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De Biasi S, Gigan JP, Borella R, Santacroce E, Lo Tartaro D, Neroni A, Paschalidis N, Piwocka K, Argüello RJ, Gibellini L, Cossarizza A. Cell metabolism: Functional and phenotypic single cell approaches. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 186:151-187. [PMID: 38705598 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Several metabolic pathways are essential for the physiological regulation of immune cells, but their dysregulation can cause immune dysfunction. Hypermetabolic and hypometabolic states represent deviations in the magnitude and flexibility of effector cells in different contexts, for example in autoimmunity, infections or cancer. To study immunometabolism, most methods focus on bulk populations and rely on in vitro activation assays. Nowadays, thanks to the development of single-cell technologies, including multiparameter flow cytometry, mass cytometry, RNA cytometry, among others, the metabolic state of individual immune cells can be measured in a variety of samples obtained in basic, translational and clinical studies. Here, we provide an overview of different single-cell approaches that are employed to investigate both mitochondrial functions and cell dependence from mitochondria metabolism. Moreover, besides the description of the appropriate experimental settings, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches with the aim to suggest how to study cell metabolism in the settings of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Julien Paul Gigan
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Borella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Santacroce
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anita Neroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafael José Argüello
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Corne A, Adolphe F, Estaquier J, Gaumer S, Corsi JM. ATF4 Signaling in HIV-1 Infection: Viral Subversion of a Stress Response Transcription Factor. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38534416 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular integrated stress response (ISR), the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and IFN signaling are associated with viral infections. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a pivotal role in these pathways and controls the expression of many genes involved in redox processes, amino acid metabolism, protein misfolding, autophagy, and apoptosis. The precise role of ATF4 during viral infection is unclear and depends on cell hosts, viral agents, and models. Furthermore, ATF4 signaling can be hijacked by pathogens to favor viral infection and replication. In this review, we summarize the ATF4-mediated signaling pathways in response to viral infections, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). We examine the consequences of ATF4 activation for HIV-1 replication and reactivation. The role of ATF4 in autophagy and apoptosis is explored as in the context of HIV-1 infection programmed cell deaths contribute to the depletion of CD4 T cells. Furthermore, ATF4 can also participate in the establishment of innate and adaptive immunity that is essential for the host to control viral infections. We finally discuss the putative role of the ATF4 paralogue, named ATF5, in HIV-1 infection. This review underlines the role of ATF4 at the crossroads of multiple processes reflecting host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Corne
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Florine Adolphe
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Gaumer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marc Corsi
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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Clain JA, Boutrais S, Dewatines J, Racine G, Rabezanahary H, Droit A, Zghidi-Abouzid O, Estaquier J. Lipid metabolic reprogramming of hepatic CD4 + T cells during SIV infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0168723. [PMID: 37656815 PMCID: PMC10581067 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01687-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While liver inflammation is associated with AIDS, little is known so far about hepatic CD4+ T cells. By using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque (RM) model, we aimed to characterize CD4+ T cells. The phenotype of CD4+ T cells was assessed by flow cytometry from uninfected (n = 3) and infected RMs, with either SIVmac251 (n = 6) or SHIVSF162p3 (n = 6). After cell sorting of hepatic CD4+ T cells, viral DNA quantification and RNA sequencing were performed.Thus, we demonstrated that liver CD4+ T cells strongly expressed the SIV coreceptor, CCR5. We showed that viremia was negatively correlated with the percentage of hepatic effector memory CD4+ T cells. Consistent with viral sensing, inflammatory and interferon gene transcripts were increased. We also highlighted the presence of harmful CD4+ T cells expressing GZMA and members of TGFB that could contribute to fuel inflammation and fibrosis. Whereas RNA sequencing demonstrated activated CD4+ T cells displaying higher levels of mitoribosome and membrane lipid synthesis transcripts, few genes were related to glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, which are essential to sustain activated T cells. Furthermore, we observed lower levels of mitochondrial DNA and higher levels of genes associated with damaged organelles (reticulophagy and mitophagy). Altogether, our data revealed that activated hepatic CD4+ T cells are reprogrammed to lipid metabolism. Thus, strategies aiming to reprogram T cell metabolism with effector function could be of interest for controlling viral infection and preventing liver disorders.IMPORTANCEHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may cause liver diseases, associated with inflammation and tissue injury, contributing to comorbidity in people living with HIV. Paradoxically, the contribution of hepatic CD4+ T cells remains largely underestimated. Herein, we used the model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques to access liver tissue. Our work demonstrates that hepatic CD4+ T cells express CCR5, the main viral coreceptor, and are infected. Viral infection is associated with the presence of inflamed and activated hepatic CD4+ T cells expressing cytotoxic molecules. Furthermore, hepatic CD4+ T cells are reprogrammed toward lipid metabolism after SIV infection. Altogether, our findings shed new light on hepatic CD4+ T cell profile that could contribute to liver injury following viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A. Clain
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Steven Boutrais
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Juliette Dewatines
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Gina Racine
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Arnaud Droit
- Proteomics Platform, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Computational Biology Laboratory, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Ouafa Zghidi-Abouzid
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris, Paris, France
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Hu Q, Zhang QY, Peng CF, Ma Z, Han YL. Efficiency of nicotinamide-based supportive therapy in lymphopenia for patients with ordinary or severe COVID-19: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31138. [PMID: 36316932 PMCID: PMC9622579 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of nicotinamide-based supportive therapy for lymphopenia in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Twenty four patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 12) during hospitalization in a ratio of 1:1. Based on conventional treatment, the treatment group was administered 100 mg nicotinamide 5 times a day for 2 days. The control group received routine treatment only. The primary endpoint was the change in the absolute lymphocyte count. The secondary endpoints included both in-hospital death and the composite endpoint of aggravation, according to upgraded oxygen therapy, improved nursing level, and ward rounds of superior physicians for changes in conditions. RESULTS Full blood counts before and after nicotinamide administration were comparable in each group (all P > .05). Before and after receiving nicotinamide, mean absolute lymphocyte counts were similar between the two groups ([0.94 ± 0.26] × 109/L vs [0.89 ± 0.19] × 109/L, P = .565; [1.15 ± 0.48] × 109/L vs [1.02 ± 0.28] × 109/L, P = .445, respectively). Therefore, there was no statistically significant difference in the lymphocyte improvement rate between the two groups (23.08 ± 46.10 vs 16.52 ± 24.10, P = .67). There was also no statistically significant difference in the secondary endpoints between the two groups. CONCLUSION Among patients with COVID-19, there was no statistically significant difference in the change of whole blood counts and absolute lymphocyte counts before and after intervention in both groups. Therefore, no new evidence has been found regarding the effect of niacinamide on lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Cardiology, Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan-Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Peng
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Ling Han
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Ling Han, Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China (e-mail: )
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5
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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6
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Lepez A, Pirnay T, Denanglaire S, Perez-Morga D, Vermeersch M, Leo O, Andris F. Long-term T cell fitness and proliferation is driven by AMPK-dependent regulation of reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21673. [PMID: 33303820 PMCID: PMC7728748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a major energy sensor metabolic enzyme that is activated early during T cell immune responses but its role in the generation of effector T cells is still controversial. Using both in vitro and in vivo models of T cell proliferation, we show herein that AMPK is dispensable for early TCR signaling and short-term proliferation but required for sustained long-term T cell proliferation and effector/memory T cell survival. In particular, AMPK promoted accumulation of effector/memory T cells in competitive homeostatic proliferation settings. Transplantation of AMPK-deficient hematopoïetic cells into allogeneic host recipients led to a reduced graft-versus-host disease, further bolstering a role for AMPK in the expansion and pathogenicity of effector T cells. Mechanistically, AMPK expression enhances the mitochondrial membrane potential of T cells, limits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and resolves ROS-mediated toxicity. Moreover, dampening ROS production alleviates the proliferative defect of AMPK-deficient T cells, therefore indicating a role for an AMPK-mediated ROS control of T cell fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Lepez
- ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles - IBMM, 12, rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tiphène Pirnay
- ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles - IBMM, 12, rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Denanglaire
- ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles - IBMM, 12, rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Centre for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Centre for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Oberdan Leo
- ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles - IBMM, 12, rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Andris
- ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles - IBMM, 12, rue des Prof. Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Brussels, Belgium.
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7
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Bettonville M, d'Aria S, Weatherly K, Porporato PE, Zhang J, Bousbata S, Sonveaux P, Braun MY. Long-term antigen exposure irreversibly modifies metabolic requirements for T cell function. eLife 2018; 7:30938. [PMID: 29911570 PMCID: PMC6025959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is essential for T cell function. However, how persistent antigenic stimulation affects T cell metabolism is unknown. Here, we report that long-term in vivo antigenic exposure induced a specific deficit in numerous metabolic enzymes. Accordingly, T cells exhibited low basal glycolytic flux and limited respiratory capacity. Strikingly, blockade of inhibitory receptor PD-1 stimulated the production of IFNγ in chronic T cells, but failed to shift their metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis, as observed in effector T cells. Instead, chronic T cells appeared to rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to produce ATP for IFNγ synthesis. Check-point blockade, however, increased mitochondrial production of superoxide and reduced viability and effector function. Thus, in the absence of a glycolytic switch, PD-1-mediated inhibition appears essential for limiting oxidative metabolism linked to effector function in chronic T cells, thereby promoting survival and functional fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bettonville
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stefania d'Aria
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Weatherly
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Proteomic Platform, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Y Braun
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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8
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Zhang LL, Zhang ZN, Wu X, Jiang YJ, Fu YJ, Shang H. Transcriptomic meta-analysis identifies gene expression characteristics in various samples of HIV-infected patients with nonprogressive disease. J Transl Med 2017; 15:191. [PMID: 28899396 PMCID: PMC5596944 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small proportion of HIV-infected patients remain clinically and/or immunologically stable for years, including elite controllers (ECs) who have undetectable viremia (<50 copies/ml) and long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) who maintain normal CD4+ T cell counts for prolonged periods (>10 years). However, the mechanism of nonprogression needs to be further resolved. In this study, a transcriptome meta-analysis was performed on nonprogressor and progressor microarray data to identify differential transcriptome pathways and potential biomarkers. METHODS Using the INMEX (integrative meta-analysis of expression data) program, we performed the meta-analysis to identify consistently differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nonprogressors and further performed functional interpretation (gene ontology analysis and pathway analysis) of the DEGs identified in the meta-analysis. Five microarray datasets (81 cases and 98 controls in total), including whole blood, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, were collected for meta-analysis. RESULTS We determined that nonprogressors have reduced expression of important interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), CD38, lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in whole blood, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed a significant enrichment in DEGs that function in the type I interferon signaling pathway. Upregulated pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in whole blood, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction in CD4+ T cells and the MAPK signaling pathway in CD8+ T cells, were identified in nonprogressors compared with progressors. In each metabolic functional category, the number of downregulated DEGs was more than the upregulated DEGs, and almost all genes were downregulated DEGs in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the three types of samples. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptomic meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the gene expression profiles in major blood types of nonprogressors, providing new insights in the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and developing strategies to delay HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Morén C, González-Casacuberta I, Álvarez-Fernández C, Bañó M, Catalán-Garcia M, Guitart-Mampel M, Juárez-Flores DL, Tobías E, Milisenda J, Cardellach F, Gatell JM, Sánchez-Palomino S, Garrabou G. HIV-1 promonocytic and lymphoid cell lines: an in vitro model of in vivo mitochondrial and apoptotic lesion. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:402-409. [PMID: 27758070 PMCID: PMC5264141 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize mitochondrial/apoptotic parameters in chronically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected promonocytic and lymphoid cells which could be further used as therapeutic targets to test pro-mitochondrial or anti-apoptotic strategies as in vitro cell platforms to deal with HIV-infection. Mitochondrial/apoptotic parameters of U1 promonocytic and ACH2 lymphoid cell lines were compared to those of their uninfected U937 and CEM counterparts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was quantified by rt-PCR while mitochondrial complex IV (CIV) function was measured by spectrophotometry. Mitochondrial-nuclear encoded subunits II-IV of cytochrome-c-oxidase (COXII-COXIV), respectively, as well as mitochondrial apoptotic events [voltage-dependent-anion-channel-1(VDAC-1)-content and caspase-9 levels] were quantified by western blot, with mitochondrial mass being assessed by spectrophotometry (citrate synthase) and flow cytometry (mitotracker green assay). Mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1-assay) and advanced apoptotic/necrotic events (AnexinV/propidium iodide) were measured by flow cytometry. Significant mtDNA depletion spanning 57.67% (P < 0.01) was found in the U1 promonocytic cells further reflected by a significant 77.43% decrease of mitochondrial CIV activity (P < 0.01). These changes were not significant for the ACH2 lymphoid cell line. COXII and COXIV subunits as well as VDAC-1 and caspase-9 content were sharply decreased in both chronic HIV-1-infected promonocytic and lymphoid cell lines (<0.005 in most cases). In addition, U1 and ACH2 cells showed a trend (moderate in case of ACH2), albeit not significant, to lower levels of depolarized mitochondrial membranes. The present in vitro lymphoid and especially promonocytic HIV model show marked mitochondrial lesion but apoptotic resistance phenotype that has been only partially demonstrated in patients. This model may provide a platform for the characterization of HIV-chronicity, to test novel therapeutic options or to study HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Morén
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid González-Casacuberta
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Álvarez-Fernández
- Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Infectious Diseases Unit-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Bañó
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Catalán-Garcia
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Luz Juárez-Flores
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Tobías
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Milisenda
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Gatell
- Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Infectious Diseases Unit-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Sánchez-Palomino
- Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Infectious Diseases Unit-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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De Biasi S, Gibellini L, Cossarizza A. Uncompensated Polychromatic Analysis of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using JC‐1 and Multilaser Excitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 72:7.32.1-7.32.11. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0732s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
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11
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Persistent inflammation in HIV infection: Established concepts, new perspectives. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Nassiri A, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Khalili H, Nassiri-Toosi M, Abdollahi A. Serum carnitine level and its associated factors in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aim: Serum carnitine level and its associated factors have been evaluated in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Methods: Patients with confirmed chronic viral hepatitis based on the serological markers and liver biopsy were included. In total, 86 volunteers and 86 patients with chronic viral hepatitis completed the study. Demographic data, type of treatment regimen and nutritional status of the patients were recorded and one blood sample was collected from each patient after an overnight fasting. A double antibody sandwich ELISA kit was used to measure carnitine serum level. Results: Mean ± standard deviation of serum carnitine level in the case and control groups were 34.3 ± 15.3 and 55.7 ± 28.4 μmol/l, respectively (p = 0.001). Regarding carnitine deficiency definition, 64 out of 86 patients (74.4%) and 21 out of 86 (24.5%) healthy individuals suffered from carnitine deficiency (p < 0.001). Carnitine dietary intake was significantly lower (p < 0.001). Compared with patients with chronic hepatitis C infection, a more severe form of carnitine deficiency was detected in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (18.39 ± 15.68 μmol/l vs 42.30 ± 32.92 μmol/l; p = 0.03). In addition, serum carnitine level (41.1 ± 14.8 μmol/l) was significantly higher in the cirrhotic than noncirrhotic patients (31.60 ± 13.2 μmol/l; p = 0.04). Conclusion: Although the cirrhotic patients had higher serum carnitine level compared with noncirrhotic patients, serum carnitine level in the patients with chronic hepatitis was significantly lower than the healthy individuals. Also compared with the defined cut-off point for normal carnitine serum level, carnitine deficiency was common in Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Nassiri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Khalili
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nassiri-Toosi
- Imam-Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Vali-E-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Pandhare J, Addai AB, Mantri CK, Hager C, Smith RM, Barnett L, Villalta F, Kalams SA, Dash C. Cocaine enhances HIV-1-induced CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis: implications in disease progression in cocaine-abusing HIV-1 patients. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:927-936. [PMID: 24486327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is a major barrier in eradication of the HIV epidemic because it serves as a powerful cofactor for viral transmission, disease progression, and AIDS-related mortality. Cocaine, one of the commonly abused drugs among HIV-1 patients, has been suggested to accelerate HIV disease progression. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, we tested whether cocaine augments HIV-1-associated CD4(+) T-cell decline, a predictor of HIV disease progression. We examined apoptosis of resting CD4(+) T cells from HIV-1-negative and HIV-1-positive donors in our study, because decline of uninfected cells plays a major role in HIV-1 disease progression. Treatment of resting CD4(+) T cells with cocaine (up to 100 μmol/L concentrations) did not induce apoptosis, but 200 to 1000 μmol/L cocaine induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, treatment of CD4(+) T cells isolated from healthy donors with both HIV-1 virions and cocaine significantly increased apoptosis compared with the apoptosis induced by cocaine or virions alone. Most important, our biochemical data suggest that cocaine induces CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and inducing mitochondrial depolarization. Collectively, our results provide evidence of a synergy between cocaine and HIV-1 on CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis that may, in part, explain the accelerated disease observed in HIV-1-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Pandhare
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amma B Addai
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chinmay K Mantri
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cynthia Hager
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rita M Smith
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Louis Barnett
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee.
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14
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Role of mitochondria in HIV infection and associated metabolic disorders: focus on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and lipodystrophy syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:493413. [PMID: 23970949 PMCID: PMC3736404 DOI: 10.1155/2013/493413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has considerably improved the prognosis of HIV-infected patients. However, prolonged use of HAART has been related to long-term adverse events that can compromise patient health such as HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There is consistent evidence for a central role of mitochondrial dysfunction in these pathologies. Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have been described to be mainly responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue and liver although nonnucleoside transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs) have also showed mitochondrial toxicity, which is a major concern for the selection and the long-term adherence to a particular therapy. Several mechanisms explain these deleterious effects of HAART on mitochondria, and evidence points to other mechanisms beyond the “Pol-γ hypothesis.” HIV infection has also direct effects on mitochondria. In addition to the negative effects described for HIV itself and/or HAART on mitochondria, HIV-infected patients are more prone to develop a premature aging and, therefore, to present an increased oxidative state that could lead to the development of these metabolic disturbances observed in HIV-infected patients.
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15
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Cossarizza A, De Biasi S, Gibellini L, Bianchini E, Bartolomeo R, Nasi M, Mussini C, Pinti M. Cytometry, immunology, and HIV infection: three decades of strong interactions. Cytometry A 2013; 83:680-91. [PMID: 23788450 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) has been extensively used to investigate immunological changes that occur from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This review describes some of the most relevant cellular and molecular changes in the immune system that can be detected by FCM during HIV infection. Finally, it will be discussed how this technology has facilitated the understanding not only of the biology of the virus but also of the mechanisms that the immune system activates to fight HIV and is allowing to monitor the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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16
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Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Mechanisms underlying the anti-wasting effect of l-carnitine supplementation under pathologic conditions: evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:1421-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Cossarizza A, Bertoncelli L, Nemes E, Lugli E, Pinti M, Nasi M, De Biasi S, Gibellini L, Montagna JP, Vecchia M, Manzini L, Meschiari M, Borghi V, Guaraldi G, Mussini C. T cell activation but not polyfunctionality after primary HIV infection predicts control of viral load and length of the time without therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50728. [PMID: 23236388 PMCID: PMC3517542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Immune changes occurring after primary HIV infection (PHI) have a pivotal relevance. Our objective was to characterize the polyfunctionality of immune response triggered by PHI, and to characterize immune activation and regulatory T cells, correlating such features to disease progression. Patients and Methods We followed 11 patients experiencing PHI for 4 years. By polychromatic flow cytometry, we studied every month, for the first 6 months, T lymphocyte polyfunctionality after cell stimulation with peptides derived from HIV-1 gag and nef. Tregs were identified by flow cytometry, and T cell activation studied by CD38 and HLA-DR expression. Results An increase of anti-gag and anti-nef CD8+ specific T cells was observed 3 months after PHI; however, truly polyfunctional T cells, also able to produce IL-2, were never found. No gross changes in Tregs were present. T lymphocyte activation was maximal 1 and 2 months after PHI, and significantly decreased in the following period. The level of activation two months after PHI was strictly correlated to the plasma viral load 1 year after infection, and significantly influenced the length of period without therapy. Indeed, 80% of patients with less than the median value of activated CD8+ (15.5%) or CD4+ (0.9%) T cells remained free of therapy for >46 months, while all patients over the median value had to start treatment within 26 months. Conclusions T cell activation after PHI, more than T cell polyfunctionality or Tregs, is a predictive marker for the control of viral load and for the time required to start treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Al-Saif FA, Refat MS. Ten metal complexes of vitamin B3/niacin: Spectroscopic, thermal, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity and antitumor studies of Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Cd(II), Pt(IV) and Au(III) complexes. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Vassena L, Miao H, Cimbro R, Malnati MS, Cassina G, Proschan MA, Hirsch VM, Lafont BA, Morre M, Fauci AS, Lusso P. Treatment with IL-7 prevents the decline of circulating CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002636. [PMID: 22511868 PMCID: PMC3325214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although treatment with interleukin-7 (IL-7) was shown to transiently expand the naïve and memory T-cell pools in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), it is uncertain whether a full immunologic reconstitution can be achieved. Moreover, the effects of IL-7 have never been evaluated during acute HIV-1 (or SIV) infection, a critical phase of the disease in which the most dramatic depletion of CD4+ T cells is believed to occur. In the present study, recombinant, fully glycosylated simian IL-7 (50 µg/kg, s.c., once weekly for 7 weeks) was administered to 6 rhesus macaques throughout the acute phase of infection with a pathogenic SIV strain (mac251); 6 animals were infected at the same time and served as untreated controls. Treatment with IL-7 did not cause clinically detectable side effects and, despite the absence of concomitant ART, did not induce significant increases in the levels of SIV replication except at the earliest time point tested (day 4 post-infection). Strikingly, animals treated with IL-7 were protected from the dramatic decline of circulating naïve and memory CD4+ T cells that occurred in untreated animals. Treatment with IL-7 induced only transient T-cell proliferation, but it was associated with sustained increase in the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, persistent expansion of all circulating CD8+ T-cell subsets, and development of earlier and stronger SIV Tat-specific T-cell responses. However, the beneficial effects of IL-7 were not sustained after treatment interruption. These data demonstrate that IL-7 administration is effective in protecting the CD4+ T-cell pool during the acute phase of SIV infection in macaques, providing a rationale for the clinical evaluation of this cytokine in patients with acute HIV-1 infection. The development of highly effective cocktails of antiretroviral drugs has had a major impact on the survival and quality of life of individuals with HIV-1 infection. Yet, current protocols often fail to fully restore the immunologic function, a limitation that has prompted the clinical evaluation of immune-reconstitution agents, such as IL-7, as adjuvant therapies. To date, however, IL-7 has been tested exclusively in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection, while it appears that the immune system is irreparably damaged during acute primary infection, within the first few weeks after encountering the virus. We used a macaque model to show that treatment with IL-7 has beneficial effects if implemented during the acute phase of infection with SIV, the simian AIDS virus. Early administration of IL-7 was safe and effectively protected CD4+ T cells, the primary target cells for the virus, from the marked decline that typically occurs during acute SIV infection. Furthermore, IL-7 boosted the development of antiviral immune responses. Thus, IL-7 might be an effective adjuvant therapy in acute HIV-1 infection, which can protect the pool of CD4+ T cells before it is irreversibly compromised by the action of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Vassena
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Human Virology Unit, DIBIT-HSR, Milano, Italy
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Michael A. Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard A. Lafont
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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HIV-1 Infection and the Aging of the Immune System: Facts, Similarities and Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Cossarizza A, Pinti M, Nasi M, Gibellini L, Manzini S, Roat E, De Biasi S, Bertoncelli L, Montagna JP, Bisi L, Manzini L, Trenti T, Borghi V, Mussini C. Increased plasma levels of extracellular mitochondrial DNA during HIV infection: a new role for mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns during inflammation. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:750-5. [PMID: 21722755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is characterized by a chronic inflammatory state. Recently, it has been shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) released from damaged or dead cells can bind Toll like receptor-9 (TLR9), an intracellular receptor that responds to bacterial or viral DNA molecules. The activation of TLR9 present within monocytes or neutrophils results in a potent inflammatory reaction, with the production of proinflammatory cytokines. We measured plasma levels of mtDNA in different groups of HIV(+) patients, i.e., those experiencing an acute HIV infection (AHI), long term non progressors (LTNP), late presenters (LP) taking antiretroviral therapy for the first time, and healthy controls. We found that in AHI and LP mtDNA plasma levels were significantly higher than in healthy individuals or in LTNP. Plasma mtDNA levels were not correlated to peripheral blood CD4(+) T cell count, nor to markers of immune activation, but had a significant correlation with plasma viral load, revealing a possible role for mtDNA in inflammation, or as a biomarker of virus-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, via Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Leducq-Alet N, Vin V, Savi P, Bono F. TNF-alpha induced PMN apoptosis in whole human blood: Protective effect of SSR180575, a potent and selective peripheral benzodiazepine ligand. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:475-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Singhal N, Fergusson D, Huff H, Mills EJ, la Porte C, Walmsley S, Cameron DW. Design and methods of the MAINTAIN study: a randomized controlled clinical trial of micronutrient and antioxidant supplementation in untreated HIV infection. Contemp Clin Trials 2010; 31:604-11. [PMID: 20708714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies are common in HIV positive persons and are associated with a poorer prognosis, but the role of micronutrient supplementation in the medical management of HIV infection remains controversial, as some but not all studies show immunological and clinical benefit. Micronutrients supplementation could be a relatively low cost strategy to defer the initiation of expensive, potentially toxic and lifelong antiretroviral therapy. The MAINTAIN study is a Canadian multi-center randomized control double blind clinical trial to evaluate if micronutrient supplementation of HIV positive persons slows progression of immune deficiency and delays the need to start antiretroviral therapy and is safe, compared to standard multivitamins. Untreated asymptomatic HIV positive adults will receive a micronutrient and antioxidant preparation (n = 109) or an identical appearing recommended daily allowance multivitamin and mineral preparation (n = 109) for two years. Participants will be followed quarterly and monitored for time from baseline to CD4 T lymphocyte count <350 mm(3), or emergence of CDC-defined AIDS-defining illness, or the start of antiretroviral therapy. We will also compare safety and health related quality of life between groups. Primary analysis will compare the incidence of the composite primary outcome between study groups and will be by intention-to-treat. The study was originally expected to last three years, with accrual over one year and a minimum of two years follow up of the last enrolled participant. We discuss here the study design and methods, often used for evaluation of complementary and adjunctive treatments for health maintenance in HIV infection, which are common interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Singhal
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Tripathy MK, Mitra D. Differential modulation of mitochondrial OXPHOS system during HIV-1 induced T-cell apoptosis: up regulation of Complex-IV subunit COX-II and its possible implications. Apoptosis 2010; 15:28-40. [PMID: 19771519 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to CD4+ T cell depletion primarily by apoptosis employing both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Although extensive literature exists about the role of mitochondrial proteins in HIV induced T cell apoptosis, there is little understanding about the role of different components of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system in apoptosis. The OXPHOS system comprises of five enzyme complexes (Complex I, II, III, IV, V), subunits of which have been implicated in various functions in addition to their primary role in energy generating process. Here using differential gene expression analysis, we report that Cytochrome Oxidase-II (COX-II), a subunit of Complex-IV is induced in HIV infected apoptotic T-cells. We also observe a temporal up regulation of this subunit across different T-cell lines and in human PBMCs. Further analysis indicates increase in expression of majority of Complex-IV subunits with concomitant increase in Complex-IV activity in HIV infected T cells. Silencing of COX-II expression leads to reduced apoptosis in infected T-cells, indicating its importance in apoptosis. Furthermore, our results also show that the activities of enzyme complexes I, II and III are decreased while those of Complex IV and V are increased at the time of acute infection and apoptosis. This differential regulation in activities of OXPHOS system complexes indicate a complex modulation of host cell energy generating system during HIV infection that ultimately leads to T cell apoptosis.
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Sternfeld T, Tischleder A, Schuster M, Bogner JR. Mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis of blood mononuclear cells in untreated HIV-1 infected patients. HIV Med 2009; 10:512-9. [PMID: 19496834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infection with HIV leads to progressive CD4 T-cell loss, resulting in AIDS. Apoptosis is the main mechanism for the loss of infected and bystander cells, but the complex interacting factors inducing and inhibiting apoptosis are not fully understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pivotal step of the apoptotic cascade and can result in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. METHODS The mitochondrial membrane potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was measured by flow cytometry using the dye JC-1 (Molecular Probes Inc). Apoptotic cells were identified using the Annexin V assay (Becton Dickinson GmbH). RESULTS The mitochondrial membrane potential of PBMC was significantly decreased and apoptotic cell rate was increased in HIV-infected therapy-naïve patients compared with HIV-negative controls. There was a highly significant correlation between the mitochondrial membrane potential and the rate of apoptosis. CD4 cell count was correlated negatively to the apoptotic rate and positively to the mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS The JC-1 assay is a sensitive tool to detect changes of mitochondrial membrane potential associated with apoptosis in HIV-infected therapy-naïve patients. We could show in vivo that a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential is correlated to apoptosis of PBMC, CD4 cell count and HIV viral load during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sternfeld
- II Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Infektionsambulanz, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Meythaler M, Pryputniewicz S, Kaur A. Kinetics of T lymphocyte apoptosis and the cellular immune response in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2009; 37 Suppl 2:33-45. [PMID: 19187429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increased apoptosis is a central feature of AIDS, little is known about its kinetics or relationship to the early host response in acute HIV/SIV infection. METHODS Ex vivo apoptosis in freshly isolated peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes was monitored longitudinally in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques by flow-cytometric detection of active caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and fragmented DNA. RESULTS Increased apoptosis of multiple lymphocyte subsets was observed in the first 2 weeks following SIV infection. Apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes was of low magnitude but peaked earlier than other T lymphocyte subsets. A 10- to 36-fold increase in CD8+ T lymphocyte apoptosis coincided temporally with onset of the SIV-specific cellular immune response and enrichment of caspase-3-positive cells within recently proliferating, activated CD8+ T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS The virus-specific T lymphocyte response to primary infection and generalized non-specific immune activation contribute to the pathogenesis of apoptosis in acute SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Meythaler
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
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29
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Almeida S, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Januário C, Rego AC, Oliveira CR. Evidence of apoptosis and mitochondrial abnormalities in peripheral blood cells of Huntington’s disease patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:599-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HIV-1 viral genes and mitochondrial apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:1088-99. [PMID: 18622704 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an organelle that regulates various cellular functions including the production of energy and programmed cell death. Aberrant mitochondrial function is often concomitant with various cytopathies and medical disorders. The mitochondrial membrane plays a key role in the induction of cellular apoptosis, and its destabilization, as triggered by both intracellular and extracellular stimuli, results in the release of proapoptotic factors into the cytosol. Not surprisingly, proteins from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) have been implicated in exploiting this organelle to promote the targeted depletion of key immune cells, which assists in viral evasion of the immune system and contributes to the characteristic global immunodeficiency observed during progression of disease. Here we review the mechanisms by which HIV affects the mitochondrion, and suggest that various viral-associated genes may directly regulate apoptotic cell death.
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31
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Troiano L, Ferraresi R, Lugli E, Nemes E, Roat E, Nasi M, Pinti M, Cossarizza A. Multiparametric analysis of cells with different mitochondrial membrane potential during apoptosis by polychromatic flow cytometry. Nat Protoc 2008; 2:2719-27. [PMID: 18007607 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) that can occur during apoptosis provides precious information on the mechanisms and pathways of cell death. For many years, the metachromatic fluorochrome JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide) was used for this purpose. Thanks to new dyes and to the technical improvements recently adopted in several flow cytometers, it is now possible to investigate, along with MMP, a variety of other parameters. Using three sources of excitation and polychromatic flow cytometry, we have developed a protocol that can be applied to cells undergoing apoptosis. In the model of U937 cells incubated with the chemopreventive agent quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), we describe the detection at the single cell level of changes in MMP (by JC-1), early apoptosis (exposition of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane detected by annexin-V), late apoptosis and secondary necrosis (decreased DNA content by Hoechst 33342 and permeability of the plasma membrane to propidium iodide). The procedure can be completed in less than 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonarda Troiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
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32
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Vanotti A, Osio M, Mailland E, Nascimbene C, Capiluppi E, Mariani C. Overview on pathophysiology and newer approaches to treatment of peripheral neuropathies. CNS Drugs 2007; 21 Suppl 1:3-12; discussion 45-6. [PMID: 17696588 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200721001-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies are extremely heterogeneous nosological entities. One of the most common symptoms is pain, the underlying mechanisms of which are numerous and complex. Inflammation, reparative processes, and anatomical and gene expression alterations lead to chronic pain, the persistence of which is sustained by peripheral and central sensitisation mechanisms. Treatment of peripheral neuropathies is targeted to its symptomatic and aetiological features. For pain relief, several types of drugs may be used, notably antidepressants (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and both serotonin and noradrenaline [norepinephrine] reuptake inhibitors), antiepileptic drugs (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, valproic acid, gabapentin, topiramate and pregabalin), NSAIDs and opioid analgesics. Aetiological therapy is aimed at modifying the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the neuropathy, some of which are common in different neuropathic conditions. Certain drugs are known to exert more than one action on different pathophysiological mechanisms. This is the case with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), which can be considered both a symptomatic therapy that can be used in any kind of painful neuropathy, and an aetiological therapy, at least in diabetic neuropathy and neuropathies induced by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and cancer chemotherapeutic agents. ALC acts via several mechanisms, inducing regeneration of injured nerve fibres, reducing oxidative stress, supporting DNA synthesis in mitochondria, and enhancing nerve growth factor concentrations in neurons.
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33
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Sternfeld T, Schmid M, Tischleder A, Mudra S, Schlamp A, Kost BP, Gruber R, Youle M, Bogner JR, Goebel FD. The Influence of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy on the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential of Peripheral Mononuclear Cells. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Clinical disorders occurring in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, for example, lactic acidosis and lipodystrophy. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) is the most direct measure of the state of energization of the mitochondria. We analysed ΔΨm of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in HIV-negative, healthy subjects ( n=8), HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients ( n=30), and HIV-infected patients on ART ( n=58). The influence of ART was analysed in six patients who started their first regimen. Methods The ΔΨm of PBMC was measured by flow cytometry using the dye JC-1. Results The ΔΨm was significantly lower in HIV-infected patients than in HIV-negative controls. This difference was detected in both treated ( P=0.0001) and untreated patients ( P=0.001). The ΔΨm of PBMCs was highly correlated with CD4+ T-cell count in therapy-naive patients ( P=0.002, r=0.546) and in treated patients ( P=0.028, r=0.288). The ΔΨm increased significantly in therapy-naive patients after starting ART ( P=0.001). Patients with lipoatrophy had significantly lower ΔΨm than patients without lipodystrophy or with lipohypertrophy ( P=0.023). Conclusions In HIV-infected persons ΔΨm is significantly reduced. Patients with lipoatrophy have significantly reduced ΔΨm. This is the first study showing that the ΔΨm of PBMCs is highly correlated with CD4+ T-cell count in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sternfeld
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Schmid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Tischleder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Mudra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Schlamp
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medizinische Klinik, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd P Kost
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Gruber
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mike Youle
- Royal Free Centre for HIV Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes R Bogner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Frank-Detlef Goebel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Germany
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Dimitriou ID, Altork SR, Banerjee A, Sklar P, Mounzer KC, Altman JD, Katsikis PD. Increased mitochondrial mass characterizes the survival defect of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Blood 2007; 109:2505-13. [PMID: 17095625 PMCID: PMC1852206 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-021626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
What governs the increased apoptosis sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells is poorly understood. Here, we examined the involvement of mitochondria in this apoptosis. Remarkably higher mitochondrial mass (MM) was found in HIV-specific compared with CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells from HIV(+) patients and this could not be attributed to their different differentiation status. MM(High) phenotype characterized those CD8(+) T cells from HIV(+) patients that are sensitive to spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis. CD38 expression did not correlate with high MM, whereas Bcl-2 levels were significantly reduced in both CD38(+) and CD38(-) HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Although CD38(+) HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were more susceptible to apoptosis, CD38 expression does not explain on its own the selective apoptosis sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells, as CD38(-) HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were more apoptotic than CD38(+) CMV-specific ones. Proapoptotic HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were CD38(+)Bcl-2(Low)MM(High). Copolarization of mitochondria with CD95/Fas capping, very early in CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells, suggests that mitochondria act as an amplification step for this apoptosis. Thus, an extensive mitochondrial network contributes to apoptosis sensitivity of CD8(+) T cells and, when this occurs together with reduced levels of Bcl-2 and chronic activation, determines the proapoptotic state of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
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35
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Qiao H, McMillan JR. Gelsolin segment 5 inhibits HIV-induced T-cell apoptosis via Vpr-binding to VDAC. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:535-40. [PMID: 17254575 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral protein R (Vpr) from the human immunodeficiency virus induces cell cycle arrest in proliferating cells, stimulates virus transcription, and regulates activation and apoptosis of infected T-lymphocytes. We report that Jurkat cells overexpressing full-length gelsolin show resistance to Vpr-induced T-cell apoptosis with abrogation of mitochondrial membrane potential loss and the release of cytochrome c. Co-immunoprecipitation assays in HEK293T cells demonstrated that overexpression of full-length or segment 5 (G5) but not G5-deleted gelsolin (DeltaG5) bound to the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and that the G5 subunit can inhibit HIV-1-Vpr-binding to VDAC. We also confirmed that full-length gelsolin has the same effect in Jurkat cells. Clonogenic analysis showed that transfection of G5 but not DeltaG5 cDNA protects Jurkat T cells from HIV-Vpr-Tet induced T-cell apoptosis and promoted cell survival, as did full-length gelsolin. These results suggest that the gelsolin G5 domain inhibits HIV-Vpr-induced T-cell apoptosis by blocking the interaction between Vpr and VDAC, and might be used as a protective treatment against HIV-Vpr-induced T-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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36
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Viollet L, Monceaux V, Petit F, Ho Tsong Fang R, Cumont MC, Hurtrel B, Estaquier J. Death of CD4+ T cells from lymph nodes during primary SIVmac251 infection predicts the rate of AIDS progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:6685-94. [PMID: 17082581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunological and virological events that occur during the earliest stages of SIV infection are now considered to have a major impact on subsequent disease progression. In the present study, we demonstrate a clear correlation between progression to AIDS and the rate of in vitro CD4+ (but not CD8+) T cell death in lymph nodes. The dying CD4+ T cells were effector memory T cells, which are critical for the immune response to pathogens. However, there was no correlation between the rate of the viral replication within lymph nodes and the extent of Fas ligand-mediated death, despite the increased sensitivity of CD4+ T cells to death in response to recombinant human Fas ligand. CD4+ T cell death was caspase and apoptosis-inducing factor independent but was clearly associated with mitochondrion damage. Interestingly, higher expression levels of the active form of Bak, a proapoptotic molecule involved in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, were observed in SIV-infected macaques progressing more rapidly to AIDS. Finally, we demonstrated that the strain of SIV we used requires CCR5 and BOB/GRP15 molecules as coreceptors and caused death of unstimulated noncycling primary CD4+ T cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate that CD4+ T cell death occurring early after SIV infection is a crucial determinant of progression to AIDS and that it is mediated by the intrinsic death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Viollet
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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37
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Nemes E, Lugli E, Nasi M, Ferraresi R, Pinti M, Bugarini R, Borghi V, Prati F, Esposito R, Cossarizza A, Mussini C. Immunophenotype of HIV+ patients during CD4 cell-monitored treatment interruption: role of the IL-7/IL-7 receptor system. AIDS 2006; 20:2021-32. [PMID: 17053348 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000247575.41622.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate immunological changes during CD4-guided therapy interruption in HIV(+) patients who suspended HAART. PATIENTS Seventeen patients aged > 18 years, who had received HAART for at least 12 months, and had a pre-interruption CD4+ cell count > 500 cells/microl, interrupted treatment. Median nadir CD4(+) cell count was 288 cells/microl. HIV plasma viral load at discontinuation was < 50 or > 50 copies/ml. Criteria for restarting treatment were: a CD4(+) T-lymphocyte count < 350 cells/microl on two separate occasions, a clinical manifestation of AIDS, and the patient's desire to resume HAART. Eleven patients were still off therapy after 12 months (group A); according to the first criterion, six patients restarted therapy within 12 months (group B). METHODS Haematological, viro-immunological, cytofluorimetic and molecular assays were performed at baseline and every 2 months following standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed under Stata 7.0. RESULTS In the first 2 months of treatment interruption, a significant increase in viral load and CD8(+) lymphocyte activation occurred. Then such parameters decreased and remained stable. In all patients, a decrease in CD4(+) lymphocytes took place as well, that affected in a similar manner naive, central memory, effector memory and terminally differentiated cells. Group B always presented lower amounts of CD4(+) effector memory lymphocytes. The expression of CD127 was always higher in group A. CONCLUSIONS The loss of CD4(+) lymphocytes upon viral rebound is equal among naive and memory subsets. Patients with higher expression of CD127, who are likely to exert a better capacity to utilize endogenous interleukin-7 by T cells, could remain off therapy for longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nemes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Colón-Soto M, Peredo RA, Vilá LM. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus After Mesotherapy With Acetyl-L-Carnitine. J Clin Rheumatol 2006; 12:261-2. [PMID: 17023815 DOI: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000239831.84504.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Famularo G, Moretti S, Alesse E, Trinchieri V, Angelucci A, Santini G, Cifone G, De Simone C. Reduction of glutamate levels in HIV-infected subjects treated with acetylcarnitine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:65-73. [PMID: 16873195 DOI: 10.1300/j128v02n02_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The excitotoxic amino acid glutamate, which is elevated in blood and cerebrospinal fluid from subjects with AIDS dementia complex, is crucially implicated in the neurotoxicity of HIV infection. We describe a subject with AIDS dementia complex who showed a significant motor and cognitive improvement after a course of intravenous acetylcarnitine therapy. The clinical improvement was paralleled by a significant reduction of glutamate concentrations in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid. A prospective pilot study confirmed that acetylcarnitine administration resulted indeed to reduce the blood levels of glutamate in AIDS patients treated with acetylcarnitine therapy in order to prevent the neurotoxicity of nucleoside analogs. Even though the mechanisms responsible for the reduction of glutamate concentrations remain to be established, we suggest that acetylcarnitine should be added to the list of drugs under investigation for the treatment of AIDS dementia complex. The anti-apoptotic activity of carnitines and their safety profile further support this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Famularo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100 L Aquila, Italy.
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40
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Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless RF, Baum MK. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4 count in HIV-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42:523-8. [PMID: 16868496 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000230529.25083.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the immunologic, metabolic, and clinical effects of broad spectrum micronutrient supplementation in HIV-infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). DESIGN A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS Forty HIV-infected patients taking a stavudine and/or didanosine-based HAART regimen were prospectively randomized to receive micronutrients or placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. Data were collected at 4-week intervals including immunologic, metabolic, and clinical measurements. The study examined the effect of micronutrient supplementation on immunologic parameters as the primary end point. The secondary end points were metabolic and clinical effects and distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. RESULTS The mean absolute CD4 count increased by an average of 65 cells in the micronutrient group versus a 6-cell decline in the placebo group at 12 weeks (P = 0.029). The absolute CD4 count increased by an average of 24% in the micronutrient group versus a 0% change in the placebo group (P = 0.01). The mean HIV-1 RNA decreased in the micronutrient supplementation group, although not significantly. Neuropathy scores improved in the micronutrient group by 42% compared with a 33% improvement in the placebo arm. This difference did not reach statistical significance. Fasting serum glucose, insulin, and lipids were not adversely affected in the patients taking the micronutrients. CONCLUSIONS Micronutrient supplementation can significantly improve CD4 cell count reconstitution in HIV-infected patients taking HAART. The micronutrient supplement tested was well tolerated and may hold promise as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of HIV. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Kaiser
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco Medical School, 94941, USA.
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41
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Azzam R, Lal L, Goh SL, Kedzierska K, Jaworowski A, Naim E, Cherry CL, Wesselingh SL, Mills J, Crowe SM. Adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs on HIV-1-infected and -uninfected human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42:19-28. [PMID: 16639337 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000214809.83218.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs approved for treatment of HIV-1 infection include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). Use of these drugs in combinations (highly active antiretroviral therapy) has delayed disease progression. However, long-term therapy is associated with potentially serious adverse effects. NRTIs are thought to contribute to these adverse effects via depletion of mtDNA. Inasmuch as macrophages (major targets for HIV-1) are highly metabolically active with large numbers of mitochondria, we investigated the effects of NRTIs (didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, and zidovudine) on the viability and function of HIV-1-infected and -uninfected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We demonstrate that the combinations didanosine/stavudine and lamivudine/zidovudine decrease mtDNA content in MDMs, with HIV-1-infected MDMs displaying a greater reduction than uninfected cells. This decrease correlated with decreased complement-mediated phagocytosis (C'MP) by MDMs, a process dependent on mitochondrial function. Inasmuch as PIs have previously been reported to interact with cellular proteases and given that cellular proteases are involved in the phagocytic process, we investigated the effects of the PI indinavir on C'MP. We demonstrate that indinavir augments C'MP by uninfected MDMs, but not HIV-1-infected MDMs. This study provides additional understanding on the effects of commonly used antiretroviral drugs on cellular immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula Azzam
- AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Research Program, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
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42
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Cherry CL, Lala L, Wesselingh SL. Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogues: mechanism, monitoring and management. Sex Health 2006; 2:1-11. [PMID: 16334706 DOI: 10.1071/sh04016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NRTIs) are potent antiretroviral medications and are central to effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Their intended action is to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase. Nucleoside analogues also inhibit replication of mitochondrial DNA, and the pathogenesis of many of the toxicities associated with HAART is thought to be NRTI-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Individuals with HIV infection may be particularly susceptible to clinically significant mitochondrial toxicity due to possible effects of HIV itself on mitochondria. At present there is no reliable method of detecting subclinical mitochondrial toxicity in patients exposed to NRTIs. Clinical awareness of this problem is therefore important to ensure the early detection of significant side effects and to allow timely consideration of changing therapy in those affected. There is no proven, effective therapy for NRTI-associated mitochondrial toxicity other than ceasing the implicated agent, and even with this strategy, resolution of symptoms may be incomplete. Similarly, there are no established methods for preventing mitochondrial toxicity in those on therapy including NRTIs. Micronutrients may have a role, but further study is needed to clarify optimal prevention as well as monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Cherry
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, GPO Box 2284, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Katsikis PD. Apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells: an HIV evasion strategy. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12 Suppl 1:859-70. [PMID: 15818412 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Petrovas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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44
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Moyle G. Mechanisms of HIV and Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Injury to Mitochondria. Antivir Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350501002s05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moyle
- St Stephens HIV Research, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Haugaard SB, Andersen O, Pedersen SB, Dela F, Richelsen B, Nielsen JO, Madsbad S, Iversen J. Depleted skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA, hyperlactatemia, and decreased oxidative capacity in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Med Virol 2005; 77:29-38. [PMID: 16032748 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), especially stavudine, may deplete mitochondrial (mt) DNA in human tissues by inhibiting the mitochondrial polymerase gamma, a setting, which is associated with hyperlactatemia. The aim of the present study was to examine whether hyperlactatemia is associated with depletion of skeletal muscle (sm)-mtDNA and decreased oxidative capacity in HIV-infected patients on NRTI based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and whether HIV infection itself is associated with sm-mtDNA depletion. Sm-mtDNA was determined in 42 HIV-infected patients (35 patients on HAART including at least one NRTI (HIV-NRTI) and 7 patients never treated with antiretroviral drugs (NAIVE)) and 14 healthy controls. Whole body oxidative capacity (DeltaGOX) was estimated in HIV-infected patients by indirect calorimetry. Hyperlactatemia (>or=2.0 mM) was detected in six HIV-NRTI, who all used Stavudine (P < 0.01), displayed depleted sm-mtDNA (P < 0.02) and decreased DeltaGOX (P < 0.01) compared with normolactatemic HIV-NRTI (n = 29). NAIVE displayed decreased sm-mtDNA (P < 0.05), increased HIV-RNA (P < 0.01) and increased plasma TNF-alpha (P < 0.05) compared to all HIV-NRTI (n = 35), in turn displaying decreased sm-mtDNA (P < 0.01) compared to healthy controls. Thus, hyperlactatemia in HIV-NRTI may be associated with pronounced depletion of sm-mtDNA, decreased oxidative capacity and current stavudine therapy. Further, HIV may deplete sm-mtDNA of NAIVE, which in part could be mediated through an enhanced pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ng CM, Blackman MR, Wang C, Swerdloff RS. The Role of Carnitine in the Male Reproductive System. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1033:177-88. [PMID: 15591015 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1320.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is highly concentrated in the epididymis and spermatozoa, where it may serve as an intramitochondrial vehicle for the acyl group, which in the form of acyl CoA acts as a substrate for the oxidation process producing energy for sperm respiration and motility. To date, studies in rodents and humans suggest that sperm count, motility, and maturation are related to epididymal free carnitine concentrations. Moreover, supplementation with carnitine improves sperm quality and/or quantity in testes of mice exposed to physical insults, such as heat and X-irradiation, and in men with idiopathic oligoasthenospermia. These benefits may be due to increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation resulting in improvement in motility of epididymal sperm. The antiapoptotic effect(s) of carnitine in the testes may also contribute, but this remains speculative and requires further investigation. Research to uncover the many characteristics and mechanisms of action of carnitine in somatic and germ cells may provide insights into the pathophysiology of germ cell apoptosis, the prevention of germ cell death, and possibly specific therapy of some forms of infertility. Further well-controlled, carefully designed, larger-scale studies are necessary and desirable before widespread clinical use as an infertility therapy can be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu Ming Ng
- Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Research and Education Institute, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Martin AM, Nolan D, Gaudieri S, Phillips E, Mallal S. Pharmacogenetics of antiretroviral therapy: genetic variation of response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5:643-55. [PMID: 15335286 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.5.6.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of a pharmacogenetic approach to antiretroviral drug therapy represents a significant challenge, as treatment involves multiple drugs and drug classes with the potential for significant variability in drug–host, as well as drug–drug, interactions. However, despite this inherent complexity, considerable gains have been made in understanding how genetic factors influence the efficacy and toxicity of HIV therapy. In this review the available evidence regarding genetic variation in drug disposition will be examined, including the potential for relatively polymorphic drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450 isoforms) and drug transporters (e.g., P-glycoprotein) to influence the disposition of HIV protease inhibitor and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs. In addition, the role of genetic variation in determining the immune response to drug-specific antigens will be considered as a potentially significant determinant of susceptibility to idiosyncratic drug reactions (e.g., major histocompatibility complex alleles associated with abacavir hypersensitivity). The current and potential clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing in HIV management will also be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise M Martin
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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48
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Miró O, López S, Martínez E, Pedrol E, Milinkovic A, Deig E, Garrabou G, Casademont J, Gatell JM, Cardellach F. Mitochondrial effects of HIV infection on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients who were never treated with antiretrovirals. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:710-6. [PMID: 15356787 DOI: 10.1086/423176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 03/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of HIV infection on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and other mitochondrial parameters, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 25 asymptomatic antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and from 25 healthy control subjects. HIV-infected patients had significant decreases in mtDNA content (decrease, 23%; P<.05) and in the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex II (decrease, 41%; P<.001), MRC complex III (decrease, 38%; P<.001), MRC complex IV (decrease, 19%; P=.001), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (decrease, 22%; P<.001), along with increased lipid peroxidation of PBMC membranes (P=.007). Therefore, HIV infection is associated not only with mtDNA depletion, but also with extensive MRC disturbances and increased oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Miró
- Mitochondrial Research Laboratory, Muscle Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Dimitriou ID, Bojczuk PM, Mounzer KC, Witek J, Altman JD, Katsikis PD. HIV-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit markedly reduced levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4444-53. [PMID: 15034060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly sensitive to spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis, and this sensitivity may impair their ability to control HIV infection. To elucidate the mechanism behind this sensitivity, in this study we examined the levels of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals. Bcl-2 expression was markedly decreased in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells compared with CMV-specific and total CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals as well as total CD8(+) T cells from healthy donors. CD8(+) T cell Bcl-2 levels inversely correlated with spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals. HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells also had significantly lower levels of Bcl-x(L) compared with CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Finally, IL-15 induces both Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) expression in HIV-specific and total CD8(+) T cells, and this correlated with apoptosis inhibition and increased survival in both short- and long-term cultures. Our data indicate that reduced Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) may play an important role in the increased sensitivity to apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells and suggest a possible mechanism by which IL-15 increases their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Banskota AH, Nguyen NT, Tezuka Y, Le Tran Q, Nobukawa T, Kurashige Y, Sasahara M, Kadota S. Secoisolariciresinol and isotaxiresinol inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent hepatic apoptosis in mice. Life Sci 2004; 74:2781-92. [PMID: 15043992 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of secoisolariciresinol (1) and isotaxiresinol (2), two major lignans isolated from the wood of Taxus yunnanensis, on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-dependent hepatic apoptosis induced by D-galactosamine (d-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated in mice. Co-administration of d-GalN (700 mg/kg) and LPS (10 microg/kg) resulted in a typical hepatic apoptosis characterized by DNA fragmentation and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (sGPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (sGOT) levels were also raised at 8 h after d-GalN/LPS intoxication due to a severe necrosis of hepatocytes. Pre-administration of 1 or 2 (50, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) 12 and 1 h before d-GalN/LPS significantly reduced DNA fragmentation and prevented chromatin condensation, apoptotic body formation and hepatitis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreted from LPS-activated macrophages are important mediators of hepatocyte apoptosis in this model. Pre-treatment with 1 or 2 significantly inhibited the elevation of serum TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels. In a separate experiment, both lignans had a significant dose-dependent protective effect on d-GalN/TNF-alpha-induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes and TNF-alpha-mediated cell death in murine L929 fibrosarcoma cells. These results indicated that 1 and 2 prevent d-GalN/LPS-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis through the blocking of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production by activated macrophages and direct inhibition of the apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun H Banskota
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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