1
|
Prokopieva VD, Vetlugina TP. Features of oxidative stress in alcoholism. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:83-96. [PMID: 37132490 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236902083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The review considers molecular mechanisms underlying formation and development of oxidative stress (OS) in patients with alcohol dependence. The major attention is paid to the effects of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde associated with additional sources of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to exogenous ethanol. The own results of studies of the in vitro effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the concentration of peripheral OS markers - products of oxidative modification of proteins (protein carbonyls), lipids (lipid peroxidation products), DNA (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) in blood plasma are presented. The changes in these parameters and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase) in patients with alcohol dependence were analyzed. Own and literature data indicate that at a certain stage of the disease OS can play a protective rather than pathogenic role in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V D Prokopieva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T P Vetlugina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spagolla Napoleão Tavares R, Stuchi Maria-Engler S, Colepicolo P, Debonsi HM, Schäfer-Korting M, Marx U, Rigo Gaspar L, Zoschke C. Skin Irritation Testing beyond Tissue Viability: Fucoxanthin Effects on Inflammation, Homeostasis, and Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020136. [PMID: 32033492 PMCID: PMC7076544 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UV light catalyzes the ozone formation from air pollutants, like nitrogen oxides. Since ozone reacts with cutaneous sebum lipids to peroxides and, thus, promotes inflammation, tumorigenesis, and aging, even broad-spectrum sunscreens cannot properly protect skin. Meanwhile, xanthophylls, like fucoxanthin, proved their antioxidant and cytoprotective functions, but the safety of their topical application in human cell-based models remains unknown. Aiming for a more detailed insight into the cutaneous fucoxanthin toxicity, we assessed the tissue viability according to OECD test guideline no. 439 as well as changes in inflammation (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8), homeostasis (EGFR, HSPB1) and metabolism (NAT1). First, we proved the suitability of our 24-well-based reconstructed human skin for irritation testing. Next, we dissolved 0.5% fucoxanthin either in alkyl benzoate or in ethanol and applied both solutions onto the tissue surface. None of the solutions decreased RHS viability below 50%. In contrast, fucoxanthin ameliorated the detrimental effects of ethanol and reduced the gene expression of pro-inflammatory interleukins 6 and 8, while increasing NAT1 gene expression. In conclusion, we developed an organ-on-a-chip compatible RHS, being suitable for skin irritation testing beyond tissue viability assessment. Fucoxanthin proved to be non-irritant in RHS and already showed first skin protective effects following topical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spagolla Napoleão Tavares
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Clinical and Toxicological Analyses Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Hosana Maria Debonsi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Lorena Rigo Gaspar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-56189
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang B, Fritsche KL, Beversdorf DQ, Gu Z, Lee JC, Folk WR, Greenlief CM, Sun GY. Yin-Yang Mechanisms Regulating Lipid Peroxidation of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2019; 10:642. [PMID: 31275232 PMCID: PMC6591372 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids in the central nervous system (CNS) are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Besides providing physical properties to cell membranes, these PUFAs are metabolically active and undergo turnover through the “deacylation-reacylation (Land's) cycle”. Recent studies suggest a Yin-Yang mechanism for metabolism of ARA and DHA, largely due to different phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) mediating their release. ARA and DHA are substrates of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases resulting in an array of lipid mediators, which are pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving. The PUFAs are susceptible to peroxidation by oxygen free radicals, resulting in the production of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) from ARA and 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) from DHA. These alkenal electrophiles are reactive and capable of forming adducts with proteins, phospholipids and nucleic acids. The perceived cytotoxic and hormetic effects of these hydroxyl-alkenals have impacted cell signaling pathways, glucose metabolism and mitochondrial functions in chronic and inflammatory diseases. Due to the high levels of DHA and ARA in brain phospholipids, this review is aimed at providing information on the Yin-Yang mechanisms for regulating these PUFAs and their lipid peroxidation products in the CNS, and implications of their roles in neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - David Q Beversdorf
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology and Psychological Sciences, and the Thompson Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - William R Folk
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - C Michael Greenlief
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teschke R. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Alcohol Metabolism, Cascade of Molecular Mechanisms, Cellular Targets, and Clinical Aspects. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E106. [PMID: 30424581 PMCID: PMC6316574 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is the result of cascade events, which clinically first lead to alcoholic fatty liver, and then mostly via alcoholic steatohepatitis or alcoholic hepatitis potentially to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathogenetic events are linked to the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde as its first oxidation product generated via hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), which depends on cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1), and is inducible by chronic alcohol use. MEOS induction accelerates the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde that facilitates organ injury including the liver, and it produces via CYP 2E1 many reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ethoxy radical, hydroxyethyl radical, acetyl radical, singlet radical, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, alkoxyl radical, and peroxyl radical. These attack hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and their signaling mediators such as interleukins, interferons, and growth factors, help to initiate liver injury including fibrosis and cirrhosis in susceptible individuals with specific risk factors. Through CYP 2E1-dependent ROS, more evidence is emerging that alcohol generates lipid peroxides and modifies the intestinal microbiome, thereby stimulating actions of endotoxins produced by intestinal bacteria; lipid peroxides and endotoxins are potential causes that are involved in alcoholic liver injury. Alcohol modifies SIRT1 (Sirtuin-1; derived from Silent mating type Information Regulation) and SIRT2, and most importantly, the innate and adapted immune systems, which may explain the individual differences of injury susceptibility. Metabolic pathways are also influenced by circadian rhythms, specific conditions known from living organisms including plants. Open for discussion is a 5-hit working hypothesis, attempting to define key elements involved in injury progression. In essence, although abundant biochemical mechanisms are proposed for the initiation and perpetuation of liver injury, patients with an alcohol problem benefit from permanent alcohol abstinence alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Leimenstrasse 20, D-63450 Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Neuroprotective Effects of Carvacrol on Ethanol-Induced Hippocampal Neurons Impairment via the Antioxidative and Antiapoptotic Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4079425. [PMID: 28191274 PMCID: PMC5278232 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4079425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption causes hippocampal neuronal impairment, which is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. Carvacrol is a major monoterpenic phenol found in essential oils from the family Labiatae and has antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis actions. However, the protective effects of carvacrol in ethanol-induced hippocampal neuronal impairment have not been fully understood. We explored the neuroprotective effects of carvacrol in vivo and in vitro. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 35% ethanol for 4 weeks to establish ethanol model in vivo, and hippocampal neuron injury was simulated by 200 mM ethanol in vitro. Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the cognitive dysfunction. The oxidative stress injury of hippocampal neurons was evaluated by measuring the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. Histopathological examinations and western blot were performed to evaluate the apoptosis of neurons. The results showed that carvacrol attenuates the cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of the mice treated with ethanol and decreases hippocampal neurons apoptosis induced by ethanol in vitro. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that carvacrol modulates the protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and p-ERK, without influence of p-JNK and p-p38. Our results suggest that carvacrol alleviates ethanol-mediated hippocampal neuronal impairment by antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Szkudelska K, Deniziak M, Roś P, Gwóźdź K, Szkudelski T. Resveratrol alleviates ethanol-induced hormonal and metabolic disturbances in the rat. Physiol Res 2016; 66:135-145. [PMID: 27782737 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in different plant species and having numerous health-promoting properties in animals and humans. However, its protective action against deleterious effects of ethanol is poorly elucidated. In the present study, the influence of resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day) on some hormones and metabolic parameters was determined in rats ingesting 10 % ethanol solution for two weeks. Blood levels of insulin, glucagon and adiponectin were affected by ethanol, however, resveratrol partially ameliorated these changes. Moreover, in ethanol drinking rats, liver lipid accumulation was increased, whereas resveratrol was capable of reducing liver lipid content, probably due to decrease in fatty acid synthesis. Resveratrol decreased also blood levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids and reduced gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in animals ingesting ethanol. These results show that resveratrol, already at low dose, alleviates hormonal and metabolic changes induced by ethanol in the rat and may be useful in preventing and treating some consequences of alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Williams JA, Ding WX. A Mechanistic Review of Mitophagy and Its Role in Protection against Alcoholic Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2619-42. [PMID: 26501336 PMCID: PMC4693250 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major health problem worldwide, and alcohol is well-known to cause mitochondrial damage, which exacerbates alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis. No successful treatments are currently available for treating ALD. Therefore, a better understanding of mechanisms involved in regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in the liver and how these mechanisms may protect against alcohol-induced liver disease is needed for future development of better therapeutic options for ALD. Mitophagy is a key mechanism for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis by removing damaged mitochondria, and mitophagy protects against alcohol-induced liver injury. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is well-known to induce mitophagy in in vitro models although Parkin-independent mechanisms for mitophagy induction also exist. In this review, we discuss the roles of Parkin and mitophagy in protection against alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis. We also discuss Parkin-independent mechanisms for mitophagy induction, which have not yet been evaluated in the liver but may also potentially have a protective role against ALD. In addition to mitophagy, mitochondrial spheroid formation may also provide a novel mechanism of protection against ALD, but the role of mitochondrial spheroids in protection against ALD progression needs to be further explored. Targeting removal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy or inducing formation of mitochondrial spheroids may be promising therapeutic options for treatment of ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Extract Ameliorates Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:787153. [PMID: 25254057 PMCID: PMC4164262 DOI: 10.1155/2014/787153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis or green tea extract (AQGTE) in chronic ethanol-induced albino rats. All animals were divided into 4 groups in the study for a 5-week duration. 50% ethanol was given orally to the rats with two doses (5 mg/kg bw and 10 mg/kg bw) of AQGTE. Ethanol administration caused a significant increase in the levels of plasma and serum enzymatic markers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and nonenzymatic markers (cholesterol and triglycerides), lipid peroxidation contents, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and decreased the activities of total proteins, albumin, and cellular antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). The elevation and reduction in these biochemical enzymes caused the damage in hepatocytes histologically due to the high production of ROS, which retards the antioxidant defense capacity of cell. AQGTE was capable of recovering the level of these markers and the damaged hepatocytes to their normal structures. These results support the suggestion that AQGTE was able to enhance hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in vivo against ethanol-induced toxicity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Micronuclei in bone marrow and liver in relation to hepatic metabolism and antioxidant response due to coexposure to chloroform, dichloromethane, and toluene in the rat model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:425070. [PMID: 24949447 PMCID: PMC4053251 DOI: 10.1155/2014/425070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity in cells may occur in different ways, direct interaction, production of electrophilic metabolites, and secondary genotoxicity via oxidative stress. Chloroform, dichloromethane, and toluene are primarily metabolized in liver by CYP2E1, producing reactive electrophilic metabolites, and may also produce oxidative stress via the uncoupled CYP2E1 catalytic cycle. Additionally, GSTT1 also participates in dichloromethane activation. Despite the oxidative metabolism of these compounds and the production of oxidative adducts, their genotoxicity in the bone marrow micronucleus test is unclear. The objective of this work was to analyze whether the oxidative metabolism induced by the coexposure to these compounds would account for increased micronucleus frequency. We used an approach including the analysis of phase I, phase II, and antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers, and micronuclei in bone marrow (MNPCE) and hepatocytes (MNHEP). Rats were administered different doses of an artificial mixture of CLF/DCM/TOL, under two regimes. After one administration MNPCE frequency increased in correlation with induced GSTT1 activity and no oxidative stress occurred. Conversely, after three-day treatments oxidative stress was observed, without genotoxicity. The effects observed indicate that MNPCE by the coexposure to these VOCs could be increased via inducing the activity of metabolism enzymes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Collins MA, Tajuddin N, Moon KH, Kim HY, Nixon K, Neafsey EJ. Alcohol, phospholipase A2-associated neuroinflammation, and ω3 docosahexaenoic acid protection. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:239-45. [PMID: 24705861 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol (ethanol) abuse causes neuroinflammation and brain damage that can give rise to alcoholic dementia. Insightfully, Dr. Albert Sun was an early proponent of oxidative stress as a key factor in alcoholism-related brain deterioration. In fact, oxidative stress has proven to be critical to the hippocampal and temporal cortical neurodamage resulting from repetitive "binge" alcohol exposure in adult rat models. Although the underlying mechanisms are uncertain, our immunoelectrophoretic and related assays in binge alcohol experiments in vivo (adult male rats) and in vitro (rat organotypic hippocampal-entorhinal cortical slice cultures) have implicated phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-activated neuroinflammatory pathways, release of pro-oxidative arachidonic acid (20:4 ω6), and elevated oxidative stress adducts (i.e., 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts). Also, significantly increased by the binge alcohol treatments was aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel enriched in astrocytes that, when augmented, may trigger brain (esp. cellular) edema and neuroinflammation; of relevance, glial swelling is known to provoke increased PLA(2) activities or levels. Concomitant with PLA(2) activation, the results have further implicated binge alcohol-elevated poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), an oxidative stress-responsive DNA repair enzyme linked to parthanatos, a necrotic-like neuronal death process. Importantly, supplementation of the brain slice cultures with docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 ω3) exerted potent suppression of the induced changes in PLA(2) isoforms, AQP4, PARP-1 and oxidative stress footprints, and prevention of the binge alcohol neurotoxicity, by as yet unknown mechanisms. These neuroinflammatory findings from our binge alcohol studies and supportive rat binge studies in the literature are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Collins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ullah N, Naseer MI, Ullah I, Kim TH, Lee HY, Kim MO. Neuroprotective profile of pyruvate against ethanol-induced neurodegeneration in developing mice brain. Neurol Sci 2013; 34:2137-43. [PMID: 23494720 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ethanol during developmental stages leads to several types of neurological disorders. Apoptotic neurodegeneration due to ethanol exposure is a main feature in alcoholism. Exposure of developing animals to alcohol induces apoptotic neuronal death and causes fetal alcohol syndrome. In the present study, we observed the possible protective effect of pyruvate against ethanol-induced neurodegeneration. Exposure of developing mice to ethanol (2.5 g/kg) induces apoptotic neurodegeneration and widespread neuronal cell death in the cortex and thalamus. Co-treatment of pyruvate (500 mg/kg) protects neuronal cell against ethanol by the reduced expression of caspase-3 in these brain regions. Immunohistochemical analysis and TUNNEL at 24 h showed that apoptotic cell death induced by ethanol in the cortex and thalamus is reduced by pyruvate. Histomorphological analysis at 24 h with cresyl violet staining also proved that pyruvate reduced the number of neuronal cell loss in the cortex and thalamus. The results showed that ethanol increased the expression of caspase-3 and thus induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing mice cortex and thalamus, while co-treatment of pyruvate inhibits the induction of caspase-3 and reduced the cell death in these brain regions. These findings, therefore, showed that treatment of pyruvate inhibits ethanol-induced neuronal cell loss in the postnatal seven (P7) developing mice brain and may appear as a safe neuroprotectant for treating neurodegenerative disorders in newborns and infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Ullah
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences (RINS) and Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bansal S, Biswas G, Avadhani NG. Mitochondria-targeted heme oxygenase-1 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages, kidney fibroblasts and in chronic alcohol hepatotoxicity. Redox Biol 2013; 2:273-83. [PMID: 24494190 PMCID: PMC3909819 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inducible form of Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated heme protein, is known to play important roles in protection against oxidative and chemical stress by degrading free heme released from degradation of heme proteins. In this study we show that induced expression of HO-1 by subjecting macrophage RAW-264.7 cells to chemical or physiological hypoxia resulted in significant translocation of HO-1 protein to mitochondria. Transient transfection of COS-7 cells with cloned cDNA also resulted in mitochondrial translocation of HO-1. Deletion of N-terminal ER targeting domain increased mitochondrial translocation under the transient transfection conditions. Mitochondrial localization of both intact HO-1 and N-terminal truncated HO-1 caused loss of heme aa-3 and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) activity in COS-7 cells. The truncated protein, which localizes to mitochondria at higher levels, induced substantially steeper loss of CcO activity and reduced heme aa3 content. Furthermore, cells expressing mitochondria targeted HO-1 also induced higher ROS production. Consistent with dysfunctional state of mitochondria induced by HO-1, the mitochondrial recruitment of autophagy markers LC-3 and Drp-1 was also increased in these cells. Chronic ethanol feeding in rats also caused an increase in mitochondrial HO-1 and decrease in CcO activity. These results show that as opposed to the protective effect of the ER associated HO-1, mitochondria targeted HO-1 under normoxic conditions induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Under hypoxia, the inducible Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is localized in mitochondria. N-terminal truncated HO-1 is more efficiently translocated to mitochondria. Mitochondria targeted HO-1 induces oxidative stress and CcO dysfunction. Mitochondrial HO-1 content is increased in alcohol treated rat livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Bansal
- The Department of Animal Biology and the Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gopa Biswas
- The Department of Animal Biology and the Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- The Department of Animal Biology and the Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ferrari LF, Levine E, Levine JD. Independent contributions of alcohol and stress axis hormones to painful peripheral neuropathy. Neuroscience 2012; 228:409-17. [PMID: 23128028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Painful small-fiber peripheral neuropathy is a debilitating complication of chronic alcohol abuse. Evidence from previous studies suggests that neuroendocrine mechanisms, in combination with other, as yet unidentified actions of alcohol, are required to produce this neuropathic pain syndrome. In addition to neurotoxic effects of alcohol, in the setting of alcohol abuse neuroendocrine stress axes release glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Since receptors for these stress hormones are located on nociceptors, at which they can act to cause neuronal dysfunction, we tested the hypothesis that alcohol and stress hormones act on the nociceptor, independently, to produce neuropathic pain. We used a rat model, which allows the distinction of the effects of alcohol from those produced by neuroendocrine stress axis mediators. We now demonstrate that topical application of alcohol and exposure to unpredictable sound stress, each alone, has no effect on the nociceptive threshold. However, when animals that had previous exposure to alcohol were subsequently exposed to stress, they rapidly developed mechanical hyperalgesia. Conversely, sound stress followed by topical alcohol exposure also produced mechanical hyperalgesia. The contribution of stress hormones was prevented by spinal intrathecal administration of oligodeoxynucleotides antisense to β(2)-adrenergic or glucocorticoid receptor mRNA, which attenuates receptor level in nociceptors, as well as by adrenal medullectomy. These experiments establish an independent role of alcohol and stress hormones on the primary afferent nociceptor in the induction of painful peripheral neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Ferrari
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Agarwal A, Aponte-Mellado A, Premkumar BJ, Shaman A, Gupta S. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:49. [PMID: 22748101 PMCID: PMC3527168 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 891] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), a state characterized by an imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and antioxidant defenses, has been identified to play a key role in the pathogenesis of subfertility in both males and females. The adverse effects of OS on sperm quality and functions have been well documented. In females, on the other hand, the impact of OS on oocytes and reproductive functions remains unclear. This imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants can lead to a number of reproductive diseases such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and unexplained infertility. Pregnancy complications such as spontaneous abortion, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preeclampsia, can also develop in response to OS. Studies have shown that extremes of body weight and lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and recreational drug use can promote excess free radical production, which could affect fertility. Exposures to environmental pollutants are of increasing concern, as they too have been found to trigger oxidative states, possibly contributing to female infertility. This article will review the currently available literature on the roles of reactive species and OS in both normal and abnormal reproductive physiological processes. Antioxidant supplementation may be effective in controlling the production of ROS and continues to be explored as a potential strategy to overcome reproductive disorders associated with infertility. However, investigations conducted to date have been through animal or in vitro studies, which have produced largely conflicting results. The impact of OS on assisted reproductive techniques (ART) will be addressed, in addition to the possible benefits of antioxidant supplementation of ART culture media to increase the likelihood for ART success. Future randomized controlled clinical trials on humans are necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms through which OS affects female reproductive abilities, and will facilitate further explorations of the possible benefits of antioxidants to treat infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Beena J Premkumar
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amani Shaman
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sajal Gupta
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Joo JC, Park JH, Kim RY, Jeon KI, Lee HJ, Seo BY, Park E. Effects of puffer (Sphoeroides rubripes) supplementation on disruption of antioxidant defense systems in ethanol-treated rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:80-6. [PMID: 21512295 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of puffer (Sphoeroides rubripes) supplementation on antioxidant metabolism in ethanol-treated rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 7 rats each and fed (1) an AIN-93G diet (NC), (2) 25% ethanol (E), (3) 25% ethanol and an AIN-93G diet containing 1% puffer flesh (E+F), or (4) 25% ethanol and an AIN-93G diet containing 1% puffer skin (E+S) for 5 wk. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed and their blood and organs were collected. To evaluate the effect of puffer supplementation, lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin and conjugated diene (CD) levels, DNA damage, and mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were assessed. Animals that were fed ethanol showed reduced plasma levels of lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin and significantly increased levels of lipid peroxides, DNA damage, and HO-1 expression. Dietary supplementation with puffer conferred an antioxidant effect by significantly increasing the levels of γ-tocopherol, a lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin, and by significantly decreasing the plasma levels of CD, DNA damage, and HO-1 expression. These results suggest that consumption of puffer improves the antioxidant status of ethanol-treated rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Joo
- Department of Hotel Culinary and Bakery, Chang-shin College, Changwon, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alirezaei M, Jelodar G, Niknam P, Ghayemi Z, Nazifi S. Betaine prevents ethanol-induced oxidative stress and reduces total homocysteine in the rat cerebellum. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:605-12. [PMID: 21698419 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a hypothesis for the association of reactive oxygen species with cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we examined whether oral betaine can act as a preventive agent in ethanol-induced oxidative stress on the cerebellum of rats. Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups (control, ethanol, betaine, and betaine plus ethanol) with different dietary regimens and were followed up for 1 month. Total homocysteine (tHcy) of plasma and cerebellum homogenate was determined by an Axis(®) homocysteine EIA kit, and antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), SOD, and CAT) activities of cerebellum homogenate were measured chemically by a spectrophotometer. Lipid peroxidation of cerebellum was shown by the measurement of thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) via a spectrophotometer. Ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia was manifested by an increase in the concentrations of tHcy in the plasma and cerebellum homogenates of the ethanol group, while ethanol-induced oxidative stress was indicated via an increase in lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) in cerebellum homogenates of ethanol-treated rats. In contrast, betaine prevented hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress in the betaine plus ethanol group as well as the betaine group. The results of the present investigation indicated that the protective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to strengthen the cerebellum membrane cells by enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity principally GPx, while the methyl donor effect of betaine to reduce hyperhomocysteinemia has been explained previously and confirmed in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Alirezaei
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, P. O. Box 465, Khorram Abad, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arulmozhi V, Krishnaveni M, Karthishwaran K, Dhamodharan G, Mirunalini S. Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effect of Solanum nigrum fruit extract on the experimental model against chronic ethanol toxicity. Pharmacogn Mag 2010; 6:42-50. [PMID: 20548935 PMCID: PMC2881655 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.59965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible protective effect of Solanum nigrum fruit extract (SNFEt) was investigated for its antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity against ethanol-induced toxicity in rats. The experimental animals were intoxicated with 20% ethanol (7.9 g/kg/day) for 30 days via gastric intubation. SNFEt was administered at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight along with the daily dose of ethanol for 30 days. From the result it was observed that ethanol-induced rats showed a significant elevation in the levels of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which lowered the antioxidant defense systems, such as, reduced glutathione (GSH) and vitamins C and E, when compared to the controls. In the lipid profiles, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), free fatty acids (FFA), and phospholipids were significantly elevated in the ethanol-induced group, whereas, the high density lipoproteins (HDL) were found to be reduced in the plasma, and the phospholipid levels were significantly decreased in the tissues. Supplementation of SNFEt improved the antioxidant status by decreasing the levels of TBARS and altering the lipid profiles to near normal. These activities were also compared to the standard drug silymarin (25 mg/kg body weight). Thus the findings of the present study indicated a significant antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Solanum nigrum fruits, which offered protection against ethanol-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Arulmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Krishnaveni
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandhan Karthishwaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesan Dhamodharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sankaran Mirunalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Glycogen synthase kinase-3/Shaggy mediates ethanol-induced excitotoxic cell death of Drosophila olfactory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:20924-9. [PMID: 19923438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910813106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that heavy alcohol consumption leads to neuropathology and neuronal death. While the response of neurons to an ethanol insult is strongly influenced by genetic background, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that even a single intoxicating exposure to ethanol causes non-cell-autonomous apoptotic death specifically of Drosophila olfactory neurons, which is accompanied by a loss of a behavioral response to the smell of ethanol and a blackening of the third antennal segment. The Drosophila homolog of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)beta, Shaggy, is required for ethanol-induced apoptosis. Consistent with this requirement, the GSK-3beta inhibitor lithium protects against the neurotoxic effects of ethanol, indicating the possibility for pharmacological intervention in cases of alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Ethanol-induced death of olfactory neurons requires both their neural activity and functional NMDA receptors. This system will allow the investigation of the genetic and molecular basis of ethanol-induced apoptosis in general and provide an understanding of the molecular role of GSK-3beta in programmed cell death.
Collapse
|
19
|
Levin ED, Aschner M, Heberlein U, Ruden D, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Bartlett S, Berger K, Chen L, Corl AB, Eddins D, French R, Hayden KM, Helmcke K, Hirsch HVB, Linney E, Lnenicka G, Page GP, Possidente D, Possidente B, Kirshner A. Genetic aspects of behavioral neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:741-53. [PMID: 19647018 PMCID: PMC4086839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made over the past couple of decades concerning the molecular bases of neurobehavioral function and dysfunction. The field of neurobehavioral genetics is becoming mature. Genetic factors contributing to neurologic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease have been found and evidence for genetic factors contributing to other diseases such as schizophrenia and autism are likely. This genetic approach can also benefit the field of behavioral neurotoxicology. It is clear that there is substantial heterogeneity of response with behavioral impairments resulting from neurotoxicants. Many factors contribute to differential sensitivity, but it is likely that genetic variability plays a prominent role. Important discoveries concerning genetics and behavioral neurotoxicity are being made on a broad front from work with invertebrate and piscine mutant models to classic mouse knockout models and human epidemiologic studies of polymorphisms. Discovering genetic factors of susceptibility to neurobehavioral toxicity not only helps identify those at special risk, it also advances our understanding of the mechanisms by which toxicants impair neurobehavioral function in the larger population. This symposium organized by Edward Levin and Annette Kirshner, brought together researchers from the laboratories of Michael Aschner, Douglas Ruden, Ulrike Heberlein, Edward Levin and Kathleen Welsh-Bohmer conducting studies with Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, fish, rodents and humans studies to determine the role of genetic factors in susceptibility to behavioral impairment from neurotoxic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, Nastasi G, Traina P, D'Ascola A, Rugolo CA, Calatroni A. The antioxidant activity of chondroitin-4-sulphate, in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatitis in mice, involves NF-kappaB and caspase activation. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:945-56. [PMID: 18724385 PMCID: PMC2597242 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reactive oxygen species (ROC) are the main causes of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. Chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S) is known to inhibit lipid peroxidation through antioxidant mechanisms. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and caspases may strongly intensify inflammation and cell damage, in addition to that directly exerted by ROS. We investigated whether treatment with C4S, besides exerting antioxidant activity, was able to modulate NF-kappaB and apoptosis activation in CCl4-induced liver injury in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Acute hepatitis was induced in mice by an i.p. injection of CCl(4). Varying doses of C4S were administered i.p. 1 h before, 6 and 12 h after CCl4 injection. 24 h after CCl4 injection, the mice were killed for biochemical and histological analysis. KEY RESULTS CCl4 injection produced: marked elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase; hepatic membrane lipid peroxidation, assayed by 8-isoprostane levels; and depletion of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase. CCl4 also decreased NF-kappaB translocation and IkBalpha, and increased gene expression of mRNA and protein of metalloproteases (MMP)-2 and -9, and of pro- and cleaved forms of caspases-3 and -7. There was also increased liver polymorphonuclear infiltration, evaluated by elastase assay, and hepatic cell disruption.C4S treatment inhibited lipid peroxidation; blocked NF-kappaB activation and IkBalpha protein loss; decreased mRNA and proteins for MMPs and caspases; restored endogenous antioxidants; limited hepatic polymorphonuclear accumulation and tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS As antioxidants may inhibit NF-kappaB and caspase activation, we hypothesize that treatment with C4S was able to inhibit NF-kappaB and apoptosis activation in hepatic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Campo
- Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen G, Ma C, Bower KA, Shi X, Ke Z, Luo J. Ethanol promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal death: involvement of oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:937-46. [PMID: 17941056 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the most devastating effects of ethanol exposure during development is the loss of neurons in selected brain areas. The underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in posttranslational protein processing and transport. The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen triggers ER stress, which is characterized by translational attenuation, synthesis of ER chaperone proteins such as GRP78, and activation of transcription factors such as ATF4, ATF6, and CHOP. Sustained ER stress ultimately leads to cell death. ER stress response can be induced experimentally by treatment with tunicamycin and thapsigargin. Using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and primary cerebellar granule neurons as in vitro models, we demonstrated that exposure to ethanol alone had little effect on the expression of markers for ER stress; however, ethanol drastically enhanced the expression of GRP78, CHOP, ATF4, ATF6, and phosphorylated PERK and eIF2 alpha when induced by tunicamycin and thapsigargin. Consistently, ethanol promoted tunicamycin- and thapsigargin-induced cell death. Ethanol rapidly caused oxidative stress in cultured neuronal cells; antioxidants blocked ethanol's potentiation of ER stress and cell death, suggesting that the ethanol-promoted ER stress response is mediated by oxidative stress. CHOP is a proapoptotic transcription factor. We further demonstrated that CHOP played an important role in ethanol-promoted cell death. Thus, the effect of ethanol may be mediated by the interaction between oxidative stress and ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kane CJM, Chang JY, Roberson PK, Garg TK, Han L. Ethanol exposure of neonatal rats does not increase biomarkers of oxidative stress in isolated cerebellar granule neurons. Alcohol 2008; 42:29-36. [PMID: 18249267 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a candidate mechanism for ethanol neuropathology in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Oxidative stress often involves production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), deterioration of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cell death. Previous studies have produced conflicting results regarding the role of oxidative stress and the benefit of antioxidants in ethanol neuropathology in the developing brain. This study investigated the hypothesis that ethanol neurotoxicity involves production of ROS with negative downstream consequences for MMP and neuron survival. This was modeled in neonatal rats at postnatal day 4 (P4) and P14. It is well established that granule neurons in the rat cerebellar cortex are more vulnerable to ethanol neurotoxicity on P4 than at later ages. Thus, it was hypothesized that ethanol produces more oxidative stress and its negative consequences on P4 than on P14. A novel experimental approach was used in which ethanol was administered to animals in vivo (gavage 6g/kg), granule neurons were isolated 2-24h post-treatment, and ROS production and relative MMP were immediately assessed in the viable cells. Cells were also placed in culture and survival was measured 24h later. The results revealed that ethanol did not induce granule cells to produce ROS, cause deterioration of neuronal MMP, or cause neuron death when compared to vehicle controls. Further, granule neurons from neither P4 nor P14 animals mounted an oxidative response to ethanol. These findings do not support the hypothesis that oxidative stress is obligate to granule neuron death after ethanol exposure in the neonatal rat brain. Other investigators have reached a similar conclusion using either brain homogenates or cell cultures. In this context, it is likely that oxidative stress is not the sole and perhaps not the principal mechanism of ethanol neurotoxicity for cerebellar granule neurons during this stage of brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J M Kane
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun H, Zhao H, Sharpe GM, Arrick DM, Mayhan WG. Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on brain damage following transient focal ischemia. Brain Res 2007; 1194:73-80. [PMID: 18191819 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption impairs cerebral vasoreactivity, and thus, may result in an increase in ischemic brain damage. The goal of this study is to examine the influence of chronic alcohol consumption on transient focal ischemia-induced brain damage. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, a control group and an alcohol group. Eight weeks after being fed a liquid diet with or without alcohol, responses of parietal pial arterioles to systemic hypoxia and hypercapnia were measured using a cranial window technique. In separate experiments, rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h under ketamine/xylazine or isoflurane anesthesia. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was monitored through a Laser-Doppler flow probe attached to the lateral aspect of the skull. Neurological evaluation and ischemic lesion were assessed 24 h after reperfusion. Dilation of pial arterioles in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia was significantly reduced in alcohol-fed rats. Alcohol-fed rats had significantly larger infarct volumes and worse neurological outcomes than non-alcohol-fed rats under ketamine/xylazine or isoflurane anesthesia. In addition, rCBF measurement indicated that alcohol-fed rats had less regulatory rebound increase in rCBF after the initial drop in rCBF at the onset of MCAO. Our findings suggest that chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates transient focal ischemia-induced brain damage. Increased ischemic brain damage during alcohol consumption may be related to an impaired cerebral vasoreactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun H, Zhao H, Sharpe GM, Arrick DM, Mayhan WG. Influence of chronic alcohol consumption on inward rectifier potassium channels in cerebral arterioles. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:367-72. [PMID: 18191159 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inward rectifier potassium (K(IR)) channels appear to play an important role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Our goal was to examine the influence of chronic alcohol exposure on K(IR) channels in cerebral arterioles. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed liquid diets with or without alcohol for 8-12 weeks. Using intravital microscope, we measured diameter of pial arterioles in response to an inhibitor, BaCl(2), and an activator, KCl, of K(IR) channels in the absence and presence of a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, tempol, or an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase, apocynin. Application of BaCl(2) (30 and 100 microM) produced dose-related vasoconstriction in non-alcohol-fed, but not in alcohol-fed rats. In addition, application of KCl (3, 10, and 30 mM) produced dose-related dilation in non-alcohol-fed and alcohol-fed rats, but the magnitude of vasodilatation was less in alcohol-fed rats. In contrast, nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation was similar in non-alcohol-fed and alcohol-fed rats. Superfusion of cranial window with tempol (0.1 mM) or apocynin (1 mM) did not alter baseline diameter and nitroglycerin-induced dilation of pial arterioles in non-alcohol-fed and alcohol-fed rats but significantly improved impaired KCl-induced dilation in alcohol-fed rats. Our findings suggest that chronic alcohol consumption impairs the role of K(IR) channels in basal tone and KCl-induced dilation of cerebral arterioles. In addition, impaired KCl-induced dilation of cerebral arterioles during alcohol consumption may be related to enhanced release of oxygen-derived free radicals via NAD(P)H oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology 985850, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Patients with alcoholic liver disease frequently exhibit increased body iron stores, as reflected by elevated serum iron indices (transferrin saturation, ferritin) and hepatic iron concentration. Even mild to moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to increase the prevalence of iron overload. Moreover, increased hepatic iron content is associated with greater mortality from alcoholic cirrhosis, suggesting a pathogenic role for iron in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol increases the severity of disease in patients with genetic hemochromatosis, an iron overload disorder common in the Caucasian population. Both iron and alcohol individually cause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which culminates in liver injury. Despite these observations, the underlying mechanisms of iron accumulation and the source of the excess iron observed in alcoholic liver disease remain unclear. Over the last decade, several novel iron-regulatory proteins have been identified and these have greatly enhanced our understanding of iron metabolism. For example, hepcidin, a circulatory antimicrobial peptide synthesized by the hepatocytes of the liver is now known to play a central role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. This review attempts to describe the interaction of alcohol and iron-regulatory molecules. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is of considerable clinical importance because both alcoholic liver disease and genetic hemochromatosis are common diseases, in which alcohol and iron appear to act synergistically to cause liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Dee Harrison-Findik
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim BJ, Hood BL, Aragon RA, Hardwick JP, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Song BJ. Increased oxidation and degradation of cytosolic proteins in alcohol-exposed mouse liver and hepatoma cells. Proteomics 2006; 6:1250-60. [PMID: 16408314 PMCID: PMC1368983 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a sensitive method using biotin-N-maleimide (biotin-NM) as a probe to positively identify oxidized mitochondrial proteins. In this study, biotin-NM was used to identify oxidized cytosolic proteins in alcohol-fed mouse livers. Alcohol treatment for 6 wk elevated the levels of CYP2E1 and nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress. Markedly increased levels of oxidized proteins were detected in alcohol-fed mouse livers compared to pair-fed controls. The biotin-NM-labeled oxidized proteins from alcohol-exposed mouse livers were subsequently purified with streptavidin-agarose and resolved on 2-DE. More than 90 silver-stained protein spots that displayed differential intensities on 2-D gels were identified by MS. Peptide sequence analysis revealed that many enzymes or proteins involved in stress response, chaperone activity, intermediary metabolism, and antioxidant defense systems such as peroxiredoxin were oxidized after alcohol treatment. Smaller fragments of many proteins were repeatedly detected only in alcohol-fed mice, indicating that many oxidized proteins after alcohol exposure were degraded. Immunoblot results showed that the level of oxidized peroxiredoxin (inactivated) was markedly increased in the alcohol-exposed mouse livers and ethanol-sensitive hepatoma cells compared to the corresponding controls. Our results may explain the underlying mechanism for cellular dysfunction and increased susceptibility to other toxic agents following alcohol-mediated oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Jo Kim
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | - Brian L. Hood
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA and
| | - Richard A. Aragon
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | - James P. Hardwick
- Department of Biochemistry, Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Thomas P. Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA and
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA and
| | - Byoung J. Song
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. B. J. Song, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA. (e-mail); (Fax) 1-301-594-3113
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Q, Yu S, Simonyi A, Sun GY, Sun AY. Kainic acid-mediated excitotoxicity as a model for neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2006; 31:3-16. [PMID: 15953808 DOI: 10.1385/mn:31:1-3:003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal excitation involving the excitatory glutamate receptors is recognized as an important underlying mechanism in neurodegenerative disorders. Excitation resulting from stimulation of the ionotropic glutamate receptors is known to cause the increase in intracellular calcium and trigger calcium-dependent pathways that lead to neuronal apoptosis. Kainic acid (KA) is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor, and administration of KA has been shown to increase production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in neurons in many regions of the brain, particularly in the hippocampal subregions of CA1 and CA3, and in the hilus of dentate gyrus (DG). Systemic injection of KA to rats also results in activation of glial cells and inflammatory responses typically found in neurodegenerative diseases. KA-induced selective vulnerability in the hippocampal neurons is related to the distribution and selective susceptibility of the AMPA/kainate receptors in the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated ability of KA to alter a number of intracellular activities, including accumulation of lipofuscin-like substances, induction of complement proteins, processing of amyloid precursor protein, and alteration of tau protein expression. These studies suggest that KA-induced excitotoxicity can be used as a model for elucidating mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. The focus of this review is to summarize studies demonstrating KA-induced excitotoxicity in the central nervous system and possible intervention by anti-oxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Scholz H, Franz M, Heberlein U. The hangover gene defines a stress pathway required for ethanol tolerance development. Nature 2005; 436:845-7. [PMID: 16094367 PMCID: PMC1364536 DOI: 10.1038/nature03864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Repeated alcohol consumption leads to the development of tolerance, simply defined as an acquired resistance to the physiological and behavioural effects of the drug. This tolerance allows increased alcohol consumption, which over time leads to physical dependence and possibly addiction. Previous studies have shown that Drosophila develop ethanol tolerance, with kinetics of acquisition and dissipation that mimic those seen in mammals. This tolerance requires the catecholamine octopamine, the functional analogue of mammalian noradrenaline. Here we describe a new gene, hangover, which is required for normal development of ethanol tolerance. hangover flies are also defective in responses to environmental stressors, such as heat and the free-radical-generating agent paraquat. Using genetic epistasis tests, we show that ethanol tolerance in Drosophila relies on two distinct molecular pathways: a cellular stress pathway defined by hangover, and a parallel pathway requiring octopamine. hangover encodes a large nuclear zinc-finger protein, suggesting a role in nucleic acid binding. There is growing recognition that stress, at both the cellular and systemic levels, contributes to drug- and addiction-related behaviours in mammals. Our studies suggest that this role may be conserved across evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Scholz
- Department of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Herrera DG, Yague AG, Johnsen-Soriano S, Bosch-Morell F, Collado-Morente L, Muriach M, Romero FJ, Garcia-Verdugo JM. Selective impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis by chronic alcoholism: protective effects of an antioxidant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7919-24. [PMID: 12792022 PMCID: PMC164688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1230907100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A major pathogenic mechanism of chronic alcoholism involves oxidative burden to liver and other cell types. We show that adult neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is selectively impaired in a rat model of alcoholism, and that it can be completely prevented by the antioxidant ebselen. Rats fed for 6 weeks with a liquid diet containing moderate doses of ethanol had a 66.3% decrease in the number of new neurons and a 227-279% increase in cell death in the dentate gyrus as compared with paired controls. Neurogenesis within the olfactory bulb was not affected by alcohol. Our studies indicate that alcohol abuse, even for a short duration, results in the death of newly formed neurons within the adult brain and that the underlying mechanism is related to oxidative or nitrosative stress. Moreover, these findings suggest that the impaired neurogenesis may be a mechanism mediating cognitive deficits observed in alcoholism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Herrera
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|