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D’ambrosio S, Dabous A, Sadiq S, Casillo A, Schiraldi C, Cassese E, Bedini E, Corsaro MM, Cimini D. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 live probiotics and postbiotics: production strategies and bioactivity evaluation for potential therapeutic properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1379574. [PMID: 39055336 PMCID: PMC11270027 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1379574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 is a commercially available well-characterized probiotic with documented effects on human health, such as the ability to enhance the immune function and to balance the intestinal microbiome. Therefore, optimizing the manufacturing process to improve sustainability, increasing biomass yields and viability, and avoiding animal -derived nutrients in the medium to meet vegan consumer's needs, is currently of interest. Besides the established use of live probiotic cells, alternative supplements indicated as postbiotics, like non-viable cells and/or probiotics derived bioactive molecules might be considered as potential next generation biotherapeutics. In fact, advantages of postbiotics include fewer technological limitations, such as easier production processes and scale-up, and even higher specificity. Methods: In this work, medium design together with different fermentation strategies such as batch, fed-batch and in situ product removal on lab-scale bioreactors were combined. Medium pretreatment by ultrafiltration and protease digestion was performed to reduce polysaccharidic contaminants and facilitate the purification of secreted exopolysaccharides (EPS). The latter were isolated from the fermentation broth and characterized through NMR, GC-MS and SEC-TDA analyses. The expression of TLR-4, NF-kb and IL-6 in LPS challenged differentiated CaCo-2 cells treated with EPS, live and heat-killed B. lactis cells/broth, was evaluated in vitro by western blotting and ELISA. Zonulin was also assessed by immunofluorescence assays. Results and Discussion: The titer of viable B. lactis HN019 was increased up to 2.9 ± 0.1 x 1010 on an animal-free semidefined medium by applying an ISPR fermentation strategy. Medium pre-treatment and a simple downstream procedure enriched the representativity of the EPS recovered (87%), the composition of which revealed the presence of mannuronic acid among other sugars typically present in polysaccharides produced by bifidobacteria. The isolated EPS, live cells and whole heat inactivated broth were compared for the first up to date for their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties and for their ability to promote intestinal barrier integrity. Interestingly, EPS and live cells samples demonstrated immune-stimulating properties by downregulating the expression of TLR-4 and NF-kb, and the ability to promote restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier by up-regulating the expression of zonulin, one of the tight junctions forming proteins. Postbiotics in the form of heat killed broth only reduced NF-kb expression, whereas they did not seem effective in the other tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D’ambrosio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Azza Dabous
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Saba Sadiq
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cassese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Cimini
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
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Liang X, Li Y, Zhao Z, Ding R, Sun J, Chi C. Safety and efficacy of adding postbiotics in infant formula: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:43-51. [PMID: 37700163 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Postbiotics, as emerging products, were added to infant formula, but their safety and efficacy are unclear. To clarify this issue, we wrote this meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and ProQuest from its establishment to February 2023. The review was registered on PROSPERO database (CRD42022352405). The effects of infant formula with and without postbiotics were compared, and the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs), digestive symptoms, concentration of stool secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and growth and development indexes were analyzed. Nine randomized controlled trials with 2065 participants were included. The addition of postbiotics to infant formula was found to increase the concentration of stool SIgA (P < 0.05) with very low certainty of evidence, without significantly impacting the incidence of SAEs, infantile colic, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal disorders, the daily weight gain, the total gain in body length and the daily head circumference gain (all P > 0.05). Adding postbiotics to the formula is safe for infants, which would not increase the incidence of SAEs, infantile colic, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal disorders, and could increase the concentration of stool SIgA. IMPACT: Our study provides evidence that the addition of postbiotics to infant formula is safe but not effective. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of postbiotics. This study provides strong evidence for the safety of postbiotics and lays a foundation for related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Liang
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhijiao Zhao
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ru Ding
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Cheng Chi
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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Jena R, Choudhury PK. Bifidobacteria in Fermented Dairy Foods: A Health Beneficial Outlook. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10189-w. [PMID: 37979040 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria, frequently present in the human gastrointestinal tract, play a crucial role in preserving gut health and are mostly recognized as beneficial probiotic microorganisms. They are associated with fermenting complex carbohydrates, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids, bioactive peptides, exopolysaccharides, and vitamins, which provide energy and contribute to gut homeostasis. In light of these findings, research in food processing technologies has harnessed probiotic bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria for the formulation of a wide range of fermented dairy products, ensuring their maximum survival and contributing to the development of distinctive quality characteristics and therapeutic benefits. Despite the increased interest in probiotic dairy products, introducing bifidobacteria into the dairy food chain has proved to be complicated. However, survival of Bifidobacterium species is conditioned by strain of bacteria used, metabolic interactions with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), fermentation parameters, and the temperature of storage and preservation of the dairy products. Furthermore, fortification of dairy foods and whey beverages with bifidobacteria have ability to change physicochemical and rheological properties beyond economic value of dairy products. In summary, this review underscores the significance of bifidobacteria as probiotics in diverse fermented dairy foods and accentuates their positive impact on human health. By enhancing our comprehension of the beneficial repercussions associated with the consumption of bifidobacteria-rich products, we aim to encourage individuals to embrace these probiotics as a means of promoting holistic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Jena
- Department of Dairy Technology, School of Agricultural and Bioengineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, 761211, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Choudhury
- Department of Dairy Technology, School of Agricultural and Bioengineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, 761211, India.
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Sadighbathi S, Saris PEJ, Amiri S, Yousefvand A. Development and properties of functional yoghurt enriched with postbiotic produced by yoghurt cultures using cheese whey and skim milk. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1276268. [PMID: 37840711 PMCID: PMC10569472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1276268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementation of postbiotics derived from Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (LB) in cheese whey (CW) and skim milk (SM) on antioxidant activity, viability of yoghurt starters, and quality parameters of low-fat yoghurt during 22 days of storage. The LB-CW (L delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus postbiotic-containing cheese whey) sample exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with 18.71% inhibition (p > 0.05). This sample also showed the highest water holding capacity (77.93%; p < 0.05) and a trend toward receiving the most favorable sensory attributes (p > 0.05) compared to the other samples. The LB-CW and LB-SM yoghurt samples exhibited significantly higher body and texture scores compared to the ST-SM-fortified yoghurt (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the overall acceptability of the LB-SM and ST-SM yoghurt samples across both starters (p > 0.05). Such findings highlight the potential of postbiotics as functional ingredients to enhance the nutritional and sensory aspects of yoghurt, further contributing to its appeal as a health-promoting product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sadighbathi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per E. J. Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saber Amiri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amin Yousefvand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang L, Feng Z, Li Y, Lv C, Li C, Hu Y, Fu M, Song L. Salivary and fecal microbiota: potential new biomarkers for early screening of colorectal polyps. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182346. [PMID: 37655344 PMCID: PMC10467446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Gut microbiota plays an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis through microbes and their metabolites, while oral pathogens are the major components of CRC-associated microbes. Multiple studies have identified gut and fecal microbiome-derived biomarkers for precursors lesions of CRC detection. However, few studies have used salivary samples to predict colorectal polyps. Therefore, in order to find new noninvasive colorectal polyp biomarkers, we searched into the differences in fecal and salivary microbiota between patients with colorectal polyps and healthy controls. Methods In this case-control study, we collected salivary and fecal samples from 33 patients with colorectal polyps (CP) and 22 healthy controls (HC) between May 2021 and November 2022. All samples were sequenced using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing and compared with the Nucleotide Sequence Database. The salivary and fecal microbiota signature of colorectal polyps was established by alpha and beta diversity, Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) and random forest model analysis. In addition, the possibility of microbiota in identifying colorectal polyps was assessed by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). Results In comparison to the HC group, the CP group's microbial diversity increased in saliva and decreased in feces (p < 0.05), but there was no significantly difference in microbiota richness (p > 0.05). The principal coordinate analysis revealed significant differences in β-diversity of salivary and fecal microbiota between the CP and HC groups. Moreover, LEfSe analysis at the species level identified Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Leptotrichia wadei, Prevotella intermedia, and Megasphaera micronuciformis as the major contributors to the salivary microbiota, and Ruminococcus gnavus, Bacteroides ovatus, Parabacteroides distasonis, Citrobacter freundii, and Clostridium symbiosum to the fecal microbiota of patients with polyps. Salivary and fecal bacterial biomarkers showed Area Under ROC Curve of 0.8167 and 0.8051, respectively, which determined the potential of diagnostic markers in distinguishing patients with colorectal polyps from controls, and it increased to 0.8217 when salivary and fecal biomarkers were combined. Conclusion The composition and diversity of the salivary and fecal microbiota were significantly different in colorectal polyp patients compared to healthy controls, with an increased abundance of harmful bacteria and a decreased abundance of beneficial bacteria. A promising non-invasive tool for the detection of colorectal polyps can be provided by potential biomarkers based on the microbiota of the saliva and feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiting Lv
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chai W, Maskarinec G, Lim U, Boushey CJ, Wilkens LR, Setiawan VW, Le Marchand L, Randolph TW, Jenkins IC, Lampe JW, Hullar MA. Association of Habitual Intake of Probiotic Supplements and Yogurt with Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study. GUT MICROBIOME (CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND) 2023; 4:e14. [PMID: 38468639 PMCID: PMC10927272 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Consumption of probiotics and/or yogurt could be a solution for restoring the balance of the gut microbiota. This study examined associations of regular intake of probiotic supplements or yogurt with the gut microbiota among a diverse population of older adults (N=1,861; 60-72 years). Fecal microbial composition was obtained from 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3 region). General Linear Models were used to estimate the associations of probiotic supplement or yogurt intake with microbiome measures adjusting for covariates. Compared to non-yogurt consumers (N=1,023), regular yogurt consumers (≥once/week, N=818) had greater Streptococcus (β=0.29, P=0.0003) and lower Odoribacter (β=-0.33, P<0.0001) abundance. The directions of the above associations were consistent across the five ethnic groups but stronger among Japanese Americans (Streptococcus: β=0.56, P=0.0009; Odoribacter: β=-0.62, P=0.0005). Regular intake of probiotic supplements (N=175) was not associated with microbial characteristics (i.e., alpha diversity and the abundance of 152 bacteria genera). Streptococcus is one of the predominant bacteria genera in yogurt products, which may explain the positive association between yogurt consumption and Streptococcus abundance. Our analyses suggest that changes in Odoribacter were independent of changes in Streptococcus abundance. Future studies may investigate whether these microbial genera and their sub-level species mediate potential pathways between yogurt consumption and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Chai
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | | | - Unhee Lim
- University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | | | | | - V. Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Pre-, pro-, syn-, and Postbiotics in Infant Formulas: What Are the Immune Benefits for Infants? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051231. [PMID: 36904230 PMCID: PMC10004767 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first objective of infant formulas is to ensure the healthy growth of neonates and infants, as the sole complete food source during the first months of life when a child cannot be breastfed. Beyond this nutritional aspect, infant nutrition companies also try to mimic breast milk in its unique immuno-modulating properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota under the influence of diet shapes the maturation of the immune system and influences the risk of atopic diseases in infants. A new challenge for dairy industries is, therefore, to develop infant formulas inducing the maturation of immunity and the microbiota that can be observed in breastfed delivered vaginally, representing reference infants. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, Bifidobacterium breve (BC50), Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus fermentum (CECT5716), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) are some of the probiotics added to infant formula, according to a literature review of the past 10 years. The most frequently used prebiotics in published clinical trials are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). This review sums up the expected benefits and effects for infants of pre-, pro-, syn-, and postbiotics added to infant formula regarding the microbiota, immunity, and allergies.
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Thorakkattu P, Khanashyam AC, Shah K, Babu KS, Mundanat AS, Deliephan A, Deokar GS, Santivarangkna C, Nirmal NP. Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry. Foods 2022; 11:3094. [PMID: 36230169 PMCID: PMC9564201 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics are non-viable bacterial products or metabolic byproducts produced by probiotic microorganisms that have biologic activity in the host. Postbiotics are functional bioactive compounds, generated in a matrix during anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients like prebiotics, for the generation of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. The byproducts of this metabolic sequence are called postbiotics, these are low molecular weight soluble compounds either secreted by live microflora or released after microbial cell lysis. A few examples of widely studied postbiotics are short-chain fatty acids, microbial cell fragments, extracellular polysaccharides, cell lysates, teichoic acid, vitamins, etc. Presently, prebiotics and probiotics are the products on the market; however, postbiotics are also gaining a great deal of attention. The numerous health advantages of postbiotic components may soon lead to an increase in consumer demand for postbiotic supplements. The most recent research aspects of postbiotics in the food and pharmaceutical industries are included in this review. The review encompasses a brief introduction, classification, production technologies, characterization, biological activities, and potential applications of postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Thorakkattu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Kartik Shah
- Sargento Foods, 305 Pine Street, Elkhart Lake, WI 53020, USA
| | - Karthik Sajith Babu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Anjaly Shanker Mundanat
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat 131028, India
| | | | - Gitanjali S. Deokar
- Department of Quality Assurance, MET’s Institute of Pharmacy, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Nashik 422003, India
| | - Chalat Santivarangkna
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Favero C, Giordano L, Mihaila SM, Masereeuw R, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. Postbiotics and Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090623. [PMID: 36136562 PMCID: PMC9501217 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is projected to become the fifth global cause of death by 2040 as a result of key shortcomings in the current methods available to diagnose and treat kidney diseases. In this regard, the novel holobiont concept, used to describe an individual host and its microbial community, may pave the way towards a better understanding of kidney disease pathogenesis and progression. Microbiota-modulating or -derived interventions include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics. As of 2019, the concept of postbiotics was updated by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) to refer to preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit to the host. By explicitly excluding purified metabolites without a cellular biomass, any literature making use of such term is potentially rendered obsolete. We now review the revised concept of postbiotics concerning their potential clinical applications and research in kidney disease, by discussing in detail several formulations that are undergoing preclinical development such as GABA-salt for diet-induced hypertension and kidney injury, sonicated Lactobacillus paracasei in high fat diet-induced kidney injury, GABA-salt, lacto-GABA-salt and postbiotic-GABA-salt in acute kidney injury, and O. formigenes lysates for hyperoxaluria. Furthermore, we provide a roadmap for postbiotics research in kidney disease to expedite clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Favero
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Giordano
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Maria Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) 2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.D.S.-N.)
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) 2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.D.S.-N.)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infant formulas (IF) with postbiotics, defined as inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit on the host, are available. We systematically updated evidence on the safety and health effects of administering iF with postbiotics (with or without other modifications) compared with standard IF. METHODS The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched to December 2021. RESULTS Eleven randomized controlled trials were included. Using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2, for the primary outcomes, 5 trials had an overall high risk of bias, and 6 trials had some concerns of bias. Most data were available on IF fermented with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus (BB/ST). These formulas, compared with the standard IF, were safe and well tolerated. Postbiotic formulas with additional modifications (ie, formula fermented with BB/ST & prebiotics, partly fermented formula with BB/ST and prebiotics with or without modified milk fat, partly fermented antiregurgitation formula with BB/ST and prebiotics) were generally safe and well tolerated but did not offer clear benefits replicated in other studies. Only limited data were available on formula fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74. CONCLUSIONS IF with postbiotics evaluated so far are safe and well tolerated by infants who cannot be breastfed. No firm conclusion can, however, be reached regarding the clinical effects and benefit of one formula over another. It seems reasonable to discuss with healthcare providers current evidence regarding specific modifications in infant formulas and let them decide whether the expected benefits meet expectations and are worth the cost.
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Vinderola G, Sanders ME, Salminen S. The Concept of Postbiotics. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081077. [PMID: 35454664 PMCID: PMC9027423 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has proposed terms such as non-viable probiotics, paraprobiotics, ghostbiotics, heat-inactivated probiotics or, most commonly, postbiotics, to refer to inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer health benefits. This article addresses the various characteristics of different definitions of ‘postbiotics’ that have emerged over past years. In 2021, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) defined a postbiotic as “a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host”. This definition of postbiotic requires that the whole or components of inactivated microbes be present, with or without metabolic end products. The definition proposed by ISAPP is comprehensive enough to allow the development of postbiotics from different microorganisms, to be applied in different body sites, encouraging innovation in a promising area for any regulatory category and for companion or production animals, and plant or human health. From a technological perspective, probiotic products may contain inanimate microorganisms, which have the potential to impart a health benefit. However, their contribution to health in most cases has not been established, even if at least one probiotic has been shown to confer the same health benefit by live or inanimate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-9-3426-31-1943
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO 80122, USA;
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland;
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Morales-Ferré C, Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Tims S, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knol J, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ. Preventive Effect of a Postbiotic and Prebiotic Mixture in a Rat Model of Early Life Rotavirus Induced-Diarrhea. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061163. [PMID: 35334820 PMCID: PMC8954028 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the main cause of gastroenteritis in children. Prebiotics and, more recently, postbiotics are used for preventing and treating gastrointestinal infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a LactofidusTM, short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) mixture, and their combination on RV infection, in a rat model, for early life diarrhea. Fifteen litters of suckling rats were intragastrically administered daily with the vehicle, the prebiotic mixture, the postbiotic or the combination. The RV was inoculated on day 5 and then fecal samples were clinically evaluated daily. Viral shedding, intestinal permeability assay, in vitro blocking assay, immunoglobulin profiles, and anti-RV response were assessed at day 8 and 16 of life. Cecal microbiota composition, intestinal gene expression, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed at day 16. The incidence and severity of diarrhea were significantly reduced by all the supplementations. Moreover, they showed blocking activity, changes in the immunoglobulin profiles, in gut microbiota, and in the intestinal gene expression. The prebiotic mixture reduced gut permeability and changed the SCFA profile, whereas the postbiotic enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The combination preserved most of the individual observed effects, and furthermore, complementary effects, such as an increase in white blood cells and lymphocytes recruitment, as well as upregulation of TLR7 and TLR9 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Morales-Ferré
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Sebastian Tims
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-505
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Michels M, Córneo E, Cucker L, Simon CS, de Jesus GFA, Michels C, Madeira K, Voytena AP, Rossetto M, Ramlov F, de Castro Damásio D, Dal-Pizzol F. Bifidobacterium lactis CCT 7858 Improves Gastrointestinal Symptoms by Antibiotics Treatment: a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 15:738-748. [PMID: 35031969 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the most frequent side effects of antibiotic treatment and occurs in 25 to 40% of patients in use. One potential strategy to prevent this side effect is the concurrent use of probiotics. This study evaluated the efficacy of the strain Bifidobacterium lactis CCT 7858 in the prevention of diarrhea and improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in hospitalized patients using antibiotics. This was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. This study included 104 patients in antibiotic treatment. Patients were randomized into two groups: placebo (maltodextrin) and intervention (strain Bifidobacterium lactis CCT 7858 at 9 × 1010 CFU concentration; GABBIA® Biotecnology, Santa Catarina, Brazil). Patients were supplemented depending on the duration of antibiotic therapy, and both were evaluated with scales in two moments: before and after treatment. We included 104 hospitalized patients. In follow-up, 38 (74.5%) of the B. lactis group have no reported diarrhea. In secondary outcomes, in five day strong abdominal distension was reported in 4 (7,3) placebo group and not reported in B. lactis. Abdominal noises, nausea, and vomiting were not registered in any group. B. lactis strain has been considered safe and with several benefits, including reduction of soft stools and gastrointestinal symptoms how abdominal noise, pain and distension, as well reduction of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Gabbia Biotechnology, Barra Velha, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Avenida Universitária, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, 1105, Brazil
| | - Emily Córneo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Avenida Universitária, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, 1105, Brazil
| | - Luana Cucker
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Avenida Universitária, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, 1105, Brazil
| | - Carla Sasso Simon
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Avenida Universitária, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, 1105, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Michels
- Laboratory of Quantitative Methods, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Kristian Madeira
- Laboratory of Quantitative Methods, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Danusa de Castro Damásio
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Avenida Universitária, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, 1105, Brazil.,São José Hospital Research Centre, Rua Coronel Pedro Benedet, Criciúma, SC, 63088801-460, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Avenida Universitária, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, 1105, Brazil. .,São José Hospital Research Centre, Rua Coronel Pedro Benedet, Criciúma, SC, 63088801-460, Brazil.
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14
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Chen J, Chen X, Ho CL. Recent Development of Probiotic Bifidobacteria for Treating Human Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:770248. [PMID: 35004640 PMCID: PMC8727868 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.770248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium is a non-spore-forming, Gram-positive, anaerobic probiotic actinobacterium and commonly found in the gut of infants and the uterine region of pregnant mothers. Like all probiotics, Bifidobacteria confer health benefits on the host when administered in adequate amounts, showing multifaceted probiotic effects. Examples include B. bifidum, B. breve, and B. longum, common Bifidobacterium strains employed to prevent and treat gastrointestinal disorders, including intestinal infections and cancers. Herein, we review the latest development in probiotic Bifidobacteria research, including studies on the therapeutic impact of Bifidobacterial species on human health and recent efforts in engineering Bifidobacterium. This review article would provide readers with a wholesome understanding of Bifidobacteria and its potentials to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Loong Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
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15
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Adjibade M, Davisse-Paturet C, Divaret-Chauveau A, Adel-Patient K, Raherison C, Dufourg MN, Lioret S, Charles MA, de Lauzon-Guillain B. OUP accepted manuscript. J Nutr 2022; 152:1138-1148. [PMID: 36967171 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of infant and follow-on formulas are enriched with probiotics and/or prebiotics; however, evidence for health effects of such enrichment in early childhood remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess whether the consumption of formula enriched with probiotics or prebiotics was associated with the risk of infection and allergic diseases in early childhood. METHODS Analyses involved data for 8389 formula-fed children from the Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance (ELFE) cohort. Enrichment of the formula with probiotics or prebiotics that was consumed from the age of 2-10 mo was identified by the formula ingredient list. Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), gastrointestinal infection, wheezing, asthma, food allergy, and itchy rash were prospectively reported by parents up to the age of 5.5 y. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess associations between the consumption of enriched formula and risk of infection and allergic diseases. RESULTS Aged 2 mo, more than half of formula-fed infants consumed the probiotic-enriched formula and only 1 in 10 consumed the prebiotic-enriched formula. Consumption of the Bifidobacterium lactis-enriched formula at 2 mo was associated with a lower risk of LRTI [OR (95% CI) = 0.84 (0.73-0.96)]. Consumption of the Bifidobacterium breve-enriched formula up to 6 mo was associated with a higher risk of LRTI [OR (95% CI) = 1.75 (1.29-2.38)] and asthma [OR (95% CI) = 1.95 (1.28-2.97)], whereas its consumption from 6 to 10 mo was associated with a lower risk of LRTI [OR (95% CI) = 0.64 (0.48-0.86)] and asthma [OR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.40-0.88)]. Moreover, the consumption of Streptococcus thermophilus from 6 to 10 mo was associated with a higher risk of asthma [OR (95% CI) = 1.84 (1.29-2.63)]. No significant association was found for gastrointestinal infection, food allergy, and itchy rash. Overall, the consumption of prebiotic-enriched formula was not significantly associated with infection and allergy risk. CONCLUSIONS Associations between the consumption of probiotic-enriched formula and risk of respiratory symptoms differ according to the strain considered and consumption period. Further well-designed studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufidath Adjibade
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), Inserm, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Paris, France
| | - Camille Davisse-Paturet
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), Inserm, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Paris, France
| | - Amandine Divaret-Chauveau
- EA3450, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Unité d'allergologie pédiatrique, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire (CHRU) de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (CEA, INRAE, DMTS), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chantal Raherison
- Bordeaux University, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Epidémiologie des cancers et expositions environnementales (EPICENE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Dufourg
- Unité mixte Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Etablissement Français du Sang (Inserm-Ined-EFS) Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance (ELFE), Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), Inserm, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), Inserm, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Paris, France; Unité mixte Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Etablissement Français du Sang (Inserm-Ined-EFS) Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance (ELFE), Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Paris, France
| | - Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), Inserm, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Paris, France.
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16
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Catania J, Pandit NG, Ehrlich JM, Zaman M, Stone E, Franceschi C, Smith A, Tanner-Smith E, Zackular JP, Bhutta ZA, Imdad A. Probiotic Supplementation for Promotion of Growth in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 14:83. [PMID: 35010959 PMCID: PMC8746675 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are commonly prescribed to promote a healthy gut microbiome in children. Our objective was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on growth outcomes in children 0-59 months of age. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis which included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that administered probiotics to children aged 0-59 months, with growth outcomes as a result. We completed a random-effects meta-analysis and calculated a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) or relative risk (RR) and reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We included 79 RCTs, 54 from high-income countries (HIC), and 25 from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). LMIC data showed that probiotics may have a small effect on weight (SMD: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.42, grade-certainty = low) and height (SMD 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06-0.25, grade-certainty = moderate). HIC data did not show any clinically meaningful effect on weight (SMD: 0.01, 95% CI: -0.04-0.05, grade-certainty = moderate), or height (SMD: -0.01, 95% CI: -0.06-0.04, grade-certainty = moderate). There was no evidence that probiotics affected the risk of adverse events. We conclude that in otherwise healthy children aged 0-59 months, probiotics may have a small but heterogenous effect on weight and height in LMIC but not in children from HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Catania
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Natasha G. Pandit
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Julie M. Ehrlich
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Muizz Zaman
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Stone
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Courtney Franceschi
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Abigail Smith
- Health Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | | | - Joseph P. Zackular
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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17
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Term Infant Formulas Influencing Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124200. [PMID: 34959752 PMCID: PMC8708119 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal colonization of the neonate is highly dependent on the term of pregnancy, the mode of delivery, the type of feeding [breast feeding or formula feeding]. Postnatal immune maturation is dependent on the intestinal microbiome implementation and composition and type of feeding is a key issue in the human gut development, the diversity of microbiome, and the intestinal function. It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more has several benefits with respect to formula feeding. The composition of the new generation of infant formulas aims in mimicking HM by reproducing its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiome and on the gut associated immune system (GAIS). Several approaches have been developed currently for designing new infant formulas by the addition of bioactive ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), probiotics, prebiotics [fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs)], or by obtaining the so-called post-biotics also known as milk fermentation products. The aim of this article is to guide the practitioner in the understanding of these different types of Microbiota Influencing Formulas by listing and summarizing the main concepts and characteristics of these different models of enriched IFs with bioactive ingredients.
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18
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Ahmad HH, Peck B, Terry D. The influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal tract infections among children attending childcare: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1636-1651. [PMID: 34796583 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current literature related to the impact of probiotics on the incidence of gastrointestinal tract infections (GITIs) has shown mixed results and no systematic review available with pooled analysis exists. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide contemporary evidence regarding the overall and strain-specific influence of probiotics in preventing GITIs among infants and children attending childcare centres. The review shortlisted 18 RCTs after screening through the initial search results of 779 articles. However, only 15 trials were deemed eligible, addressing at least one outcome in the pooled analysis. It is concluded that the supplementation of probiotics (overall effect) may reduce the risk of GITI episode by 26%, with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG being specifically potent probiotic strains in reducing GITI episode, duration of infection and absence from childcare respectively. There is insufficient evidence to determine the effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 based on the findings of the trials included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz H Ahmad
- School of Health, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blake Peck
- School of Health, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Terry
- School of Health, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Bellaiche M, Ludwig T, Arciszewska M, Bongers A, Gomes C, Świat A, Dakhlia F, Piollet A, Oozeer R, Vandenplas Y. Safety and Tolerance of a Novel Anti-Regurgitation Formula: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 73:579-585. [PMID: 34417399 PMCID: PMC8528134 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A novel anti-regurgitation (AR) formula has been designed to support gut health and improve gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms beyond regurgitation. This study assessed the tolerance and safety of this new AR formula. METHODS This was a 4-week double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week extension in formula-fed infants with regurgitation. The new AR (Test) formula contained 0.4 g/100 mL locust bean gum (LBG) as thickener, partly fermented formula with postbiotics, and short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) (0.4 g/100 mL, ratio 9:1). The Control AR formula contained LBG (0.4 g/100 mL) with postbiotics and has a history of safe use. The primary outcome was the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire (IGSQ) sum score including stooling, spitting-up/vomiting, crying, fussiness and flatulence. RESULTS All 182 infants screened were enrolled in the study. The primary analysis showed the equivalence of the IGSQ sum scores at Week 4 between groups. IGSQ sum scores improved significantly within 1 week (Mixed Model Repeated Measurement [MMRM], P < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed a bigger improvement of the IGSQ score in the Test (n = 38) versus Control (n = 44) group (MMRM, P = 0.008) in infants with more severe gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (IGSQ score ≥35). Stool characteristics were comparable between groups. Growth related z scores were in line with the WHO child growth standards and both groups showed improvement of regurgitation. Adverse events did not show any safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS The novel AR formula combining LBG, scGOS/lcFOS and postbiotics is well-tolerated, safe and supports adequate growth during the intervention. Post-hoc analyses suggest that the formula results in more improvement of GI symptom burden in infants with more severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anke Bongers
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Agnieszka Świat
- Centrum Medyczne Promed
- Centrum Medyczne Plejady, Krakow, Poland
| | - Faouzi Dakhlia
- Centre Condorcet, Hôpital Privé d’Antony, Antony, France
| | | | - Raish Oozeer
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Janmohammadi P, Nourmohammadi Z, Fazelian S, Mirzababaei A, Alizadeh S, Zarei M, Daneshzad E, Djafarian K. Does infant formula containing synbiotics support adequate growth in infants? A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:707-718. [PMID: 34278844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1952548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shown that formulas that contain synbiotics, i.e. composed prebiotics and probiotics have been proposed to have a beneficial effect on anthropometric indices. However, the results are inconsistent thus this meta-analysis was performed to assess this effect. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Embase were systematically searched up to May-2020. Weight gain, length gain, head circumstance gain, weight-for-age z scores, and length-for-age z scores were considered as the outcomes. Weighted mean differences (WMD) with the 95% CI were applied for estimating the combined effect size. Subgroup analysis was performed to specify the source of heterogeneity among studies. Consumption of formulas containing synbiotics did not affect growth significantly in healthy infants (weight gain (WMD = 2.06, 95% CI: - 4.08 to 8.21; p = 0.51), length gain (WMD = - 0.05, 95% CI: - 0.70 to 0.60; p = 0.88), head circumstance (WMD = - 0.28, 95% CI: - 0.66 to 0.11; p = 0.15), on weight-for-age z-scores (WMD = - 0.05, 95% CI: - 0.23 to 0.13; p = 0.57) and length-for-age z-scores (WMD = - 0.16, 95% CI: - 0.50 to 0.19; p = 0.37)). The main results indicate a non-significant increase in infant's growth following synbiotics supplementation of infant formula. Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Janmohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nourmohammadi
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Fazelian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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21
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Rashidi K, Razi B, Darand M, Dehghani A, Janmohammadi P, Alizadeh S. Effect of probiotic fermented dairy products on incidence of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr J 2021; 20:61. [PMID: 34183001 PMCID: PMC8240278 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the consumption of probiotic fermented dairy products (PFDP) may have a protective effect on respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, the results of studies are inconclusive. We aimed to systematically investigate the effect of PFDP on RTIs by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched up to October 2020 to identify eligible RCTs. Meta-analysis outcomes were risk of incidence of upper (URTIs ) and lower (LRTIs ) respiratory tract infections. A random-effects model was used to pool the relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes following conception of PFDP. RESULTS A total of 22 RCTs, with a total sample size of 10,190 participants, were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, consumption of PFDP had a significant protective effect against RTIs in the overall analysis (RR = 0.81, 95 %CI: 0.74 to 0.89) and in children (RR = 0.82, 95 %CI: 0.73 to 0.93), adults (RR = 0.81, 95 %CI: 0.66 to 1.00), and elderly population (RR = 0.78, 95 %CI: 0.61 to 0.98). The significant decreased risk of RTIs was also observed for URTIs (RR = 0.83, 95 %CI: 0.73 to 0.93), while, this effect was marginal for LRTIs (RR = 0.78, 95 %CI: 0.60 to 1.01, P = 0.06). The disease-specific analysis showed that PFDP have a protective effect on pneumonia (RR = 0.76, 95 %CI: 0.61 to 0.95) and common cold (RR = 0.68, 95 %CI: 0.49 to 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of PFDP is a potential dietary approach for the prevention of RTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Rashidi
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Razi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Darand
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Dehghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Janmohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Carucci L, Coppola S, Luzzetti A, Giglio V, Vanderhoof J, Berni Canani R. The role of probiotics and postbiotics in modulating the gut microbiome-immune system axis in the pediatric age. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2021; 73:115-127. [PMID: 33880903 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.06188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex microbial community of the gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in driving development and function of the human immune system. This phenomenon is named the gut microbiome-immune system axis. When operating optimally, this axis influences both innate and adaptive immunity, which orchestrates the maintenance of crucial elements of host-microorganisms symbiosis, in a dialogue that modulates responses in the most beneficial way. Growing evidence reveals some environmental factors which can positively and negatively modulate the gut microbiome-immune system axis with consequences on the body health status. Several conditions which increasingly affect the pediatric age, such as allergies, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, arise from a failure of the gut microbiome-immune system axis. Prenatal or postnatal modulation of this axis through some interventional strategies (including diet, probiotics and postbiotics), may lead to a positive gene-environment interaction with improvement of immune-modulatory effects and final positive effect on human health. In particular probiotics and postbiotics exerting pleiotropic regulatory actions on the gut-microbiome-immune system axis provide an innovative preventive and therapeutic strategy for many pediatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Luzzetti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Giglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jon Vanderhoof
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy - .,ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Task Force for Microbiome Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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A Fermented Milk Matrix Containing Postbiotics Supports Th1- and Th17-Type Immunity In Vitro and Modulates the Influenza-Specific Vaccination Response In Vivo in Association with Altered Serum Galectin Ratios. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030254. [PMID: 33805597 PMCID: PMC7998404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During a specific milk fermentation process with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (LactofidusTM), postbiotics with possible immunomodulatory properties are produced. We investigated the effects of this fermentation product (FP) in vitro using a model that allows crosstalk between intestinal epithelial (IEC) and immune cells. IECs were exposed to FP and αCD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells after which the mediator secretion was measured. Additionally, using a murine influenza vaccination model, immune development was assessed. Mice were fed an AIN93G diet containing FP or lactose as control. Vaccine-specific immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and correlated to intestinal and systemic immunomodulation levels. In vitro, exposure to FP enhanced IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17A concentrations. Moreover, IEC-derived galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratios were increased. In vivo, dietary intervention with FP increased vaccine-specific DTH responses as compared to the lactose-receiving group. Although no effects on humoral immunity and vaccine-specific T-cell responses were detected, an enhanced systemic serum galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratio correlated with a shift in RORγ (Th17) mRNA expression over regulatory TGFβ1 in the ileum. This was also positively correlated with the increased DTH response. These results indicate that FP can enhance epithelial galectin-3 and -4 over galectin-9 release, and boost adaptive immunity by promoting Th1- and Th17-type cytokines under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Similar variations in galectin and immune balance were observed in the vaccination model, where FP improved the influenza-specific DTH response.
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24
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Li Q, Hu W, Liu WX, Zhao LY, Huang D, Liu XD, Chan H, Zhang Y, Zeng JD, Coker OO, Kang W, Ng SSM, Zhang L, Wong SH, Gin T, Chan MTV, Wu JL, Yu J, Wu WKK. Streptococcus thermophilus Inhibits Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Secreting β-Galactosidase. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1179-1193.e14. [PMID: 32920015 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Streptococcus thermophilus was identified to be depleted in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) by shotgun metagenomic sequencing of 526 multicohort fecal samples. Here, we aim to investigate whether this bacterium could act as a prophylactic for CRC prevention. METHODS The antitumor effects of S thermophilus were assessed in cultured colonic epithelial cells and in 2 murine models of intestinal tumorigenesis. The tumor-suppressive protein produced by S thermophilus was identified by mass spectrometry and followed by β-galactosidase activity assay. The mutant strain of S thermophilus was constructed by homologous recombination. The effect of S thermophilus on the gut microbiota composition was assessed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. RESULTS Oral gavage of S thermophilus significantly reduced tumor formation in both Apcmin/+ and azoxymethane-injected mice. Coincubation with S thermophilus or its conditioned medium decreased the proliferation of cultured CRC cells. β-Galactosidase was identified as the critical protein produced by S thermophilus by mass spectrometry screening and β-galactosidase activity assay. β-Galactosidase secreted by S thermophilus inhibited cell proliferation, lowered colony formation, induced cell cycle arrest, and promoted apoptosis of cultured CRC cells and retarded the growth of CRC xenograft. The mutant S thermophilus without functional β-galactosidase lost its tumor-suppressive effect. Also, S thermophilus increased the gut abundance of known probiotics, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus via β-galactosidase. β-Galactosidase-dependent production of galactose interfered with energy homeostasis to activate oxidative phosphorylation and downregulate the Hippo pathway kinases, which partially mediated the anticancer effects of S thermophilus. CONCLUSION S thermophilus is a novel prophylactic for CRC prevention in mice. The tumor-suppressive effect of S thermophilus is mediated at least by the secretion of β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ju-Deng Zeng
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Siu Man Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew Tak Vai Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao.
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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25
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Postbiotic Supplementation for Children and Newborn's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030781. [PMID: 33673553 PMCID: PMC7997220 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well known how the microbiota can positively or negatively influence humans health, depending on its composition. The microbiota's countless beneficial effects have allowed it to be defined as a genuine symbiont for our species. In an attempt to positively influence the microbiota, research has focused on probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are viable beneficial bacteria of various strains. Prebiotics are specific substances able to favor the development of advantageous bacteria strains. Postbiotics are a new category of compounds capable of affecting the microbiota. According to the different definitions, postbiotics include both nonviable bacteria and substances deriving from bacterial metabolism. Postbiotics are particularly promising in pediatric settings, as they offer some advantages over probiotics, including the absence of the risk of intestinal translocation or worsening of local inflammation. For these reasons, their use in fragile population categories such as newborns, and even more prematures, seems to be the best solution for improving microbiota's health in this population. This narrative review aims to collect the research conducted so far on postbiotics' potential in the first stages of life.
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27
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Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, Hill C, Lebeer S, Quigley EMM, Sanders ME, Shamir R, Swann JR, Szajewska H, Vinderola G. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:649-667. [PMID: 33948025 PMCID: PMC8387231 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of experts specializing in nutrition, microbial physiology, gastroenterology, paediatrics, food science and microbiology to review the definition and scope of postbiotics. The term 'postbiotics' is increasingly found in the scientific literature and on commercial products, yet is inconsistently used and lacks a clear definition. The purpose of this panel was to consider the scientific, commercial and regulatory parameters encompassing this emerging term, propose a useful definition and thereby establish a foundation for future developments. The panel defined a postbiotic as a "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host". Effective postbiotics must contain inactivated microbial cells or cell components, with or without metabolites, that contribute to observed health benefits. The panel also discussed existing evidence of health-promoting effects of postbiotics, potential mechanisms of action, levels of evidence required to meet the stated definition, safety and implications for stakeholders. The panel determined that a definition of postbiotics is useful so that scientists, clinical triallists, industry, regulators and consumers have common ground for future activity in this area. A generally accepted definition will hopefully lead to regulatory clarity and promote innovation and the development of new postbiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Salminen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- grid.419051.80000 0001 1945 7738Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Akihito Endo
- grid.410772.70000 0001 0807 3368Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Colin Hill
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eamonn M. M. Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO USA
| | - Raanan Shamir
- grid.414231.10000 0004 0575 3167Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan R. Swann
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hania Szajewska
- grid.13339.3b0000000113287408Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- grid.10798.370000 0001 2172 9456Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Kumar H, Collado MC, Wopereis H, Salminen S, Knol J, Roeselers G. The Bifidogenic Effect Revisited-Ecology and Health Perspectives of Bifidobacterial Colonization in Early Life. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1855. [PMID: 33255636 PMCID: PMC7760687 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive microbial colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract starts after parturition. There are several parallel mechanisms by which early life microbiome acquisition may proceed, including early exposure to maternal vaginal and fecal microbiota, transmission of skin associated microbes, and ingestion of microorganisms present in breast milk. The crucial role of vertical transmission from the maternal microbial reservoir during vaginal delivery is supported by the shared microbial strains observed among mothers and their babies and the distinctly different gut microbiome composition of caesarean-section born infants. The healthy infant colon is often dominated by members of the keystone genus Bifidobacterium that have evolved complex genetic pathways to metabolize different glycans present in human milk. In exchange for these host-derived nutrients, bifidobacteria's saccharolytic activity results in an anaerobic and acidic gut environment that is protective against enteropathogenic infection. Interference with early-life microbiota acquisition and development could result in adverse health outcomes. Compromised microbiota development, often characterized by decreased abundance of Bifidobacterium species has been reported in infants delivered prematurely, delivered by caesarean section, early life antibiotic exposure and in the case of early life allergies. Various microbiome modulation strategies such as probiotic, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics have been developed that are able to generate a bifidogenic shift and help to restore the microbiota development. This review explores the evolutionary ecology of early-life type Bifidobacterium strains and their symbiotic relationship with humans and discusses examples of compromised microbiota development in which stimulating the abundance and activity of Bifidobacterium has demonstrated beneficial associations with health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Harm Wopereis
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Roeselers
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
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Vandenplas Y, de Halleux V, Arciszewska M, Lach P, Pokhylko V, Klymenko V, Schoen S, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Mulder KA, Porcel Rubio R. A Partly Fermented Infant Formula with Postbiotics Including 3'-GL, Specific Oligosaccharides, 2'-FL, and Milk Fat Supports Adequate Growth, Is Safe and Well-Tolerated in Healthy Term Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled, Multi-Country Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113560. [PMID: 33233658 PMCID: PMC7699816 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated growth, safety, and tolerance in healthy infants consuming a partly fermented infant formula (IF) with postbiotics, 2′-linked fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a specific prebiotic mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS), and milk fat. This double-blind, controlled trial randomised 215 fully IF-fed infants ≤ 14 days of age to either: Test Group (IF) containing 26% fermented formula with postbiotics derived from Lactofidus fermentation process (including 3′-Galactosyllactose; 3′-GL), 0.8 g/100 mL scGOS/lcFOS (9:1), 0.1 g/100 mL 2′-FL, and milk fat), or Control group (IF with 0.8 g/100 mL scGOS/lcFOS (9:1)) until 17 weeks of age. Fully breastfed infants were included as a reference. Anthropometric measures, gastrointestinal symptoms, and safety were assessed monthly. Equivalence in weight gain (primary outcome) between the Test and Control groups was confirmed (difference in means −0.08 g/day; 90% CI (−1.47;1.31)) with estimated mean weight gain (SE) of 31.00 (0.59) g/day and 31.08 (0.60) g/day, respectively, (PP population, n = 196). Equivalence in length and head circumference gain between the randomised groups was also confirmed. No statistically significant differences were observed in adverse events or gastrointestinal tolerance between randomised IF groups. A partly fermented IF with postbiotics, specific oligosaccharides, 2′-FL, and milk fat supports adequate infant growth and is safe and well-tolerated in healthy term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Jette, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-02-477-5794
| | - Virginie de Halleux
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Liège (CHU), Centre Hospitalier Régional of Liège (CHR), 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | | | - Piotr Lach
- Centrum Medyczne Promed, 31-411 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Valeriy Pokhylko
- Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, Poltava Regional Children Clinical Hospital, 36011 Poltava, Ukraine;
| | - Viktoriia Klymenko
- Kharkiv National Medical University, City Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 19, 61051 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Stefanie Schoen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.S.); (M.A.-B.); (K.A.M.)
| | | | - Kelly A Mulder
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.S.); (M.A.-B.); (K.A.M.)
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Mantziari A, Salminen S, Szajewska H, Malagón-Rojas JN. Postbiotics against Pathogens Commonly Involved in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1510. [PMID: 33008065 PMCID: PMC7601467 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sustainable Development goals for 2020 included reducing all causes associated with infant and perinatal mortality in their priorities. The use of compounds with bioactive properties has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy due to their stimulating effect on the host's immune system. Additionally, biotherapeutic products such as postbiotics, tentatively defined as compounds produced during a fermentation process that support health and well-being, promote intestinal barrier integrity without posing considerable risks to children's health. Although this is a concept in development, there are increasing studies in the field of nutrition, chemistry, and health that aim to understand how postbiotics can help prevent different types of infections in priority populations such as minors under the age of five. The present review aims to describe the main mechanisms of action of postbiotics. In addition, it presents the available current evidence regarding the effects of postbiotics against pathogens commonly involved in pediatric infections. Postbiotics may constitute a safe alternative capable of modulating the cellular response and stimulating the host's humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mantziari
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics at the Medical University of Warsaw, 02091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jeadran Nevardo Malagón-Rojas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia;
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
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García-Burgos M, Moreno-Fernández J, Alférez MJ, Díaz-Castro J, López-Aliaga I. New perspectives in fermented dairy products and their health relevance. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Béghin L, Tims S, Roelofs M, Rougé C, Oozeer R, Rakza T, Chirico G, Roeselers G, Knol J, Rozé JC, Turck D. Fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus O65) with prebiotic oligosaccharides is safe and modulates the gut microbiota towards a microbiota closer to that of breastfed infants. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:778-787. [PMID: 32893049 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microbiome-modulators can help positively steer early-life microbiota development but their effects on microbiome functionality and associated safety and tolerance need to be demonstrated. We investigated the microbiome impact of a new combination of bioactive compounds, produced by the food-grade microorganisms Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus ST065 during a fermentation process, and prebiotics in an infant formula. Tolerance and safety were also assessed. METHODS An exploratory prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, multi-centre study was designed to investigate the effect of bioactive compounds and prebiotics (short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) 9:1). Experimental formulas containing these bioactive compounds and prebiotics (FERM/scGOS/lcFOS), prebiotics (scGOS/lcFOS), or bioactive compounds (FERM), were compared to a standard cow's milk-based control formula (Control). Exclusively breastfed infants were included as a reference arm since exclusive breastfeeding is considered as the optimal feeding for infants. The study lasted six months and included visits to health care professionals at baseline, two, four and six months of age. Stool SIgA concentration was the primary study outcome parameter. RESULTS There were 280 infants randomized over the experimental arms and 70 infants entered the breastfed-reference arm. Demographics were balanced, growth and tolerance parameters were according to expectation and adverse events were limited. At four months of age the median SIgA concentration in the FERM/scGOS/lcFOS group was significantly higher compared to the Control group (p = 0.03) and was more similar to the concentrations found in the breastfed-reference group. Bifidobacterium increased over time in all groups. The FERM/scGOS/lcFOS combination resulted in a microbiota composition and metabolic activity closer to the breastfed infants' microbiome. CONCLUSION The FERM/scGOS/lcFOS combination showed a significant positive effect on SIgA levels. All formulas tested were associated with normal growth and were well-tolerated. Additionally, at four months of age the FERM/scGOS/lcFOS formula brought the microbiome composition and metabolic activity closer towards that of breastfed infants. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY Registration number NTR2726 (Netherlands Trial Register; www.trialregister.nl/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Béghin
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Clinical Investigation Center, CIC-1403-Inserm-CHU and U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Raish Oozeer
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thameur Rakza
- Department of Neonatology, Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Children's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dominique Turck
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Clinical Investigation Center, CIC-1403-Inserm-CHU and U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000, Lille, France; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Children's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
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Żółkiewicz J, Marzec A, Ruszczyński M, Feleszko W. Postbiotics-A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2189. [PMID: 32717965 PMCID: PMC7468815 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Postbiotics include any substance released by or produced through the metabolic activity of the microorganism, which exerts a beneficial effect on the host, directly or indirectly. As postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, the risks associated with their intake are minimized. Here, we provided a critical review of postbiotics described in the literature, including their mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, and potential therapeutic applications. We detailed the pleiotropic effects of postbiotics, including their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Although the use of postbiotics is an attractive strategy for altering the microbiome, further study into its efficacy and safety is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Żółkiewicz
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ż.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Marzec
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ż.); (A.M.)
| | - Marek Ruszczyński
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ż.); (A.M.)
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Salminen S, Stahl B, Vinderola G, Szajewska H. Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1952. [PMID: 32629970 PMCID: PMC7400136 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant's specific nutritional requirements and guiding the growth, developmental, and physiological processes of the infant. Human milk is considered unique in composition, and it is influenced by several factors, such as maternal diet and health, body composition, and geographic region. Human milk stands as a model for infant formula providing nutritional solutions for infants not able to receive enough mother's milk. Infant formulas aim to mimic the composition and functionality of human milk by providing ingredients reflecting those of the latest human milk insights, such as oligosaccharides, bacteria, and bacterial metabolites. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the most recent developments in infant formula with a special focus on human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina;
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics at the Medical University of Warsaw, 02091 Warsaw, Poland
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Malagón-Rojas JN, Mantziari A, Salminen S, Szajewska H. Postbiotics for Preventing and Treating Common Infectious Diseases in Children: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E389. [PMID: 32024037 PMCID: PMC7071176 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics have recently been tentatively defined as bioactive compounds produced during a fermentation process (including microbial cells, cell constituents and metabolites) that supports health and/or wellbeing. Postbiotics are currently available in some infant formulas and fermented foods. We systematically reviewed evidence on postbiotics for preventing and treating common infectious diseases among children younger than 5 years. The PubMed, Embase, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect databases were searched up to March 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing postbiotics with placebo or no intervention. Seven RCTs involving 1740 children met the inclusion criteria. For therapeutic trials, supplementation with heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB reduced the duration of diarrhea (4 RCTs, n = 224, mean difference, MD, -20.31 h, 95% CI -27.06 to -13.57). For preventive trials, the pooled results from two RCTs (n = 537) showed that heat-inactivated L. paracasei CBA L74 versus placebo reduced the risk of diarrhea (relative risk, RR, 0.51, 95% CI 0.37-0.71), pharyngitis (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12-0.83) and laryngitis (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.67). There is limited evidence to recommend the use of specific postbiotics for treating pediatric diarrhea and preventing common infectious diseases among children. Further studies are necessary to determine the effects of different postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas
- Doctorado en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogota, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, 111321 Bogota, Colombia
| | - Anastasia Mantziari
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics at the Medical University of Warsaw, 02091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Wegh CAM, Geerlings SY, Knol J, Roeselers G, Belzer C. Postbiotics and Their Potential Applications in Early Life Nutrition and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4673. [PMID: 31547172 PMCID: PMC6801921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics are functional bioactive compounds, generated in a matrix during fermentation, which may be used to promote health. The term postbiotics can be regarded as an umbrella term for all synonyms and related terms of these microbial fermentation components. Therefore, postbiotics can include many different constituents including metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial cell fractions, functional proteins, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), cell lysates, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides and pili-type structures. Postbiotics is also a rather new term in the '-biotics' field. Where consensus exists for the definitions of pre- and probiotics, this is not yet the case for postbiotics. Here we propose a working definition and review currently known postbiotic compounds, their proposed mechanisms, clinical evidence and potential applications. Research to date indicates that postbiotics can have direct immunomodulatory and clinically relevant effects and evidence can be found for the use of postbiotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and to relief symptoms in a range of diseases such as infant colic and in adults atopic dermatitis and different causes of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A M Wegh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sharon Y Geerlings
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Danone-Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guus Roeselers
- Danone-Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Gastrointestinal Tolerance, Growth and Safety of a Partly Fermented Formula with Specific Prebiotics in Healthy Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071530. [PMID: 31284424 PMCID: PMC6683277 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a partly fermented infant formula (using the bacterial strains Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) with a specific prebiotic mixture (short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS; 9:1)) on the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms, stool characteristics, sleeping and crying behaviour, growth adequacy and safety. Two-hundred infants ≤28 days of age were assigned either to experimental infant formula containing 30% fermented formula and 0.8 g/100 mL scGOS/lcFOS or to non-fermented control infant formula without scGOS/lcFOS. A group of breastfed infants served as a reference. No relevant differences in parent-reported gastrointestinal symptoms were observed. Stool consistency was softer in the experimental versus control group with values closer to the breastfed reference group. Daily weight gain was equivalent for both formula groups (0.5 SD margins) with growth outcomes close to breastfed infants. No clinically relevant differences in adverse events were observed, apart from a lower investigator-reported prevalence of infantile colic in the experimental versus control group (1.1% vs. 8.7%; p < 0.02). Both study formulae are well-tolerated, support an adequate infant growth and are safe for use in healthy term infants. Compared to the control formula, the partly fermented formula with prebiotics induces stool consistencies closer to breastfed infants.
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Ahmadipour S, Mohsenzadeh A, Alimadadi H, Salehnia M, Fallahi A. Treating Viral Diarrhea in Children by Probiotic and Zinc Supplements. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2019; 22:162-170. [PMID: 30899692 PMCID: PMC6416388 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2019.22.2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of probiotics and zinc supplements on the mean duration and frequency of acute diarrhea in children aged 6 months to 2 years. METHODS In this clinical trial of infants aged between 6 months and 2 years, eligible patients were divided into 3 groups: Zinc Receiving Group (ZRG), Probiotic Receiving Group (PRG), and a control group receiving supportive care alone. The frequency of diarrhea was evaluated in the test groups during the first 24 hours and 48-72 hours, along with the duration of hospitalization and diarrhea persistence for 3-7 days. RESULTS Diarrhea persisted for until the third day of admission in 100% of the infants in PRG compared with only 76.1% in ZRG. The relative risk of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 1.31 times more than in ZRG until the third day. Also, 80% of diarrhea cases in the PRG persisted until the fourth day of admission, compared with 47.8% in the ZRG group, and this value was significant. The relative incidence of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 36.4 times greater than in the ZRG until the day 4. Also, the percentage of post-treatment complications was 35.5% in the PRG and 2.6% in the ZRG, which was significant. CONCLUSION In our study, the effectiveness of zinc at a dose of 20 mg was higher than that of probiotics. The complications associated with zinc supplementation were lower than those of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Ahmadipour
- Department of Pediatrics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Mohsenzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hosein Alimadadi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salehnia
- Children's Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Arash Fallahi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rigo-Adrover MDM, Knipping K, Garssen J, van Limpt K, Knol J, Franch À, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. Prevention of Rotavirus Diarrhea in Suckling Rats by a Specific Fermented Milk Concentrate with Prebiotic Mixture. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010189. [PMID: 30669251 PMCID: PMC6356616 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several microbial modulatory concepts, such as certain probiotics and prebiotics, confer protection against gastrointestinal infections, among which is acute diarrhea caused by the rotavirus (RV). Other microbiota modulators, such as postbiotics, produced during fermentation, might also have the potential to counteract RV infection. In light of this, a fermented milk, made by using Bifidobacterium breve C50 (BbC50) and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (St065) with a prebiotic mixture-short chain galactooligosaccharides/long chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS 9:1)-with potential to impact the intestinal microbiota composition was tested. An RV infected rat model was used to evaluate the amelioration of the infectious process and the improvement of the immune response induced by the fermented milk with prebiotic mixture. The dietary intervention caused a reduction in the clinical symptoms of diarrhea, such as severity and incidence. Furthermore, a modulation of the immune response was observed, which might enhance the reduction of the associated diarrhea. In addition, the fermented milk with prebiotic mixture was able to bind the virus and reduce its clearance. In conclusion, the postbiotic components in the fermented milk in combination with the prebiotics used here showed protective properties against RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Rigo-Adrover
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3512 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3512 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees van Limpt
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria J Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
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Bozzi Cionci N, Baffoni L, Gaggìa F, Di Gioia D. Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1723. [PMID: 30423810 PMCID: PMC6265827 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota, establishing a symbiotic relationship with the host, plays a significant role for human health. It is also well known that a disease status is frequently characterized by a dysbiotic condition of the gut microbiota. A probiotic treatment can represent an alternative therapy for enteric disorders and human pathologies not apparently linked to the gastrointestinal tract. Among bifidobacteria, strains of the species Bifidobacterium breve are widely used in paediatrics. B. breve is the dominant species in the gut of breast-fed infants and it has also been isolated from human milk. It has antimicrobial activity against human pathogens, it does not possess transmissible antibiotic resistance traits, it is not cytotoxic and it has immuno-stimulating abilities. This review describes the applications of B. breve strains mainly for the prevention/treatment of paediatric pathologies. The target pathologies range from widespread gut diseases, including diarrhoea and infant colics, to celiac disease, obesity, allergic and neurological disorders. Moreover, B. breve strains are used for the prevention of side infections in preterm newborns and during antibiotic treatments or chemotherapy. With this documentation, we hope to increase knowledge on this species to boost the interest in the emerging discipline known as "therapeutic microbiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bozzi Cionci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baffoni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gaggìa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Diana Di Gioia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Seo MK, Park EJ, Ko SY, Choi EW, Kim S. Therapeutic effects of kefir grain Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8662-8671. [PMID: 30100498 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kefir is a fermented product from yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and has been associated with various health benefits including relieving inflammatory bowel disease. Recently, it has been shown that gram-positive bacteria produce extracellular vesicles (EV). The EV could be appearing as potentially important mediators of cell to cell interaction. In this study, we explored the role of kefir grain Lactobacillus-derived EV in modulating inflammation responses via alleviating the production of inflammatory cytokines in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells and the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease mouse model. Kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV were isolated by ultracentrifugation of the culture medium of 3 different kefir-derived strains (i.e., Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, and Lactobacillus kefirgranum). Nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that the size of isolated kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV was within 80 to 400 nm, and kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV uptake into recipient Caco-2 cells was confirmed by fluorescence labeling. Treatment of each kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV onto TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells significantly reduced the level of both mRNA expression and secretion of IL-8, and Western blot analysis revealed that such an effect was related to inhibition of TNF-α signaling mediated by reducing the phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of NF-kB. Subsequent administration of kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV into inflammatory bowel disease-induced mice significantly alleviated the body weight loss and rectal bleeding, and enhanced stool consistency. Histological examination showed that kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV substantially reduced the infiltration of transmural leukocytes and loss of goblet cells within the colon, and the serum level of myeloperoxidase was significantly lower in the EV-treated group than control group. Our study demonstrates that kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV can be potentially used for developing innovative strategies for alleviating inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Seo
- Prostemics Research Institute, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04778, South Korea
| | - E J Park
- Prostemics Research Institute, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04778, South Korea
| | - S Y Ko
- Prostemics Research Institute, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04778, South Korea
| | - E W Choi
- Prostemics Research Institute, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04778, South Korea
| | - S Kim
- Prostemics Research Institute, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04778, South Korea.
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42
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Nijman RM, Liu Y, Bunyatratchata A, Smilowitz JT, Stahl B, Barile D. Characterization and Quantification of Oligosaccharides in Human Milk and Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6851-6859. [PMID: 29799744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are known to affect the health of infants. The analysis of these complex molecules in (human) milk samples requires state-of-the-art techniques. This study analyzed the composition and concentration of oligosaccharides in early (day 3) and mature (day 42) human milk as well as in five different infant formula brands. The oligosaccharide content decreased in human milk from 9.15 ± 0.25 g/L at day 3 to 6.38 ± 0.29 g/L at day 42 of lactation. All formulas resulted to be fortified with galacto-oligosaccharides, with one also fortified with polydextrose and another with long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. About 130 unique oligosaccharide structures were identified in the human milk samples, whereas infant formula contained less diversity of structures. The comparisons indicated that composition and abundance of oligosaccharides unique to human milk are not yet reproduced in infant formulas. The analytical workflow developed is suitable for the determination of prebiotic oligosaccharides in foods that contain diverse carbohydrate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Nijman
- Danone Nutricia Research , 3584 CT Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Apichaya Bunyatratchata
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research , 3584 CT Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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43
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Paparo L, Aitoro R, Nocerino R, Fierro C, Bruno C, Canani RB. Direct effects of fermented cow's milk product with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 on human enterocytes. Benef Microbes 2017; 9:165-172. [PMID: 29065709 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 (FM-CBAL74) exerts a preventive effect against infectious diseases in children. We evaluated if this effect is at least in part related to a direct modulation of non-immune and immune defence mechanisms in human enterocytes. Human enterocytes (Caco-2) were stimulated for 48 h with FM-CBAL74 at different concentrations. Cell growth was assessed by colorimetric assay; cell differentiation (assessed by lactase expression), tight junction proteins (zonula occludens1 and occludin), mucin 2, and toll-like receptor (TRL) pathways were analysed by real-time PCR; innate immunity peptide synthesis, beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) and cathelicidin (LL-37) were evaluated by ELISA. Mucus layer thickness was analysed by histochemistry. FMCBA L74 stimulated cell growth and differentiation, tight junction proteins and mucin 2 expression, and mucus layer thickness in a dose-dependent fashion. A significant stimulation of HBD-2 and LL-37 synthesis, associated with a modulation of TLR pathway, was also observed. FM-CBAL74 regulates non-immune and immune defence mechanisms through a direct interaction with the enterocytes. These effects could be involved in the preventive action against infectious diseases demonstrated by this fermented product in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Paparo
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Aitoro
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Nocerino
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - C Fierro
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - C Bruno
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Berni Canani
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.,2 European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.,3 CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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44
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Specific Signatures of the Gut Microbiota and Increased Levels of Butyrate in Children Treated with Fermented Cow's Milk Containing Heat-Killed Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01206-17. [PMID: 28733284 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01206-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that cow's milk fermented with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 (FM-CBAL74) reduces the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in young children attending school. This effect apparently derives from a complex regulation of non-immune and immune protective mechanisms. We investigated whether FM-CBAL74 could regulate gut microbiota composition and butyrate production. We randomly selected 20 healthy children (12 to 48 months) from the previous randomized controlled trial, before (t0) and after 3 months (t3) of dietary treatment with FM-CBAL74 (FM) or placebo (PL). Fecal microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and the fecal butyrate concentration was also measured. Microbial alpha and beta diversities were not significantly different between groups prior to treatment. FM-CBAL74 but not PL treatment increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus Individual Blautia, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium oligotypes were associated with FM-CBAL74 treatment and demonstrated correlative associations with immune biomarkers. Accordingly, PICRUSt analysis predicted an increase in the proportion of genes involved in butyrate production pathways, consistent with an increase in fecal butyrate observed only in the FM group. Dietary supplementation with FM-CBAL74 induces specific signatures in gut microbiota composition and stimulates butyrate production. These effects are associated with changes in innate and acquired immunity.IMPORTANCE The use of a fermented milk product containing the heat-killed probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei CBAL74 induces changes in the gut microbiota, promoting the development of butyrate producers. These changes in the gut microbiota composition correlate with increased levels of innate and acquired immunity biomarkers.
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45
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Draper K, Ley C, Parsonnet J. Probiotic guidelines and physician practice: a cross-sectional survey and overview of the literature. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:507-519. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic use by patients and physicians has dramatically increased over the last decade, although definitive evidence is often lacking for their use. We examined probiotic-prescribing practices among health care providers (HCP) at a tertiary medical centre and compared these practices to clinical guidelines. HCP at the Stanford Medical Center received a survey on probiotic prescribing practices including choice of probiotic and primary indications. A broad overview of the literature was performed. Among 2,331 HCP surveyed, 632 responded. Of the 582 of these who routinely prescribed medications, 61% had recommended probiotic foods or supplements to their patients. Women and gastroenterologists were more likely to prescribe probiotics (odds ratio (OR): 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-2.1; OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.5-10.1, respectively). Among probiotic prescribers, 50% prescribed inconsistently or upon patient request, and 40% left probiotic choice to the patient. Common indications for probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus GG, were prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (79 and 66%, respectively). Probiotics were often prescribed for ‘general bowel health’ or at patient request (27 and 39% of responders, respectively). Most respondents (63%) thought an electronic medical record (EMR) pop-up would change probiotic prescribing patterns. However, a review of published guidelines and large trials found inconsistencies in probiotic indications, dosages and strain selection. Probiotic prescribing is common but lacks consistency, with choice of probiotic frequently left to the patient, even for indications with some strain-specific evidence. Implementation of EMR pop-ups/pocket guides may increase consistency in probiotic prescribing, although the lack of clear and consistent guidelines must first be addressed with large, well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Draper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5187, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, USA
| | - C. Ley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5187, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, USA
| | - J. Parsonnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5187, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, USA
- Health Research and Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 150 Governor’s Lane, HRP Redwood Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA
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46
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Corsello G, Carta M, Marinello R, Picca M, De Marco G, Micillo M, Ferrara D, Vigneri P, Cecere G, Ferri P, Roggero P, Bedogni G, Mosca F, Paparo L, Nocerino R, Berni Canani R. Preventive Effect of Cow's Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 on Common Infectious Diseases in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:E669. [PMID: 28654019 PMCID: PMC5537784 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fermented foods have been proposed to prevent common infectious diseases (CIDs) in children attending day care or preschool. OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy of dietary supplementation with cow's skim milk fermented with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 in reducing CIDs in children attending day care or preschool. Methods: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on healthy children (aged 12-48 months) consuming daily 7 grams of cow's skim milk fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 (group A), or placebo (maltodextrins group B) attending day care or preschool during the winter season. The main outcome was the proportion of children who experienced ≥1 episode of CID during a 3-month follow-up. Fecal biomarkers of innate (α- and β-defensins, cathelicidin) and acquired immunity (secretory IgA) were also monitored. Results: A total of 126 children (71 males, 56%) with a mean (SD) age of 33 (9) months completed the study, 66 in group A and 60 in group B. At intention to treat analysis, the proportion of children presenting ≥1 CID was 60% in group A vs. 83% in group B, corresponding to an absolute risk difference (ARD) of -23% (95% CI: -37% to -9%, p < 0.01). At per-protocol-analysis (PPA), the proportion of children presenting ≥1 CID was 18% in group A vs. 40% in group B, corresponding to an absolute risk difference (ARD) of -22% (95% CI: -37% to -6%, p < 0.01). PPA showed that the proportion of children presenting ≥1 acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was significantly lower in group A (18% vs. 40%, p < 0.05). The ARD for the occurrence of ≥1 AGE was -22% (95% CI: -37% to -6%, p < 0.01) in group A. Similar findings were obtained at PPA regarding the proportion of children presenting ≥1 upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), which was significantly lower in group A (51% vs. 74%, p < 0.05), corresponding to an ARD of -23% (95% CI: -40% to -7%, p < 0.01). Significant changes in innate and acquired immunity biomarkers were observed only in subjects in group A. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with cow's skim milk fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 is an efficient strategy in preventing CIDs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsello
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Carta
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Marinello
- Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri Lombardia, 46100 Mantova, Italy.
| | - Marina Picca
- Pediatric Society of Primary Health Care (SICuPP), 20135 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulio De Marco
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Micillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Dante Ferrara
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Gaetano Cecere
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Ferri
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Roggero
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Basovizza, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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47
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New advances in exopolysaccharides production of Streptococcus thermophilus. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:799-809. [PMID: 28357474 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is the most important thermophilic dairy starter, and is widely used in the dairy industry. Streptococcus thermophilus exopolysaccharides received wide attention over recent decades, because they can improve the properties of the dairy product and confer beneficial health effects. The understanding of the regulatory and biosynthetic mechanisms of EPS will improve the EPS biosynthesis, increase the productivity of EPSs, and develop EPSs with desirable properties. The structure of EPSs is the focus of this study. Revealing the structure-function relationship can lead to increase the knowledge base and from there to increased research of EPS. The EPS yield is a key limiting factor in the research and utilization of EPS. In the present review, biosynthetic pathways and genetics of S. thermophilus EPSs were described and reviewed. At the same time, functional properties and applications of EPS, and strategies for enhancement of EPS production are discussed.
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48
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A fermented milk concentrate and a combination of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides/pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides protect suckling rats from rotavirus gastroenteritis. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:209-217. [PMID: 28166850 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains bioactive compounds that confer a protective role against gastrointestinal infections. In order to find supplements for an infant formula able to mimic these benefits of breast-feeding, two different concepts were tested. The products consisted of the following: (1) a Bifidobacterium breve- and Streptococcus thermophilus-fermented formula and (2) a combination of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides with pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides. A rotavirus infection suckling rat model was used to evaluate improvements in the infectious process and in the immune response of supplemented animals. Both nutritional concepts caused amelioration of the clinical symptoms, even though this was sometimes hidden by softer stool consistency in the supplemented groups. Both products also showed certain modulation of immune response, which seemed to be enhanced earlier and was accompanied by a faster resolution of the process. The viral shedding and the in vitro blocking assay suggest that these products are able to bind the viral particles, which can result in a milder infection. In conclusion, both concepts evaluated in this study showed interesting protective properties against rotavirus infection, which deserve to be investigated further.
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49
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Alkasir R, Li J, Li X, Jin M, Zhu B. Human gut microbiota: the links with dementia development. Protein Cell 2017; 8:90-102. [PMID: 27866330 PMCID: PMC5291774 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a comprehensive category of brain diseases that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning. The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which makes most of cases. New researches indicate that gastrointestinal tract microbiota are directly linked to dementia pathogenesis through triggering metabolic diseases and low-grade inflammation progress. A novel strategy is proposed for the management of these disorders and as an adjuvant for psychiatric treatment of dementia and other related diseases through modulation of the microbiota (e.g. with the use of probiotics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Alkasir
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xudong Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Miao Jin
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Attainted Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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50
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Happel AU, Jaumdally SZ, Pidwell T, Cornelius T, Jaspan HB, Froissart R, Barnabas SL, Passmore JAS. Probiotics for vaginal health in South Africa: what is on retailers' shelves? BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2017; 17:7. [PMID: 28103868 PMCID: PMC5248517 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are widely used to improve gastrointestinal (GI) health, but they may also be useful to prevent or treat gynaecological disorders, including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis. BV prevalence is high in South Africa and is associated with increased HIV risk and pregnancy complications. We aimed to assess the availability of probiotics for vaginal health in retail stores (pharmacies, supermarkets and health stores) in two major cities in South Africa. METHODS A two-stage cluster sampling strategy was used in the Durban and Cape Town metropoles. Instructions for use, microbial composition, dose, storage and manufacturers' details were recorded. RESULTS A total of 104 unique probiotics were identified in Cape Town and Durban (66.4% manufactured locally). Cape Town had more products than Durban (94 versus 59 probiotics), although 47% were common between cities (49/104). Only four products were explicitly for vaginal health. The remainder were for GI health in adults (51.0%) or infants (17.3%). The predominant species seen overall included Lactobacillus acidophilus (53.5%), L. rhamnosus (37.6%), Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum (35.6%) and B. animalis ssp. lactis (33.7%). Products for vaginal health contained only common GI probiotic species, with a combination of L. acidophilus/B. longum ssp. longum/B. bifidum, L. rhamnosus/L. reuteri or L. rhamnosus alone, despite L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii being the most common commensals found in the lower female reproductive tract. CONCLUSION This survey highlights the paucity of vaginal probiotics available in South Africa, where vaginal dysbiosis is common. Most vaginal products contained organisms other than female genital tract commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Ursula Happel
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, CNRS IRD Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Shameem Z Jaumdally
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,CAPRISA DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in HIV Prevention, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanya Pidwell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracy Cornelius
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Remy Froissart
- UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, CNRS IRD Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Shaun L Barnabas
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa. .,CAPRISA DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in HIV Prevention, Cape Town, South Africa. .,National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa.
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