sequence homology. Current data from studies of rodents are scarce and while more data are available in humans, they are still deficient. Our results indicate, unexpectedly, that the reported expression profiles do not always coincide between species even if the receptors are orthologs. This may be due not only to evolutionary divergence of the species but also to their adaptation to different dietary patterns. Further studies are needed in order to develop an integrated vision of these receptors and their physiological functionality along the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
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Ragland TJ, Malin SK. Plasma LEAP-2 Following a Low-Calorie Diet with or without Interval Exercise in Women with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:655. [PMID: 36771362 PMCID: PMC9918887 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is associated with caloric intake and glucose metabolism. Purpose: Assess if a low-calorie diet with interval exercise (LCD+INT) raises LEAP-2 more than LCD in relation to appetite and cardiometabolic health. Methods: Women with obesity were randomized to either 2 weeks of LCD (n = 13, ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (n = 12; 60 min/d) of INT at 3 min of 90% and 50% HRpeak, respectively. LEAP-2 and acylated ghrelin (AG) were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min, while glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acids (FFA) were obtained up to 180 min of a 75 g OGTT. Fasting and 120 min OGTT appetite were assessed via visual analog scales. Results: LCD reduced the BMI (p < 0.001) compared with LCD+INT, but only LCD+INT increased the VO2 max (p = 0.04). Treatments reduced fasting LEAP-2 (p = 0.05), but only LCD increased LEAP-2 iAUC60 min (p = 0.06) and post-prandial LEAP-2 stimulation (p = 0.02). Higher post-LEAP-260 min tended to relate to a lower desire to eat 120 min of sweet (r = 0.40, p = 0.07) and salty foods (r = 0.41, p = 0.06), as well as lower AG30 min (r = -0.51, p = 0.01) and higher FFA iAUC180 min (r = 0.56, p = 0.007) post-treatment. Conclusion: LCD, with or without INT, reduced fasting LEAP-2, but only LCD raised post-prandial LEAP-2. How diet and exercise impact LEAP-2 for lower chronic disease risk awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
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Sun S, Yang Y, Xiong R, Ni Y, Ma X, Hou M, Chen L, Xu Z, Chen L, Ji M. Oral berberine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity by activating TAS2Rs in tuft and endocrine cells in the gut. Life Sci 2022; 311:121141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Rose BD, Lange K, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Quinine Effects on Gut and Pancreatic Hormones and Antropyloroduodenal Pressures in Humans-Role of Delivery Site and Sex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2870-e2881. [PMID: 35325161 PMCID: PMC9250303 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The bitter substance quinine modulates the release of a number of gut and gluco-regulatory hormones and upper gut motility. As the density of bitter receptors may be higher in the duodenum than the stomach, direct delivery to the duodenum may be more potent in stimulating these functions. The gastrointestinal responses to bitter compounds may also be modified by sex. BACKGROUND We have characterized the effects of intragastric (IG) versus intraduodenal (ID) administration of quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) on gut and pancreatic hormones and antropyloroduodenal pressures in healthy men and women. METHODS 14 men (26 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.2 ± 0.5 kg/m2) and 14 women (28 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2) received 600 mg QHCl on 2 separate occasions, IG or ID as a 10-mL bolus, in randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations and antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured at baseline and for 120 minutes following QHCl. RESULTS Suppression of ghrelin (P = 0.006), stimulation of cholecystokinin (P = 0.030), peptide YY (P = 0.017), GLP-1 (P = 0.034), insulin (P = 0.024), glucagon (P = 0.030), and pyloric pressures (P = 0.050), and lowering of glucose (P = 0.001) were greater after ID-QHCl than IG-QHCl. Insulin stimulation (P = 0.021) and glucose reduction (P = 0.001) were greater in females than males, while no sex-associated effects were found for cholecystokinin, peptide YY, GLP-1, glucagon, or pyloric pressures. CONCLUSION ID quinine has greater effects on plasma gut and pancreatic hormones and pyloric pressures than IG quinine in healthy subjects, consistent with the concept that stimulation of small intestinal bitter receptors is critical to these responses. Both insulin stimulation and glucose lowering were sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Rezaie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Braden D Rose
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Correspondence: Prof Christine Feinle-Bisset, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Corner of North Tce and George St, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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9
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Hendel SK, Kellermann L, Hausmann A, Bindslev N, Jensen KB, Nielsen OH. Tuft Cells and Their Role in Intestinal Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822867. [PMID: 35237268 PMCID: PMC8884241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interests in intestinal epithelial tuft cells, their basic physiology, involvement in immune responses and relevance for gut diseases, have increased dramatically over the last fifteen years. A key discovery in 2016 of their close connection to helminthic and protozoan infection has further spurred the exploration of these rare chemosensory epithelial cells. Although very sparse in number, tuft cells are now known as important sentinels in the gastrointestinal tract as they monitor intestinal content using succinate as well as sweet and bitter taste receptors. Upon stimulation, tuft cells secrete a broad palette of effector molecules, including interleukin-25, prostaglandin E2 and D2, cysteinyl leukotriene C4, acetylcholine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and β-endorphins, some of which with immunomodulatory functions. Tuft cells have proven indispensable in anti-helminthic and anti-protozoan immunity. Most studies on tuft cells are based on murine experiments using double cortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) as a marker, while human intestinal tuft cells can be identified by their expression of the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme. So far, only few studies have examined tuft cells in humans and their relation to gut disease. Here, we present an updated view on intestinal epithelial tuft cells, their physiology, immunological hub function, and their involvement in human disease. We close with a discussion on how tuft cells may have potential therapeutic value in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kjærgaard Hendel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sebastian Kjærgaard Hendel,
| | - Lauge Kellermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Bindslev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Bak Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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10
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Grau-Bové C, Grau-Bové X, Terra X, Garcia-Vallve S, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltran-Debón R, Blay MT, Ardévol A, Pinent M. Functional and genomic comparative study of the bitter taste receptor family TAS2R: Insight into the role of human TAS2R5. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22175. [PMID: 35107858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101128rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bitterness is perceived in humans by 25 subtypes of bitter taste receptors (hTAS2R) that range from broadly tuned to more narrowly tuned receptors. hTAS2R5 is one of the most narrowly tuned bitter taste receptors in humans. In this study, we review the literature on this receptor and show there is no consensus about its role. We then compare the possible role of hTAS2R5 with that of the proteins of the TAS2R family in rat, mouse, and pig. A phylogenetic tree of all mammalian TAS2R domain-containing proteins showed that human hTAS2R5 has no ortholog in pig, mouse, or rat genomes. By comparing the agonists that are common to hTAS2R5 and other members of the family, we observed that hTAS2R39 is the receptor that shares most agonists with hTAS2R5. In mouse, some of these agonists activate mTas2r105 and mTas2r144, which are distant paralogs of hTAS2R5. mTas2r144 seems to be the receptor that is most similar to hTAS2R5 because they are both activated by the same agonists and have affinities in the same range of values. Then, we can conclude that hTAS2R5 has a unique functional specificity in humans as it is activated by selective agonists and that its closest functional homolog in mouse is the phylogenetically distant mTas2r144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Grau-Bové
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier Grau-Bové
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Santi Garcia-Vallve
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltran-Debón
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Ardévol
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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11
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Xie F, Shen J, Liu T, Zhou M, Johnston LJ, Zhao J, Zhang H, Ma X. Sensation of dietary nutrients by gut taste receptors and its mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5594-5607. [PMID: 34978220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients sensing is crucial for fundamental metabolism and physiological functions, and it is also an essential component for maintaining body homeostasis. Traditionally, basic taste receptors exist in oral cavity to sense sour, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and et al. Recent studies indicate that gut can sense the composition of nutrients by activating relevant taste receptors, thereby exerting specific direct or indirect effects. Gut taste receptors, also named as intestinal nutrition receptors, including at least bitter, sweet and umami receptors, have been considered to be activated by certain nutrients and participate in important intestinal physiological activities such as eating behavior, intestinal motility, nutrient absorption and metabolism. Additionally, gut taste receptors can regulate appetite and body weight, as well as maintain homeostasis via targeting hormone secretion or regulating the gut microbiota. On the other hand, malfunction of gut taste receptors may lead to digestive disorders, and then result in obesity, type 2 diabetes and gastrointestinal diseases. At present, researchers have confirmed that the brain-gut axis may play indispensable roles in these diseases via the secretion of brain-gut peptides, but the mechanism is still not clear. In this review, we summarize the current observation of knowledge in gut taste systems in order to shed light on revealing their important nutritional functions and promoting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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A Novel Pathway of Flavonoids Protecting against Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Modulating Enteroendocrine System. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010031. [PMID: 35050153 PMCID: PMC8777795 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a comprehensive term for chronic or relapsing inflammatory diseases occurring in the intestinal tract, generally including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Presently, the pathogenesis of IBD is unknown, yet multiple factors have been reported to be related with the development of IBD. Flavonoids are phytochemicals with biological activity, which are ubiquitously distributed in edible plants, such as fruits and vegetables. Recent studies have demonstrated impressively that flavonoids have anti-IBD effects through multiple mechanisms. These include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions; the preservation of the epithelial barrier integrity, the intestinal immunomodulatory property, and the shaping microbiota composition and function. In addition, a few studies have shown the impact of flavonoids on enterohormones release; nonetheless, there is hardly any work showing the link between flavonoids, enterohormones release and IBD. So far, the interaction between flavonoids, enterohormones and IBD is elucidated for the first time in this review. Furthermore, the inference can be drawn that flavonoids may protect against IBD through modulating enterohormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors), ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK). In conclusion, this manuscript explores a possible mechanism of flavonoids protecting against IBD.
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13
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Nunez-Salces M, Li H, Young RL, Page AJ. The secretion of total and acyl ghrelin from the mouse gastric mucosa: Role of nutrients and the lipid chemosensors FFAR4 and CD36. Peptides 2021; 146:170673. [PMID: 34627956 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the nutrient-mediated modulation of total ghrelin (TG) and acyl ghrelin (AG) secretion from the mouse gastric mucosa, and the role of long-chain fatty acid chemosensors, FFAR4 and CD36, in lipid-mediated modulation of TG and AG release. METHODS Ex-vivo experiments were conducted using mouse gastric mucosa to examine the effects of nutrients (D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, peptone (mixture of oligopeptides & single amino acids), D-mannitol, α-linolenic acid and fat emulsion (intralipid)) on TG and AG secretion. Additionally, inhibition of FFAR4 and CD36 on α-linolenic acid and intralipid-mediated regulation of TG and AG secretion was assessed. RESULTS TG and AG secretion were unaffected by glucose and D-mannitol. Peptone stimulated the release of TG and AG. In contrast, L-phenylalanine reduced AG secretion only. Intralipid reduced TG secretion and stimulated AG secretion, and α-linolenic acid reduced AG release, without affecting TG mobilisation. Modulation of ghrelin secretion by lipids occurred in an FFAR4 and CD36-independent manner. CONCLUSION Ghrelin secretion is modulated in a nutrient-specific manner by proteins and lipids, with TG and AG displaying independent responses to the same stimuli. In addition, FFAR4 and CD36 do not participate in modulation of TG and AG secretion by α-linolenic acid and intralipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez-Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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14
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Bayer S, Mayer AI, Borgonovo G, Morini G, Di Pizio A, Bassoli A. Chemoinformatics View on Bitter Taste Receptor Agonists in Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13916-13924. [PMID: 34762411 PMCID: PMC8630789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Food compounds with a bitter taste have a role in human health, both for their capability to influence food choice and preferences and for their possible systemic effect due to the modulation of extra-oral bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs). Investigating the interaction of bitter food compounds with TAS2Rs is a key step to unravel their complex effects on health and to pave the way to rationally design new additives for food formulation or drugs. Here, we propose a collection of food bitter compounds, for which in vitro activity data against TAS2Rs are available. The patterns of TAS2R subtype-specific agonists were analyzed using scaffold decomposition and chemical space analysis, providing a detailed characterization of the associations between food bitter tastants and TAS2Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bayer
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Lise-Meitner Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Faculty
of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ariane Isabell Mayer
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences-DeFENS, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20147 Milano, Italy
| | - Gigliola Borgonovo
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences-DeFENS, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20147 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Morini
- University
of Gastronomic Sciences, piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042 Pollenzo, (Bra, CN), Italy
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Lise-Meitner Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- . Phone: +49(0)8161716516
| | - Angela Bassoli
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences-DeFENS, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20147 Milano, Italy
- . Phone: +39(0)250316815
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15
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Liszt KI, Wang Q, Farhadipour M, Segers A, Thijs T, Nys L, Deleus E, Van der Schueren B, Gerner C, Neuditschko B, Ceulemans LJ, Lannoo M, Tack J, Depoortere I. Human intestinal bitter taste receptors regulate innate immune responses and metabolic regulators in obesity. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:144828. [PMID: 34784295 PMCID: PMC8803326 DOI: 10.1172/jci144828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (taste 2 receptors, TAS2Rs) serve as warning sensors in the lingual system against the ingestion of potentially poisonous food. Here, we investigated the functional role of TAS2Rs in the human gut and focused on their potential to trigger an additional host defense pathway in the intestine. Human jejunal crypts, especially those from individuals with obesity, responded to bitter agonists by inducing the release of antimicrobial peptides (α-defensin 5 and regenerating islet–derived protein 3 α [REG3A]) but also regulated the expression of other innate immune factors (mucins, chemokines) that affected E. coli growth. We found that the effect of aloin on E. coli growth and on the release of the mucus glycoprotein CLCA1, identified via proteomics, was affected by TAS2R43 deletion polymorphisms and thus confirmed a role for TAS2R43. RNA-Seq revealed that denatonium benzoate induced an NRF2-mediated nutrient stress response and an unfolded protein response that increased the expression of the mitokine GDF15 but also ADM2 and LDLR, genes that are involved in anorectic signaling and lipid homeostasis. In conclusion, TAS2Rs in the intestine constitute a promising target for treating diseases that involve disturbances in the innate immune system and body weight control. TAS2R polymorphisms may be valuable genetic markers to predict therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mona Farhadipour
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Segers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Nys
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Deleus
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laurens J Ceulemans
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Lannoo
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Verbeure W, Deloose E, Tóth J, Rehfeld JF, Van Oudenhove L, Depoortere I, Tack J. The endocrine effects of bitter tastant administration in the gastrointestinal system: intragastric versus intraduodenal administration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E1-E10. [PMID: 34029163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00636.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bitter tastants are recently introduced as potential hunger-suppressive compounds, the so-called "Bitter pill." However, the literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We want to test whether hunger ratings and hormone plasma levels are affected by: 1) the site of administration: intragastrically (IG) or intraduodenally (ID), 2) the bitter tastant itself, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) or denatonium benzoate (DB), and 3) the timing of infusion. Therefore, 14 healthy, female volunteers participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled six-visit crossover study. After an overnight fast, DB (1 µmol/kg), QHCl (10 µmol/kg), or placebo were given IG or ID via a nasogastric feeding tube. Blood samples were taken 10 min before administration and every 10 min after administration for a period of 2 h. Hunger was rated at the same time points on a visual analogue scale. ID bitter administration did not affect hunger sensations, motilin, or acyl-ghrelin release compared with its placebo infusion. IG QHCl infusion tended to suppress hunger increase, especially between 50 and 70 min after infusion, simultaneously with reduced motilin values. Here, acyl-ghrelin was not affected. IG DB did not affect hunger or motilin, however acyl-ghrelin levels were reduced 50-70 minutes after infusion. Plasma values of glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin were too low to be properly detected or to have any physiological relevance. In conclusion, bitter tastants should be infused into the stomach to reduce hunger sensations and orexigenic gut peptides. QHCl has the best potential to reduce hunger sensations, and it should be infused 60 min before food intake.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bitter tastants are a potential new weight-loss treatment. This is a noninvasive, easy approach, which should be received with considerable enthusiasm by the public. However, literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We summarize how the compound should be given based on: the site of administration, the best bitter compound to use, and at what timing in respect to the meal. This paper is therefore a fundamental step to continue research toward the further development of the "bitter pill."
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Tóth
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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18
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Guo X, Lv J, Xi R. The specification and function of enteroendocrine cells in Drosophila and mammals: a comparative review. FEBS J 2021; 289:4773-4796. [PMID: 34115929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates derive from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and are scattered along the digestive tract, where they function in sensing various environmental stimuli and subsequently secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to regulate diverse biological and physiological processes. To fulfill these functions, EECs are specified into multiple subtypes that occupy specific gut regions. With advances in single-cell technology, organoid culture experimental systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, rapid progress has been made toward characterization of EEC subtypes in mammals. Additionally, studies of genetic model organisms-especially Drosophila melanogaster-have also provided insights about the molecular processes underlying EEC specification from ISCs and about the establishment of diverse EEC subtypes. In this review, we compare the regulation of EEC specification and function in mammals and Drosophila, with a focus on EEC subtype characterization, on how internal and external regulators mediate EEC subtype specification, and on how EEC-mediated intra- and interorgan communications affect gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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19
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The Function of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Obesity-Implications for the Regulation of Energy Intake. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061839. [PMID: 34072172 PMCID: PMC8226753 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms that control food intake. Food ingestion triggers several physiological responses in the digestive system, including the release of gastrointestinal hormones from enteroendocrine cells that are involved in appetite signalling. Disturbed regulation of gut hormone release may affect energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity. In this review, we summarize the changes that occur in the gut hormone balance during the pre- and postprandial state in obesity and the alterations in the diurnal dynamics of their plasma levels. We further discuss how obesity may affect nutrient sensors on enteroendocrine cells that sense the luminal content and provoke alterations in their secretory profile. Gastric bypass surgery elicits one of the most favorable metabolic outcomes in obese patients. We summarize the effect of different strategies to induce weight loss on gut enteroendocrine function. Although the mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, restoring the gut hormone balance in obesity by targeting nutrient sensors or by combination therapy with gut peptide mimetics represents a novel strategy to ameliorate obesity.
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20
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Bitter Substances on GI Function, Energy Intake and Glycaemia-Do Preclinical Findings Translate to Outcomes in Humans? Nutrients 2021; 13:1317. [PMID: 33923589 PMCID: PMC8072924 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter substances are contained in many plants, are often toxic and can be present in spoiled food. Thus, the capacity to detect bitter taste has classically been viewed to have evolved primarily to signal the presence of toxins and thereby avoid their consumption. The recognition, based on preclinical studies (i.e., studies in cell cultures or experimental animals), that bitter substances may have potent effects to stimulate the secretion of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and modulate gut motility, via activation of bitter taste receptors located in the GI tract, reduce food intake and lower postprandial blood glucose, has sparked considerable interest in their potential use in the management or prevention of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. However, it remains to be established whether findings from preclinical studies can be translated to health outcomes, including weight loss and improved long-term glycaemic control. This review examines information relating to the effects of bitter substances on the secretion of key gut hormones, gastric motility, food intake and blood glucose in preclinical studies, as well as the evidence from clinical studies, as to whether findings from animal studies translate to humans. Finally, the evidence that bitter substances have the capacity to reduce body weight and/or improve glycaemic control in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes, and potentially represent a novel strategy for the management, or prevention, of obesity and type 2 diabetes, is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (P.R.); (V.B.); (M.H.)
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ghrelin was discovered in 1999; extensive research and clinical studies on ghrelin have been published in the last 20 years. Physiological research on ghrelin ranges from its appetite-stimulating effects to its association with energy homeostasis. The physiological effects of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract and its relevance in the pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract have gradually become clearer. The purpose of the review is to provide current information on ghrelin cell biology and physiology, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. RECENT FINDINGS Ghrelin-producing cells in the stomach are characterized as X/A-like cells, but immunohistochemical analyses have revealed co-expression of several secreted proteins and hormones in ghrelin-producing cells such as nesfatin-1, somatostatin, and pancreastatin. Furthermore, the local physiological roles and/or mechanisms of ghrelin in gastrointestinal functions such as gastric motility and inflammation are discussed. SUMMARY Ghrelin is a brain-gut hormone with a wide range of physiological actions; hence, it is important to understand its effects on the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract to elucidate the biological significance of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Wang QC, Wang ZY, Xu Q, Li RB, Zhang GG, Shi RZ. Exploring the Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Coronary Artery Disease From the Difference of Gene Expression. Front Physiol 2021; 12:605811. [PMID: 33859569 PMCID: PMC8042318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.605811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is closely adjacent to the coronary arteries and myocardium, its role as an endocrine organ to affect the pathophysiological processes of the coronary arteries and myocardium has been increasingly recognized. However, the specific gene expression profiles of EAT in coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been well characterized. Our aim was to investigate the role of EAT in CAD at the gene level. Methods Here, we compared the histological and gene expression difference of EAT between CAD and non-CAD. We investigated the gene expression profiles in the EAT of patients with CAD through the high-throughput RNA sequencing. We performed bioinformatics analysis such as functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network construction to obtain and verify the hub differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the EAT of CAD. Results Our results showed that the size of epicardial adipocytes in the CAD group was larger than in the control group. Our findings on the EAT gene expression profiles of CAD showed a total of 747 DEGs (fold change >2, p value <0.05). The enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that more pro-inflammatory and immunological genes and pathways were involved in CAD. Ten hub DEGs (GNG3, MCHR1, BDKRB1, MCHR2, CXCL8, CXCR5, CCR8, CCL4L1, TAS2R10, and TAS2R41) were identified. Conclusion Epicardial adipose tissue in CAD shows unique gene expression profiles and may act as key regulators in the CAD pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Chen Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruo-Bing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Gang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui-Zheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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23
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Nunez‐Salces M, Li H, Feinle‐Bisset C, Young RL, Page AJ. The regulation of gastric ghrelin secretion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13588. [PMID: 33249751 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric hormone with multiple physiological functions, including the stimulation of food intake and adiposity. It is well established that circulating ghrelin levels are closely associated with feeding patterns, rising strongly before a meal and lowering upon food intake. However, the mechanisms underlying the modulation of ghrelin secretion are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge on the circadian oscillation of circulating ghrelin levels, the neural mechanisms stimulating fasting ghrelin levels and peripheral mechanisms modulating postprandial ghrelin levels. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of targeting the ghrelin pathway is discussed in the context of the treatment of various metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, diabetic gastroparesis and Prader-Willi syndrome. Moreover, eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez‐Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Christine Feinle‐Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Amanda J. Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
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24
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Medapati MR, Bhagirath AY, Singh N, Chelikani P. Pharmacology of T2R Mediated Host-Microbe Interactions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 275:177-202. [PMID: 33580389 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Humans express 25 T2Rs that are known to detect several bitter compounds including bacterial quorum sensing molecules (QSM). Primarily found to be key receptors for bitter sensation T2Rs are known to play an important role in mediating innate immune responses in oral and extraoral tissues. Several studies have led to identification of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial QSMs as agonists for T2Rs in airway epithelial cells and immune cells. However, the pharmacological characterization for many of the QSM-T2R interactions remains poorly defined. In this chapter, we discuss the extraoral roles including localization of T2Rs in extracellular vesicles, molecular pharmacology of QSM-T2R interactions, role of T2Rs in mediating innate immune responses, and some of the challenges in understanding T2R pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anjali Y Bhagirath
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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25
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Liang Y, Yin W, Yin Y, Zhang W. Ghrelin Based Therapy of Metabolic Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2565-2576. [PMID: 32538716 PMCID: PMC11213490 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200615152804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, a unique 28 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by the gastric X/A like cells, is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin-GHSR signaling has been found to exert various physiological functions, including stimulation of appetite, regulation of body weight, lipid and glucose metabolism, and increase of gut motility and secretion. This system is thus critical for energy homeostasis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to highlight the strategies of ghrelin-GHSR based intervention for therapy of obesity and its related metabolic diseases. RESULTS Therapeutic strategies of metabolic disorders targeting the ghrelin-GHSR pathway involve neutralization of circulating ghrelin by antibodies and RNA spiegelmers, antagonism of ghrelin receptor by its antagonists and inverse agonists, inhibition of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), as well as potential pharmacological approach to decrease ghrelin synthesis and secretion. CONCLUSION Various compounds targeting the ghrelin-GHSR system have shown promising efficacy for the intervention of obesity and relevant metabolic disorders in animals and in vitro. Further clinical trials to validate their efficacy in human beings are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenzhen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA
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26
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Grau-Bové C, Miguéns-Gómez A, González-Quilen C, Fernández-López JA, Remesar X, Torres-Fuentes C, Ávila-Román J, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltrán-Debón R, Blay MT, Terra X, Ardévol A, Pinent M. Modulation of Food Intake by Differential TAS2R Stimulation in Rat. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3784. [PMID: 33321802 PMCID: PMC7762996 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic surgery modulates the enterohormone profile, which leads, among other effects, to changes in food intake. Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have been identified in the gastrointestinal tract and specific stimulation of these has been linked to the control of ghrelin secretion. We hypothesize that optimal stimulation of TAS2Rs could help to modulate enteroendocrine secretions and thus regulate food intake. To determine this, we have assayed the response to specific agonists for hTAS2R5, hTAS2R14 and hTAS2R39 on enteroendocrine secretions from intestinal segments and food intake in rats. We found that hTAS2R5 agonists stimulate glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK), and reduce food intake. hTAS2R14 agonists induce GLP1, while hTASR39 agonists tend to increase peptide YY (PYY) but fail to reduce food intake. The effect of simultaneously activating several receptors is heterogeneous depending on the relative affinity of the agonists for each receptor. Although detailed mechanisms are not clear, bitter compounds can stimulate differentially enteroendocrine secretions that modulate food intake in rats.
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Grants
- AGL2017-83477-R Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- R2B2018/03 Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya
- Martí Franqués Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- FI Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya
- Beatriu de Pinós Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya
- Serra Hunter Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Grau-Bové
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Alba Miguéns-Gómez
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Carlos González-Quilen
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - José-Antonio Fernández-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.-A.F.-L.); (X.R.)
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.-A.F.-L.); (X.R.)
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.T.-F.); (J.Á.-R.)
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.T.-F.); (J.Á.-R.)
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - M Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Ximena Terra
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Ardévol
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (A.M.-G.); (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.T.B.); (X.T.); (M.P.)
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27
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Nunez-Salces M, Li H, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Page AJ. Nutrient-sensing components of the mouse stomach and the gastric ghrelin cell. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13944. [PMID: 32666613 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of the gut to detect nutrients is critical to the regulation of gut hormone secretion, food intake, and postprandial blood glucose control. Ingested nutrients are detected by specific gut chemosensors. However, knowledge of these chemosensors has primarily been derived from the intestine, while available information on gastric chemosensors is limited. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient-sensing repertoire of the mouse stomach with particular emphasis on ghrelin cells. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of nutrient chemosensors (protein: G protein-coupled receptor 93 [GPR93], calcium-sensing receptor [CaSR], metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4 [mGluR4]; fatty acids: CD36, FFAR2&4; sweet/umami taste: T1R3), taste transduction components (TRPM5, GNAT2&3), and ghrelin and ghrelin-processing enzymes (PC1/3, ghrelin O-acyltransferase [GOAT]) in the gastric corpus and antrum of adult male C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess protein expression of chemosensors (GPR93, T1R3, CD36, and FFAR4) and their co-localization with ghrelin. KEY RESULTS Most nutrient chemosensors had higher mRNA levels in the antrum compared to the corpus, except for CD36, GNAT2, ghrelin, and GOAT. Similar regional distribution was observed at the protein level. At least 60% of ghrelin-positive cells expressed T1R3 and FFAR4, and over 80% expressed GPR93 and CD36. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The cellular mechanisms for the detection of nutrients are expressed in a region-specific manner in the mouse stomach and gastric ghrelin cells. These gastric nutrient chemosensors may play a role modulating gastrointestinal responses, such as the inhibition of ghrelin secretion following food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez-Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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28
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The Effect of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity on the Expression of Nutrient Chemosensors in the Mouse Stomach and the Gastric Ghrelin Cell. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092493. [PMID: 32824949 PMCID: PMC7551456 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The stomach is the primary source of the orexigenic and adiposity-promoting hormone, ghrelin. There is emerging evidence on the nutrient-mediated modulation of gastric ghrelin secretion. However, limited information is available on gastric nutrient-sensing mechanisms in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. This study investigated the impact of HFD-induced obesity on the expression of nutrient chemosensors in mouse stomach, particularly ghrelin cells. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a standard laboratory diet (SLD) or HFD for 12 weeks. The expression of ghrelin, enzymes involved in ghrelin production (PC1/3, GOAT) and nutrient chemosensors (CD36, FFAR2&4, GPR93, CaSR, mGluR4 and T1R3) was determined by quantitative RT-PCR in the mouse corpus and antrum. Immunohistochemistry assessed the protein expression of CaSR and ghrelin in the corpus and antrum. Antral mRNA levels of CaSR and PC1/3 were increased in HFD compared to SLD mice, while mRNA levels of all other nutrient chemosensors examined remained unchanged. CaSR immunolabelling was observed in the gastric antrum only. Nearly 80% of antral ghrelin cells expressed CaSR, with a similar cell density and co-expression in SLD and HFD mice. In conclusion, HFD-induced obesity increased CaSR mRNA expression in mouse antrum. However, the high antral co-expression of CaSR and ghrelin was unaltered in HFD compared to SLD mice.
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29
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Fendler W, Pietruszewska W. Clinical Role of Extraoral Bitter Taste Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5156. [PMID: 32708215 PMCID: PMC7404188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are transmitted through receptors linked to the G protein (G protein-coupled receptors; GPCRs). There are two main types of GPCRs that transmit information about sweet, umami and bitter tastes-the Tas1r and TAS2R families. There are about 25 functional TAS2R genes coding bitter taste receptor proteins. They are found not only in the mouth and throat, but also in the intestines, brain, bladder and lower and upper respiratory tract. The determination of their purpose in these locations has become an inspiration for much research. Their presence has also been confirmed in breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and neuroblastoma, revealing a promising new oncological marker. Polymorphisms of TAS2R38 have been proven to have an influence on the course of chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway defensive mechanisms. TAS2R receptors mediate the bronchodilatory effect in human airway smooth muscle, which may lead to the creation of another medicine group used in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The discovery that functionally compromised TAS2R receptors negatively impact glucose homeostasis has produced a new area of diabetes research. In this article, we would like to focus on what facts have been already established in the matter of extraoral TAS2R receptors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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30
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Grau-Bové C, González-Quilen C, Terra X, Blay MT, Beltrán-Debón R, Jorba-Martín R, Espina B, Pinent M, Ardévol A. Effects of Flavanols on Enteroendocrine Secretion. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060844. [PMID: 32492958 PMCID: PMC7355421 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some beneficial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can be explained by the modulation of enterohormone secretion. As GSPE comprises a combination of different molecules, the pure compounds that cause these effects need to be elucidated. The enterohormones and chemoreceptors present in the gastrointestinal tract differ between species, so if humans are to gain beneficial effects, species closer to humans-and humans themselves-must be used. We demonstrate that 100 mg/L of GSPE stimulates peptide YY (PYY) release, but not glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release in the human colon. We used a pig ex vivo system that differentiates between apical and basolateral intestinal sides to analyse how apical stimulation with GSPE and its pure compounds affects the gastrointestinal tract. In pigs, apical GSPE treatment stimulates the basolateral release of PYY in the duodenum and colon and that of GLP-1 in the ascending, but not the descending colon. In the duodenum, luminal stimulation with procyanidin dimer B2 increased PYY secretion, but not CCK secretion, while catechin monomers (catechin/epicatechin) significantly increased CCK release, but not PYY release. The differential effects of GSPE and its pure compounds on enterohormone release at the same intestinal segment suggest that they act through chemosensors located apically and unevenly distributed along the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Grau-Bové
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo nº1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (C.G.-Q.); (X.T.); (M.T.B.); (R.B.-D.); (A.A.)
| | - Carlos González-Quilen
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo nº1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (C.G.-Q.); (X.T.); (M.T.B.); (R.B.-D.); (A.A.)
| | - Ximena Terra
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo nº1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (C.G.-Q.); (X.T.); (M.T.B.); (R.B.-D.); (A.A.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; (R.J.-M.); (B.E.)
| | - M. Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo nº1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (C.G.-Q.); (X.T.); (M.T.B.); (R.B.-D.); (A.A.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; (R.J.-M.); (B.E.)
| | - Raul Beltrán-Debón
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo nº1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (C.G.-Q.); (X.T.); (M.T.B.); (R.B.-D.); (A.A.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; (R.J.-M.); (B.E.)
| | - Rosa Jorba-Martín
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; (R.J.-M.); (B.E.)
- Servei de Cirurgia General i de l’Aparell Digestiu, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Espina
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; (R.J.-M.); (B.E.)
- Servei de Cirurgia General i de l’Aparell Digestiu, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo nº1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (C.G.-Q.); (X.T.); (M.T.B.); (R.B.-D.); (A.A.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; (R.J.-M.); (B.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-97-755-9566
| | - Anna Ardévol
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo nº1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-B.); (C.G.-Q.); (X.T.); (M.T.B.); (R.B.-D.); (A.A.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; (R.J.-M.); (B.E.)
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Duarte AC, Rosado T, Costa AR, Santos J, Gallardo E, Quintela T, Ishikawa H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Gonçalves I, Santos CRA. The bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 regulates resveratrol transport across the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113953. [PMID: 32272108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of transport mechanisms at brain barriers must be thoroughly understood, so that novel strategies for improving drug delivery to the brain can be designed. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) established by the choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells has been poorly studied in this regard despite its relevance for the protection of the central nervous system (CNS). This study assessed the role of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), TAS2R14 and TAS2R39, in the transport of resveratrol across CP epithelial cells using an in vitro model of the human BCSFB. Both receptors are expressed in human CP cells and known to bind resveratrol. First, Ca2+ imaging assays demonstrated that resveratrol specifically activates the TAS2R14 receptor, but not TAS2R39, in these human CP epithelial cells. Then, we proceeded with permeation studies that showed resveratrol can cross the human BCSFB, from the blood to the CSF side and that TAS2R14 knockdown decreased the transport of resveratrol across these cells. Conversely, inhibition of efflux transporters ABCC1, ABCC4 or ABCG2 also restrained the transport of resveratrol across these cells. Interestingly, resveratrol upregulated the expression of ABCG2 located at the apical membrane of the cells via TAS2R14, whereas ABCC1 and ABCC4 at the basolateral membrane of the cells were not affected. Altogether, our study demonstrates that the BCSFB is a gateway for resveratrol entrance into the CNS and that the receptor TAS2R14 regulates its transport by regulating the action of efflux transporters at CP epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Widmayer P, Partsch V, Pospiech J, Kusumakshi S, Boehm U, Breer H. Distinct Cell Types With the Bitter Receptor Tas2r126 in Different Compartments of the Stomach. Front Physiol 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32116750 PMCID: PMC7019106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells expressing bitter taste receptors (T2Rs or Tas2rs) in extraoral tissues are considered to be chemosensory cells mediating protective responses to potentially harmful or even antiinflammatory or antimicrobial compounds. In a previous study the activity of the Tas2R143/Tas2R135/Tas2r126 cluster promoter in the stomach was monitored using a Cre-reporter mouse line. Reporter gene expression and Tas2r126 mRNA were found in brush cells located at the distal wall of the gastric groove. In this study, we explored whether brush cells and epithelial cells of the stomach in fact contain the Tas2r126 receptor protein. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate the presence of Tas2r126 immunoreactivity in different cell populations in the glandular stomach, in a subset of brush cells at the gastric groove and in unique glandular units as well as in certain enteroendocrine cells. In brush cells at the gastric groove, a strong immunofluorescence signal for the Tas2r126 receptor was observed at the most apical region of the cells, i.e., the microvillar tuft. In addition, we found a high density of Tas2r126-positive brush cells in the unique glandular units. These invaginations are located distally to the groove, open directly into the furrow and are enwrapped by smoothelin-immunoreactive muscles. In the corpus, Tas2r126 immunoreactivity was found in histamine-producing ECL cells and in ghrelin-producing X/A-like cells, the main enteroendcrine cells of this compartment. In the antrum, Tas2r126 labeling was observed in serotonin-storing EC cells and ghrelin cells, both representing only minor populations of enteroendocrine cells in this compartment. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for the presence of the Tas2r126 receptor protein in distinct cell types in the epithelium lining the mouse stomach which render the stomach responsive to agonists for bitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Widmayer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vanessa Partsch
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas Pospiech
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Soumya Kusumakshi
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wang Q, Liszt KI, Depoortere I. Extra-oral bitter taste receptors: New targets against obesity? Peptides 2020; 127:170284. [PMID: 32092303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Taste perception on the tongue is essential to help us to identify nutritious or potential toxic food substances. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the expression and function of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in a wide range of extra-oral tissues. In particular, TAS2Rs in gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells control the secretion of appetite regulating gut hormones and influence hunger and food intake. Furthermore, these effects may be reinforced by the presence of TAS2Rs on intestinal smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and the brain. This review summarises how activation of extra-oral TAS2Rs can influence appetite and body weight control and how obesity impacts the expression and function of TAS2Rs. Region-selective targeting of bitter taste receptors may be promising targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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34
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Bitarafan V, Fitzgerald PCE, Little TJ, Meyerhof W, Jones KL, Wu T, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Intragastric administration of the bitter tastant quinine lowers the glycemic response to a nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R263-R273. [PMID: 31774306 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00294.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate of gastric emptying and the release of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are major determinants of postprandial blood-glucose concentrations and energy intake. Preclinical studies suggest that activation of GI bitter-taste receptors potently stimulates GI hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and thus may reduce postprandial glucose and energy intake. We evaluated the effects of intragastric quinine on the glycemic response to, and the gastric emptying of, a mixed-nutrient drink and the effects on subsequent energy intake in healthy men. The study consisted of 2 parts: part A included 15 lean men, and part B included 12 lean men (aged 26 ± 2 yr). In each part, participants received, on 3 separate occasions, in double-blind, randomized fashion, intragastric quinine (275 or 600 mg) or control, 30 min before a mixed-nutrient drink (part A) or before a buffet meal (part B). In part A, plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 concentrations were measured at baseline, after quinine alone, and for 2 h following the drink. Gastric emptying of the drink was also measured. In part B, energy intake at the buffet meal was quantified. Quinine in 600 mg (Q600) and 275 mg (Q275) doses alone stimulated insulin modestly (P < 0.05). After the drink, Q600 and Q275 reduced plasma glucose and stimulated insulin (P < 0.05), Q275 stimulated GLP-1 (P < 0.05), and Q600 tended to stimulate GLP-1 (P = 0.066) and glucagon (P = 0.073) compared with control. Quinine did not affect gastric emptying of the drink or energy intake. In conclusion, in healthy men, intragastric quinine reduces postprandial blood glucose and stimulates insulin and GLP-1 but does not slow gastric emptying or reduce energy intake under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tanya J Little
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Smail HO. The roles of genes in the bitter taste. AIMS GENETICS 2020; 6:88-97. [PMID: 31922012 PMCID: PMC6949464 DOI: 10.3934/genet.2019.4.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this review were to understand the roles of bitter taste genes in humans. Some of the peoples have the capacity to taste some chemical substance such as phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) while others cant not based on the dietary hazards and food preferences. There are two alleles responsible to express these phenotypes which are homozygous recessive. In human TAS2R38 genes located on the chromosome number 7 and consist of different nucleotide polymorphism that related to detection of the phenotype of different chemical compounds such as 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and phenylthiocarbamide bitterness and this Gene is the member of the TAS2R genes which are eleven pseudogenes and twenty that has roles in many biological processes. There are many factors that affect the bitter taste such as food, age, sex, and different diseases. The mechanism of food bitter taste and genotype of TAS2R38 until know not well understood due to that the proof of relation between bitter taste sensitivity and food is harmful. there are many different diseases can impact the influence of taste such as neoplasm and lifestyle such as consumption of alcohol along with the use of medication, head trauma, upper tract infections. On the other hand, A relation between TAS2R38 genotype and meal preferences has been observed among children, however, no associations have been mentioned among older adults. Some previous research proved some vital points that show an association between type 1 of diabetes and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) but other studies cannot demonstrate that. However, of other disease such as obesity is controversial but other studies reported to the relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harem Othman Smail
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science and health, Koya University Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region-F.R. Iraq
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36
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Roura E, Depoortere I, Navarro M. Review: Chemosensing of nutrients and non-nutrients in the human and porcine gastrointestinal tract. Animal 2019; 13:2714-2726. [PMID: 31387651 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an interface between the external and internal milieus that requires continuous monitoring for nutrients or pathogens and toxic chemicals. The study of the physiological/molecular mechanisms, mediating the responses to the monitoring of the GIT contents, has been referred to as chemosensory science. While most of the progress in this area of research has been obtained in laboratory rodents and humans, significant steps forward have also been reported in pigs. The objective of this review was to update the current knowledge on nutrient chemosensing in pigs in light of recent advances in humans and laboratory rodents. A second objective relates to informing the existence of nutrient sensors with their functionality, particularly linked to the gut peptides relevant to the onset/offset of appetite. Several cell types of the intestinal epithelium such as Paneth, goblet, tuft and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) contain subsets of chemosensory receptors also found on the tongue as part of the taste system. In particular, EECs show specific co-expression patterns between nutrient sensors and/or transceptors (transport proteins with sensing functions) and anorexigenic hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), amongst others. In addition, the administration of bitter compounds has an inhibitory effect on GIT motility and on appetite through GLP-1-, CCK-, ghrelin- and PYY-labelled EECs in the human small intestine and colon. Furthermore, the mammalian chemosensory system is the target of some bacterial metabolites. Recent studies on the human microbiome have discovered that commensal bacteria have developed strategies to stimulate chemosensory receptors and trigger host cellular functions. Finally, the study of gene polymorphisms related to nutrient sensors explains differences in food choices, food intake and appetite between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gut Peptide Research Lab, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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37
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Di Pizio A, Behrens M, Krautwurst D. Beyond the Flavour: The Potential Druggability of Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1402. [PMID: 30897734 PMCID: PMC6471708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). Interestingly, these chemosensory GPCRs (csGPCRs) are expressed in several tissues of the body where they are supposed to play a role in biological functions other than chemosensation. Despite their abundance and physiological/pathological relevance, the druggability of csGPCRs has been suggested but not fully characterized. Here, we aim to explore the potential of targeting csGPCRs to treat diseases by reviewing the current knowledge of csGPCRs expressed throughout the body and by analysing the chemical space and the drug-likeness of flavour molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
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