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Costa JDO, Resende JA, Gil FF, Santos JFG, Gomes MA. Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and other enteral parasitic diseases in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2018; 136:319-323. [PMID: 30110074 PMCID: PMC9881705 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0036170418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteral parasitic diseases are a public health problem in nations with low economic development and in settings with poor sanitation. Amebiasis is the second most frequent form of parasitosis, with a high burden of disease. Knowledge of the prevalence of enteroparasitoses in a given region is useful for planning clinical decision-making. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of enteral parasitic diseases, especially amebiasis, through analysis on stool samples from public and private laboratories in a metropolitan area in southeastern Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study conducted in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS We evaluated 6,289 fecal samples from one private and one public laboratory. The samples were concentrated by means of spontaneous sedimentation, and those that were positive for Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar in optical microscopy analyses were processed to obtain deoxyribonucleic acid, with subsequent identification through the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Among the stool samples, 942 (15.0%) had parasitic infections; 73 (1.2%) of these were helminthic infections and 847 (13.5%) were protozoan infections, caused mainly by Escherichia coli (6.0%), Endolimax nana (5.2%) and Giardia lamblia (1.2%). Infections due to Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar occurred in 36 samples (0.6%) and the polymerase chain reaction revealed five (13.9%) as Entamoeba histolytica. CONCLUSION The prevalence of enteral parasitic diseases is high in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, although amebiasis may not be a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Oliveira Costa
- MPH, PharmD. Pharmacist, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
| | - José Adão Resende
- Clinical analysis technician, Hermes Pardini Laboratory, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
| | - Frederico Ferreira Gil
- PhD. Nurse, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- PharmD, PhD. Full Professor, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazolin-4(3 H )-one Schiff base conjugates as potential antiamoebic agents. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sabzikarian M, Najafi S, Anabad HA, Behnod V, Yahaghi E, Ahmadi K. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Frequency of intestinal protozoan parasites in patients with gastrointestinal disorders in south of Karaj, Iran. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1641. [PMID: 27877002 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabzikarian
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Najafi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Hosein Amini Anabad
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Behnod
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Yahaghi
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Ahmadi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
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Maurya MR, Sarkar B, Avecilla F, Tariq S, Azam A, Correia I. Synthesis, Characterization, Reactivity, Catalytic Activity, and Antiamoebic Activity of Vanadium(V) Complexes of ICL670 (Deferasirox) and a Related Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Muñoz-Antoli C, Pavón A, Marcilla A, Toledo R, Esteban JG. Prevalence and risk factors related to intestinal parasites among children in Department of Rio San Juan, Nicaragua. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:774-82. [PMID: 25344696 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among children in Department of Rio San Juan (Nicaragua), to explore the extent of polyparasitism, and to identify the risk factors that might favour transmission of these parasites. METHODS A coprological study of single stool specimen, collected at random from 382 children (167 boys and 215 girls) aged 2-15 years from two municipalities, and a questionnaire, concerning demographic and epidemiological data on sanitary and behavioural habits, was filled in to identify risk factors. RESULTS About 93% of the children presented infection. Blastocystis hominis, the most frequently protozoa, and Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm, the most prevalent helminths. Polyparasitism (85.4%[326/382]), with the highest percentages detected in females (p=0.001), in the 6-11 year age group (p<0.001) and having a rural background (p<0.001). A firm relationship between any parasite and age (OR=1.2, p=0.036) and rural background (OR=0.3, p=0.027) was detected. Living in rural areas and drinking river water were also positively associated with each of the STH species detected, and walking barefoot was also associated with hookworm infection. CONCLUSIONS Government efforts should be focused on controlling the risk factors associated with these enteroparasites, with health education programmes in rural areas of Nicaragua.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muñoz-Antoli
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - A Pavón
- Departamento Bionálisis Clínico, Instituto Politécnico de la Salud (IPS-Polisal), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - A Marcilla
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - R Toledo
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - J G Esteban
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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Naves MM, Costa-Cruz JM. High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among the elderly in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 55:309-13. [PMID: 24037284 PMCID: PMC4105067 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the frequency of intestinal parasites in the elderly due to a lack of attention given to the occurrence of these infections among older adults. This study compares the frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis and other enteroparasites between elderly living in nursing homes (n = 100) and those noninstitutionalized (n = 100) from Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, associated with data of epidemiological and socio-demographic conditions. Through coproparasitological examination of both groups, enteroparasites were detected in 15 of 200 individuals examined (7.5%; CI: 5.1- 9.9). S. stercoralis was the most frequent parasite 10/200 (5%; CI: 4.2-5.8), being significantly higher in males and in individuals with autonomy for daily living activities. There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of parasites between the two groups compared. In conclusion, S. stercoralis infection was highly prevalent in elderly patients and it does not depend on whether the individual was institutionalized or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Margarida Naves
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies, and in vitro antibacterial activity of novel thiosemicarbazone and its Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) complexes. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:592375. [PMID: 24523641 PMCID: PMC3913194 DOI: 10.1155/2014/592375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes were prepared by the reaction of thiosemicarbazone with CuCl2, NiCl2, CoCl2, Cu(OAc)2, Ni(OAc)2, and Co(OAc)2. The thiosemicarbazone coordinates to metal through the thionic sulfur and the azomethine nitrogen. The thiosemicarbazone was obtained by the thiosemicarbazide with 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene. The identities of these compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was first tested in vitro by the disc diffusion assay against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using chloramphenicol as reference drug. The results showed that compound 1.1 is better inhibitor of both types of tested bacteria as compared to chloramphenicol.
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Duque-Montaño BE, Gómez-Caro LC, Sanchez-Sanchez M, Monge A, Hernández-Baltazar E, Rivera G, Torres-Angeles O. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide against Entamoeba histolytica. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4550-8. [PMID: 23787289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In our search for new antiamoebic agents, a new series of ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives have been synthesized using the Beirut reaction. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. Antiamoebic activity was evaluated in vitro against Entamoeba histolytica strain HM1:IMSS by the microdilution method, and the structure-activity relationship was analyzed. We found that eleven quinoxaline derivatives showed greater activity than metronidazole and nitazoxanide with IC₅₀ values in the range 1.99-0.35 μM. Compounds T-001 and T-016 shows IC₅₀ values of 1.41 and 1.47 μM, respectively, with a value of selectivity index >60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Estela Duque-Montaño
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Valverde JG, Gomes-Silva A, De Carvalho Moreira CJ, Leles De Souza D, Jaeger LH, Martins PP, Meneses VF, Bóia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA. Prevalence and epidemiology of intestinal parasitism, as revealed by three distinct techniques in an endemic area in the Brazilian Amazon. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2011; 105:413-24. [PMID: 22117850 PMCID: PMC4100303 DOI: 10.1179/1364859411y.0000000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This survey aims to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonian Brazil, through three distinct techniques, correlating the prevalence rates with family income and age groups as well as assessing the household clustering of infections. Prevalence rates were assessed through Graham (n=113), Baermann-Moraes (n=232) and Ritchie (n=463) methods. The Graham method was adopted only for children under 5 years old, 15% of whom were positive for Enterobius vermicularis. By the Baermann-Moraes technique, 5·6% of the samples were positive for Strongyloides stercoralis larvae. The Ritchie technique disclosed the following results: Ascaris lumbricoides (26%), Trichuris trichiura (22·5%), hookworms (9·5%), Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (25·3%), Giardia lamblia (12·5%) and E. vermicularis (0·6%). Children aged 5-14 years presented the highest prevalence for pathogenic parasites. Giardiasis and hookworm infection rates were inversely related to family income. The presence of positive contacts in the same household substantially increased the risk of infection by enteric parasites: odds ratio (OR)=2·70, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1·69-4·29 for ascariasis; OR=2·17, 95% CI=1·34-3·51 for trichuriasis; OR=2·13, 95% CI=1·08-4·17 for hookworm disease; OR=3·42, 95% CI=1·86-6·30 for giardiasis; and OR=2·16, 95% CI=1·35-3·47 for amoebiasis, supporting infection clustering in the home. Intestinal parasitoses are extremely frequent in the studied area, and routine methods for diagnosis may underestimate the prevalence of enterobiasis and strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Valverde
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - A Gomes-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - C J De Carvalho Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - D Leles De Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Macaé e Santos, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia — Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - L H Jaeger
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - P P Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - V F Meneses
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M N Bóia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - F A Carvalho-Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Sistemática Bioquímica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Gonçalves ALR, Belizário TL, Pimentel JDB, Penatti MPA, Pedroso RDS. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in preschool children in the region of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:191-3. [PMID: 21537798 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011005000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children are an important high-risk group for helminth and protozoa infections. Daycare centers are environments where children have proven to be more susceptible to acquiring intestinal parasites. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children who attended the two daycare centers maintained by the local government of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 133 children (73 children at the Public Preschool for Early Childhood Education, PPECE A, and 60 at the PPECE B) following identification according to sex and age and agreement to participate by parents or guardians who signed the free, informed consent form. The samples were examined by the Lutz method. RESULTS Coproparasitological tests performed on 133 children showed that 29.3% of them were parasitized for enteroparasites or commensals, 6.7% of the children presented polyparasitism. Among the protozoa, Giardia lamblia were the most prevalent and Hymenolepis nana were the most frequent among the helminths. CONCLUSIONS Thus, analysis of the results showed that intestinal parasites still represent a public health problem, especially among children and in areas where the socioeconomic and educational conditions are less favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Ribeiro Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
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Yakoob J, Abbas Z, Beg MA, Naz S, Khan R, Islam M, Jafri W. Prevalences of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum infection in adults presenting with chronic diarrhoea. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2011; 104:505-10. [PMID: 20863439 DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12786389891209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are both waterborne pathogens associated with diarrhoea in developing countries. In a recent study based at the Aga Khan University in Karachi, 334 adults aged 16-83 years (178 patients with chronic diarrhoea and 156 diarrhoea-free volunteers who acted as controls) were checked for infection with these parasites, using stool microscopy and/or PCR. Overall, 21 (6.3%) and 29 (8.7%) of the subjects were found positive for G. lamblia by microscopy and PCR, respectively, while the corresponding values for C. parvum were 13 (3.9%) and 14 (4.2%). Although, compared with the diarrhoea-free controls, the patients with diarrhoea were not significantly more likely to be found infected with Giardia, either by microscopy [15 (8.4%) v. six (3.8%); P=0.085] or PCR [19 (10.7%) v. 10 (6.4%); P=0.167], they were significantly more likely to be found infected with C. parvum, both by microscopy [11 (6.2%) v. two (1.3%); P=0.024] and by PCR [12 (6.7%) v. two (1.3%); P=0.014]. The 19 patients found PCR-positive for Giardia comprised 10 (67%) of the 15 found smear-positive for the same parasite but only nine (5%) of the 163 found smear-negative (k=0.545; P<0.001). Similarly, the 12 patients found PCR-positive for Cryptosporidium comprised all 11 (100%) patients found smear-positive for the same parasite but only one (0.6%) of the 167 found smear-negative (k=0.954; P<0.001). Although C. parvum was associated with chronic diarrhoea in the present study, the carriage of G. lamblia often appeared asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yakoob
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi B, Pakistan.
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Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Zhou XN. Multiparasitism a neglected reality on global, regional and local scale. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010; 73:21-50. [PMID: 20627138 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)73002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the issue of multiparasitism, with a special emphasis on its characteristics, its extent in eastern Asia and its significance for infectious disease control. Multiparasitism is pervasive among socially and economically disadvantaged or marginalised communities, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Intestinal parasites are the most numerous group, but an array of parasites is located elsewhere than in the human gastrointestinal tract. Although multiparasitism has been recognised for decades, in-depth studies are rare, and its public health and economic implications have yet to be fully elucidated. The assessment of multiparasitism is hampered by a lack of sensitive broad-spectrum diagnostic tools and the need to collect multiple biological samples for detailed appraisal. Non-specific symptoms and mainly subtle effects complicate the appreciation of its influence on cognitive and physical development, health, economic productivity and general well-being. Multiparasitism has been reported from virtually every eastern Asian country, and studies regarding the extent of multiparasitism and its effects on child health have been implemented in the region. However, new research is needed, as no comprehensive evaluations of multiparasitism in eastern Asia could be identified. Two case studies pertaining to multiparasitism at the local and regional scale are presented. Multiparasitism was rampant in an ethnic minority village in southern People's Republic of China where the challenges associated with its thorough evaluation are illustrated. The results from a cross-sectional survey covering 35 villages highlight the significance of its evaluation for the design of locally adapted and sustainable parasite control and poverty alleviation programmes. We conclude by listing a set of research needs for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Steinmann
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Huh JW, Moon SG, Lim YH. A survey of intestinal protozoan infections among gastroenteritis patients during a 3-year period (2004-2006) in Gyeonggi-do (province), South Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47:303-5. [PMID: 19724707 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and etiology of parasite-associated gastroenteritis during 2004-2006 in Gyeonggi-do (province), South Korea was determined by means of antigen detection ELISA on 6,071 stool specimens collected from 6 general hospitals. At least 1 parasitic agent was detected in 3.4% (208/6,071) of the stool samples. Among these, Giardia lamblia was the most numerous (152 cases; 2.5%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica (25 cases; 0.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (23 cases; 0.4%), and mixed infections (8 cases; 0.1%). Patients aged 1-5 years had the largest proportion (69.2%; 144/208) of parasite-positive stool specimens. Parasite-mediated gastroenteritis was most common from June to September. The detection rate gradually increased from 2004 to 2006. This study shows that parasite-mediated gastroenteritis may be significant among children in Korea and that parasite infection surveillance should be constantly performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Weon Huh
- Gyeonggido Institute of Health and Environment, Suwon, Korea
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Machado ER, Santos DS, Costa-Cruz JM. Enteroparasites and commensals among children in four peripheral districts of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 41:581-5. [PMID: 19142436 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822008000600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of intestinal parasites and commensals among children in four peripheral districts located in the northern, southern, eastern and western sectors of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, using the Baermann methods as modified by Moraes and Lutz. Out of 160 individuals studied, 93 (58.1% CI: 50.4-65.7) were infected, distributed among the sectors as follows: northern (72.5%), southern (47.5%), eastern (57.5%) and western (55%). The positive findings according to age groups were: 0-5 years (26.9%), 5-10 years (21.2%) and 10-15 years (10%). Male children presented 2.7 times higher risk of infection than females did (OR: 2.7; CI: 1052-7001). The parasites and commensals identified were: Giardia lamblia (27.5%), Entamoeba coli (20.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (14.4%), Enterobius vermicularis (8.8%), Hymenolepis nana (7.5%), Hymenolepis diminuta (5%), hookworms (3.1%), Trichuris trichiura (2.5%), Endolimax nana (2.5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2.5%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.3%), Iodamoeba butschlii (1.3%) and Capillaria hepatica (0.6%). The infection rate in these children was high and showed the need to implement prophylactic education programs in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleuza Rodrigues Machado
- Departamento de Imunologia, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Miné JC, Rosa JAD. Frequency of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in stool samples examined at the Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the São Paulo State University, Araraquara. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 41:565-9. [PMID: 19142433 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822008000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis homins is a protozoan that causes an intestinal infection known as human blastocystosis. This infection is diagnosed by means of parasitological examination of stools and by permanent staining techniques. The present study was developed to evaluate the frequency of Blastocystis hominis infection among inhabitants of the Araraquara region, State of São Paulo, and to compare different methods for investigating this protozoan in feces samples. Evaluations on 503 stool samples were performed by means of direct fresh examination and using the techniques of Faust et al., Lutz and Rugai et al. In addition, the iron hematoxylin, trichrome and modified Kinyoun staining techniques were used. Out of the 503 samples examined, 174 (34.6%) were found to be positive for the presence of intestinal parasites. The most frequent protozoa and helminths were Entamoeba coli (14.6%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (6.7%), respectively. Blastocystis hominis was present in 23 (4.6%) fecal samples, with a predominately pasty consistency and without characterizing a condition of diarrhea. Despite the low frequency of Blastocystis hominis found in the Araraquara region, compared with other regions of Brazil, it is important to perform laboratory diagnostic tests for this protozoan. Its finding in fecal material is indicative of food and drinking water contamination. Since the transmission route for this parasite is accepted to be oral-fecal, this implies that the population needs guidance regarding hygiene and basic sanitation measures as a means for controlling health problems caused by enteroparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Miné
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Bhat A, Athar F, Van Zyl R, Chen CT, Azam A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 4-Substituted 1-{[4-(10,15,20-Triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl]methylidene}thiosemicarbazides as New Class of Potential Antiprotozoal Agents. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:764-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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The survey of Cryptosporidium infection among young children in kindergartens in Anhui province. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1007-4376(08)60009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Anderson VR, Curran MP. Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Drugs 2007; 67:1947-67. [PMID: 17722965 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (Alinia, Daxon, Dexidex, Paramix, Kidonax, Colufase, Annita) has in vitro activity against a variety of microorganisms, including a broad range of protozoa and helminths. Nitazoxanide is effective in the treatment of protozoal and helminthic infections, including Cryptosporidium parvum or Giardia lamblia, in immunocompetent adults and children, and is generally well tolerated. Nitazoxanide is a first-line choice for the treatment of illness caused by C. parvum or G. lamblia infection in immunocompetent adults and children, and is an option to be considered in the treatment of illnesses caused by other protozoa and/or helminths.
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19
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Athar F, Husain K, Abid M, Agarwal SM, Coles SJ, Hursthouse MB, Maurya MR, Azam A. Synthesis and anti-amoebic activity of gold(I), ruthenium(II), and copper(II) complexes of metronidazole. Chem Biodivers 2007; 2:1320-30. [PMID: 17191933 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of Au, Ru, and Cu complexes of metronidazole (= [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole; 1) were prepared as highly potent anti-amoebic drugs. The complexes [Au(PPh3)(1)]PF6 (2), [Ru(1)2(Cl)2(H2O)2] (3), and [Cu(1)2(mu-Cl)(H2O)]2Cl2 (4) were readily synthesized from [Au(PPh3)Cl], RuCl3 x 3 H2O, and CuCl2 x 2 H2O, respectively. All complexes were thoroughly characterized by IR, UV/VIS, 1H-NMR, FAB-MS, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, and, in the case of 4, also by X-ray crystallography (Fig. 1). All complexes were evaluated in vitro as growth inhibitors of Entamoeba histolytica (HM1:IMSS strain). Their IC50 values were in the range of 0.10-0.51 microM (Table 2), which makes these drugs, especially the Cu(II) complex 4, considerably more potent than uncomplexed metronidazole (1; IC50 = 1.81 microM), the current standard drug for the worldwide treatment of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeda Athar
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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20
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Maurya MR, Kumar A, Abid M, Azam A. Dioxovanadium(V) and μ-oxo bis[oxovanadium(V)] complexes containing thiosemicarbazone based ONS donor set and their antiamoebic activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Singh S, Athar F, Maurya MR, Azam A. Cyclooctadiene Ru(II) complexes of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde-derived thiosemicarbazones: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:592-8. [PMID: 16545496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones (TSC) 1-10 were synthesized by condensing substituted thiosemicarbazide with thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde. These thiosemicarbazones were further reacted with [Ru(eta4-C8H12)(CH3CN)2Cl2] to form complexes of the type [Ru(eta4-C8H12)(TSC)Cl2] 1a-10a. Thiosemicarbazones exhibited antiamoebic activity in the range IC50=1.09-5.42 microM. In vitro assessment of antiamoebic activity indicated that the thiosemicarbazones 3, IC50=1.67 microM, 4, IC50=1.11 microM and 6, IC50=1.09 microM showed substantially less IC50 value than metronidazole (IC50=1.87 microM), a commonly used drug against amoebiasis. Cyclooctadiene Ru(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazones showed significant improvement in antiamoebic activity (IC50=0.30-1.39 microM). All the complexes possess noteworthy potencies and showed less IC50 values than metronidazole against HK-9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica. Among all the complexes, the most promising antiamoebic activities was shown by the complexes 4a and 6a (IC50=0.31 microM of 4a and IC50=0.30 microM of 6a versus metronidazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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22
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Abid M, Azam A. Synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity of 1-(thiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline-2-yl)-3-phenyl-2-pyrazoline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2812-6. [PMID: 16495051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1-N-thiocarboxamide-3-phenyl-2-pyrazolines 1-6 was synthesized by cyclization of different Mannich bases with unsubstituted thiosemicarbazide. The reaction of cyclized pyrazoline derivatives 1-6 with 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline afforded the title compounds 7-12. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses as well as (1)H, (13)C NMR, IR and electronic spectral data. The HM1:IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica parasite was cultured in vitro and the sensitivity of the parasite to the synthesized compounds was evaluated using the microdilution method. Among all the pyrazoline derivatives 1-6, none was found to be a better inhibitor as compared to the reference drug, metronidazole. The quinoxaline derivatives, 9, 11 and 12 were found to be potent inhibitors of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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23
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Maurya MR, Kumar A, Bhat AR, Azam A, Bader C, Rehder D. Dioxo- and Oxovanadium(V) Complexes of Thiohydrazone ONS Donor Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, Reactivity, and Antiamoebic Activity. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:1260-9. [PMID: 16441138 DOI: 10.1021/ic050811+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a contribution to the development of novel vanadium complexes with pharmacologically interesting properties, two neutral dioxovanadium(V) complexes [VO2(Hpydx-sbdt)] (1) and [VO2(Hpydx-smdt)] (3) [H2pydx-sbdt (I) and H2pydx-smdt (II) are the Schiff bases derived from pyridoxal and S-benzyl- or S-methyldithiocarbazate] have been synthesized by the reaction of [VO(acac)2] and the potassium salts of the ligands in methanol followed by aerial oxidation. Heating of the methanolic solutions of these complexes yields the oxo-bridged binuclear complexes [{VO(pydx-sbdt)}2mu-O] (2) and [{VO(pydx-smdt)}2mu-O] (4). The crystals and molecular structures of 1, 3 x 1.5H2O, and 4 x 2CH3OH have been determined, confirming the ONS binding mode of the dianionic ligands in their thioenolate form. The ring nitrogen of the pyridoxal moiety is protonated in complexes 1 and 3. Acidification of 1 and 3 with HCl dissolved in methanol afforded oxohydroxo complexes, while in a methanolic KOH solution, the corresponding dioxo species K[VO2(pydx-sbdt/smdt)] are formed. Treatment of 1 and 3 with H2O2 yields (unstable) oxoperoxovanadium(V) complexes, the formation of which has been established spectrophotometrically. In vitro antiamoebic activities (against HM1:1MSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica) were established for all of the dioxo- and oxovanadium(V) complexes. The complexes 1, 2, and 4 were more effective than metronidazole, a commonly used drug against amoebiasis, suggesting that oxovanadium(V) complexes derived from thiohydrazones may open a new dimension in the therapy of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannar R Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India.
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24
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Abid M, Husain K, Azam A. Synthesis and antiamoebic activity of new oxime ether derivatives containing 2-acetylpyridine/2-acetylfuran. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4375-9. [PMID: 16002285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Various oxime ether derivatives of 2-acetylpyridine and 2-acetylfuran series have been synthesised. O-Alkylation of the oximes by various alkylaminoethyl halides gave the corresponding oxime ether derivatives. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. All the compounds were screened in vitro against the HM1:IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. Based on the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) data of the 12 compounds evaluated, two of the 2-acetylpyridine series and two in the 2-acetylfuran series showed better IC50 values in vitro when compared with the standard amoebicidal drug, metronidazole. Moreover, one compound showed the most promising antiamoebic activity (IC50=0.5 microM vs IC50=1.9 microM of metronidazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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25
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Nascimento SA, Moitinho MDLR. Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in a community of Pitanga City, Paraná State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2005; 47:213-7. [PMID: 16138204 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652005000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to estimate the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis, to evaluate the effectiveness of different techniques for its diagnosis as well as to estimate the prevalence of other intestinal parasites in the community of Campo Verde, a district of Pitanga. The work was carried out from August to October 2004. Samples of feces from children and adults were collected and submitted to the techniques of direct wet mount, flotation in zinc sulphate solution, tube sedimentation, sedimentation in formalin-ether and staining by Kinyoun and iron hematoxylin methods. From 181 studied individuals, 128 (70.7%) showed protozoa and/or helminths in stool samples. The most prevalent species were Endolimax nana (33.7%); B. hominis (26.5%); Giardia lamblia (18.2%); Entamoeba coli (17.1%); Ascaris lumbricoides (16.6%); Iodamoeba bütschlii (9.4%); and ancylostomatidae (7.7%). B. hominis was only identified by the techniques of direct wet mount, sedimentation in formalin-ether and staining by iron hematoxylin, though the latter was less sensitive than the other methods. The high frequency of B. hominis demonstrated by this study indicates the need to include laboratory techniques that enable identification of the parasite on a routine basis.
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26
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Abid M, Azam A. Synthesis and antiamoebic activities of 1-N-substituted cyclised pyrazoline analogues of thiosemicarbazones. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2213-20. [PMID: 15727873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 21 new 1-N-substituted cyclised pyrazoline analogues of thiosemicarbazones were synthesised by cyclisation of Mannich bases with thiosemicarbazides of variegated nature. The chemical structures of the compounds were proved by UV, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. The antiamoebic activities of these compounds were evaluated by microdilution method against HM1:1MSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. It was found that 3-chloro and 3-bromo substituents on the phenyl ring at position 3 of the pyrazoline ring enhanced the antiamoebic activity as compared to unsubstituted phenyl ring. Compounds 15, 17, 18, 20 and 21 showed less IC(50) value than metronidazole. Moreover, compound 21 have shown the most promising antiamoebic activity (IC(50)=0.6 microM vs IC(50)=1.8 microM of metronidazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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27
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Pardo Lledías J, Pérez-Arellano J, Galindo Pérez I, Cordero Sánchez M, Muro Álvarez A. Cuándo pensar en enfermedades importadas. Semergen 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1138-3593(05)72895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Verweij JJ, Blangé RA, Templeton K, Schinkel J, Brienen EAT, van Rooyen MAA, van Lieshout L, Polderman AM. Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples by using multiplex real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1220-3. [PMID: 15004079 PMCID: PMC356880 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1220-1223.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium are three of the most important diarrhea-causing parasitic protozoa. For many years, microscopic examination of stool samples has been considered to be the "gold standard" for diagnosis of E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and C. parvum infections. Recently, more specific and sensitive alternative methods (PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and direct fluorescent-antibody assay) have been introduced for all three of these parasitic infections. However, the incorporation in a routine diagnostic laboratory of these parasite-specific methods for diagnosis of each of the respective infections is time-consuming and increases the costs of a stool examination. Therefore, a multiplex real-time PCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and C. parvum in stool samples. The multiplex PCR also included an internal control to determine efficiency of the PCR and detect inhibition in the sample. The assay was performed on species-specific DNA controls and a range of well-defined stool samples, and it achieved 100 percent specificity and sensitivity. The use of this assay in a diagnostic laboratory would provide sensitive and specific diagnosis of the main parasitic diarrheal infections and could improve patient management and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco J Verweij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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29
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Abstract
Protozoal infections of the gastrointestinal tract occur worldwide and have substantial morbidity and mortality. Prevalence is higher in the economically deprived regions of the world, especially the developing countries. Infections like amoebiasis and giardiasis have a worldwide distribution, being endemic in India. Apart from producing GI symptoms, growth and development of children is also impaired. It is seen that protozoa multiply rapidly in their hosts and as there is a lack of effective vaccines, chemotherapy has been the only practiced way to treat individuals and reduce transmission. The current treatment modalities for protozoal diarrhoea include 5-nitrosoimidazoles, iodoquinol, diloxanide furoate, paromomycin, chloroquine, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Gupta
- Industrial Taxocology Research Center, Lucknow, India.
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30
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Ghosh S, Chan JMW, Lea CR, Meints GA, Lewis JC, Tovian ZS, Flessner RM, Loftus TC, Bruchhaus I, Kendrick H, Croft SL, Kemp RG, Kobayashi S, Nozaki T, Oldfield E. Effects of Bisphosphonates on the Growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium Species in Vitro and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2003; 47:175-87. [PMID: 14695831 DOI: 10.1021/jm030084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a series of 102 bisphosphonates on the inhibition of growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum in vitro have been determined, and selected compounds were further investigated for their in vivo activity. Forty-seven compounds tested were active (IC(50) < 200 microM) versus E. histolytica growth in vitro. The most active compounds (IC(50) approximately 4-9 microM) were nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates with relatively large aromatic side chains. Simple n-alkyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonates, known inhibitors of the enzyme farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) synthase, were also active, with optimal activity being found with C9-C10 side chains. However, numerous other nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates known to be potent FPP synthase inhibitors, such as risedronate or pamidronate, had little or no activity. Several pyridine-derived bisphosphonates were quite active (IC(50) approximately 10-20 microM), and this activity was shown to correlate with the basicity of the aromatic group, with activity decreasing with increasing pK(a) values. The activities of all compounds were tested versus a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB) cell line to enable an estimate of the therapeutic index (TI). Five bisphosphonates were selected and then screened for their ability to delay the development of amebic liver abscess formation in an E. histolytica infected hamster model. Two compounds were found to decrease liver abscess formation at 10 mg/kg ip with little or no effect on normal liver mass. With P. falciparum, 35 compounds had IC(50) values <200 microM in an in vitro assay. The most active compounds were also simple n-alkyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonates, having IC(50) values around 1 microM. Five compounds were again selected for in vivo investigation in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA BALB/c mouse suppressive test. The most active compound, a C9 n-alkyl side chain containing bisphosphonate, caused an 80% reduction in parasitemia with no overt toxicity. Taken together, these results show that bisphosphonates appear to be useful lead compounds for the development of novel antiamebic and antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Goodgame R. Emerging Causes of Traveler's Diarrhea: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora, and Microsporidia. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2003; 5:66-73. [PMID: 12525293 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-003-0067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Travel is a risk factor for acquiring infection with a spore-forming protozoa: Cryptosopridium, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, and Isospora. Certain travel destinations have a high disease burden and intense exposure. Patients present with persistent diarrhea and a history of recent travel to a developing country in the tropics. Very mild infections may be underdiagnosed and may cause typical traveler's diarrhea. In a patient with a history of travel and persistent diarrhea unresponsive to the usual antibiotic and antidiarrhea treatment, stool studies for all four of these protozoa infections should be performed. If immune status is normal and the disease is mild, symptomatic therapy may suffice. Effective treatment is available for Cyclospora, Microsporidia, and Isospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Goodgame
- Baylor College of Medicine, Room BCMD 525D, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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