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Allison WE, Desai A, Kawasaki K, Choi AN, Bobadilla R, Melhado TV, Taylor BS. Qualitative Evaluation of a Program to Integrate Hepatitis C Care Into HIV Care Inclusive of Task Shifting to Nonspecialist Providers. Health Promot Pract 2023; 24:990-992. [PMID: 37440327 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231169927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and cure of hepatitis C (HCV) in people with HIV is particularly important as progression of their liver disease is quicker compared with those who have HCV monoinfection. Innovative approaches are needed to maximize access to curative HCV treatment. Integration of HCV care into HIV primary care with education and support of nonspecialist providers via telementoring offers a solution to specialist workforce shortages. Using focus group qualitative methodology, health care workers' perspectives regarding this approach, particularly with the Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) telementoring model, were obtained and are described. Successful integration of HCV care into HIV primary care has demonstrated benefits to patients, including allowing them to remain in their medical home for care. Factors beyond disease that influence their health and wellbeing must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waridibo E Allison
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anmol Desai
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keito Kawasaki
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aro N Choi
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Raudel Bobadilla
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Trisha V Melhado
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Barbara S Taylor
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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The role of HIV/hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus RNA+ triple infection in end-stage liver disease and all-cause mortality in Europe. AIDS 2023; 37:91-103. [PMID: 36476454 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and mortality in people with HIV (PWH) coinfected with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS All PWH aged greater than 18 under follow-up in EuroSIDA positive for HBsAg (HBV), and/or HCVRNA+, were followed from baseline (latest of 1 January 2001, EuroSIDA recruitment, known HBV/HCV status) to ESLD, death, last visit, or 31 December 2020. Follow-up while HCVRNA- was excluded. In two separate models, Poisson regression compared three groups updated over time; HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV, and HIV/HBV/HCV. RESULTS Among 5733 included individuals, 4476 (78.1%) had HIV/HCV, 953 (16.6%) had HIV/HBV and 304 (5.3%) had HIV/HBV/HCV. In total, 289 (5%) developed ESLD during 34 178 person-years of follow-up (PYFU), incidence 8.5/1000 PYFU [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.5-9.4] and 707 deaths occurred during 34671 PYFU (incidence 20.4/1000 PYFU; 95% CI 18.9-21.9). After adjustment, compared with those with HIV/HCV, persons with HIV/HBV had significantly lower rates of ESLD [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 0.53; 95% CI 0.34-0.81]. Those with HIV/HBV/HCV had marginally significantly higher rates of ESLD (aIRR 1.49; 95% CI 0.98-2.26). Those under follow-up in 2014 or later had significantly lower rates of ESLD compared with 2007-2013 (aIRR 0.65; 95% CI 0.47-0.89). Differences in ESLD between the three groups were most pronounced in those aged at least 40. After adjustment, there were no significant differences in all-cause mortality across the three groups. CONCLUSION HIV/HBV-coinfected individuals had lower rates of ESLD and HIV/HBV/HCV had higher rates of ESLD compared with those with HIV/HCV, especially in those aged more than 40. ESLD decreased over time across all groups. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02699736.
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Discordant Liver Fibrosis Predictors in Virologically Suppressed People Living with HIV without Hepatitis Virus Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010014. [PMID: 35054179 PMCID: PMC8775200 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe liver fibrosis (LF) is associated with poor long-term liver-related outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH). The study aimed to explore the prevalence and predictors of LF and the concordance between different non-invasive methods for the estimation of LF in HIV-infected individuals without hepatitis virus infection. We enrolled PLWH with HIV-1-RNA <50 copies/mL for >12 months, excluding individuals with viral hepatitis. LF was assessed by transient elastography (TE) (significant >6.65 kPa), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) (significant >2.67), and AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) (significant >1.5). We included 234 individuals (67% males, median age 49 years, median time from HIV diagnosis 11 years, 38% treated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors). In terms of the TE, 13% had ≥F2 stage; FIB-4 score was >1.5 in 7%; and APRI > 0.5 in 4%. Higher body mass index, diabetes mellitus, detectable baseline HIV-1 RNA and longer atazanavir exposure were associated with higher liver stiffness as per TE. Predictors of higher APRI score were CDC C stage and longer exposure to tenofovir alafenamide, while HBcAb positivity and longer exposure to tenofovir alafenamide were associated to higher FIB-4 scores. Qualitative agreement was poor between FIB-4/TE and between APRI/TE by non-parametric Spearman correlation and kappa statistic. In our study, in the group of PLWH without viral hepatitis, different non-invasive methods were discordant in predicting liver fibrosis.
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Vueba AN, Almendra R, Santana P, Faria C, do Céu Sousa M. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Luanda (Angola): geospatial distribution and its association with socio-demographic and clinical-obstetric determinants. Virol J 2021; 18:239. [PMID: 34863183 PMCID: PMC8642931 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV and HBV infections remain responsible for high rate of morbidity and mortality in many African Countries, affecting women and newborns. This study aims to analyze the spatial pattern of HIV and HBV infections in pregnant women in Luanda, Angola, and the statistical association between HIV and HBV and socio-economic characteristics, hygiene, and health status. Methods Detection of anti-HIV antibodies (total anti-HIV-1, anti-HIV-2 and HIV-1 p24 antigen) and Hepatitis B antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg) and antibodies (anti-HBc Total II, HBc IgM, Anti-HBsT II) was performed by Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) in serum samples of 878 pregnant women attended at the Lucrecia Paim Maternity Hospital (LPMH). Data were collected by questionnaire after written consent, and spatial distribution was assessed through a Kernel Density Function. The potential risk factors associated with HIV HBV infection were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis. Results Anti-HIV antibodies were positive in 118 samples (13.4%) and HBV infection were positive in 226 (25.7%). The seroprevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection was of 6.3%. The results showed that the seroprevalence of HBV was similar in most municipalities: 25.8% in Belas; 26.6% in Viana; 27.6% in Luanda; 19.2% in Cacuaco; and 15.6% Cazenga. For HIV, the seroprevalence was also close ranges among the municipalities: 10.0% in Belas; 14.5% in Viana 14.9% in Luanda and 12.5% in Cazenga. However, the seroprevalence in municipality of in Cacuaco was lower (5.8%) and bivariate and multivariate analysis showed a lower risk for HIV in this area (OR 0.348, CI 0.083–0.986; OR 0.359, CI 0.085–1.021). The multivariate analysis had also showed a significant increased risk for HIV in women with 2 or 3 births (OR 1.860, CI 1.054–3.372). Conclusions Our results underlined the need to improve the screening and clinical follow-up of HIV and HBV in Angola, as well the educational campaigns to prevent not only the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, but also their transmission, mainly in women in reproductive age and pregnant, encouraging the pre-natal consultations in order to avoid mother-to-child transmission. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01698-7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Almendra
- Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Santana
- Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clarissa Faria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Leumi S, Bigna JJ, Amougou MA, Ngouo A, Nyaga UF, Noubiap JJ. Global Burden of Hepatitis B Infection in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:2799-2806. [PMID: 31813969 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the global burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). METHODS We searched multiple databases for studies published between January 1990 and December 2017. HBV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen) was diagnosed with serological assays. A random-effects meta-analysis served to pool data. RESULTS We included 358 studies (834 544 PLWH from 87 countries). The pooled prevalence of HBV infection was 8.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9%-8.8%), among which 26.8% (95% CI, 22.0%-31.9%) was positive to hepatitis B e antigen. HBV prevalence (with 95% CIs) differed according to region: West and Central Africa, 12.4% (11.0%-13.8%); Middle East and North Africa, 9.9% (6.0%-14.6%); Asia and the Pacific, 9.8% (8.7%-11.0%); Eastern and Southern Africa, 7.4% (6.4%-8.4%); Western and Central Europe and North America, 6.0% (5.5%-6.7%); and Latin America and the Caribbean, 5.1% (4.2%-6.2%) (P < .0001). The prevalence decreased from 10.4% in low-developed to 6.6% in highly developed countries (P < .0001) and increased from 7.3% in countries with HIV prevalence ≤1% to 9.7% in countries with HIV prevalence >1% (P < .0001). Globally, we estimated that there were 3 136 500 (95% CI, 2 952 000-3 284 100) cases of HBV in PLWH, with 73.8% of estimated regional cases from sub-Saharan Africa and 17.1% from Asia and the Pacific. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a high burden of HBV infection in PLWH, with disparities according to region, level of development, and country HIV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Leumi
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Joel Bigna
- School of Public Health, University of Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marie A Amougou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anderson Ngouo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ulrich Flore Nyaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Jacques Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Akinniyi OG, Adetunji SO, Alawode-Obabiyi LA, Japhet MO, Donbraye E. Serological patterns of hepatitis B virus infection among people living with HIV in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 42:444-452. [PMID: 33750262 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1895218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver pathology, which has remained a serious public health challenge in spite of the availability of hepatitis B vaccine discovered about 40 years ago. People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) are more at risk of hepatic problems as liver complications appear and progresses faster, owing to their immunocompromised status. This study seeks to determine HBV exposure, serological pattern, and HBV susceptibility among PLHIV. One hundred and fifty PLHIV were enrolled for the study. About 5 mL of blood was collected, processed, and tested for markers of hepatitis B virus: HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc. Twenty-eight (18.7%) had at least one serological marker while 122 (81.3%) tested negative to all the markers. The prevalence of HBsAg in this study was 8.7%, anti-HBs prevalence was 10%, while HBeAg was 2.7%, anti-HBe 6.0%, and anti-HBc 6.7%. Higher HBsAg, HBeAg, and anti-HBc prevalence were observed among the male participants with 13.9%, 5.6%, and 13.9%, respectively, while the female participants had more anti-HBs and anti-HBe of 1.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Age group 51-60 years had the highest prevalence of HBsAg (17.7%), HBeAg (11.8%), and anti-HBe (11.8%) while age group 31-40 years had the highest prevalence of anti-HBs (14.8%) and anti-HBe (9.8%). This study revealed the different serologic patterns of HBV infection among PLHIV and that susceptibility to HBV infection among PLHIV is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwasola Grace Akinniyi
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences,Obafemi Awolowo University College of Health Sciences, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Lateefah Adeola Alawode-Obabiyi
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences,Obafemi Awolowo University College of Health Sciences, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Donbraye
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences,Obafemi Awolowo University College of Health Sciences, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Malagnino V, Cerva C, Cingolani A, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Vergori A, Cuomo G, Perno CF, Puoti M, d'Arminio Monforte A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Andreoni M, Sarmati L. HBcAb Positivity Increases the Risk of Severe Hepatic Fibrosis Development in HIV/HCV-Positive Subjects From the ICONA Italian Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 8:ofaa566. [PMID: 33447635 PMCID: PMC7781466 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of anti-HBc (HBcAb) positivity on the progression of liver fibrosis (Fibrosis-4 score >3.25) in the Italian cohort of HIV-infected individuals naïve to antiretroviral treatment (ICONA). Methods All patients with FIB-4 <3.25 at baseline were evaluated prospectively: 6966 people with HIV (PWH) were screened and classified based on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) serology. Results Patients who were HBcAb+/HCV-/HBs antigen (HBsAg)- and HCV+/HBcAb+/HBsAg- or HBsAg+/HBcAb+/HCV- had CD4+ cell counts below the nadir and significantly higher prevalence of AIDS diagnosis at baseline than the other groups (P < .0001). A Cox regression model adjusted for age, HIV transmission mode, country of birth, and alcohol consumption showed a higher relative risk (HR) of progression to FIB-4 >3.25 in HCV+/HBcAb+/HBsAg- patients (HR, 7.2; 95% CI, 3 8–13.64). Conclusions HBcAb+ contributes to liver damage in HIV+/HCV+/HBcAb+/HBsAg- subjects. A careful monitoring for signs of previous HBV infection is needed in this kind of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Puoti
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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Zeng G, Gill US, Kennedy PTF. Prioritisation and the initiation of HCC surveillance in CHB patients: lessons to learn from the COVID-19 crisis. Gut 2020; 69:1907-1912. [PMID: 32451325 PMCID: PMC7295856 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Zeng
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Barts Liver Centre, Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Barts Liver Centre, Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Adeyemi OA, Itanyi IU, Ozigbu CE, Stadnick N, Tsuyuki K, Olayiwola O, Ogidi AG, Eze C, Aarons GA, Onoka CA, Ezeanolue EE. Sero-prevalence and determinants of Hepatitis B among a cohort of HIV-infected women of reproductive age in Nigeria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236456. [PMID: 32941424 PMCID: PMC7498243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sub-Saharan Africa houses over two-thirds of the 37 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) globally and of this, 5-20% are co-infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV). This is double jeopardy, especially for women of reproductive age in these settings, who can transmit both viruses vertically as well as horizontally to their children. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence and determinants of HBV among women of reproductive age living with HIV. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected women of reproductive age in Benue State, Nigeria. Participants were eligible for the study if they were HIV-infected women (ages 18-45 years) receiving care from any of the selected study sites. A global rapid hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) antibody test strip was used to test for HBsAg in plasma. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics of participants. We estimated prevalence of HBV infection and used multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with the infection at a significance level of <0.05. RESULTS A total of 6577 women were screened for HBsAg. The prevalence of HBV was 10.3% (95% CI: 9.5-10.9%). Age, parity and male partner's HIV status were found to be associated with having HBV infection. Compared to women older than 40 years, the odds of HBV infection increased significantly with increasing age until age 35 years and decreased significantly with increasing parity (versus no parity). Women with HIV-infected partners and those without a partner had higher odds of HBV infection compared to women with HIV-negative partners. CONCLUSION HBV is hyperendemic among HIV-infected women of reproductive age in North Central Nigeria. Specific programs targeting HBV testing, vaccination and treatment of all women of reproductive age need to be developed in this resource-limited, high-need setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Adewale Adeyemi
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate Program In Life Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ijeoma Uchenna Itanyi
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chamberline Ekene Ozigbu
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole Stadnick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- UC San Diego Dissemination and Implementation Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kiyomi Tsuyuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Amaka Grace Ogidi
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chuka Eze
- Vitira Health, Arlington, Virginia United States of America
| | - Gregory Alan Aarons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- UC San Diego Dissemination and Implementation Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chima Ariel Onoka
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Echezona Edozie Ezeanolue
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Healthy Sunrise Foundation, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
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Hepatitis B Evaluation and Linkage to Care for Newly Arrived Refugees: A Multisite Quality Improvement Initiative. J Immigr Minor Health 2020; 23:558-565. [PMID: 32712852 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-020-01058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A quality improvement collaborative evaluated Hepatitis B virus (HBV) care for resettled refugees and identified strategies to enhance care. 682 of the 12,934 refugees from five refugee health clinics in Colorado, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania had chronic HBV. Timely care was defined relative to a HBsAg + result: staging (HBV DNA, hepatitis Be antigen, hepatitis Be antibody, alanine transaminase testing) within 14 days, comorbid infection screening (hepatitis C virus and HIV) within 14 days, and linkage to care (HBV specialist referral within 30 days and visit within 6 months). Completed labs included: HBV DNA (93%), hepatitis Be antigen (94%), hepatitis Be antibody (92%), alanine transaminase (92%), hepatitis C screening (86%), HIV screening (97%). 20% had HBV specialist referrals within 30 days; 36% were seen within 6 months. Standardized reflex HBV testing and specialist referral should be prioritized at the initial screening due to the association with timely care.
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Ali Z, Waseem S, Anis RA, Anees M. Assessment of cell free mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker of disease severity in different viral infections. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:860-866. [PMID: 32704253 PMCID: PMC7372646 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.5.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cell Free mitochondrial DNA (CF mt-DNA) has emerged as a novel biomarker to investigate disease pathophysiology of different infections. The present study was designed to elucidate the association between CF mt-DNA, IL-6 and viral load in HIV, HBV and HCV infections and predict its role as a potential biomarker to assess the disease severity in viral infections. Methods: Total 120 blood samples were collected from January 2018 to December 2018 of HIV, HBV and HCV patients and healthy controls (30 samples in each group). DNA and RNA were extracted from the serum to determine the levels of CF mt-DNA and viral load, respectively. IL-6 from the serum of infected individuals was quantified with ELISA. Results: HCV patients showed the highest levels of CF mt-DNA, IL-6 and viral load, followed by HBV and HIV. Significant correlation was found between CF mt-DNA and IL-6 among the HBV patients (p=0.017). However, no significant correlation of CF mt-DNA was observed with IL-6 in HIV and HCV or with the viral load in any of the three infections. Conclusion: Elevated CF mt-DNA indicates its role in severity of viral infections. Independence of CF mt-DNA expression from viral load and IL-6 in case of HIV and HCV suggests involvement of other inflammatory pathways regulating CF mt-DNA elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ali
- Zain Ali, MPhil. Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Waseem
- Shahid Waseem, Ph.D. Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Aysha Anis
- Riffat Aysha Anis, Ph.D. Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Anees
- Mariam Anees, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Brief Report: Relationship Between ABCC4 SNPs and Hepatitis B Virus Suppression During Tenofovir-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients With HIV/HBV Coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 82:421-425. [PMID: 31335591 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incomplete hepatitis B virus (HBV) suppression during antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV and HBV coinfected patients is common, but underlying factors are not fully elucidated. We hypothesize that genetic factors that influence nucleoside analog pharmacokinetics will affect HBV treatment response. METHODS HIV/HBV coinfected patients on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine (TDF/3TC)-containing ART were enrolled. Selected ABCC4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with known effects on nucleoside pharmacokinetics were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Relationship between ABCC4 SNPs and unsuppressed HBV DNA (HBV DNA ≥20 IU/mL) were examined. RESULTS Of the 50 participants on TDF/3TC-containing ART for a median (range) of 1.5 (1-7.4) years, 20 (40%) had unsuppressed HBV DNA. Participants with unsuppressed compared with those with suppressed HBV DNA were more likely to have negative HBe antibody, lower body mass index, and lower CD4 count at enrollment. Carriers of ABCC4 rs11568695 (G3724A) variant allele were more likely than noncarriers to have unsuppressed HBV (61.1% vs. 29.0%, P = 0.038). Among 36 patients with suppressed HIV RNA (presumed good ART adherence), ABCC4 rs11568695 variant carriers were more likely than noncarriers to have unsuppressed HBV (58.8% vs. 20.0% P = 0.021). Logistic regression analysis that included genetic and nongenetic factors identified ABCC4 rs11568695 variant allele, body mass index, and male sex as predictors of unsuppressed HBV DNA. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel association between ABCC4 rs11568695 SNP and poor HBV treatment response. If confirmed in further studies, ABCC4 genotyping could be used to identify individuals who may need intensified HBV therapy.
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Dehghani-Dehej F, Hosseini Z, Mortazkar P, Khanaliha K, Esghaei M, Fakhim A, Bokharaei-Salim F. Prevalence of HCV and/or HBV coinfection in Iranian HIV-infected patients. Future Virol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7273902 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim: HIV-infected patients risk coinfection with HBV and HCV. This study aimed to investigate molecular epidemiology of HBV and HCV coinfection in Iranian HIV-infected individuals. Materials & methods: In this cross-sectional study, serological markers of HBV and HCV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], hepatitis B e-antigen [HBeAg], hepatitis B e-antibody [HBeAb] and hepatitis B core antibody [HBcAb]) and anti-HCV antibodies [anti-HCV Abs] were tested in 198 Iranian HIV-infected patients. From plasma, HBV viral load was determined using COBAS TaqMan 48, and HCV-RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-nested PCR. Results: 85 out of 198 (42.9%) patients were anti-HCV Ab positive and 42/198 (21.2%) had detectable HCV-RNA. Eight (4.0%) had traceable HBV-DNA. All these patients were infected by HBV genotype D. 55 (27.8%) were HBcAb positive. Nine (4.4%) were HBsAg and anti-HCV Ab positive. Conclusion: None were HIV-RNA/HCV-RNA/HBV-DNA positive, 21.2% were HIV-RNA/HCV-RNA positive and 4.0% were HIV-RNA/HBV-DNA positive. Therefore, studies on diagnosing these infections in HIV-infected individuals may be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Dehghani-Dehej
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Master of Science of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zinat Hosseini
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- General Medical Student, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Poupak Mortazkar
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhD Student of Virology, Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Assistant Professor of Parasitology, Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Associate Professor of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Fakhim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
- Student of Architectural Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Assistant Professor of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Rana U, Driedger M, Sereda P, Pan S, Ding E, Wong A, Walmsley S, Klein M, Kelly D, Loutfy M, Thomas R, Sanche S, Kroch A, Machouf N, Roy-Gagnon MH, Hogg R, Cooper CL. Characteristics and outcomes of antiretroviral-treated HIV-HBV co-infected patients in Canada? BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:982. [PMID: 31752729 PMCID: PMC6873547 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) share common risk factors for exposure. Co-infected patients have an increased liver-related mortality risk and may have accelerated HIV progression. The epidemiology and demographic characteristics of HIV-HBV co-infection in Canada remain poorly defined. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics and factors associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis between HIV and HIV-HBV co-infected patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using data from the Canadian Observational Cohort (CANOC) Collaboration, including eight sites from British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario. Eligible participants were HIV-infected patients who initiated combination ARV between January 1, 2000 and December 14, 2014. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between HIV-HBV co-infected and HIV-infected groups using chi-square or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables, and Wilcoxon's Rank Sum test for continuous variables. Liver fibrosis was estimated by the AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI). RESULTS HBV status and APRI values were available for 2419 cohort participants. 199 (8%) were HBV co-infected. Compared to HIV-infected participants, HIV-HBV co-infected participants were more likely to use injection drugs (28% vs. 21%, p = 0.03) and be HCV-positive (31%, vs. 23%, p = 0.02). HIV-HBV co-infected participants had lower baseline CD4 T cell counts (188 cells/mm3, IQR: 120-360) compared to 235 cells/mm3 in HIV-infected participants (IQR: 85-294) (p = 0.0002) and higher baseline median APRI scores (0.50 vs. 0.37, p < 0.0001). This difference in APRI was no longer clinically significant at follow-up (0.32 vs. 0.30, p = 0.03). HIV-HBV co-infected participants had a higher mortality rate compared to HIV-infected participants (11% vs. 7%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics of the HIV-HBV co-infected population in Canada is described. HIV-HBV co-infected patients have higher mortality, more advanced CD4 T cell depletion, and liver fibrosis that improves in conjunction with ARV therapy. The high prevalence of unknown HBV status demonstrates a need for increased screening among HIV-infected patients in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Rana
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3 Canada
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Matt Driedger
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Paul Sereda
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
| | - Shenyi Pan
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
| | - Erin Ding
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
| | - Alex Wong
- Regina Qu’Appelle Health Region, Regina, SK Canada
| | | | - Marina Klein
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9 Canada
| | - Deborah Kelly
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John’s, NL A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Mona Loutfy
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON M5G 1K2 Canada
| | - Rejean Thomas
- Clinique Medicale l’Actuel, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9 Canada
| | - Stephen Sanche
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Abigail Kroch
- The Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, ON M4T 1X3 Canada
| | - Nima Machouf
- Clinique de Médicine Urbaine du Quartier Latin, Montreal, QC H2L 4E9 Canada
| | | | - Robert Hogg
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
| | - Curtis L. Cooper
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - The Canadian Observational Cohort (CANOC) Collaboration
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3 Canada
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
- Regina Qu’Appelle Health Region, Regina, SK Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9 Canada
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John’s, NL A1C 5S7 Canada
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON M5G 1K2 Canada
- Clinique Medicale l’Actuel, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 Canada
- The Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, ON M4T 1X3 Canada
- Clinique de Médicine Urbaine du Quartier Latin, Montreal, QC H2L 4E9 Canada
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15
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Kouamé GM, Boyd A, Moh R, Badje A, Gabillard D, Ouattara E, Ntakpe JB, Emième A, Maylin S, Chekaraou MA, Eholié SP, Zoulim F, Lacombe K, Anglaret X, Danel C. Higher Mortality Despite Early Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Coinfected Patients With High HBV Replication. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:112-120. [PMID: 29020361 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection increases the risk of disease progression. Tenofovir plus emtricitabine/lamivudine (TDF/XTC)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART), which suppresses HIV and HBV replication, has the potential for decreasing this risk. Here, we analyze the association between HBV replication, early ART, and mortality in West African adults. Methods The Temprano randomized controlled trial assessed the benefits of immediately initiating vs deferring ART in HIV-infected adults with high CD4 counts. After trial completion, participants continued follow-up in a posttrial phase. We analyzed the association between HBV status, immediate ART, and mortality over the entire trial and posttrial follow-up using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results A total of 2052 HIV-infected adults (median baseline CD4 count, 464 cells/μL) were followed for 9394 person-years. At baseline, 1862 (91%) were HIV monoinfected and 190 (9%) HIV/HBV coinfected. Of the latter, 135 (71%) had plasma HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL and 55 (29%) HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/mL. The 60-month probability of death was 11.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4%-24.5%) in coinfected patients with HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/mL; 4.4% (95% CI, 1.9%-10.4%) in coinfected patients with HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL; and 4.2% (95% CI, 3.3%-5.4%) in HIV-monoinfected patients. Adjusting for ART strategy (immediate vs deferred), the hazard ratio of death was 2.74 (95% CI, 1.26-5.97) in coinfected patients with HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/mL and 0.90 (95% CI, .36-2.24) in coinfected patients with HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL compared to HIV-monoinfected patients. There was no interaction between ART strategy and HBV status for mortality. Conclusions African HIV/HBV-coinfected adults with high HBV replication remain at heightened risk of mortality in the early ART era. Further studies are needed to assess interventions combined with early ART to decrease mortality in this population. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00495651.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard-Menan Kouamé
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Anders Boyd
- INSERM, UMR_S1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Raoul Moh
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicale, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Anani Badje
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Delphine Gabillard
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eric Ouattara
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Interdepartmental Centre of Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ntakpe
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Sarah Maylin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris
| | - Mariama Abdou Chekaraou
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, INSERM, Lyon University, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Serge-Paul Eholié
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicale, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, INSERM, Lyon University, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Lacombe
- INSERM, UMR_S1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Anglaret
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Christine Danel
- INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France.,Programme PAC-CI, ANRS Research site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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16
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Tsai WC, Hsu WT, Liu WD, Sun HY, Chuang YC, Huang YS, Cheng A, Lin KY, Huang YC, Chen GJ, Huang SH, Sheng WH, Hsieh SM, Hung CC, Chang SC. Impact of antiretroviral therapy containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the survival of patients with HBV and HIV coinfection. Liver Int 2019; 39:1408-1417. [PMID: 30712284 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is active against both HBV and HIV. Whether the introduction of TDF-containing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the outcome of HIV/HBV-coinfected patients remains unclear in areas of higher HBV endemicity. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of newly diagnosed antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected patients between 2007 and 2015. Four groups of patients were defined, according to the HBV status and availability of TDF for HIV treatment in Taiwan in 2011. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS During the 9-year study period, 1,723 HIV-infected patients were included, with a median age of 31 years and baseline CD4 count of 273 cells per μL. The HBV seroprevalence had declined from 18.1% (125/692) in the pre-TDF era to 10.1% (104/1031) in the post-TDF era. The respective mortality rate for HIV/HBV-coinfected and HIV-monoinfected patients in the pre-TDF era was 23.2 (95% CI, 12.5-43.1) and 9.6 (95% CI, 6.1-15.0) deaths per 1000 person-years of follow-up [PYFU], and the respective mortality rate in the post-TDF era was 15.7 (95% CI, 7.0-34.8) and 8.0 (95% CI, 5.5-11.6) deaths per 1000 PYFU. The adjusted hazard ratio for mortality in multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis among HIV/HBV-coinfected patients compared to HIV-monoinfected patients was 2.79 (95% CI, 1.25-6.22) in pre-TDF era and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.45-2.72) in post-TDF era. CONCLUSIONS In this country of high HBV endemicity, the adverse impact of chronic HBV infection on the survival observed in the pre-TDF era has significantly diminished among HIV/HBV-coinfected patients compared to HIV-monoinfected patients in the era of TDF-containing cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chen Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Da Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Aristine Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yin Lin
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Jin-Shan Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhou Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Hsi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Huei Sheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Min Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chwen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection is common in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Many currently used HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens provide potent anti-HBV activity and it is recommended that HBV-HIV coinfected persons be treated with ART regimens containing tenofovir. ART has multiple benefits, including increasing rates of HBV clearance after initial infection and potent suppression of HBV DNA in chronic infection. Nevertheless, long-term studies have yet to demonstrate a profound positive impact of ART on HBV-related fibrosis progression and development of endstage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Wyles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Denver Health Medical Center, 601 Broadway Street, MC 4000, Denver, CO 80204, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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18
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Hepatitis B infection among pregnant and post-partum women living with HIV and on antiretroviral therapy in Kinshasa, DR Congo: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216293. [PMID: 31071145 PMCID: PMC6508921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection in HIV-infected individuals increases the risk of hepatic complications and mortality. Further, the risk of perinatal HBV transmission increases among HBV/HIV co-infected pregnant women. Although HBV is endemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there is little data on HBV/HIV co-infection. We aimed to assess the burden and risk factors of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity among HIV-infected pregnant and post-partum women. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of an ongoing trial to assess the effect of data-driven continuous quality improvement interventions (CQI) for optimal prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV (CQI-PMTCT study, NCT03048669). In each of the 35 health zones of Kinshasa province, all HIV-infected pregnant or breastfeeding women (≤1 year post-delivery) presenting for care in one of the three busiest maternal and child health clinics of the health zone were tested for HBsAg using Alere Determine, Japan. We used logistic regression with general estimating equation accounting for within-clinic clustering to assess risk factors of HBsAg positivity. RESULTS Between November 2016 and June 2018, a total of 1377 women, all on antiretroviral therapy, were tested for HBsAg. Overall, 4.7% [95% binomial confidence interval (CI): 3.7%-5.7%] tested positive for HBsAg. HBsAg prevalence was 3.3% (95% CI: 2.1%-4.8%) for women tested during pregnancy, 4.5% (2.5%-7.4%) for those tested at delivery, and 8.5% (5.6%-12.2%) for those tested post-partum (Ptrend = 0.001). In multivariate models including socio-economic status (SES), type of care facility, duration of antiretroviral therapy, HIV viral load, and self-reported intimate partner violence (IPV), lowest tertile of SES, ≤ 6 months of ART, and IPV were all consistently and positively associated with higher prevalence of HBsAg across pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period while been tested in a health centre or having a viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL were consistently associated with lower prevalence. However, only the association with IPV (OR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.10-6.84) and viral load between 40-1000 copies/ml (OR = 4.28, 95% CI: 1.22-15.01) achieved statistical significance among pregnant women. CONCLUSION This study revealed an overall high prevalence of HBsAg among HIV-infected pregnant and post-partum women in Kinshasa with the latter showing the highest HBsAg prevalence. Among pregnant women, intimate partner violence was independently and statistically associated with HBsAg positivity, requiring further investigation.
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19
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Ranin J, Salemovic D, Brmbolic B, Marinkovic J, Boricic I, Pesic PI, Zerjav S, Stanojevic M, Jevtovic D. Comparison of Demographic, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with HIV Mono-infection Versus Patients Co-infected with HCV or/and HBV: A Serbian Cohort Study. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:222-230. [PMID: 30014804 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180717115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to correlate the status of hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with clinical and demographic data prior to starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and assess the impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on the natural history of HIV infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study involved a total of 836 treatment-naive patients with available serological status for HBV and HCV at the point of therapy initiation. Patients were stratified into four groups: HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV, HIV/HBV, and HIV/HCV/HBV co-infection. Demographic, epidemiological, immunological and clinical characteristics were analyzed in order to assess the possible impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on HIV - related immunodeficiency and progression to AIDS. RESULTS The prevalence of HCV and HBV co-infection in our cohort was 25.7% and 6.3%, respectively. Triple HIV/HCV/HBV infection was recorded in 1.7% of the patients. In comparison with those co-infected with HCV, patients with HIV mono-infection had lower levels of serum liver enzymes activity and higher CD4 cell counts, and were less likely to have CD4 cell counts below100 cells/µL and clinical AIDS, with OR 0.556 and 0.561, respectively. No difference in the development of advanced immunodeficiency and/or AIDS was recorded between patients with HIV monoinfection and those co-infected with HBV, or both HCV/HBV. CONCLUSION HIV/HCV co-infection was found to be more prevalent than HIV/HBV co-infection in a Serbian cohort. Co-infection with HCV was related to more profound immunodeficiency prior to therapy initiation, reflecting a possible unfavorable impact of HCV on the natural history of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ranin
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Salemovic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Brmbolic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Marinkovic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Statistics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Boricic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Pathohystology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavlovic I Pesic
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Clinical Center Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Zerjav
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Clinical Center Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Stanojevic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Jevtovic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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20
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Lieveld FI, Smit C, Richter C, van Erpecum KJ, Spanier BWM, Gisolf EH, Vrolijk JM, Siersema PD, Hoepelman AIM, Reiss P, Arends JE. Liver decompensation in HIV/Hepatitis B coinfection in the combination antiretroviral therapy era does not seem increased compared to hepatitis B mono-infection. Liver Int 2019; 39:470-483. [PMID: 30411848 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfected subjects are thought to have faster progression to end-stage liver disease (ESLD) than HBV mono-infected subjects. We assessed whether this remains in the current cART-era. METHODS Data from subjects with follow-up completion post-2003 were compared between HIV/HBV coinfected subjects in the Dutch HIV Monitoring database and HBV mono-infected subjects from two centres. The primary outcomes of composite ESLD included portal hypertension, decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation and liver-related mortality. Outcomes were analysed using time-dependent cause-specific Cox regression models adjusted for follow-up time and relevant covariates. Subset-analyses were done in subjects with follow-up pre-2003. RESULTS In the 1336 co- vs 742 mono-infected subjects, coinfected subjects had no increased probability for ESLD compared to mono-infected subjects (cHR 0.7 (95% CI 0.4-1.1), but had increased probabilities for all-cause (cHR 7.4 [4.9-11.1]) and liver-related mortality (cHR 3.4 [1.6-7.5]). In the current combined cohort, treatment with tenofovir or entecavir was inversely associated with ESLD, all-cause and liver-related mortality (cHR 0.4 [95% CI 0.3-0.7], cHR 0.003 [0.001-0.01]), cHR 0.007 [0.001-0.05]). Other predictors for ESLD were older age, being of Sub-Sahara African descent, increased alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatitis C virus coinfection. While the probability for all-cause mortality was increased in coinfected subjects, this rate decreased compared to pre-2003 (HR 40.2 (95% CI: 8.7-186.2). CONCLUSIONS HIV/HBV coinfected patients no longer seem to be at increased risk for progression to ESLD compared to HBV mono-infected patients, likely due to widespread use of highly effective cART with dual HBV and HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faydra I Lieveld
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Smit
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Karel J van Erpecum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard W M Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H Gisolf
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Vrolijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Reiss
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop E Arends
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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HBV or HCV Coinfection in HIV-1-Infected Pregnant Women in France: Prevalence and Pregnancy Outcomes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 77:439-450. [PMID: 29287028 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequent in HIV-infected persons but their impact on pregnant HIV-infected women is understudied. We explored whether these coinfections are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and lower response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Pregnancies in HIV-1-infected women included in the ANRS French Perinatal Cohort between 2005 and 2013 were analyzed if HBV and HCV infection statuses were available. RESULTS Among 4236 women, the prevalence of HBV (HBs Ag+) and HCV (RNA+) were 6.2% (95% confidence interval: 5.4 to 6.8) and 1.7% (1.3 to 2.1), respectively. HCV coinfection was strongly associated with a history of drug use; HBV coinfection was 6 times more frequent in women born in Sub-Saharan Africa than in European France. Baseline HIV viral load, CD4 count, and HIV care during pregnancy were similar in coinfected and monoinfected HIV mothers, except that 90% of HBV/HIV women were receiving tenofovir and/or lamivudine or emtricitabine. HCV coinfection was significantly associated with cholestasis [adjusted odds ratio: 4.1 (1.5-10.8), P = 0.005], preterm delivery [3.0 (1.6-5.7), P < 0.001], lower CD4 [2.6 (1.0-6.4), P < 0.001], and detectable viral load [2.3 (1.0-5.5), P = 0.06] at the end of pregnancy. HBV coinfection was not associated with any of these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In HIV-infected women, chronic HBV infection, mostly treated using targeted ART, had no major impact on the course of pregnancy. By contrast, chronic HCV infection was associated with a higher risk of obstetrical complications and a poorer immune-virological response to ART. It is yet unknown whether cure of HCV infection before conception can limit these adverse outcomes.
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Bigna JJ, Nkeck JR, Ngouo A, Nyaga UF, Noubiap JJ. Hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection among adults residing in Cameroon: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies. Infect Dis Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that can establish a persistent and chronic infection in humans through immune anergy. Currently, 3.5% of the global population is chronically infected with HBV, although the incidence of HBV infections is decreasing owing to vaccination and, to a lesser extent, the use of antiviral therapy to reduce the viral load of chronically infected individuals. The course of chronic HBV infection typically comprises different clinical phases, each of which potentially lasts for decades. Well-defined and verified serum and liver biopsy diagnostic markers enable the assessment of disease severity, viral replication status, patient risk stratification and treatment decisions. Current therapy includes antiviral agents that directly act on viral replication and immunomodulators, such as interferon therapy. Antiviral agents for HBV include reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which are nucleoside or nucleotide analogues that can profoundly suppress HBV replication but require long-term maintenance therapy. Novel compounds are being actively investigated to achieve the goal of HBV surface antigen seroclearance (functional cure), a serological state that is associated with a higher remission rate (thus, no viral rebound) after treatment cessation and a lower rate of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This Primer addresses several aspects of HBV infection, including epidemiology, immune pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and management.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare rates of all-cause, liver-related, and AIDS-related mortality among individuals who are HIV-monoinfected with those coinfected with HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C (HCV) viruses. DESIGN An ongoing observational cohort study collating routinely collected clinical data on HIV-positive individuals attending for care at HIV treatment centres throughout the United Kingdom. METHODS Individuals were included if they had been seen for care from 2004 onwards and had tested for HBV and HCV. Crude mortality rates (all cause, liver related, and AIDS related) were calculated among HIV-monoinfected individuals and those coinfected with HIV, HBV, and/or HCV. Poisson regression was used to adjust for confounding factors, identify independent predictors of mortality, and estimate the impact of hepatitis coinfection on mortality in this cohort. RESULTS Among 25 486 HIV-positive individuals, with a median follow-up 4.5 years, HBV coinfection was significantly associated with increased all-cause and liver-related mortality in multivariable analyses: adjusted rate ratios (ARR) [95% confidence intervals (95% CI)] were 1.60 (1.28-2.00) and 10.42 (5.78-18.80), respectively. HCV coinfection was significantly associated with increased all-cause (ARR 1.43, 95% CI 1.15-1.76) and liver-related mortality (ARR 6.20, 95% CI 3.31-11.60). Neither HBV nor HCV coinfection were associated with increased AIDS-related mortality: ARRs (95% CI) 1.07 (0.63-1.83) and 0.40 (0.20-0.81), respectively. CONCLUSION The increased rate of all-cause and liver-related mortality among hepatitis-coinfected individuals in this HIV-positive cohort highlights the need for primary prevention and access to effective hepatitis treatment for HIV-positive individuals.
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25
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Microbial translocation is correlated with HIV evolution in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183372. [PMID: 28934209 PMCID: PMC5608492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial translocation (MT) is characterized by bacterial products passing into the blood through the gut barrier and is a key phenomenon in the pathophysiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. MT is also associated with liver damage in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) patients. The aim of the study was to assess MT in plasma of HIV-HCV co-infected patients. 16S rDNA (16 S Ribosomal DNA subunit) marker and other markers of MT such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were used. Clinical, biological and immunological characteristics of the population were studied in order to correlate them with the intensity of the MT. We demonstrate that indirect markers of MT, LBP and CD14s, and a marker of intestinal permeability (I-FABP) are significantly higher in HIV-HCV co-infected patients than in healthy controls (17.0 vs 2.6 μg/mL, p < 0.001; 1901.7 vs 1255.0 ng/mL, p = 0.018); 478.3 vs 248.1 pg/mL, p < 0.001, respectively), while a direct marker of MT (16S rDNA copies) is not different between these two populations. However, plasma 16S rDNA was significantly higher in co-infected patients with long-standing HIV infections (RGM = 1.47 per 10 years, CI95% = [1.04:2.06], p = 0.03). Our findings show that in HIV-HCV co-infected patients, plasma 16S rDNA levels, directly reflecting MT, seem to be linked to the duration of HIV infection, while elevated levels of LBP and sCD14 reflect only a persistence of immune activation. The levels of these markers were not correlated with HCV evolution.
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26
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Umutesi J, Simmons B, Makuza JD, Dushimiyimana D, Mbituyumuremyi A, Uwimana JM, Ford N, Mills EJ, Nsanzimana S. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection in persons living with HIV enrolled in care in Rwanda. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:315. [PMID: 28464899 PMCID: PMC5414306 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The burden of these co-infections in sub-Saharan Africa is still unclear. We estimated the prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb) among HIV-infected individuals in Rwanda and identified factors associated with infection. Methods Between January 2016 and June 2016, we performed systematic screening for HBsAg and HCVAb among HIV-positive individuals enrolled at public and private HIV facilities across Rwanda. Results were analyzed to determine marker prevalence and variability by demographic factors. Results Overall, among 117,258 individuals tested, the prevalence of HBsAg and HCVAb was 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] (4.2–4.4) and 4.6% (95% CI 4.5–4.7) respectively; 182 (0.2%) HIV+ individuals were co-infected with HBsAg and HCVAb. Prevalence was higher in males (HBsAg, 5.4% [5.1–5.6] vs. 3.7% [3.5–3.8]; HCVAb, 5.0% [4.8–5.2] vs. 4.4% [4.3–4.6]) and increased with age; HCVAb prevalence was significantly higher in people aged ≥65 years (17.8% [16.4–19.2]). Prevalence varied geographically. Conclusion HBV and HCV co-infections are common among HIV-infected individuals in Rwanda. It is important that viral hepatitis prevention and treatment activities are scaled-up to control further transmission and reduce the burden in this population. Particular efforts should be made to conduct targeted screening of males and the older population. Further assessment is required to determine rates of HBV and HCV chronicity among HIV-infected individuals and identify effective strategies to link individuals to care and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Umutesi
- HIV/AIDS & STIs Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Jean D Makuza
- HIV/AIDS & STIs Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Jean Marie Uwimana
- HIV/AIDS & STIs Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Nathan Ford
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Sabin Nsanzimana
- HIV/AIDS & STIs Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. .,Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Phusanti S, Manosudprasit K, Sungkanuparph S. Long-Term Liver Diseases after Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients with and without HBV or HCV Coinfection. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2017; 16:194-200. [PMID: 28071205 DOI: 10.1177/2325957416686838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) with HIV is common and associated with increased mortality and increased risk of progression to chronic liver disease. We aimed to study long-term liver diseases after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected patients with and without HBV or HCV coinfection. A retrospective cohort of 92 patients (32 patients with HBV and/or HCV coinfection) was analyzed. Overall mean age was 38.3 years, and 54.3% were males. Immunological and virological responses were similar between the 2 groups ( P > .05). During a median follow-up period of 6.1 years, 12 (13.0%) patients had liver diseases. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the coinfection group had a significantly higher probability of developing liver diseases after ART (log-rank test, P < .001). Among the subgroup of 32 patients with coinfection, patients who were initiated ART at CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 had a higher rate of liver diseases compared to those who were initiated ART at CD4 count ≥200 cells/mm3 (42.3% versus 16.7%; P = .004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithakom Phusanti
- 1 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanhatai Manosudprasit
- 1 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Sungkanuparph
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hull M, Shafran S, Wong A, Tseng A, Giguère P, Barrett L, Haider S, Conway B, Klein M, Cooper C. CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network Coinfection and Concurrent Diseases Core Research Group: 2016 Updated Canadian HIV/Hepatitis C Adult Guidelines for Management and Treatment. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2016; 2016:4385643. [PMID: 27471521 PMCID: PMC4947683 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4385643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection occurs in 20-30% of Canadians living with HIV and is responsible for a heavy burden of morbidity and mortality. Purpose. To update national standards for management of HCV-HIV coinfected adults in the Canadian context with evolving evidence for and accessibility of effective and tolerable DAA therapies. The document addresses patient workup and treatment preparation, antiviral recommendations overall and in specific populations, and drug-drug interactions. Methods. A standing working group with HIV-HCV expertise was convened by The Canadian Institute of Health Research HIV Trials Network to review recently published HCV antiviral data and update Canadian HIV-HCV Coinfection Guidelines. Results. The gap in sustained virologic response between HCV monoinfection and HIV-HCV coinfection has been eliminated with newer HCV antiviral regimens. All coinfected individuals should be assessed for interferon-free, Direct Acting Antiviral HCV therapy. Regimens vary in content, duration, and success based largely on genotype. Reimbursement restrictions forcing the use of pegylated interferon is not acceptable if optimal patient care is to be provided. Discussion. Recommendations may not supersede individual clinical judgement. Treatment advances published since December 2015 are not considered in this document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hull
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | | | - Alex Wong
- Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, Regina, SK, Canada S4P 1E2
| | - Alice Tseng
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4
| | | | - Lisa Barrett
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | | | - Brian Conway
- Vancouver Infectious Diseases Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 2C7
| | | | - Curtis Cooper
- The Ottawa Hospital, General Campus, G12, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
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Liver involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016; 35:260-73. [PMID: 27256434 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-016-0666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The advances in management of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with highly effective anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) have resulted in increased longevity of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. AIDS-related illnesses now account for less than 50 % of the deaths, and liver diseases have emerged as the leading cause of death in patients with HIV infection. Chronic viral hepatitis, drug-related hepatotoxicity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and opportunistic infections are the common liver diseases that are seen in HIV-infected individuals. Because of the shared routes of transmission, co-infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very common in HIV-infected persons. Hepatitis C is the most common viral hepatitis seen in HIV-infected patients. With the availability of directly acting agents, treatment outcome of HCV is comparable to that seen in non HIV-infected patients. Careful monitoring is required for drug interactions and drug-induced hepatotoxicity and modification of drugs should be done where necessary. The results of liver transplantation in select HIV-infected patients can be comparable with those of HIV-negative patients.
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Agyeman AA, Ofori-Asenso R. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B coinfection in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 27190544 PMCID: PMC4869330 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-016-0107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection has been associated with higher morbidity and mortality and may impact significantly on healthcare resource utilization. However, in Ghana, accurate estimates of the prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection needed to inform policy decisions and the design of public health interventions are currently lacking. In this study, our aim was to determine the HIV/HBV coinfection prevalence rate in Ghana. METHODS Primary studies reporting prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection in Ghana were retrieved through searches conducted in PubMed, science direct, Google scholar and Africa journals online (AJOL) databases. The websites of the Ministry of Health and Ghana Health Service were also searched for related reports or reviews. Additionally, the online repository of two leading Ghanaian universities were searched to identify unpublished thesis related to the subject. All online searches were conducted between 01/03/2016 and 12/03/2016. Further searches were conducted through reference screening of retrieved papers. RESULTS Twelve (12) studies published between 1999 and 2016 and conducted across seven (7) regions of Ghana were included in this review. The three (3) regions with no studies' representation were Upper East, Upper West and Central regions. The 12 included studies involved a total of 8162 HIV patients. The reported HIV/HBV coinfection prevalence rates ranged from 2.4 to 41.7 %. The pooled HIV/HBV coinfection prevalence rate was determined as 13.6 % (95 % CI 10.2-16.8 %; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In Ghana, about one in seven HIV patients may be also be chronically infected with HBV. Preventive interventions and strategic policy directions including systematic screening of all newly diagnosed HIV cases for coinfection will be needed, so as to improve management strategies for HBV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) implementation.
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Directly acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus arrive in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients: from 'mind the gap' to 'where's the gap?'. AIDS 2016; 30:975-89. [PMID: 26836785 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In patients living with HIV infection with hepatitis C (HCV) is common. HIV/HCV co-infection results in more rapid liver fibrosis progression than HCV alone and end-stage liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in co-infected patients. Historically, treatment outcomes with interferon based therapy in this group have been poor but with the advent of directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs for HCV, rates of cure have improved dramatically. This article reviews recent evidence on the treatment of HCV in co-infected patients including the efficacy of new regimens and information on drug-drug interactions between DAAs and antiretroviral therapy. We also discuss the relationship between the pathogenesis of HIV and HCV infections, the treatment of acute hepatitis C and the current debate regarding the cost-effectiveness and affordability of DAAs.
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Virological Mechanisms in the Coinfection between HIV and HCV. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:320532. [PMID: 26494946 PMCID: PMC4606210 DOI: 10.1155/2015/320532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to shared transmission routes, coinfection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is common in patients infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The immune-pathogenesis of liver disease in HIV/HCV coinfected patients is a multifactorial process. Several studies demonstrated that HIV worsens the course of HCV infection, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Also, HCV might increase immunological defects due to HIV and risk of comorbidities. A specific cross-talk among HIV and HCV proteins in coinfected patients modulates the natural history, the immune responses, and the life cycle of both viruses. These effects are mediated by immune mechanisms and by a cross-talk between the two viruses which could interfere with host defense mechanisms. In this review, we focus on some virological/immunological mechanisms of the pathogenetic interactions between HIV and HCV in the human host.
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Can we use HCC risk scores to individualize surveillance in chronic hepatitis B infection? J Hepatol 2015; 63:722-32. [PMID: 26026875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Accurate prediction of HCC risk is important for decisions on antiviral therapy and HCC surveillance. In the last few years, a number of Asian groups have derived and validated several HCC risk scores based on well-known risk factors such as cirrhosis, age, male sex and high viral load. Overall, these scores have high negative predictive values of over 95% in excluding HCC development in 3 to 10 years. The REACH-B score was derived from a community cohort of non-cirrhotic patients and is better applied in the primary care setting. In contrast, the GAG-HCC and CU-HCC scores were derived from hospital cohorts and include cirrhosis as a major integral component. While the latter scores may be more applicable to patients at specialist clinics, the diagnosis of cirrhosis based on routine imaging and clinical parameters can be inaccurate. To this end, recent developments in non-invasive tests of liver fibrosis may further refine the risk prediction. The application of HCC risk scores in patients on antiviral therapy and in other ethnic groups should be evaluated in future studies.
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Akhtar A, Khan AH, Sulaiman SAS, Soo CT, Khan K. HBV and HIV co-infection: Prevalence and clinical outcomes in tertiary care hospital Malaysia. J Med Virol 2015; 88:455-60. [PMID: 26255632 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO, Malaysia has been classified as a concentrated epidemic country due to progression of HIV infection in the population of injecting drug users. The main objectives of current study are to determine the prevalence of HBV among HIV-positive individuals in a tertiary care hospital of Malaysia and to assess the predictors involved in the outcomes of HIV-HBV co-infected patients. A retrospective, cross-sectional study is conducted at Hospital Palau Pinang, Malaysia. The collection of socio-demographic data as well as clinical data is done with the help of data collection form. Data were analyzed after putting the collected values of required data by using statistical software SPSS version 20.0 and P > 0.05 is considered as significant. Results show that the overall prevalence of HBV was 86 (13%) including 495 (74.5%) males and 169 (25.5%) females among a total of 664 HIV-infected patients. It was observed that there is a high prevalence of HIV-HBV co-infection in males 76 (11.4%) as compared to females 10 (1.5%) (P = 0.002). The median age of the study population was 39 years. The statistical significant risk factors involved in the outcomes of HIV-HBV co-infected patients were observed in the variables of gender, age groups, and injecting drug users. The findings of the present study shows that the prevalence of HBV infection among HIV-positive patients was 13% and the risk factors involved in the outcomes of HIV-HBV co-infected patients were gender, age, and intravenous drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akhtar
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Palau Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amer Hayat Khan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Palau Penang, Malaysia
| | - Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Palau Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow Ting Soo
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Palau Penang, Palau Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kashifullah Khan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Palau Penang, Malaysia
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Matthews PC, Beloukas A, Malik A, Carlson JM, Jooste P, Ogwu A, Shapiro R, Riddell L, Chen F, Luzzi G, Jaggernath M, Jesuthasan G, Jeffery K, Ndung’u T, Goulder PJR, Geretti AM, Klenerman P. Prevalence and Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Coinfection among HIV-Positive Women in South Africa and Botswana. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218239 PMCID: PMC4517770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is progressive concern about the evolving burden of morbidity and mortality caused by coinfection with HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in sub-Saharan Africa, but the epidemiology and impact of this problem are not well defined. We therefore set out to assimilate more information about the nature of HBV/HIV coinfection in this region by undertaking a retrospective observational study of southern African adult women. We used samples from previously recruited HIV-1 positive women attending antenatal clinics in three settings in South Africa and Botswana (n = 950) and added a small cohort of HIV-negative antenatal South African women for comparison (n = 72). We tested for HBsAg and followed up HBsAg-positive samples by testing for HBeAg, HBV DNA, HBV genotype, presence of drug-resistance associated mutations (RAMs) and HDV. We identified HBsAg in 72 individuals (7% of the whole cohort), of whom 27% were HBeAg-positive, and the majority HBV genotypes A1 and A2. We did not detect any HDV coinfection. HBV prevalence was significantly different between geographically distinct cohorts, but did not differ according to HIV status. Among adults from South Africa, HBV/HIV coinfected patients had lower CD4+ T cell counts compared to those with HIV-monoinfection (p = 0.02), but this finding was not replicated in the cohort from Botswana. Overall, these data provide a snapshot of the coinfection problem at the heart of the HIV/HBV co-epidemic, and are important to inform public health policy, resource allocation, education, surveillance and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amna Malik
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Carlson
- Microsoft Research, eScience Group, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ogwu
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Integrated Sexual Health Services, Northampton General Hospital, Cliftonville, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Chen
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Graz Luzzi
- Department of Sexual Health, High Wycombe Hospital, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Manjeetha Jaggernath
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gerald Jesuthasan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz, Berlin, Germany
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip J. R. Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Martins S, Livramento AD, Andrigueti M, Kretzer IF, Machado MJ, Spada C, Treitinger A. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection markers and socio-demographic risk factors in HIV-infected patients in Southern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:552-8. [PMID: 25467254 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0109-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are two of the world's most important infectious diseases. Our objective was to determine the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) prevalences among adult HIV-infected patients and identify the associations between socio-demographic variables and these HBV infection markers. METHODS This study was performed from October 2012 to March 2013. Three hundred HIV-seropositive patients were monitored by the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago University Hospital, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The blood tests included HBsAg, anti-HBc immunoglobulin M (IgM) and total anti-HBc. Patients reported their HIV viral loads and CD4+ T-cell counts using a questionnaire designed to collect sociodemographic data. RESULTS The mean patient age was 44.6 years, the mean CD4 T-cell count was 525/mm3, the mean time since beginning antiretroviral therapy was 7.6 years, and the mean time since HIV diagnosis was 9.6 years. The overall prevalences of HBsAg and total anti-HBc were 2.3% and 29.3%, respectively. Among the individuals analyzed, 0.3% were positive for HBsAg, 27.3% were positive for total anti-HBc, and 2.0% were positive either for HBsAg or total anti-HBc and were classified as chronically HBV-infected. Furthermore, 70.3% of the patients were classified as never having been infected. Male gender, age >40 years and Caucasian ethnicity were associated with an anti-HBc positive test. CONCLUSIONS The results showed an intermediate prevalence of HBsAg among the studied patients. Moreover, the associations between the anti-HBc marker and socio-demographic factors suggest a need for HBV immunization among these HIV-positive individuals, who are likely to have HIV/HBV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Andréa do Livramento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Michelle Andrigueti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Iara Fabricia Kretzer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Marcos José Machado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Celso Spada
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Aricio Treitinger
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
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Crowell TA, Berry SA, Fleishman JA, LaRue RW, Korthuis PT, Nijhawan AE, Moore RD, Gebo KA. Impact of hepatitis coinfection on healthcare utilization among persons living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:425-31. [PMID: 25559601 PMCID: PMC4336227 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection are increasingly important sources of morbidity among HIV-infected persons. We determined associations between hepatitis coinfection and healthcare utilization among HIV-infected adults at 4 US sites during 2006-2011. Outpatient HIV visits did not differ by hepatitis serostatus and decreased over time. Mental health visits were more common among HIV/HCV coinfected persons than among HIV monoinfected persons [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08 to 1.50]. Hospitalization rates were higher among all hepatitis-infected groups than among HIV monoinfected (HIV/HBV: IRR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.44; HIV/HCV: IRR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.36; HIV/HBV/HCV: IRR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.68). These findings may inform the design of clinical services and allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Crowell
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stephen A. Berry
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John A. Fleishman
- Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD
| | - Richard W. LaRue
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - P. Todd Korthuis
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ank E. Nijhawan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Richard D. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kelly A. Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Lo Re V, Wang L, Devine S, Baser O, Olufade T. Hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)/Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) triple infection versus HIV/HCV coinfection and the effect of anti-HBV nucleos(t)ide therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1027-31. [PMID: 24944235 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of hepatic decompensation was higher in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) triple infection than in those with HIV/HCV coinfection (24.1 vs 10.8 events per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-3.18). Compared with HIV/HCV-infected patients, the rate of decompensation was increased among HIV/HBV/HCV-infected patients receiving no anti-HBV therapy (HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.37-4.49) but not among those who did receive such therapy (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, .40-2.97).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lo Re
- Department of Medicine and Penn Center for AIDS Research Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Wang
- Analytic Research, STATinMED Research, Dallas, Texas
| | - Scott Devine
- US Outcomes Research, Merck Sharpe and Dohme Corporation, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
| | - Onur Baser
- Analytic Research, STATinMED Research, Dallas, Texas Department of Economics, Administrative, and Social Sciences, MEF University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Temitope Olufade
- US Outcomes Research, Merck Sharpe and Dohme Corporation, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
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Matthews PC, Geretti AM, Goulder PJR, Klenerman P. Epidemiology and impact of HIV coinfection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:20-33. [PMID: 24973812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are blood-borne viruses with potentially shared routes of transmission. In high-income settings, the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on survival has unmasked chronic liver disease from viral hepatitis B or hepatitis C as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV infection. It is now feared that progressive liver disease may threaten the success of ART programmes in developing countries, where HCV or HBV testing and monitoring are not yet systematic among HIV-infected patients and ART use is generally blind to these co-infections. We set out to review recent data from Sub-Saharan Africa, in order to build a detailed and up-to-date picture of the epidemiology and emerging impact of HBV and HCV coinfection in countries at the heart of the HIV pandemic. There is a preponderance of HIV/HBV coinfection compared to HIV/HCV in this region, and significant caveats exist regarding the accuracy of published HCV seroprevalence surveys. Morbidity and mortality of coinfection is significant, and may be further enhanced in African populations due to the influence of host, viral and environmental factors. Careful scrutiny of the coinfection problem is vital to inform an approach to directing resources, planning public health initiatives, providing clinical care, and guiding future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Factors associated with delayed hepatitis B viral suppression on tenofovir among patients coinfected with HBV-HIV in the CNICS cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66:96-101. [PMID: 24500175 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite widespread use in HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the effectiveness of tenofovir (TDF) has not been studied extensively outside of small cohorts of coinfected patients with HBV-HIV. We examined the effect of prior lamivudine (3TC) treatment and other factors on HBV DNA suppression with TDF in a multisite clinical cohort of coinfected patients. METHODS We studied all patients enrolled in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort from 1996 to 2011 who had chronic HBV and HIV infection, initiated a TDF-based regimen continued for ≥ 3 months and had on-treatment HBV DNA measurements. We used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox-proportional hazards to estimate time to suppression (HBV DNA level <200 IU/mL or <1000 copies/mL) by selected covariates. RESULTS Among 397 coinfected patients on TDF, 91% were also on emtricitabine or 3TC concurrently, 92% of those tested were hepatitis B e antigen positive, 196 (49%) had prior 3TC exposure; 192 (48%) achieved HBV DNA suppression over a median of 28 months (interquartile range: 13-71). Median time to HBV DNA suppression was 17 months for those who were 3TC-naive and 50 months for those who were 3TC exposed. After controlling for other factors, prior 3TC exposure, baseline HBV DNA level >10,000 IU/mL, and lower nadir CD4 count were independently associated with decreased likelihood of HBV DNA suppression on TDF. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the role of prior 3TC exposure and immune response on delayed HBV suppression on TDF.
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Streeck H, Rockstroh JK. Challenges in the treatment of HIV and HCV coinfection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:811-22. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.5.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Survival of HIV-positive individuals with hepatitis B and C infection in Michigan. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:2131-9. [PMID: 24286128 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813003038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to estimate mortality and associated factors in HIV-hepatitis co-infected individuals in Michigan using a retrospective cohort study. For the study period of 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2009, all HIV-infected individuals were matched to hepatitis B and C cases. In the final Cox proportional hazards regression model, individuals of other [hazard ratio (HR) 2·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4-3·2] and black (HR 1·3, 95% CI 1·1-1·6) race had decreased survival compared to white race. Similarly, injecting drug users (IDUs) (HR 2·1, 95% CI 1·6-2·6), men who have sex with men (MSM)/IDUs (HR 1·5, 95% CI 1·1-2·2), individuals with undetermined risk (HR 1·5, 95% CI 1·2-1·9) and heterosexual practices (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·1-1·8) had decreased survival compared to MSM. Additionally, an interaction was found between current HIV status and co-infection. Mortality in HIV-hepatitis co-infected individuals remains a continuing problem. Our study can help in planning interventions to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV coinfection and responses to initial antiretroviral treatment (ART). METHODS Four AIDS Clinical Trials Group HIV treatment studies' data were combined to compare initial ART responses between HCV/HIV-coinfected and HIV-monoinfected patients as evaluated by virologic failure, CD4 cell measures, occurrence of AIDS/death and grade 3/4 safety events, using Kaplan-Meier estimates and proportional hazard, regression and mixed effects models, adjusting for baseline covariates. RESULTS Of the 3041 included participants, 81% were men, 19% had prior history of AIDS, the median (25th, 75th percentile) baseline HIV RNA was 4.72 (4.38-5.18) log10 copies/ml, and the median (25th, 75th percentile) baseline CD4 cell count was 216.0 (76.5-327.0) cells/μl. The 279 HCV/HIV-coinfected individuals were older (44 vs. 37 years), more likely to be black non-Hispanic (47 vs. 36%), and previous/current intravenous drug user (52 vs. 5%) than the 2762 HIV-monoinfected patients (all P values <0.001). HCV/HIV coinfection was associated with earlier virologic failure, hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.43 (1.07-1.91); smaller mean CD4 cell increase and CD4% increase [-33.8 (-52.2 to -15.4) cells/μl and -1.16% (-1.43 to -0.89%), respectively] over a median of 132 weeks of follow-up; earlier occurrence of grade 3/4 safety event, hazard ratio 1.51 (1.26-1.81); and increased AIDS/mortality, hazard ratio 2.10 (1.31-3.37). Treatment effects comparing antiretroviral regimens were not significantly different by HCV/HIV coinfection status. CONCLUSION HCV/HIV coinfection is associated with attenuated response to ART. Results support earlier initiation of HIV therapy and increased monitoring of those initiating ART with HCV/HIV coinfection.
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Survival analysis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with and without hepatitis C virus infection at a reference center for sexually transmitted diseases/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 18:150-7. [PMID: 24211628 PMCID: PMC9427469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Survival of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome has improved with combination antiretroviral therapy; mortality due to liver diseases, however, has also increased in these patients. OBJECTIVES To estimate the accumulated probability of survival in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus coinfected and non-coinfected patients and to investigate factors related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients' survival. METHODS Non-concurrent cohort study using data from surveillance information systems of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients over 13 years of age. Hepatitis C and B, human immunodeficiency virus exposure category, CD4+ T cell count, age group, schooling, race, sex, and four acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis periods were studied. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox model with estimates of the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval were used. RESULTS Of the total 2864 individuals included, with median age was 35 years, 219 died (7.5%), and 358 (12.5%) were human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus coinfected. The accumulated probability of survival in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus coinfected patients, after acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis, at 120 months, was 0%, 38.9%, 83.8% in 1986-1993, 1994-1996, 1997-2002, respectively, and 92.8% at 96 months in 2003-2010; survival in non-coinfected patients at 120 months was 80%, 90.2%, 94% in 1986-1993, 1994-1996, 1997-2002, respectively, and 94.1% at 96 months in 2003-2010. In the multivariate model the following variables were predictive of death: hepatitis C virus coinfection (hazard ratio=2.7; confidence interval 2.0-3.6); Hepatitis B virus coinfection (hazard ratio=2.4; confidence interval 1.7-3.6); being ≥ 50 years old (hazard ratio=2.3; confidence interval 1.3-3.8); having 8-11 years of schooling (hazard ratio=1.6; confidence interval 1.1-2.3), having 4-7 years of schooling (hazard ratio=1.9; confidence interval 1.3-2.8) and having up to 3 years of schooling (hazard ratio=3.3; confidence interval 2.0-5.5). CONCLUSIONS Among patients diagnosed after 1996, there was a significant increase in the cumulative probability of survival in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus coinfected individuals; among those diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome from 2003 to 2010, this probability was similar between coinfected and non-coinfected patients.
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[Consensus Statement by GeSIDA/National AIDS Plan Secretariat on antiretroviral treatment in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (Updated January 2013)]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 31:602.e1-602.e98. [PMID: 24161378 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This consensus document is an update of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) guidelines for HIV-1 infected adult patients. METHODS To formulate these recommendations a panel composed of members of the GeSIDA/National AIDS Plan Secretariat (Grupo de Estudio de Sida and the Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida) reviewed the efficacy and safety advances in clinical trials, cohort and pharmacokinetic studies published in medical journals (PubMed and Embase) or presented in medical scientific meetings. The strength of the recommendations and the evidence which support them are based on a modification of the criteria of Infectious Diseases Society of America. RESULTS cART is recommended in patients with symptoms of HIV infection, in pregnant women, in serodiscordant couples with high risk of transmission, in hepatitisB co-infection requiring treatment, and in HIV nephropathy. cART is recommended in asymptomatic patients if CD4 is <500cells/μl. If CD4 are >500cells/μl cART should be considered in the case of chronic hepatitisC, cirrhosis, high cardiovascular risk, plasma viral load >100.000 copies/ml, proportion of CD4 cells <14%, neurocognitive deficits, and in people aged >55years. The objective of cART is to achieve an undetectable viral load. The first cART should include 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) nucleoside analogs and a third drug (a non-analog RTI, a ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor, or an integrase inhibitor). The panel has consensually selected some drug combinations, for the first cART and specific criteria for cART in acute HIV infection, in tuberculosis and other HIV related opportunistic infections, for the women and in pregnancy, in hepatitisB or C co-infection, in HIV-2 infection, and in post-exposure prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS These new guidelines update previous recommendations related to first cART (when to begin and what drugs should be used), how to monitor, and what to do in case of viral failure or adverse drug reactions. cART specific criteria in comorbid patients and special situations are similarly updated.
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Rockstroh JK, Peters L, Grint D, Soriano V, Reiss P, Monforte AD, Beniowski M, Losso MH, Kirk O, Kupfer B, Mocroft A. Does hepatitis C viremia or genotype predict the risk of mortality in individuals co-infected with HIV? J Hepatol 2013; 59:213-20. [PMID: 23583272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The influence of HCV-RNA levels and genotype on HCV disease progression is not well studied. The prognostic value of these markers was investigated in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals from the EuroSIDA cohort. METHODS EuroSIDA is a prospective cohort of 18,295 HIV-1 infected patients in 105 centres across Europe, Israel, and Argentina. All subjects with known HCV antibody (HCVAb) status (n=13,025) were enrolled in the present study. RESULTS 4044 (31.0%) patients had detectable HCVAb. After adjustment, HCVAb+ patients had an increased incidence of liver-related death (LRD) compared to HCVAb- individuals (IRR 8.90; 95% CI 5.60-14.14, p<0.0001). Information on HCV-RNA was available for 2709 (67.0%) HCVAb+ patients and 2010 (74.2%) were HCV-RNA+. Of 1907 patients with measured HCV genotype, 1008 (52.9%), 62 (3.3%), 567 (29.7%), and 270 (14.2%) were infected with genotype 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Patients with detectable HCV-RNA had similar incidence of non-LRD, but higher incidence of LRD compared to HCVAb+ aviremic patients (adjusted IRR 1.18; 95% CI 0.93-1.50, p=0.17) and (adjusted IRR 2.11; 95% CI 1.30-3.42, p=0.0025), respectively. In patients with HCV viremia, HCV-RNA levels and HCV genotype did not influence the risk of non-LRD or LRD. CONCLUSIONS HCV seropositive HIV patients had a 9-fold increased risk of LRD compared to patients who were HCV seronegative. Risk of death from any cause or LRD was not influenced by level of HCV viremia or HCV genotype.
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Otto-Knapp R, Cortes CP, Saavedra F, Wolff M, Weitzel T. Hepatitis B prevalence and influence on HIV treatment outcome and mortality in the Chilean AIDS Cohort. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e919-24. [PMID: 23849398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection and its influence on mortality and treatment outcome within a large AIDS cohort in Chile. METHODS Clinical and epidemiological data from the Chilean AIDS Cohort were retrospectively analyzed. Adult patients tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during the time period of October 2001 to October 2007 were included. RESULTS Of 5115 cohort patients, 1907 met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of HBV co-infection was 8.4%. Overall mortality rates were 2.15 and 1.77 per 100 person-years for HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative HIV patients, respectively, with a mortality rate ratio of 1.22 (95% confidence interval 0.58-2.54). Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analysis did not show significant differences between the groups. Virological and immunological responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) were not influenced by HBsAg status, but in co-infected patients, initial ART was more frequently changed. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of hepatitis B co-infection was 8.4%, indicating a markedly elevated hepatitis B risk compared to the general population in Chile. Neither treatment outcome nor overall mortality was influenced by hepatitis B co-infection. Still, patients with hepatitis B co-infection had less stable ART regimens, which might be related to a higher risk of hepatotoxic drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Otto-Knapp
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Clinic for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, HELIOS Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
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Brunet L, Moodie EEM, Rollet K, Cooper C, Walmsley S, Potter M, Klein MB. Marijuana smoking does not accelerate progression of liver disease in HIV-hepatitis C coinfection: a longitudinal cohort analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:663-70. [PMID: 23811492 PMCID: PMC3739469 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Marijuana smoking is common and believed to relieve many symptoms, but daily use has been associated with liver fibrosis in cross-sectional studies. We aimed to estimate the effect of marijuana smoking on liver disease progression in a Canadian prospective multicenter cohort of human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfected persons. Methods. Data were analyzed for 690 HCV polymerase chain reaction positive (PCR-positive) individuals without significant fibrosis or end-stage liver disease (ESLD) at baseline. Time-updated Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to assess the association between the average number of joints smoked/week and progression to significant liver fibrosis (APRI ≥ 1.5), cirrhosis (APRI ≥ 2) or ESLD. Results At baseline, 53% had smoked marijuana in the past 6 months, consuming a median of 7 joints/week (IQR, 1–21); 40% smoked daily. There was no evidence that marijuana smoking accelerates progression to significant liver fibrosis (APRI ≥ 1.5) or cirrhosis (APRI ≥ 2; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.02 [0.93–1.12] and 0.99 [0.88–1.12], respectively). Each 10 additional joints/week smoked slightly increased the risk of progression to a clinical diagnosis of cirrhosis and ESLD combined (HR, 1.13 [1.01–1.28]). However, when exposure was lagged to 6–12 months before the diagnosis, marijuana was no longer associated with clinical disease progression (HR, 1.10 [0.95–1.26]). Conclusions In this prospective analysis we found no evidence for an association between marijuana smoking and significant liver fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV coinfection. A slight increase in the hazard of cirrhosis and ESLD with higher intensity of marijuana smoking was attenuated after lagging marijuana exposure, suggesting that reverse causation due to self-medication could explain previous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Brunet
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 2P4
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Grint D, Peters L, Reekie J, Soriano V, Kirk O, Knysz B, Suetnov O, Lazzarin A, Ledergerber B, Rockstroh JK, Mocroft A. Stability of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels among interferon-naïve HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2013; 14:370-8. [PMID: 23534815 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. High HCV RNA levels have been associated with poor treatment response. This study aimed to examine the natural history of HCV RNA in chronically HCV/HIV-coinfected individuals. METHODS Mixed models were used to analyse the natural history of HCV RNA changes over time in HIV-positive patients with chronic HCV infection. RESULTS A total of 1541 individuals, predominantly White (91%), male (73%), from southern (35%) and western central Europe (23%) and with HCV genotype 1 (58%), were included in the analysis. The median follow-up time was 5.0 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2.8 to 8.3 years]. Among patients not on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HCV RNA levels increased by a mean 27.6% per year [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.1-53.5%; P = 0.0098]. Among patients receiving cART, HCV RNA levels were stable, increasing by a mean 2.6% per year (95% CI -1.1 to 6.5%; P = 0.17). Baseline HCV RNA levels were 25.5% higher (95% CI 8.8 to 39.1%; P = 0.0044) in individuals with HCV genotype 1 compared with HCV genotypes 2, 3 and 4. A 1 log HIV-1 RNA copies/mL increase in HIV RNA was associated with a 10.9% increase (95% CI 2.3 to 20.2%; P = 0.012) in HCV RNA. CONCLUSIONS While HCV RNA levels increased significantly in patients prior to receiving cART, among those treated with cART HCV RNA levels remained stable over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grint
- HIV Epidemiology & Biostatistics Group, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London-Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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