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Muñoz-López S, Sánchez-Melgar A, Martín M, Albasanz JL. Resveratrol enhances A 1 and hinders A 2A adenosine receptors signaling in both HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells: Potential mechanism of its antitumoral action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1007801. [PMID: 36407311 PMCID: PMC9669387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1007801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great efforts, effective treatment against cancer has not yet been found. However, natural compounds such as the polyphenol resveratrol have emerged as promising preventive agent in cancer therapy. The mode of action of resveratrol is still poorly understood, but it can modulate many signaling pathways related to the initiation and progression of cancer. Adenosinergic signaling may be involved in the antitumoral action of resveratrol since resveratrol binds to the orthosteric binding site of adenosine A2A receptors and acts as a non-selective agonist for adenosine receptors. In the present study, we measured the impact of resveratrol treatment on different adenosinergic pathway components (i.e. adenosine receptors levels, 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and adenylyl cyclase activities, protein kinase A levels, intracellular adenosine and other related metabolites levels) and cell viability and proliferation in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Results revealed changes leading to turning off cAMP signaling such as decreased levels of A2A receptors and reduced adenylyl cyclase activation, increased levels of A1 receptors and increased adenylyl cyclase inhibition, and lower levels of PKA. All these changes could contribute to the antitumoral action of resveratrol. Interestingly, these effects were almost identical in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells suggesting that resveratrol enhances A1 and hinders A2A adenosine receptors signaling as part of a potential mechanism of antitumoral action.
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2
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Cerebral A 1 adenosine receptor availability in female and male participants and its relationship to sleep. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118695. [PMID: 34732326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromodulator adenosine and its receptors are mediators of sleep-wake regulation which is known to differ between sexes. We, therefore, investigated sex differences in A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) availability in healthy human subjects under well-rested conditions using [18F]CPFPX and positron emission tomography (PET). [18F]CPFPX PET scans were acquired in 50 healthy human participants (20 females; mean age ± SD 28.0 ± 5.3 years). Mean binding potential (BPND; Logan's reference tissue model with cerebellum as reference region) and volume of distribution (VT) values were calculated in 12 and 15 grey matter brain regions, respectively. [18F]CPFPX BPND was higher in females compared to males in all investigated brain regions (p < 0.025). The largest differences were found in the pallidum and anterior cingulate cortex, where mean BPND values were higher by 29% in females than in males. In females, sleep efficiency correlated positively and sleep latency negatively with BPND in most brain regions. VT values did not differ between sexes. Sleep efficiency correlated positively with VT in most brain regions in female participants. In conclusion, our analysis gives a first indication for potential sex differences in A1AR availability even under well-rested conditions. A1AR availability as measured by [18F]CPFPX BPND is higher in females compared to males. Considering the involvement of adenosine in sleep-wake control, this finding might partially explain the known sex differences in sleep efficiency and sleep latency.
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Shinjyo N, Waddell G, Green J. Valerian Root in Treating Sleep Problems and Associated Disorders-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 25:2515690X20967323. [PMID: 33086877 PMCID: PMC7585905 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x20967323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep problems are widely prevalent and associated with various comorbidities including anxiety. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) is a popular herbal medicine used as a sleep aid, however the outcomes of previous clinical studies are inconsistent. This study was conducted to update and re-evaluate the available data in order to understand the reason behind the inconsistent outcomes and to provide a broader view of the use of valerian for associated disorders. PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library were searched to retrieve publications relevant to the effectiveness of valerian as a treatment of sleep problems and associated disorders. A total of 60 studies (n=6,894) were included in this review, and meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the effectiveness to improve subjective sleep quality (10 studies, n=1,065) and to reduce anxiety (8 studies, n=535). Results suggested that inconsistent outcomes were possibly due to the variable quality of herbal extracts and that more reliable effects could be expected from the whole root/rhizome. In addition, therapeutic benefits could be optimized when it was combined with appropriate herbal partners. There were no severe adverse events associated with valerian intake in subjects aged between 7 and 80 years. In conclusion, valerian could be a safe and effective herb to promote sleep and prevent associated disorders. However, due to the presence of multiple active constituents and relatively unstable nature of some of the active constituents, it may be necessary to revise the quality control processes, including standardization methods and shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- Department of Infection and Host Defence, Graduate School of Medicine, 12737Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Julia Green
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life Sciences, 4921University of Westminster, London, UK
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Gomes JI, Farinha-Ferreira M, Rei N, Gonçalves-Ribeiro J, Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM, Vaz SH. Of adenosine and the blues: The adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105363. [PMID: 33285234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the foremost cause of global disability, being responsible for enormous personal, societal, and economical costs. Importantly, existing pharmacological treatments for MDD are partially or totally ineffective in a large segment of patients. As such, the search for novel antidepressant drug targets, anchored on a clear understanding of the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning MDD, becomes of the utmost importance. The adenosinergic system, a highly conserved neuromodulatory system, appears as a promising novel target, given both its regulatory actions over many MDD-affected systems and processes. With this goal in mind, we herein review the evidence concerning the role of adenosine as a potential player in pathophysiology and treatment of MDD, combining data from both human and animal studies. Altogether, evidence supports the assertions that the adenosinergic system is altered in both MDD patients and animal models, and that drugs targeting this system have considerable potential as putative antidepressants. Furthermore, evidence also suggests that modifications in adenosine signaling may have a key role in the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological antidepressant treatments with demonstrated efficacy, such as electroconvulsive shock, sleep deprivation, and deep brain stimulation. Lastly, it becomes clear from the available literature that there is yet much to study regarding the role of the adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD, and we suggest several avenues of research that are likely to prove fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Farinha-Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nádia Rei
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim A Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Crewe M, Holt DD, Dyche J. Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Task Performance Following Chronic Sleep Restriction and Systemic Caffeine Administration. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Crewe
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel D. Holt
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeff Dyche
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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6
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Li R, Wang YQ, Liu WY, Zhang MQ, Li L, Cherasse Y, Schiffmann SN, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Lazarus M, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Activation of adenosine A 2A receptors in the olfactory tubercle promotes sleep in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2019; 168:107923. [PMID: 31874169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory tubercle (OT), an important nucleus in processing sensory information, has been reported to change cortical activity under odor. However, little is known about the physiological role and mechanism of the OT in sleep-wake regulation. The OT expresses abundant adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), which are important in sleep regulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the OT regulates sleep via A2ARs. This study examined sleep-wake profiles through electroencephalography and electromyography recordings with pharmacological and chemogenetic manipulations in freely moving rodents. Compared with their controls, activation of OT A2ARs pharmacologically and OT A2AR neurons via chemogenetics increased non-rapid eye movement sleep for 5 and 3 h, respectively, while blockade of A2ARs decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep. Tracing and electrophysiological studies showed OT A2AR neurons projected to the ventral pallidum and lateral hypothalamus, forming inhibitory innervations. Together, these findings indicate that A2ARs in the OT play an important role in sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Serge N Schiffmann
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alban de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Calker D, Biber K, Domschke K, Serchov T. The role of adenosine receptors in mood and anxiety disorders. J Neurochem 2019; 151:11-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Calker
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Knut Biber
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Tsvetan Serchov
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center ‐ University Freiburg University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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8
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Intracerebral Adenosine During Sleep Deprivation: A Meta-Analysis and New Experimental Data. J Circadian Rhythms 2018; 16:11. [PMID: 30483348 PMCID: PMC6196573 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroregulator adenosine is involved in sleep-wake control. Basal forebrain (BF) adenosine levels increase during sleep deprivation. Only a few studies have addressed the effect of sleep deprivation on extracellular adenosine concentrations in other brain regions. In this paper, we describe a microdialysis experiment as well as a meta-analysis of published data. The 64 h microdialysis experiment determined the extracellular adenosine and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats before, during and after 12 h of sleep deprivation by forced locomotion. The meta-analysis comprised published sleep deprivation animal experiments measuring adenosine by means of microdialysis. In the animal experiment, the overall median adenosine concentration was 0.36 nM and ranged from 0.004 nM to 27 nM. No significant differences were observed between the five conditions: 12 h of wash-out, baseline light phase, baseline dark phase, 12 h of sleep deprivation and 12 h of subsequent recovery. The overall median AMP concentration was 0.10 nM and ranged from 0.001 nM to 7.56 nM. Median AMP concentration increased during sleep deprivation (T = 47; p = 0.047) but normalised during subsequent recovery. The meta-analysis indicates that BF dialysate adenosine concentrations increase with 74.7% (95% CI: 54.1-95.3%) over baseline during sleep deprivation. Cortex dialysate adenosine concentrations during sleep deprivation were so far only reported by 2 publications. The increase in adenosine during sleep deprivation might be specific to the BF. At this stage, the evidence for adenosine levels in other brain regions is based on single experiments and insufficient for generalised conclusions. Further experiments are currently still warranted.
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9
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Modeling the adenosine system as a modulator of cognitive performance and sleep patterns during sleep restriction and recovery. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005759. [PMID: 29073206 PMCID: PMC5675465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss causes profound cognitive impairments and increases the concentrations of adenosine and adenosine A1 receptors in specific regions of the brain. Time courses for performance impairment and recovery differ between acute and chronic sleep loss, but the physiological basis for these time courses is unknown. Adenosine has been implicated in pathways that generate sleepiness and cognitive impairments, but existing mathematical models of sleep and cognitive performance do not explicitly include adenosine. Here, we developed a novel receptor-ligand model of the adenosine system to test the hypothesis that changes in both adenosine and A1 receptor concentrations can capture changes in cognitive performance during acute sleep deprivation (one prolonged wake episode), chronic sleep restriction (multiple nights with insufficient sleep), and subsequent recovery. Parameter values were estimated using biochemical data and reaction time performance on the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). The model closely fit group-average PVT data during acute sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction, and recovery. We tested the model's ability to reproduce timing and duration of sleep in a separate experiment where individuals were permitted to sleep for up to 14 hours per day for 28 days. The model accurately reproduced these data, and also correctly predicted the possible emergence of a split sleep pattern (two distinct sleep episodes) under these experimental conditions. Our findings provide a physiologically plausible explanation for observed changes in cognitive performance and sleep during sleep loss and recovery, as well as a new approach for predicting sleep and cognitive performance under planned schedules.
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10
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Oskamp A, Wedekind F, Kroll T, Elmenhorst D, Bauer A. Neurotransmitter receptor availability in the rat brain is constant in a 24 hour-period. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:866-875. [PMID: 28548869 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1325370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Wakefulness and sleep are fundamental characteristics of the brain. We, therefore, hypothesized that transmitter systems contribute to their regulation and will exhibit circadian alterations. We assessed the concentration of various neurotransmitter receptors and transporters including adenosinergic (A1AR, A2AAR, and ENT1), dopaminergic (D1R, D2R, and DAT), and serotonergic (5-HT2AR) target proteins. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used and maintained in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle (lights on from 07:00 h to 19:00 h). We measured receptor and transporter concentrations in different brain regions, including caudate putamen, basal forebrain, and cortex in 4 hour-intervals over a 24 hour-period using quantitative in vitro autoradiography. Investigated receptors and transporters showed no fluctuations in any of the analyzed regions using one-way ANOVA. Only in the horizontal diagonal band of Broca, the difference of A1AR concentration between light and dark phases (t-test) as well as the cosinor analysis of the 24 hour-course were significant, suggesting that this region underlies receptor fluctuations. Our findings suggest that the availability of the investigated neurotransmitter receptors and transporters does not undergo changes in a 24 hour-period. While there are reports on changes in adenosine and dopamine receptors during sleep deprivation, we found no changes in the investigated adenosine, dopamine, and serotonin receptors during regular and undisturbed day-night cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oskamp
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - F Wedekind
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - T Kroll
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - D Elmenhorst
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany.,b Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - A Bauer
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany.,c Neurological Department , Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
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11
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Meibom D, Albrecht-Küpper B, Diedrichs N, Hübsch W, Kast R, Krämer T, Krenz U, Lerchen HG, Mittendorf J, Nell PG, Süssmeier F, Vakalopoulos A, Zimmermann K. Neladenoson Bialanate Hydrochloride: A Prodrug of a Partial Adenosine A1Receptor Agonist for the Chronic Treatment of Heart Diseases. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:728-737. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meibom
- Medicinal Chemistry Wuppertal; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | - Nicole Diedrichs
- Project Management, Development; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Walter Hübsch
- Medicinal Chemistry Wuppertal; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Raimund Kast
- Department of Cardiology Research Wuppertal; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Thomas Krämer
- Medicinal Chemistry Wuppertal; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ursula Krenz
- Medicinal Chemistry Wuppertal; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | | | - Peter G. Nell
- Medicinal Chemistry Wuppertal; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Frank Süssmeier
- Medicinal Chemistry Wuppertal; Bayer AG; 42113 Wuppertal Germany
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Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons constitute a way station for many ascending and descending pathways. These cholinergic neurons have a role in eliciting cortical activation and arousal. It is well established that they are mainly involved in cognitive processes requiring increased levels of arousal, attentive states and/or cortical activation with desynchronized activity in the EEG. These cholinergic neurons are modulated by several afferents of different neurotransmitter systems. Of particular importance within the cortical targets of basal forebrain neurons is the hippocampal cortex. The septohippocampal pathway is a bidirectional pathway constituting the main septal efferent system, which is widely known to be implicated in every memory process investigated. The present work aims to review the main neurotransmitter systems involved in modulating cognitive processes related to learning and memory through modulation of basal forebrain neurons.
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Boison D, Aronica E. Comorbidities in Neurology: Is adenosine the common link? Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:18-34. [PMID: 25979489 PMCID: PMC4537378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidities in Neurology represent a major conceptual and therapeutic challenge. For example, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a syndrome comprised of epileptic seizures and comorbid symptoms including memory and psychiatric impairment, depression, and sleep dysfunction. Similarly, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) are accompanied by various degrees of memory dysfunction. Patients with AD have an increased likelihood for seizures, whereas all four conditions share certain aspects of psychosis, depression, and sleep dysfunction. This remarkable overlap suggests common pathophysiological mechanisms, which include synaptic dysfunction and synaptotoxicity, as well as glial activation and astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is linked to synapse function via the tripartite synapse, but astrocytes also control the availability of gliotransmitters and adenosine. Here we will specifically focus on the 'adenosine hypothesis of comorbidities' implying that astrocyte activation, via overexpression of adenosine kinase (ADK), induces a deficiency in the homeostatic tone of adenosine. We present evidence from patient-derived samples showing astrogliosis and overexpression of ADK as common pathological hallmark of epilepsy, AD, PD, and ALS. We discuss a transgenic 'comorbidity model', in which brain-wide overexpression of ADK and resulting adenosine deficiency produces a comorbid spectrum of seizures, altered dopaminergic function, attentional impairment, and deficits in cognitive domains and sleep regulation. We conclude that dysfunction of adenosine signaling is common in neurological conditions, that adenosine dysfunction can explain co-morbid phenotypes, and that therapeutic adenosine augmentation might be effective for the treatment of comorbid symptoms in multiple neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA.
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen (SEIN) Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
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14
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Kim Y, Elmenhorst D, Weisshaupt A, Wedekind F, Kroll T, McCarley RW, Strecker RE, Bauer A. Chronic sleep restriction induces long-lasting changes in adenosine and noradrenaline receptor density in the rat brain. J Sleep Res 2015; 24:549-558. [PMID: 25900125 PMCID: PMC4583343 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although chronic sleep restriction frequently produces long-lasting behavioural and physiological impairments in humans, the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. Here we used a rat model of chronic sleep restriction to investigate the role of brain adenosine and noradrenaline systems, known to regulate sleep and wakefulness, respectively. The density of adenosine A1 and A2a receptors and β-adrenergic receptors before, during and following 5 days of sleep restriction was assessed with autoradiography. Rats (n = 48) were sleep-deprived for 18 h day(-1) for 5 consecutive days (SR1-SR5), followed by 3 unrestricted recovery sleep days (R1-R3). Brains were collected at the beginning of the light period, which was immediately after the end of sleep deprivation on sleep restriction days. Chronic sleep restriction increased adenosine A1 receptor density significantly in nine of the 13 brain areas analysed with elevations also observed on R3 (+18 to +32%). In contrast, chronic sleep restriction reduced adenosine A2a receptor density significantly in one of the three brain areas analysed (olfactory tubercle which declined 26-31% from SR1 to R1). A decrease in β-adrenergic receptors density was seen in substantia innominata and ventral pallidum which remained reduced on R3, but no changes were found in the anterior cingulate cortex. These data suggest that chronic sleep restriction can induce long-term changes in the brain adenosine and noradrenaline receptors, which may underlie the long-lasting neurocognitive impairments observed in chronic sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Angela Weisshaupt
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Franziska Wedekind
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tina Kroll
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert W McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Neurological Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Elliott AS, Huber JD, O'Callaghan JP, Rosen CL, Miller DB. A review of sleep deprivation studies evaluating the brain transcriptome. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:728. [PMID: 25932362 PMCID: PMC4409616 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show a positive association between adequate sleep and good health. Further, disrupted sleep may increase the risk for CNS diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. However, there has been limited progress in determining how sleep is linked to brain health or how sleep disruption may increase susceptibility to brain insult and disease. Animal studies can aid in understanding these links. In reviewing the animal literature related to the effects of sleep disruption on the brain, we found most of the work was directed toward investigating and characterizing the role of various brain areas or structures in initiating and regulating sleep. In contrast, limited effort has been directed towards understanding how sleep disruption alters the brain’s health or susceptibility to insult. We also note many current studies have determined the changes in the brain following compromised sleep by examining, for example, the brain transcriptome or to a more limited extent the proteome. However, these studies have utilized almost exclusively total sleep deprivation (e.g., 24 out of 24 hours) paradigms or single short periods of limited acute sleep deprivation (e.g., 3 out of 24 hours). While such strategies are beneficial in understanding how sleep is controlled, they may not have much translational value for determining links between sleep and brain health or for determining how sleep disruption may increase brain susceptibility to insult. Surprisingly, few studies have determined how the duration and recurrence of sleep deprivation influence the effects seen after sleep deprivation. Our aim in this review was to identify relevant rodent studies from 1980 through 2012 and analyze those that use varying durations of sleep deprivation or restriction in their effort to evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation on the brain transcriptome and to a more limited extent the proteome. We examined how differences in the duration of sleep deprivation affect gene and protein expression to better understand the full consequences of repeated sleep disruption on the brain. Future research needs to consider and emphasize how the type and extent of the sleep deprivation exposure impacts the conclusions reached concerning the influence of sleep disruption on the brain. We identified relevant studies between 1980 and 2012 by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Web of Science using the terms “sleep” AND “disrupt”, “deprivation”, “restrict”, “fragment”, “loss”, “disturb”, “disorder”, “dysfunction”, “brain”, “cortex”, striatum”, hypothalamus”, “hippocampus”, “gene”, “protein”, “genomics”, “proteomics”, “polymerase chain reaction”, “pcr”, “microarray”, “molecular”, “rodent” “rat”, “rats”, “mouse”, “mice”. All searches were limited to rodent studies in English and the reference lists of retrieved articles were searched for additional pertinent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S Elliott
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, CDC-NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Charles L Rosen
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Diane B Miller
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, CDC-NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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16
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Kim Y, Chen L, McCarley RW, Strecker RE. Sleep allostasis in chronic sleep restriction: the role of the norepinephrine system. Brain Res 2013; 1531:9-16. [PMID: 23916734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleep responses to chronic sleep restriction may be very different from those observed after acute total sleep deprivation. Specifically, when sleep restriction is repeated for several consecutive days, animals express attenuated compensatory increases in sleep time and intensity during daily sleep opportunities. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these adaptive, or more specifically, allostatic, changes in sleep homeostasis are unknown. Several lines of evidence indicate that norepinephrine may play a key role in modulating arousal states and NREM EEG delta power, which is widely recognized as a marker for sleep intensity. Therefore, we investigated time course changes in brain adrenergic receptor mRNA levels in response to chronic sleep restriction using a rat model. Here, we observed that significantly altered mRNA levels of the α1- adrenergic receptor in the basal forebrain as well as α2- and β1-adrenergic receptor in the anterior cingulate cortex only on the first sleep restriction day. On the other hand, the frontal cortex α1-, α2-, and β1-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels were reduced throughout the period of sleep restriction. Combined with our earlier findings on EEG that sleep time and intensity significantly increased only on the first sleep restriction days, these results suggest that alterations in the brain norepinephrine system in the basal forebrain and cingulate cortex may mediate allostatic changes in sleep time and intensity observed during chronic sleep restriction.
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MESH Headings
- Allostasis/physiology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiology
- Electroencephalography/methods
- Male
- Norepinephrine/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Sleep Deprivation/metabolism
- Sleep Deprivation/physiopathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301-5596, USA.
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Yang C, Franciosi S, Brown RE. Adenosine inhibits the excitatory synaptic inputs to Basal forebrain cholinergic, GABAergic, and parvalbumin neurons in mice. Front Neurol 2013; 4:77. [PMID: 23801984 PMCID: PMC3687201 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee and tea contain the stimulants caffeine and theophylline. These compounds act as antagonists of adenosine receptors. Adenosine promotes sleep and its extracellular concentration rises in association with prolonged wakefulness, particularly in the basal forebrain (BF) region involved in activating the cerebral cortex. However, the effect of adenosine on identified BF neurons, especially non-cholinergic neurons, is incompletely understood. Here we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in mouse brain slices prepared from two validated transgenic mouse lines with fluorescent proteins expressed in GABAergic or parvalbumin (PV) neurons to determine the effect of adenosine. Whole-cell recordings were made from BF cholinergic neurons and from BF GABAergic and PV neurons with the size (>20 μm) and intrinsic membrane properties (prominent H-currents) corresponding to cortically projecting neurons. A brief (2 min) bath application of adenosine (100 μM) decreased the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in all groups of BF cholinergic, GABAergic, and PV neurons we recorded. In addition, adenosine decreased the frequency of miniature EPSCs in BF cholinergic neurons. Adenosine had no effect on the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cholinergic neurons or GABAergic neurons with large H-currents but reduced them in a group of GABAergic neurons with smaller H-currents. All effects of adenosine were blocked by a selective, adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT, 1 μM). Adenosine had no postsynaptic effects. Taken together, our work suggests that adenosine promotes sleep by an A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamatergic inputs to cortically projecting cholinergic and GABA/PV neurons. Conversely, caffeine and theophylline promote attentive wakefulness by inhibiting these A1 receptors in BF thereby promoting the high-frequency oscillations in the cortex required for attention and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School , Brockton, MA , USA
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18
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Sims RE, Wu HHT, Dale N. Sleep-wake sensitive mechanisms of adenosine release in the basal forebrain of rodents: an in vitro study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53814. [PMID: 23326515 PMCID: PMC3543262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine acting in the basal forebrain is a key mediator of sleep homeostasis. Extracellular adenosine concentrations increase during wakefulness, especially during prolonged wakefulness and lead to increased sleep pressure and subsequent rebound sleep. The release of endogenous adenosine during the sleep-wake cycle has mainly been studied in vivo with microdialysis techniques. The biochemical changes that accompany sleep-wake status may be preserved in vitro. We have therefore used adenosine-sensitive biosensors in slices of the basal forebrain (BFB) to study both depolarization-evoked adenosine release and the steady state adenosine tone in rats, mice and hamsters. Adenosine release was evoked by high K+, AMPA, NMDA and mGlu receptor agonists, but not by other transmitters associated with wakefulness such as orexin, histamine or neurotensin. Evoked and basal adenosine release in the BFB in vitro exhibited three key features: the magnitude of each varied systematically with the diurnal time at which the animal was sacrificed; sleep deprivation prior to sacrifice greatly increased both evoked adenosine release and the basal tone; and the enhancement of evoked adenosine release and basal tone resulting from sleep deprivation was reversed by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400 W. These data indicate that characteristics of adenosine release recorded in the BFB in vitro reflect those that have been linked in vivo to the homeostatic control of sleep. Our results provide methodologically independent support for a key role for induction of iNOS as a trigger for enhanced adenosine release following sleep deprivation and suggest that this induction may constitute a biochemical memory of this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Edward Sims
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
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19
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Abstract
The development of sedative/hypnotic molecules has been empiric rather than rational. The empiric approach has produced clinically useful drugs but for no drug is the mechanism of action completely understood. All available sedative/hypnotic medications have unwanted side effects and none of these medications creates a sleep architecture that is identical to the architecture of naturally occurring sleep. This chapter reviews recent advances in research aiming to elucidate the neurochemical mechanisms regulating sleep and wakefulness. One promise of rational drug design is that understanding the mechanisms of sedative/hypnotic action will significantly enhance drug safety and efficacy.
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20
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Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts 02301, USA
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21
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Kim Y, Bolortuya Y, Chen L, Basheer R, McCarley RW, Strecker RE. Decoupling of sleepiness from sleep time and intensity during chronic sleep restriction: evidence for a role of the adenosine system. Sleep 2012; 35:861-9. [PMID: 22654205 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Sleep responses to chronic sleep restriction (CSR) might be very different from those observed after short-term total sleep deprivation. For example, after sleep restriction continues for several consecutive days, animals no longer express compensatory increases in daily sleep time and sleep intensity. However, it is unknown if these allostatic, or adaptive, sleep responses to CSR are paralleled by behavioral and neurochemical measures of sleepiness. DESIGN This study was designed to investigate CSR-induced changes in (1) sleep time and intensity as a measure of electrophysiological sleepiness, (2) sleep latency as a measure of behavioral sleepiness, and (3) brain adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2a receptor (A2aR) mRNA levels as a putative neurochemical correlate of sleepiness. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats INTERVENTIONS A 5-day sleep restriction (SR) protocol consisting of 18-h sleep deprivation and 6-h sleep opportunity each day. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS Unlike the first SR day, rats did not sleep longer or deeper on days 2 through 5, even though they exhibited significant elevations of behavioral sleepiness throughout all 5 SR days. For all SR days and recovery day 1, A1R mRNA in the basal forebrain was maintained at elevated levels, whereas A2aR mRNA in the frontal cortex was maintained at reduced levels. CONCLUSION CSR LEADS TO A DECOUPLING OF SLEEPINESS FROM SLEEP TIME AND SLEEP INTENSITY, SUGGESTING THAT THERE ARE AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT SLEEP REGULATORY SYSTEMS: one mediating sleepiness (homeostatic) and the other mediating sleep time/intensity (allostatic). The time course of changes observed in adenosine receptor mRNA levels suggests that the basal forebrain and cortical adenosine system might mediate sleepiness rather than sleep time or intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Brockton, MA 02301-5596, USA.
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22
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Hawryluk JM, Ferrari LL, Keating SA, Arrigoni E. Adenosine inhibits glutamatergic input to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:2769-81. [PMID: 22357797 PMCID: PMC3362278 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00528.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine has been proposed as an endogenous homeostatic sleep factor that accumulates during waking and inhibits wake-active neurons to promote sleep. It has been specifically hypothesized that adenosine decreases wakefulness and promotes sleep recovery by directly inhibiting wake-active neurons of the basal forebrain (BF), particularly BF cholinergic neurons. We previously showed that adenosine directly inhibits BF cholinergic neurons. Here, we investigated 1) how adenosine modulates glutamatergic input to BF cholinergic neurons and 2) how adenosine uptake and adenosine metabolism are involved in regulating extracellular levels of adenosine. Our experiments were conducted using whole cell patch-clamp recordings in mouse brain slices. We found that in BF cholinergic neurons, adenosine reduced the amplitude of AMPA-mediated evoked glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and decreased the frequency of spontaneous and miniature EPSCs through presynaptic A(1) receptors. Thus we have demonstrated that in addition to directly inhibiting BF cholinergic neurons, adenosine depresses excitatory inputs to these neurons. It is therefore possible that both direct and indirect inhibition may synergistically contribute to the sleep-promoting effects of adenosine in the BF. We also found that blocking the influx of adenosine through the equilibrative nucleoside transporters or inhibiting adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase increased endogenous adenosine inhibitory tone, suggesting a possible mechanism through which adenosine extracellular levels in the basal forebrain are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hawryluk
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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23
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Zielinski MR, Taishi P, Clinton JM, Krueger JM. 5'-Ectonucleotidase-knockout mice lack non-REM sleep responses to sleep deprivation. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1789-98. [PMID: 22540145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have multiple physiological central nervous system actions including regulation of cerebral blood flow, inflammation and sleep. However, their exact sleep regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Extracellular ATP and adenosine diphosphate are converted to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) by the enzyme ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, also known as CD39, and extracellular AMP is in turn converted to adenosine by the 5'-ectonuleotidase enzyme CD73. We investigated the role of CD73 in sleep regulation. Duration of spontaneous non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) was greater in CD73-knockout (KO) mice than in C57BL/6 controls whether determined in our laboratory or by others. After sleep deprivation (SD), NREMS was enhanced in controls but not CD73-KO mice. Interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) enhanced NREMS in both strains, indicating that the CD73-KO mice were capable of sleep responses. Electroencephalographic power spectra during NREMS in the 1.0-2.5 Hz frequency range was significantly enhanced after SD in both CD73-KO and WT mice; the increases were significantly greater in the WT mice than in the CD73-KO mice. Rapid eye movement sleep did not differ between strains in any of the experimental conditions. With the exception of CD73 mRNA, the effects of SD on various adenosine-related mRNAs were small and similar in the two strains. These data suggest that sleep is regulated, in part, by extracellular adenosine derived from the actions of CD73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Zielinski
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Programs in Neuroscience, WWAMI Medical Education Program, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
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24
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Arias-Carrión O, Huitrón-Reséndiz S, Arankowsky-Sandoval G, Murillo-Rodríguez E. Biochemical modulation of the sleep-wake cycle: Endogenous sleep-inducing factors. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1143-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Kalinchuk AV, McCarley RW, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Basheer R. The time course of adenosine, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase changes in the brain with sleep loss and their role in the non-rapid eye movement sleep homeostatic cascade. J Neurochem 2011; 116:260-72. [PMID: 21062286 PMCID: PMC3042163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Both adenosine and nitric oxide (NO) are known for their role in sleep homeostasis, with the basal forebrain (BF) wakefulness center as an important site of action. Previously, we reported a cascade of homeostatic events, wherein sleep deprivation (SD) induces the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-dependent NO in BF, leading to enhanced release of extracellular adenosine. In turn, increased BF adenosine leads to enhanced sleep intensity, as measured by increased non-rapid eye movement sleep EEG delta activity. However, the presence and time course of similar events in cortex has not been studied, although a frontal cortical role for the increase in non-rapid eye movement recovery sleep EEG delta power is known. Accordingly, we performed simultaneous hourly microdialysis sample collection from BF and frontal cortex (FC) during 11 h SD. We observed that both areas showed sequential increases in iNOS and NO, followed by increases in adenosine. BF increases began at 1 h SD, whereas FC increases began at 5 h SD. iNOS and Fos-double labeling indicated that iNOS induction occurred in BF and FC wake-active neurons. These data support the role of BF adenosine and NO in sleep homeostasis and indicate the temporal and spatial sequence of sleep homeostatic cascade for NO and adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Kalinchuk
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The development of sedative/hypnotic molecules has been empiric rather than rational. The empiric approach has produced clinically useful drugs but for no drug is the mechanism of action completely understood. All available sedative/hypnotic medications have unwanted side effects and none of these medications creates a sleep architecture that is identical to the architecture of naturally occurring sleep. This chapter reviews recent advances in research aiming to elucidate the neurochemical mechanisms regulating sleep and wakefulness. One promise of rational drug design is that understanding the mechanisms of sedative/hypnotic action will significantly enhance drug safety and efficacy.
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27
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Abstract
Sleep and sleep intensity are enhanced by adenosine and its receptor agonists, whereas adenosine receptor antagonists induce wakefulness. Adenosine kinase (ADK) is the primary enzyme metabolizing adenosine in adult brain. To investigate whether adenosine metabolism or clearance affects sleep, we recorded sleep in mice with engineered mutations in Adk. Adk-tg mice overexpress a transgene encoding the cytoplasmic isoform of ADK in the brain but lack the nuclear isoform of the enzyme. Wild-type mice and Adk(+/-) mice that have a 50% reduction of the cytoplasmic and the nuclear isoforms of ADK served as controls. Adk-tg mice showed a remarkable reduction of EEG power in low frequencies in all vigilance states and in theta activity (6.25-11 Hz) in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and waking. Adk-tg mice were awake 58 min more per day than wild-type mice and spent significantly less time in REM sleep (102 ± 3 vs 128 ± 3 min in wild type). After sleep deprivation, slow-wave activity (0.75-4 Hz), the intensity component of non-rapid eye movement sleep, increased significantly less in Adk-tg mice and their slow-wave energy was reduced. In contrast, the vigilance states and EEG spectra of Adk(+/-) and wild-type mice did not differ. Our data suggest that overexpression of the cytoplasmic isoform of ADK is sufficient to alter sleep physiology. ADK might orchestrate neurotransmitter pathways involved in the generation of EEG oscillations and regulation of sleep.
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28
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Sculthorpe LD, Douglass AB. Sleep pathologies in depression and the clinical utility of polysomnography. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2010; 55:413-21. [PMID: 20704768 DOI: 10.1177/070674371005500704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal sleep accompanies many psychiatric conditions, but has long been recognized as a particularly conspicuous feature of affective disorders. More than a mere epiphenomenon, the powerful link between sleep and mood regulation is most dramatically demonstrated by the high efficacy of sleep deprivation in alleviating depression. Indeed, the sleep abnormalities that accompany depression may be due to the same neuropathologies that are responsible for its mood and cognitive symptoms. This powerful link between sleep and mood regulation makes polysomnography (PSG) a useful window into the underlying pathophysiology of depression, yet it is underused, particularly in clinical diagnosis. Recent depression research has emphasized the importance of establishing biologically relevant subtypes of depression with treatment specificity and prognostic value. PSG measures, among other biological markers, may be of importance in establishing these subtypes. Two subtypes of depression that appear to have robust biological differences, the melancholic and atypical subtypes, have recently been shown to have different sleep profiles that can aid in differential diagnosis. Further, routine use of PSG in the workup of a depressed patient would minimize the chances of misdiagnosis in those suffering from primary sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, which can present secondary mood symptoms resembling depression. Increased use of PSG in clinical psychiatric practice would enlarge the body of data available for defining new depressive subtypes in the future. It would also serve an immediate purpose in the separation of atypical, compared with melancholic, depression, and the differential diagnosis of depression from primary sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Sculthorpe
- National Research Council Institute for Biodiagnostics (Atlantic), Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Essential role of dopamine D2 receptor in the maintenance of wakefulness, but not in homeostatic regulation of sleep, in mice. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4382-9. [PMID: 20335474 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4936-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and its D(2) receptor (R) are involved in cognition, reward processing, and drug addiction. However, their roles in sleep-wake regulation remain unclear. Herein we investigated the role of D(2)R in sleep-wake regulation by using D(2)R knock-out (KO) mice and pharmacological manipulation. Compared with WT mice, D(2)R KO mice exhibited a significant decrease in wakefulness, with a concomitant increase in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM, NREM) and REM sleep and a drastic decrease in the low-frequency (0.75-2 Hz) electroencephalogram delta power of NREM sleep, especially during the first 4 h after lights off. The KO mice had decreased mean episode duration and increased episode numbers of wake and NREM sleep, many stage transitions between wakefulness and NREM sleep during the dark period, suggesting the instability of the wake stage in these D(2)R KO mice. When the KO mice were subjected to a cage change or an intraperitoneal saline injection, the latency to sleep in the KO mice decreased to half of the level for WT mice. The D(2)R antagonist raclopride mimicked these effects in WT mice. When GBR12909, a dopamine transport inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally, it induced wakefulness in WT mice in a dose-dependent manner, but its arousal effect was attenuated to one-third in the D(2)R KO mice. However, these 2 genotypes showed an identical response in terms of sleep rebound after 2, 4, and 6 h of sleep deprivation. These results indicate that D(2)R plays an essential role in the maintenance of wakefulness, but not in homeostatic regulation of NREM sleep.
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Abstract
Multiple studies indicate that adenosine released in the basal forebrain during prolonged wakefulness could affect recovery sleep. It is still unclear which of adenosine receptors provide its sleep-modulating effects in the basal forebrain. We infused adenosine A1 and A2A receptors antagonists into the rat basal forebrain during sleep deprivation and compared characteristics of recovery non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep (its amount and non-REM sleep delta power) after sleep deprivation, and after sleep deprivation combined with perfusion of antagonists. A1 receptor antagonist significantly reduced recovery sleep amount and delta power, whereas A2A receptor antagonist had no effect on recovery sleep. We conclude that adenosine can promote recovery non-REM sleep when acting through A1 receptors in the basal forebrain.
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31
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Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:281-306. [PMID: 19695288 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The daily sleep-wake cycle is perhaps the most dramatic overt manifestation of the circadian timing system, and this is especially true for the monophasic sleep-wake cycle of humans. Considerable recent progress has been made in elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep and arousal, and more generally, of circadian rhythmicity in behavioral and physiological systems. This paper broadly reviews these mechanisms from a functional neuroanatomical and neurochemical perspective, highlighting both historical and recent advances. In particular, I focus on the neural pathways underlying reciprocal interactions between the sleep-regulatory and circadian timing systems, and the functional implications of these interactions. While these two regulatory systems have often been considered in isolation, sleep-wake and circadian regulation are closely intertwined processes controlled by extensively integrated neurobiological mechanisms.
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Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances: multiple genes and multiple phenotypes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:237-46. [PMID: 19423332 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by two broad mechanisms: the circadian system, which generates 24-h rhythms of sleep propensity and a wake-dependent homeostatic sleep process whereby sleep pressure increases during wake and dissipates during sleep. These, in turn, regulate multiple brain structures and neurotransmitter systems. In view of the complexity of sleep it is not surprising that there is considerable variation between individuals in both sleep timing and propensity. Furthermore, marked abnormalities in sleep are commonly encountered in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Teasing apart the genetic versus environmental contributions to normal and abnormal sleep is complex. Here we attempt to summarise what recent progress has been made, and what will be needed in the future to gain a more complete understanding of this fundamental aspect of physiology.
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Longordo F, Kopp C, Lüthi A. Consequences of sleep deprivation on neurotransmitter receptor expression and function. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1810-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in mouse prefrontal cortex modulate acetylcholine release and behavioral arousal. J Neurosci 2009; 29:871-81. [PMID: 19158311 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4111-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During prolonged intervals of wakefulness, brain adenosine levels rise within the basal forebrain and cortex. The view that adenosine promotes sleep is supported by the corollary that N-methylated xanthines such as caffeine increase brain and behavioral arousal by blocking adenosine receptors. The four subtypes of adenosine receptors are distributed heterogeneously throughout the brain, yet the neurotransmitter systems and brain regions through which adenosine receptor blockade causes arousal are incompletely understood. This study tested the hypothesis that adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in the prefrontal cortex contribute to the regulation of behavioral and cortical arousal. Dependent measures included acetylcholine (ACh) release in the prefrontal cortex, cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) power, and time to waking after anesthesia. Sleep and wakefulness were also quantified after microinjecting an adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist into the prefrontal cortex. The results showed that adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in the prefrontal cortex modulate cortical ACh release, behavioral arousal, EEG delta power, and sleep. Additional dual microdialysis studies revealed that ACh release in the pontine reticular formation is significantly altered by dialysis delivery of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists to the prefrontal cortex. These data, and early brain transection studies demonstrating that the forebrain is not needed for sleep cycle generation, suggest that the prefrontal cortex modulates EEG and behavioral arousal via descending input to the pontine brainstem. The results provide novel evidence that adenosine A(1) receptors within the prefrontal cortex comprise part of a descending system that inhibits wakefulness.
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35
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Sleep deprivation increases A(1) adenosine receptor density in the rat brain. Brain Res 2008; 1258:53-8. [PMID: 19146833 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, increasing after sleep deprivation and acting via the A(1) adenosine receptor (A(1)AR), is likely a key factor in the homeostatic control of sleep. This study examines the impact of sleep deprivation on A(1)AR density in different parts of the rat brain with [(3)H]CPFPX autoradiography. Binding of [(3)H]CPFPX was significantly increased in parietal cortex (PAR) (7%), thalamus (11%) and caudate-putamen (9%) after 24 h of sleep deprivation compared to a control group with an undisturbed circadian sleep-wake rhythm. Sleep deprivation of 12 h changed receptor density regionally between -5% and +9% (motor cortex (M1), statistically significant) compared to the circadian control group. These results suggest cerebral A(1)ARs are involved in effects of sleep deprivation and the regulation of sleep. The increase of A(1)AR density could serve the purpose of not only maintaining the responsiveness to increased adenosine levels but also amplifying the effect of sleep deprivation and is in line with a sleep-induced homoeostatic reorganization at the synaptic level.
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36
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Scharf MT, Naidoo N, Zimmerman JE, Pack AI. The energy hypothesis of sleep revisited. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:264-80. [PMID: 18809461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the proposed functions of sleep is to replenish energy stores in the brain that have been depleted during wakefulness. Benington and Heller formulated a version of the energy hypothesis of sleep in terms of the metabolites adenosine and glycogen. They postulated that during wakefulness, adenosine increases and astrocytic glycogen decreases reflecting the increased energetic demand of wakefulness. We review recent studies on adenosine and glycogen stimulated by this hypothesis. We also discuss other evidence that wakefulness is an energetic challenge to the brain including the unfolded protein response, the electron transport chain, NPAS2, AMP-activated protein kinase, the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, production of reactive oxygen species and uncoupling proteins. We believe the available evidence supports the notion that wakefulness is an energetic challenge to the brain, and that sleep restores energy balance in the brain, although the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are considerably more complex than envisaged by Benington and Heller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Scharf
- Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Translational Research Building, Suite 2100, 125 S. 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA.
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37
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Cunha RA, Ferré S, Vaugeois JM, Chen JF. Potential therapeutic interest of adenosine A2A receptors in psychiatric disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14:1512-24. [PMID: 18537674 DOI: 10.2174/138161208784480090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interest on targeting adenosine A(2A) receptors in the realm of psychiatric diseases first arose based on their tight physical and functional interaction with dopamine D(2) receptors. However, the role of central A(2A) receptors is now viewed as much broader than just controlling D(2) receptor function. Thus, there is currently a major interest in the ability of A(2A) receptors to control synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. This is due to a combined ability of A(2A) receptors to facilitate the release of glutamate and the activation of NMDA receptors. Therefore, A(2A) receptors are now conceived as a normalizing device promoting adequate adaptive responses in neuronal circuits, a role similar to that fulfilled, in essence, by dopamine. This makes A(2A) receptors particularly attractive targets to manage psychiatric disorders since adenosine may act as go-between glutamate and dopamine, two of the key players in mood processing. Furthermore, A(2A) receptors also control glia function and brain metabolic adaptation, two other emerging mechanisms to understand abnormal processing of mood, and A(2A) receptors are important players in controlling the demise of neurodegeneration, considered an amplificatory loop in psychiatric disorders. Current data only provide an indirect confirmation of this putative role of A(2A) receptors, based on the effects of caffeine (an antagonist of both A(1) and A(2A) receptors) in psychiatric disorders. However, the introduction of A(2A) receptors antagonists in clinics as anti-parkinsonian agents is hoped to bolster our knowledge on the role of A(2A) receptors in mood disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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38
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39
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the current knowledge of the neurophysiology and cellular pharmacology of sleep mechanisms. It is written from the perspective that recent years have seen a remarkable development of knowledge about sleep mechanisms, due to the capability of current cellular neurophysiological, pharmacological and molecular techniques to provide focused, detailed, and replicable studies that have enriched and informed the knowledge of sleep phenomenology and pathology derived from electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis. This chapter has a cellular and neurophysiological/neuropharmacological focus, with an emphasis on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanisms and non-REM (NREM) sleep phenomena attributable to adenosine. The survey of neuronal and neurotransmitter-related brainstem mechanisms of REM includes monoamines, acetylcholine, the reticular formation, a new emphasis on GABAergic mechanisms and a discussion of the role of orexin/hypcretin in diurnal consolidation of REM sleep. The focus of the NREM sleep discussion is on the basal forebrain and adenosine as a mediator of homeostatic control. Control is through basal forebrain extracellular adenosine accumulation during wakefulness and inhibition of wakefulness-active neurons. Over longer periods of sleep loss, there is a second mechanism of homeostatic control through transcriptional modification. Adenosine acting at the A1 receptor produces an up-regulation of A1 receptors, which increases inhibition for a given level of adenosine, effectively increasing the gain of the sleep homeostat. This second mechanism likely occurs in widespread cortical areas as well as in the basal forebrain. Finally, the results of a new series of experimental paradigms in rodents to measure the neurocognitive effects of sleep loss and sleep interruption (modeling sleep apnea) provide animal model data congruent with those in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W McCarley
- Neuroscience Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, USA.
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40
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Ramesh V, Thatte HS, McCarley RW, Basheer R. Adenosine and sleep deprivation promote NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in cholinergic basal forebrain. J Neurochem 2007; 100:1351-63. [PMID: 17316404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In our investigations related to the homeostatic sleep factor adenosine (AD), we previously demonstrated that the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in rat cholinergic basal forebrain increased following 3 h of sleep deprivation (SD). However, the neurotransmitter nature of the cells and the SD-induced stimuli responsible for NF-kappaB activation were not defined. In this report, we demonstrate, using double labeling immunohistochemistry, that nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB occurs almost exclusively in the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain following 3 h of SD. Furthermore, cholinergic basal forebrain microinjection of AD (25 nmol/L) or the A(1) receptor agonist N(6)-cyclo-hexyladenosine (100 nmol/L) induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, thus suggesting that SD-induced increased extracellular concentrations of AD, acting via the A(1) AD receptor, may be responsible for the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in cholinergic neurons. Moreover, blocking the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB by injection of inhibitor peptide, SN50, immediately prior to 6 h SD significantly reduced delta activity (1-4 Hz) during the first two hours of recovery sleep. Together, these data suggest a role in sleep homeostasis for the SD-induced activation of NF-kappaB in cholinergic basal forebrain, and that transcription factor NF-kappaB may code for factor(s) that play a role in sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Ramesh
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA
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41
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Elmenhorst D, Meyer PT, Winz OH, Matusch A, Ermert J, Coenen HH, Basheer R, Haas HL, Zilles K, Bauer A. Sleep deprivation increases A1 adenosine receptor binding in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2410-5. [PMID: 17329439 PMCID: PMC6673478 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5066-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently hypothesized that adenosine is involved in the induction of sleep after prolonged wakefulness. This effect is partially reversed by the application of caffeine, which is a nonselective blocker of adenosine receptors. Here, we report that the most abundant and highly concentrated A1 subtype of cerebral adenosine receptors is upregulated after 24 h of sleep deprivation. We used the highly selective A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) radioligand [18F]CPFPX ([18F]8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine) and quantitative positron emission tomography to assess cerebral A1ARs before and after sleep deprivation in 12 healthy volunteers and a control group (n = 10) with regular sleep. In sleep deprived subjects, we found an increase of the apparent equilibrium total distribution volume in a region-specific pattern in all examined brain regions with a maximum increase in the orbitofrontal cortex (15.3%; p = 0.014). There were no changes in the control group with regular sleep. This is the first molecular imaging study that provides in vivo evidence for an A1AR upregulation in cortical and subcortical brain regions after prolonged wakefulness, indicating that A1AR expression is contributing to the homeostatic sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Ermert
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Heinz H. Coenen
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center West, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Radhika Basheer
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System–Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, and
| | - Helmut L. Haas
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Medicine and
- Brain Imaging Center West, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Medicine and
- Brain Imaging Center West, 52425 Juelich, Germany
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42
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Kalinchuk AV, Lu Y, Stenberg D, Rosenberg PA, Porkka-Heiskanen T. Nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is required for recovery sleep. J Neurochem 2007; 99:483-98. [PMID: 17029601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis is the process by which recovery sleep is generated by prolonged wakefulness. The molecular mechanisms underlying this important phenomenon are poorly understood. Here, we assessed the role of the intercellular gaseous signaling agent NO in sleep homeostasis. We measured the concentration of nitrite and nitrate, indicative of NO production, in the basal forebrain (BF) of rats during sleep deprivation (SD), and found the level increased by 100 +/- 51%. To test whether an increase in NO production might play a causal role in recovery sleep, we administered compounds into the BF that increase or decrease concentrations of NO. Infusion of either a NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, or a NO synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), completely abolished non-rapid eye movement (NREM) recovery sleep. Infusion of a NO donor, (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2diolate (DETA/NO), produced an increase in NREM that closely resembled NREM recovery after prolonged wakefulness. The effects of inhibition of NO synthesis and the pharmacological induction of sleep were effective only in the BF area. Indicators of energy metabolism, adenosine, lactate and pyruvate increased during prolonged wakefulness and DETA/NO infusion, whereas L-NAME infusion during SD prevented the increases. We conclude that an increase in NO production in the BF is a causal event in the induction of recovery sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kalinchuk
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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43
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Meyer PT, Elmenhorst D, Boy C, Winz O, Matusch A, Zilles K, Bauer A. Effect of aging on cerebral A1 adenosine receptors: A [18F]CPFPX PET study in humans. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1914-24. [PMID: 16996650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral A(1) adenosine receptors (A(1)AR) fulfill important neuromodulatory and homeostatic functions. The present study examines possible age-related A(1)AR changes in living humans by positron emission tomography (PET) and the A(1)AR ligand [(18)F]CPFPX. Thirty-six healthy volunteers aged 22-74 years were included. The apparent binding potential (BP'2) of [(18)F]CPFPX in various cerebral regions was calculated non-invasively using the cerebellum as reference region. In addition, the total distribution volume (DV't) was assessed in 10 subjects undergoing arterial blood sampling. There was no significant association between regional DV't and age, gender, caffeine consumption or sleep duration. BP'2 showed a significant age-dependent decrease in all regions except cingulate gyrus (p=0.062). The BP'2 decline ranged from -17% (striatum) to -34% (postcentral gyrus), the average cortical decline being -23%. There was no significant effect of gender, caffeine consumption and sleep duration on BP'2. In line with in vitro animal studies, the present in vivo PET study detected an age-dependent A(1)AR loss in humans that may be of pathophysiological importance in various neurological diseases associated with aging. Because of the discrepant results of the invasive (DV't) and the non-invasive (BP'2) analyses the present study needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp T Meyer
- Institute of Medicine/Brain Imaging Center West, Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
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44
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van Calker D, Biber K. The Role of Glial Adenosine Receptors in Neural Resilience and the Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:1205-17. [PMID: 16341582 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-8792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors were classified into A1- and A2-receptors in the laboratory of Bernd Hamprecht more than 25 years ago. Adenosine receptors are instrumental to the neurotrophic effects of glia cells. Both microglia and astrocytes release after stimulation via adenosine receptors factors that are important for neuronal survival and growth. Neuronal resilience is now considered as of pivotal importance in the neurobiology of mood disorders and their treatment. Both sleep deprivation and electroconvulsive therapy, two effective therapeutic measures in mood disorders, are associated with an increase of adenosine and upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in the brain. Parameters closely related to adenosine receptor activation such as cerebral metabolic rate and delta power in the sleep EEG provide indirect evidence that adenosinergic signaling may be associated with the therapeutic response to these measures. Thus, neurotrophic effects evoked by adenosine receptors might be important in the mechanism of action of ECT and perhaps also sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich van Calker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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45
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Fredholm BB, Chen JF, Masino SA, Vaugeois JM. ACTIONS OF ADENOSINE AT ITS RECEPTORS IN THE CNS: Insights from Knockouts and Drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:385-412. [PMID: 15822182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and its receptors have been the topic of many recent reviews ( 1 – 26 ). These reviews provide a good summary of much of the relevant literature—including the older literature. We have, therefore, chosen to focus the present review on the insights gained from recent studies on genetically modified mice, particularly with respect to the function of adenosine receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets. The information gained from studies of drug effects is discussed in this context, and discrepancies between genetic and pharmacological results are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Radek RJ, Decker MW, Jarvis MF. The adenosine kinase inhibitor ABT-702 augments EEG slow waves in rats. Brain Res 2005; 1026:74-83. [PMID: 15476699 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABT-702 is a novel and selective non-nucleoside adenosine kinase (AK) inhibitor that produces increases in endogenous extracellular adenosine. Adenosine (ADO) is thought to be an important neuromodulator of sleep, therefore, the effects of ABT-702 and AK inhibition were examined on rat EEG and sleep, and compared to ADO receptor agonists to further evaluate the role of ADO receptor activation on sleep related EEG patterns. ABT-702 (10.0-30.0 micromol/kg, i.p.) increased the amplitude of the 1-4 Hz band (Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis, p<0.05), which is indicative of augmented sleep-related slow waves. Theophylline (5.0 micromol/kg, i.p.), a centrally active, non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, attenuated the effects of ABT-702 (20.0 micromol/kg, i.p.) on EEG, whereas 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline (8-PST, 150.0 micromol/kg, i.p.), a peripherally active antagonist, did not, indicating that the EEG effects of ABT-702 are mediated by a central ADO receptor mechanism. The selective A(1) agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 30.0 micromol/kg, i.p.) also increased the amplitude of 1-4 Hz band, but was not as efficacious as ABT-702. In contrast, the A(2A) agonist CGS-21680 (1.0-10.0 micromol/kg, i.p.) and the non-selective agonist, N(6)-ethylcarboximidoadenosine (NECA, 0.03-0.1 micromol/kg, ip.), lowered 1-4 Hz amplitude for 2 h after injection. Finally, ABT-702 (10.0 micromol/kg, i.p.) was found to significantly increase slow wave sleep and decrease REM sleep in rats implanted with both EEG and EMG electrodes for evaluation of sleep. These studies demonstrate that increased extracellular adenosine through AK inhibition can elicit modulatory effects on EEG slow waves via an interaction with central ADO receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Radek
- Neurological Diseases Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-3500, USA.
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47
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Alanko LO, Laitinen JT, Stenberg D, Porkka-Heiskanen T. Adenosine A1 receptor-dependent G-protein activity in the rat brain during prolonged wakefulness. Neuroreport 2005; 15:2133-7. [PMID: 15486496 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200409150-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine accumulates in the basal forebrain during prolonged wakefulness and induces sleep. There is abundant evidence showing that the sleep-inducing effects are mediated locally in the basal forebrain through the adenosine A1 receptor. In previous studies an increase in the mRNA expression but no apparent change in the ligand binding of the A1 receptors have been found. In the present study we used [(35)S]GTPgammaS autoradiography to assess regional A1 receptor dependent G-protein activity in rat brain during prolonged wakefulness and recovery sleep. We found that the G-protein activity was increased in the cortex but not in the basal forebrain during the first hours of sleep deprivation, suggesting different A1 receptor mediated responses to increasing adenosine concentrations in different brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri O Alanko
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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48
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Fredholm BB, Chen JF, Cunha RA, Svenningsson P, Vaugeois JM. Adenosine and Brain Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 63:191-270. [PMID: 15797469 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)63007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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Adén U, O'Connor WT, Berman RF. Changes in purine levels and adenosine receptors in kindled seizures in the rat. Neuroreport 2004; 15:1585-9. [PMID: 15232288 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000133227.94662.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator of neuronal activity and its possible involvement in seizures is of interest. We have examined changes in adenosine, its metabolites and receptors in brains of hippocampus-kindled rats, a model of partial epilepsy. Purine levels were measured by in vivo microdialysis and showed a small increase in adenosine and a dramatic increase in its metabolites after kindled seizures. Adenosine A1 receptor binding using [H]DPCPX was unaltered after seizures, whereas A1 agonist stimulated binding of GTP[gamma-S] and A1 mRNA expression increased in the CA3 and other regions. Striatal adenosine A2A mRNA and receptor binding with [H]SCH-58261 decreased. These findings indicate that kindled seizures increase adenosine release and metabolism and induces adaptive changes in adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Adén
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Tafti M, Franken P, Dauvilliers Y. Genetic Regulation of Sleep. Sleep 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203496732.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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