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Antonio DS, Krause MP, Fernando de Borba E, Ulbrich AZ, Buzzachera CF, Silva SG. Fractional utilization of the 10-minute treadmill test velocity in running performance. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 39227039 DOI: 10.1055/a-2408-7467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the 10-minute submaximal treadmill test (T10 test), a self-paced test, in determining critical speed (CS) and predicting running performance. Specifically, we sought to identify the percentage of T10 velocity (vT10) that runners performed in official distance races, and to compare physiological and performance indicators between sexes. 60 recreational runners (n=34 males and n=26 females) underwent a maximum incremental test, the novel T10 test, and ran 1200-m and 2400-m on the track. Runners self-reported their best performance times. Generalized Linear Model was used to compare running performances between sexes. For both males and females, the %vT10 in 5 km, 10 km, and half-marathon races occurred at 107.5% and 106.5%, 99.9% and 100.8%, and 92.6% and 97.1%, respectively. There was no interaction effect (p=0.520) and no main effect of sex (p=0.443). There was a main effect of distance (p<0.001), indicating that %vT10 in the 5km race differed from that found in the 10 km race (p=0.012), as well as in the half-marathon (p<0.001). Our findings suggest that %vT10 values can be used to determine pace in recreational endurance runners for race distances regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maressa Priscilla Krause
- Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal Technological University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cosme Franklim Buzzachera
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Le Mat Y, Casali C, Le Mat F, Féasson L, Foschia C, Géry M, Rossi J, Millet GY. Impact of a Self-Autonomous Evaluation Station and Personalized Training Algorithm on Quality of Life and Physical Capacities in Sedentary Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e45461. [PMID: 39365990 PMCID: PMC11489803 DOI: 10.2196/45461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases and a leading cause of premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity (PA) weekly, regardless of age, gender, or personal habits. However, in both sports performance and clinical settings, personalized training (PT) regimens have shown superior efficacy over general guidelines. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that an automatic PT program, informed by initial physical evaluations, would increase overall quality of life, quality of sleep, and physical capabilities and reduce fatigue and depression compared with adherence to WHO recommendations. METHODS This 5-month, randomized, single-blinded controlled trial involved 112 sedentary or minimally active participants, divided randomly into PT and free training (FT) groups. Physical capabilities and subjective measures such as quality of life, sleep, depression, and fatigue were evaluated for both groups. After 1 month, both groups were asked to perform 150 minutes of PA per week for 4 months; the PT group could either follow a "virtual coach" on a mobile app to follow some personalized PA or do what they would like, while the FT group was to follow the general PA recommendations of the WHO. RESULTS We did not find any group×time interaction for PA duration or intensity, physical qualities, and subjective measures. However, considering both groups together, there was a significant pretest and posttest time effect for duration of PA (18.2 vs 24.5 min/d of PA; P<.001), intensity (2.36 vs 3.11; P<.001), and workload (46.8 vs 80.5; P<.001). Almost all physical qualities were increased pretest and posttest (ie, estimated VO2max 26.8 vs 29 mL min-1 kg-1; P<.001; flexibility 25.9 vs 26.9 cm; P=.049; lower limb isometric forces 328 vs 347 N m; P=.002; reaction time 0.680 vs 0.633 s; P<.001; power output on cyclo-ergometer 7.63 vs 7.82 W; P<.003; and balance for the left and right leg 215 vs 163 mm2; P<.003 and 186 vs 162 mm2; P=.048, respectively). Finally, still considering the PT and FT groups together, there were significant pretest to posttest improvements in the mental component of quality of life using the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (41.9 vs 46.0; P<.006), well-being using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (48.3 vs 51.7; P<.002), depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (15.5 vs 11.5; P=.02), and fatigue using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (37.1 vs 39.5; P=.048). CONCLUSIONS The individualized training was not more effective than the general recommendations. A slight increase in PA (from 18 to 24 min/d) in sedentary or poorly active people is enough for a significant increase in physical capabilities and a significant improvement in quality of life, well-being, depression, and fatigue. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04998266; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04998266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Mat
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Corentin Casali
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Franck Le Mat
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Etienne, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint Etienne, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint Etienne, Centre Référent Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares - European Reference Networks (ERN EuroNmD), Saint Etienne, France
| | - Clément Foschia
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Etienne, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Mathias Géry
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5516, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jérémy Rossi
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Walther J, Haugen T, Solli GS, Tønnessen E, Sandbakk Ø. The Evolvement of Session Design From Junior Age to Senior Peak Performance in World-Class Cross-Country Skiers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1097-1106. [PMID: 39168465 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare designs of training sessions applied by world-class cross-country skiers during their most successful junior and senior season. METHODS Retrospective analysis of self-reported training characteristics (ie, training form, intensity, and exercise mode) among 8 male and 7 female world-class cross-country skiers was conducted. RESULTS Total number of sessions (441 [71] vs 519 [34], P < .001, large effect) and mean duration (1.5 [0.1] h vs 1.7 [0.1] h, P < .001, moderate effect) increased from junior to senior age. More double-session days were performed at senior age (124 [50] vs 197 [29] d, P < .001, large). The number (310 [64] vs 393 [64], P < .001, large effect) and duration (1.3 [0.1] h vs 1.5 [0.1] h, P < .001, moderate effect) of low-intensity training sessions increased from junior to senior age. Regarding intensive training, most emphasis was put on high-intensity training sessions lasting 20 to 39 minutes with <5-minute intervals at junior age, while 40 to 59 minutes of moderate-intensity training with 5- to 9-minute intervals was predominant at senior age. More MIXED (combined moderate- and high-intensity) sessions (9 [7] vs 14 [7], P = .023, moderate effect) and longer races (0.5 [0.1] h vs 0.6 [0.1] h, P = 0.29, moderate effect) compensated for fewer high-intensity training sessions at senior age (36 [17] vs 25 [10], P = .027, moderate effect). Duration of strength-training sessions increased significantly (0.6 [0.1] vs 0.8 [0.2] h, P = 0.30, moderate effect), while other training forms remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS World-class cross-country skiers increased their training volume from junior to senior age primarily by more and longer low-intensity training sessions and more often training twice per day. Concurrently, the most frequent intensive sessions were modified from high- to moderate-intensity training, lasted longer, and contained longer intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Walther
- Center for Elite Sport Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian Ski Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Haugen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro Strøm Solli
- Center for Elite Sport Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Center for Elite Sport Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Sport Science, UiT the Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Pereira PE, Esteves G, Carvas N, Azevedo PH. Effects of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training on the anaerobic threshold of highly trained athletes in endurance sports: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:898-907. [PMID: 38842374 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anaerobic threshold (AT) is an important physiological index used as a parameter for predicting performance and evaluating adaptations induced by training. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic literature review to survey the randomized studies that compared the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the anaerobic threshold of highly trained athletes in endurance sports. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Wiley, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and ProQuest for randomized trials. The search terms covered the areas of HIIT and MICT. This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic under the number CRD42020155474. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Three studies were included for the qualitative and quantitative synthesis, totaling 72 participants, of whom 28 belonged to the MICT group and 44 to the HIIT group. CONCLUSIONS The summary result showed that HIIT promotes greater adaptation in the AT of highly trained athletes compared to continuous training (ES=0.73; 95% CI: 0.25-1.21); however, the certainty of evidence evaluated by the GRADE method is low and heterogeneity is high (I2=82%; P<0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo E Pereira
- Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil -
- Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil -
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Strepp T, Blumkaitis JC, Haller N, Stöggl TL. Adding LIT to HIIT: Is Low-Intensity Training Vital for Endurance-Trained Athletes during a 7-day HIIT Shock Microcycle? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1408-1421. [PMID: 38587921 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 7-d high-intensity interval training shock microcycle (HIIT-SM) with or without additional low-intensity training (LIT) on aerobic fitness and endurance performance compared with a control group (CG). METHODS Thirty-three endurance-trained athletes (7 women, 26 men, mean ± SD: age, 30.2 ± 6.9 yr; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), 59.8 ± 4.9 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ) performed exercise testing at T1 and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: i) HSM, 10 running-based HIIT sessions (5 × 4 min at 90%-95% maximal heart rate) over 7 d; ii) HSM + LIT, equal to HSM with additional 30 min of LIT after each HIIT; iii) CG, regular training. Exercise testing was repeated 3 d (T2), 7 d (T3), and 14 d (T4) after the intervention. A 5-km time trial (TT 5km ) was performed 3-4 d before T1 and 10-11 d after the intervention. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS No interaction effect was found for V̇O 2max ( P = 0.170, pη2 = 0.09), peak power output ( P = 0.734, pη2 = 0.04), and work economy ( P = 0.804, pη2 = 0.03). There was an interaction for velocity at lactate threshold ( P = 0.006, pη2 = 0.18) with increased velocity in HSM at T2 (3.2%, P = 0.030), T3 (4%, P = 0.006), T4 (4%, P = 0.003), as well as in HSM + LIT for T2 (3.2%, P = 0.011), whereas CG showed no change. There was an interaction for TT 5km ( P = 0.044, pη2 = 0.19), with HSM improving 2.7% ( P = 0.003) and HSM + LIT 2.3% ( P = 0.010), whereas CG was, on average, -0.3% ( P = 0.821) slower. CONCLUSIONS HIIT-SM with or without additional LIT has negligible effects on V̇O 2max but improves other key endurance variables in endurance-trained athletes. No superiority of either intervention group was demonstrated. Therefore, additional LIT during HIIT-SM is not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, AUSTRIA
| | - Julia C Blumkaitis
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, AUSTRIA
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Agudo-Ortega A, Talsnes RK, Eid H, Sandbakk Ø, Solli GS. Sex Differences in Self-Reported Causes, Symptoms, and Recovery Strategies Associated With Underperformance in Endurance Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:820-828. [PMID: 38862109 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated sex differences in self-reported causes, symptoms, and recovery strategies associated with underperformance in endurance athletes. METHODS A total of 82 athletes (40 women) meeting the inclusion criteria (performance level ≥tier 3, used training diaries, and experienced 1 or more periods of underperformance during their career) completed an online questionnaire. The questionnaire encompassed inquiries regarding load monitoring and experiences with underperformance, focusing on causes, symptoms, and recovery strategies. RESULTS The most frequently reported symptoms associated with underperformance included psychological (31%), physiological (23%), and health-related (12%) symptoms. Notably, female athletes were more likely to report psychological symptoms associated with underperformance (38% vs 25%, P = .01) compared with male athletes. The leading causes of underperformance comprised illness (21%), mental/emotional challenges (20%), training errors (12%), lack of recovery (10%), and nutritional challenges (5%). Female athletes reported nutritional challenges more frequently as the cause of underperformance compared with males (9% vs 1%, P = .01), whereas male athletes more often attributed underperformance to training errors (15% vs 9%, P = .03). Overall, 67% of athletes reported recovering from underperformance, with a tendency for more male than female athletes to recover (76% vs 58%, P = .07). Furthermore, a higher proportion of male than female athletes reported implementing changes in the training process as a recovery strategy (62% vs 35%, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS This study offers valuable insights into sex differences in experiences with underperformance in endurance athletes. The findings could inform coaches and athletes in both the prevention and treatment of such incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Agudo-Ortega
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rune Kjøsen Talsnes
- Center for Elite Sport Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanna Eid
- Center for Elite Sport Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Center for Elite Sport Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro Strøm Solli
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Wiesinger HP, Haller N. A training goal-oriented categorization model of high-intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1414307. [PMID: 38957216 PMCID: PMC11218030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1414307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are various categorization models of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the literature that need to be more consistent in definition, terminology, and concept completeness. In this review, we present a training goal-oriented categorization model of HIIT, aiming to find the best possible consensus among the various defined types of HIIT. This categorization concludes with six different types of HIIT derived from the literature, based on the interaction of interval duration, interval intensity and interval:recovery ratio. We discuss the science behind the defined types of HIIT and shed light on the possible effects of the various types of HIIT on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular systems and possible transfer effects into competition performance. We highlight various research gaps, discrepancies in findings and not yet proved know-how based on a lack of randomized controlled training studies, especially in well-trained to elite athlete cohorts. Our HIIT "toolbox" approach is designed to guide goal-oriented training. It is intended to lay the groundwork for future systematic reviews and serves as foundation for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Trevisol Possamai L, Antonacci Guglielmo LG, Felix Salvador A, Denadai BS, Do Nascimento Salvador PC. Effects of high-intensity interval training and resistance training on physiological parameters and performance of well-trained runners: A randomized controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:785-792. [PMID: 38870098 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2364425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the effects of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), heavy (HRT) and explosive (ERT) resistance training on aerobic, anaerobic and neuromuscular parameters and performance of well-trained runners. Twenty-six male athletes were divided into HIIT (n = 10), HRT (n = 7) and ERT (n = 9) groups. Maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2 max ) and the corresponding velocity (vV O 2 max ), anaerobic threshold (AT), running economy (RE), oxygen uptake kinetics, lower-body strength (1RM) and power (CMJ), and the 1500m and 5000m time-trial (TT) were determined. Improvements were observed in vV O 2 max (mean difference (Δ): 2.6%; effect size (ES): 0.63) with HIIT, while AT was incresead in ERT (Δ: 4.3%; ES: 0.73) and HRT (Δ: 6.9%; ES: 0.72) groups. The CMJ performance was increased in ERT (Δ: 13.8%; ES: 1.03), HRT (Δ: 6.9%; ES: 0.55) and HIIT (Δ: 5.4%; ES: 0.34), whereas 1RM increase in HRT (Δ: 38.1%; ES: 1.21) and ERT (Δ: 49.2%; ES: 0.96) groups. HIIT improved the 1500m (Δ: -2.3%; ES: -0.62) and both HRT (Δ: -1.6%; ES: -0.32) and ERT (Δ: -1.7%; ES: -0.31) the 5000m TT. Despite performance adaptations were dependent on the training characteristics, both RT and HIIT model constitute an alternative for training periodization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amadeo Felix Salvador
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Do Nascimento Salvador
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Sport Science Department, Uniasselvi University, Indaial, Brazil
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Zouhal H, Abderrahman AB, Jayavel A, Hackney AC, Laher I, Saeidi A, Rhibi F, Granacher U. Effects of Passive or Active Recovery Regimes Applied During Long-Term Interval Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Trained and Untrained Individuals: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38443585 PMCID: PMC10914654 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent exercise programs characterized through intensive exercise bouts alternated with passive or active recovery (i.e., interval training), have been proven to enhance measures of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, it is unresolved which recovery type (active or passive) applied during interval training results in larger performance improvements. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to summarize recent evidence on the effects of passive or active recovery following long-term interval exercise training on measures of physical fitness and physiological adaptations in healthy trained and untrained individuals. The study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9BUEY ). METHODS We searched nine databases including the grey literature (Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, ERIC, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, Open Dissertations, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until February 2023. Key terms as high-intensity interval training, recovery mode, passive or active recover were used. A systematic review rather than a meta-analysis was performed, as a large number of outcome parameters would have produced substantial heterogeneity. RESULTS After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 24 studies were eligible for inclusion in our final analysis. Thirteen studies examined the effects of interval training interspersed with passive recovery regimes on physical fitness and physiological responses in trained (6 studies) and untrained (7 studies) individuals. Eleven out of 13 studies reported significant improvements in physical fitness (e.g., maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), Yo-Yo running test, jump performance) and physiological parameters (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], lactate threshold, blood pressure) in trained (effect sizes from single studies: 0.13 < Cohen's d < 3.27, small to very large) and untrained individuals (effect sizes: 0.17 < d < 4.19, small to very large) despite the type of interval training or exercise dosage (frequency, intensity, time, type). Two studies were identified that examined the effects of passive recovery applied during interval training in young female basketball (15.1 ± 1.1 years) and male soccer players (14.2 ± 0.5 years). Both studies showed positive effects of passive recovery on VO2max, countermovement jump performance, and the Yo-Yo running test. Eleven studies examined the effects of interval training interspersed with active recovery methods on physical fitness and physiological parameters in trained (6 studies) and untrained individuals (5 studies). Despite the type of interval training or exercise dosage, nine out of eleven studies reported significant increases in measures of physical fitness (e.g., MAV) and physiological parameters (e.g., VO2max, blood pressures) in trained (effect sizes from single studies: 0.13 < d < 1.29, small to very large) and untrained individuals (effect sizes: 0.19 < d < 3.29, small to very large). There was no study available that examined the effects of active recovery on physical fitness and physiological responses in youth. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review show that interval training interspersed with active or passive recovery regimes have the potential to improve measures of physical fitness and physiology outcomes in trained and untrained adults and trained youth. That is, the applied recovery type seems not to affect the outcomes. Nonetheless, more research is needed on the effects of recovery type on measures of physical fitness and physiological adaptations in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850, Irodouër, France.
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS) LR09SEP01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ayyappan Jayavel
- SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, 603203, India
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Walther J, Haugen T, Solli GS, Tønnessen E, Sandbakk Ø. From juniors to seniors: changes in training characteristics and aerobic power in 17 world-class cross-country skiers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1288606. [PMID: 38054044 PMCID: PMC10694351 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1288606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare training characteristics and aerobic power (VO2max) between the most successful junior and senior seasons of world-class cross-country (XC) skiers and to identify differences between sexes and among sprint and distance skiers. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on self-reported training and VO2max tests of ten male and seven female world-class XC-skiers, collectively holding 38 Olympic medals. Training was categorized by form (endurance, strength, speed, other) and mode (specific, unspecific) and was divided into low- (LIT), moderate- (MIT), and high-intensity training (HIT). Results: Total training increased by 203 ± 130 h (35% ± 31%, p < .001, large effect) and 78 ± 69 sessions (21% ± 24%, p < .001, very large effect). Junior training volume (658 ± 107 h) did not correlate with senior volume (861 ± 74 h) but correlated negatively with changes in volume (r = -.822, p < .001). No sex differences were observed related to total volume, but distance skiers increased their total volume more than sprint skiers (p = .037, large effect). Endurance training increased by 197 ± 117 h (p < .001; large effect) tied to increased low-intensity training (186 ± 115 h, p < .001; large effect) and moderate-intensity training (13 ± 7 h, p < .001; large effect). Training intensity distribution (% LIT/MIT/HIT) was 91/3/6 in junior and 92/4/4 in senior season. Women demonstrated greater increase of unspecific modes (100 ± 58 vs. 37 ± 44 h, p = .022; large effect) and strength training (25 ± 23 vs. -3 ± 17 h, p = .010, large effect). Men improved absolute (8% ± 5%; p = .009; large effect) and relative VO2max (6% ± 4%; p = .016; large effect) from junior to senior, while women only increased relative VO2max (7% ± 5%, p = .012; large effect). Conclusion: This study provides novel information regarding changes in training characteristics and aerobic power from junior to senior age in world-class XC-skiers. Overall, the enhanced training volume during this transition was primarily driven by increased LIT and MIT and the exceptionally high relative VO2max at junior age further increased in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Walther
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian Ski Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Guro Strøm Solli
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Sport Science, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Gallo G, Mateo-March M, Gotti D, Maunder E, Codella R, Ruggeri P, Faelli E, Filipas L. The Weekly Periodization of Top 5 Tour de France General Classification Finishers: A Multiple Case Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1313-1320. [PMID: 37709277 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe individual training characteristics, racing strategies, and periodization in preparation for the Tour de France in 2 world-class road cyclists finishing in the top 5 of the general classification. METHODS Week-by-week power meter training and racing data of 2 (A and B) road cyclists (age: 29 and 23 y; maximum oxygen consumption: 83 and 81 mL·min-1·kg-1; and relative 20-min record power output: 6.9 and 6.5 W·kg-1) in the preparation phase (December-July/August) leading up to the Tour de France were retrospectively analyzed. Weekly volume and intensity distribution in power zones were considered. RESULTS Cyclists A and B completed 46 and 19 races, 22.5 (6.3) and 18.2 (5.1) h·wk-1, with a pyramidal intensity distribution of 81.0%-13.3%-5.7%, and 88.8%-7.9%-3.3% in zone 1-zone 2-zone 3. Cyclist B spent 14 days at altitude. Increased high-intensity volume and polarization index occurred during race weeks. During periods without racing, training intensity progressively increased. Strength training was performed during November and December but not during the following months. During tapering, total exercise volume and time at high intensity decreased. CONCLUSION These data provide novel insights into the periodization of world-class road cyclists in advance of a top 5 placing in the Tour de France general classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gallo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Sport Science Department, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
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Sperlich B, Matzka M, Holmberg HC. The proportional distribution of training by elite endurance athletes at different intensities during different phases of the season. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1258585. [PMID: 37964776 PMCID: PMC10641476 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1258585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines retrospective analyses of training intensity distribution (TID), i.e., the proportion of training at moderate (Zone 1, Z1), heavy (Z2) and severe (Z3) intensity by elite-to-world-class endurance athletes during different phases of the season. In addition, we discuss potential implications of our findings for research in this field, as well as for training by these athletes. Altogether, we included 175 TIDs, of which 120 quantified exercise intensity on the basis of heart rate and measured time-in-zone or employed variations of the session goal approach, with demarcation of zones of exercise intensity based on physiological parameters. Notably, 49% of the TIDs were single-case studies, predominantly concerning cross-country skiing and/or the biathlon. Eighty-nine TIDs were pyramidal (Z1 > Z2 > Z3), 65 polarized (Z1 > Z3 > Z2) and 8 "threshold" (Z2 > Z1 = Z3). However, these relative numbers varied between sports and the particular phases of the season. In 91% (n = 160) of the TIDs >60% of the endurance exercise was of low intensity. Regardless of the approach to quantification or phase of the season, cyclists and swimmers were found to perform a lower proportion of exercise in Z1 (<72%) and higher proportion in Z2 (>16%) than athletes involved in the triathlon, speed skating, rowing, running, cross-country skiing or biathlon (>80% in Z1 and <12% in Z2 in all these cases). For most of the athletes their proportion of heavy-to-severe exercise was higher during the period of competition than during the preparatory phase, although with considerable variability between sports. In conclusion, the existing literature in this area does not allow general conclusions to be drawn. The methods utilized for quantification vary widely and, moreover, contextual information concerning the mode of exercise, environmental conditions, and biomechanical aspects of the exercise is often lacking. Therefore, we recommend a more comprehensive approach in connection with future investigations on the TIDs of athletes involved in different endurance sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Matzka
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Figueiredo DH, Figueiredo DH, Manoel FA, Machado FA. Peak Running Velocity vs. Critical Speed: Which One Is Better to Prescribe Endurance Training to Recreational Runners? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1783-1788. [PMID: 37616536 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Figueiredo, DH, Figueiredo, DH, Manoel, FA, and Machado, FA. Peak running velocity vs. critical speed: which one is better to prescribe endurance training to recreational runners? J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1783-1788, 2023-This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 5 weeks of training prescribed by peak running velocity obtained on the track (Vpeak_TR) and their respective time limit (Tlim), as well as by critical speed (CS), on physiological and endurance performance parameters in recreational runners. Twenty-two male runners were distributed into a Vpeak_TR group (GVP) and CS group (GCS) with a predefined program, alternating moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training. Maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), and its respective velocity (vV̇O2max), Vpeak_TR, Tlim at 100% Vpeak_TR, 5-km running performance, CS, and D' (maximum distance covered above CS) were assessed at pretraining and posttraining period. There was a significant increase from pretraining to posttraining in Vpeak_TR (GVP = 4.5 ± 3.1% vs. GCS = 7.5 ± 4.2%), vV̇O2max (GVP = 3.9 ± 3.8% vs. GCS = 8.6 ± 6.7%), and mean velocity 5-km (GVP = 5.6 ± 3.3% vs. GCS = 7.3 ± 3.5%) and decrease in 5-km time (GVP = -5.1 ± 3.0% vs. GCS = -6.8 ± 3.0%). CS and V̇O2max significantly improved in GCS (9.3 ± 8.4% and 6.0 ± 6.8%, respectively), with no difference for GVP (2.8 ± 5.6% and 1.3 ± 8.4%, respectively). No differences were observed between groups for all variables. These findings give further supports to the notion that both variables obtained on the track are valid tools to prescribed training in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego H Figueiredo
- Associate Post-graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Manoel
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras- MG, Brazil; and
| | - Fabiana A Machado
- Associate Post-graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá -PR, Brazil
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Casado A, Foster C, Bakken M, Tjelta LI. Does Lactate-Guided Threshold Interval Training within a High-Volume Low-Intensity Approach Represent the "Next Step" in the Evolution of Distance Running Training? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3782. [PMID: 36900796 PMCID: PMC10000870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe a novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval training (LGTIT) within a high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes the training pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners and to review the potential physiological mechanisms explaining its effectiveness. This training model consists of performing three to four LGTIT sessions and one VO2max intensity session weekly. In addition, low intensity running is performed up to an overall volume of 150-180 km/week. During LGTIT sessions, the training pace is dictated by a blood lactate concentration target (i.e., internal rather than external training load), typically ranging from 2 to 4.5 mmol·L-1, measured every one to three repetitions. That intensity may allow for a more rapid recovery through a lower central and peripheral fatigue between high-intensity sessions compared with that of greater intensities and, therefore, a greater weekly volume of these specific workouts. The interval character of LGTIT allows for the achievement of high absolute training speeds and, thus, maximizing the number of motor units recruited, despite a relatively low metabolic intensity (i.e., threshold zone). This model may increase the mitochondrial proliferation through the optimization of both calcium and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | | | - Leif Inge Tjelta
- Departament of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
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Du G, Tao T. Effects of a paddling-based high-intensity interval training prescribed using anaerobic speed reserve on sprint kayak performance. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1077172. [PMID: 36685190 PMCID: PMC9848400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1077172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate physiological and performance adaptations to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prescribed as a proportion of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) compared to HIIT prescribed using maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Twenty-four highly trained sprint kayak athletes were randomly allocated to one of three 4-weak conditions (N = 8) (ASR-HIIT) two sets of 6 × 60 s intervals at ∆%20ASR (MAS-HIIT) six 2 min paddling intervals at 100% maximal aerobic speed (MAS); or controls (CON) who performed six sessions/week of 1-h traditional endurance paddling at 70%-80% maximum HR. A graded exercise test was performed on a kayak ergometer to determine peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), MAS, V̇O2/HR, and ventilatory threshold. Also, participants completed four consecutive upper-body wingate tests to asses peak and average power output. Significant increases in V̇O2peak (ASR-HIIT = 6.9%, MAS-HIIT = 4.8%), MAS (ASR-HIIT = 7.2%, MAS-HIIT = 4.8%), ASR (ASR-HIIT = -25.1%, MAS-HIIT = -15.9%), upper-body Wingate peak power output and average power output (p < 0.05 for both HIIT groups) were seen compared with pre-training. Also, ASR-HIIT resulted in a significant decrease in 500-m - 1.9 % , and 1,000 - m - 1.5 % paddling time. Lower coefficient of variation values were observed for the percent changes of the aforementioned factors in response to ASR-HIIT compared to MAS-HIIT. Overall, a short period of ASR-HIIT improves 500-m and 1,000-m paddling performances in highly trained sprint kayak athletes. Importantly, inter-subject variability (CV) of physiological adaptations to ASR-HIIT was lower than MAS-HIIT. Individualized prescription of HIIT using ASR ensures similar physiological demands across individuals and potentially facilitates similar degrees of physiological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Du
- Sports Training Department, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Tao
- College of Sport, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China,*Correspondence: Tao Tao,
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Gallo G, Mateo‐March M, Gotti D, Faelli E, Ruggeri P, Codella R, Filipas L. How do world class top 5 Giro d'Italia finishers train? A qualitative multiple case study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1738-1746. [PMID: 35686390 PMCID: PMC9796663 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe individual training strategies in preparation to Giro d'Italia of three world class road cyclists who achieved a top 5 in the general classification. Day-to-day power meter training and racing data of three road cyclists (age: 26, 27, 25 years; relative maximum oxygen consumption: 81, 82, 80 ml·min-1 ·kg-1 ; relative 20-min record power output: 6.6, 6.6, 6.4 W kg-1 ) of the 22 weeks (December-May) leading up to the top 5 in Giro d'Italia general classification were retrospectively analyzed. Weekly volume and intensity distribution were considered. Cyclists completed 17, 22, 29 races, trained averagely for 19.7 (7.9), 16.2 (7.0), 14.7 (6.2) hours per week, with a training intensity distribution of 91.3-6.5-2.2, 83.6-10.6-5.8, 86.7-8.9-4.4 in zone 1-zone 2-zone 3 before the Giro d'Italia. Two cyclists spent 55 and 39 days at altitude, one did not attend any altitude camp. Cyclists adopted an overall pyramidal intensity distribution with a relevant increase in high-intensity volume and polarization index in races weeks. Tapering phases seem to be dictated by race schedule instead of literature prescription, with no strength training performed by the three cyclists throughout the entire periodization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gallo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child HealthUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly,Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze MotorieUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Manuel Mateo‐March
- Sport Science DepartmentMiguel Hernández University of ElcheMadridSpain,Faculty of Sport SciencesEuropean University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Daniel Gotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze MotorieUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly,Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze MotorieUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly,Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly,Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedicaMilanItaly
| | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly,Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedicaMilanItaly
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Rønnestad BR, Bjerkrheim KA, Hansen J, Mølmen KS. A 6-day high-intensity interval microcycle improves indicators of endurance performance in elite cross-country skiers. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:948127. [DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.948127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 6-day high-intensity interval (HIT) block [BLOCK, n = 12, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max = 69. 6 ± 4.3 mL·min−1·kg−1)] with a time-matched period with usual training (CON, n = 12, V̇O2max = 69.2 ± 4.2 mL·min−1·kg−1) in well-trained cross-country (XC) skiers on physiological determinants and indicators of endurance performance. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the acute physiological responses, including time ≥90% of V̇O2max, and its associated reliability during repeated HIT sessions in the HIT microcycle.MethodsBefore the 6-day HIT block and following 5 days of recovery after the HIT block, both groups were tested on indicators of endurance performance. To quantify time ≥90% of V̇O2max during interval sessions in the HIT block, V̇O2 measurements were performed on the 1st, 2nd, and last HIT session in BLOCK.ResultsBLOCK had a larger improvement than CON in maximal 1-min velocity achieved during the V̇O2max test (3.1 ± 3.1% vs. 1.2 ± 1.6%, respectively; p = 0.010) and velocity corresponding to 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate (3.2 ± 2.9% vs. 0.6 ± 2.1%, respectively; p = 0.024). During submaximal exercise, BLOCK displayed a larger reduction in respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion (p < 0.05) and a tendency towards less energy expenditure compared to CON (p = 0.073). The ICC of time ≥90% V̇O2max in the present study was 0.57, which indicates moderate reliability.ConclusionsIn well-trained XC skiers, BLOCK induced superior changes in indicators of endurance performance compared with CON, while time ≥90% of V̇O2max during the HIT sessions in the 6-day block had a moderate reliability.
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INGLIS W, KHOLVADIA A, KRAMER M. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic markers following a 6-week high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training intervention in moderately trained individuals. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.21.04608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Burnley M, Bearden SE, Jones AM. Polarized Training Is Not Optimal for Endurance Athletes: Response to Foster and Colleagues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1038-1040. [PMID: 35576139 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn E Bearden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
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Training Periodization, Methods, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Highly Trained and Elite Distance Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:820-833. [PMID: 35418513 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Highly trained/elite distance runners typically follow a pyramidal TID approach, characterized by a decreasing training volume from zone 1 (at or below speed at first ventilatory/lactate threshold [LT]) to zone 2 (between speeds associated with either both ventilatory thresholds or 2 and 4 mmol·L-1 LTs [vLT1 and vLT2, respectively]) and zone 3 (speed above vVT2/vLT2). Continuous-tempo runs or interval training sessions at vLT2 in zone 2 (ie, medium and long aerobic intervals) and those in zone 3 (ie, anaerobic or short-interval training) were both used at least once per week each in elite runners, and they were used to increase the number of either vLT2 or z3 sessions to adopt either a pyramidal or a polarized approach, respectively. More pyramidal- and polarized-oriented approaches were used by marathoners and 1500-m runners, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Highly trained and elite middle- and long-distance runners are encouraged to adopt a traditional periodization pattern with a hard day-easy day basis, consisting in a shift from a pyramidal TID used during the preparatory and precompetitive periods toward a polarized TID during the competitive period.
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Schneeweiss P, Schellhorn P, Haigis D, Niess AM, Martus P, Krauss I. Effect of Two Different Training Interventions on Cycling Performance in Mountain Bike Cross-Country Olympic Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040053. [PMID: 35447863 PMCID: PMC9031322 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve performance in endurance sports, it is important to include both high-intensity and low-intensity training, but there is neither a universally accepted practice nor clear scientific evidence that allows reliable statements about the predominance of a specific training method. This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of a polarized training model (POL) to a low-intensity training model (LIT) on physiological parameters and mountain bike cross-country Olympic (XCO) race performance in eighteen competitive XCO athletes (17.9 ± 3.6 years). The superiority of one of the two methods could not be shown in this study. The results did not show statistically significant differences between POL and LIT, as both interventions led to slight improvements. However, a small tendency toward better effects for POL was seen for cycling power output during the race (4.4% vs. –2.2%), at the 4 mmol/L (6.1% vs. 2.8%) and individual anaerobic lactate threshold (5.1% vs. 2.3%), and for maximal aerobic performance (4.4% vs. 2.6%), but not for maximal efforts lasting 10 to 300 s. Despite the lack of significant superiority in this and some other studies, many athletes and coaches prefer POL because it produces at least equivalent effects and requires less training time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schneeweiss
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Philipp Schellhorn
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Haigis
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Michael Niess
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Inga Krauss
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (P.S.); (D.H.); (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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How Do the Effects of an 8-Week Intervention Influence Subsequent Performance Development in Cross-Country Skiers? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:594-604. [PMID: 35130512 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how the effects of increased low- versus high-intensity endurance training in an 8-week intervention influenced the subsequent development of performance and physiological indices in cross-country skiers. METHODS Forty-four (32 men and 12 women) junior cross-country skiers were randomly assigned into a low-intensity training group (LITG, n = 20) or high-intensity training group (HITG, n = 24) for an 8-week intervention followed by 5 weeks of standardized training with similar intensity distribution, and thereafter 14 weeks of self-chosen training. Performance and physiological indices in running and in roller-ski skating were determined preintervention, after the intervention, and after the standardized training period. Roller-ski skating was also tested after the period of self-chosen training. RESULTS No between-groups changes from preintervention to after the standardized training period were found in peak speed when incremental running and roller-ski skating (P = .83 and .51), although performance in both modes was improved in the LITG (2.4% [4.6%] and 3.3% [3.3%], P < .05) and in roller-ski skating for HITG (2.6% [3.1%], P < .01). While improvements in maximal oxygen consumption running and peak oxygen uptake roller-ski skating were greater in HITG than in LITG from preintervention to after the intervention, no between-groups differences were found from preintervention to after the standardized training period (P = .50 and .46), although peak oxygen uptake in roller-ski skating significantly improved in HITG (5.7% [7.0%], P < .01). No changes either within or between groups were found after the period of self-chosen training. CONCLUSIONS Differences in adaptations elicited by a short-term intervention focusing on low- versus high-intensity endurance training had little or no effect on the subsequent development of performance or physiological indices following a period of standardized training in cross-country skiers.
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Manoel FDA, Peserico CS, Machado FA. Novel track field test to determine Vpeak, relationship with treadmill test and 10-km running performance in trained endurance runners. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260338. [PMID: 35085265 PMCID: PMC8794091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the peak running velocity on the track field (Vpeak_TF) based on the laboratory treadmill test (Vpeak_T), and relate the Vpeak values as well as their correlation with the 10-km running performance in trained endurance runners. Method Twenty male trained endurance runners (age: 29.5 ± 5.3 years; V̇O2max: 67.5±17.6 ml · kg-1·min-1) performed three maximum incremental tests to determine the Vpeak: one for Vpeak_T determination and two to obtain Vpeak_TF on the official track field (400 m), and a 10-km running performance. During the incremental tests, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal rating of perceived exertion (RPEmax), and peak lactate concentration (LApeak) were determined. Results The results showed significant difference between the Vpeak_TF and Vpeak_T (18.1 ± 1.2 vs. 19.2 ± 1.5 km·h-1, respectively), as well as the total time of the tests, the distance traveled and the RPEmax determined during the tests. A high correlation was observed between the Vpeak values (r = 0.94), and between Vpeak_TF and Vpeak_T with 10-km running performance (r = -0.95 vs. r = -0.89, respectively). Conclusions The good agreement and association with Vpeak_T and high correlation with 10-km running performance demonstrate that the novel track field test is efficient for Vpeak_TF determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de A. Manoel
- Department of Physical Education, Cesumar University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cecilia S. Peserico
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiana A. Machado
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Associate Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Post-Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lehmann N, Villringer A, Taubert M. Priming cardiovascular exercise improves complex motor skill learning by affecting the trajectory of learning-related brain plasticity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1107. [PMID: 35064175 PMCID: PMC8783021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mounting evidence from animal models and studies in humans has accumulated for the role of cardiovascular exercise (CE) in improving motor performance and learning. Both CE and motor learning may induce highly dynamic structural and functional brain changes, but how both processes interact to boost learning is presently unclear. Here, we hypothesized that subjects receiving CE would show a different pattern of learning-related brain plasticity compared to non-CE controls, which in turn associates with improved motor learning. To address this issue, we paired CE and motor learning sequentially in a randomized controlled trial with healthy human participants. Specifically, we compared the effects of a 2-week CE intervention against a non-CE control group on subsequent learning of a challenging dynamic balancing task (DBT) over 6 consecutive weeks. Structural and functional MRI measurements were conducted at regular 2-week time intervals to investigate dynamic brain changes during the experiment. The trajectory of learning-related changes in white matter microstructure beneath parieto-occipital and primary sensorimotor areas of the right hemisphere differed between the CE vs. non-CE groups, and these changes correlated with improved learning of the CE group. While group differences in sensorimotor white matter were already present immediately after CE and persisted during DBT learning, parieto-occipital effects gradually emerged during motor learning. Finally, we found that spontaneous neural activity at rest in gray matter spatially adjacent to white matter findings was also altered, therefore indicating a meaningful link between structural and functional plasticity. Collectively, these findings may lead to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the CE-learning link within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Faculty of Humanities, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, Luisenstraße 56, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Evidence That Rating of Perceived Exertion Growth During Fatiguing Tasks is Scalar and Independent of Exercise Mode. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:687-693. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The relationship between the percentage of a fatiguing ambulatory task completed and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) appears to be linear and scalar, with a relatively narrow “window.” Recent evidence has suggested that a similar relationship may exist for muscularly demanding tasks. Methods: To determine whether muscularly demanding tasks fit within this “ambulatory window,” we tested resistance-trained athletes performing bench press and leg press with different loadings predicted to allow 5, 10, 20, and 30 repetitions and measured RPE (category ratio scale) at the end of the concentric action for each repetition. Results: There was a regular, and strongly linear, pattern of growth of RPE for both bench press (r = .89) and leg press (r = .90) during the tasks that allowed 5.2 (1.2), 11.6 (1.9), 22.7 (2.0), and 30.8 (3.2) repetitions for bench press and 5.5 (1.5), 11.4 (1.6), 20.2 (3.0), and 32.4 (4.2) repetitions for leg press, respectively. Conclusions: The path of the RPE growth versus percentage task fit within the window evident for ambulatory tasks. The results suggest that the RPE versus percentage task completed relationship is scalar, relatively linear, and apparently independent of exercise mode.
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Dal Pupo J, Kons RL, Barth J, Ache-Dias J. Acute and delayed impairments of muscle function after a sprint training session performed at different exercise regimens. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:305-316. [PMID: 34749417 DOI: 10.1055/a-1559-3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Training-intensity distribution (TID) is considered the key factor to optimize performance in endurance sports. This systematic review aimed to: I) characterize the TID typically used by middle-and long-distance runners; II) compare the effect of different types of TID on endurance performance and its physiological determinants; III) determine the extent to which different TID quantification methods can calculate same TID outcomes from a given training program. The keywords and search strategy identified 20 articles in the research databases. These articles demonstrated differences in the quantification of the different training-intensity zones among quantification methods (i. e. session-rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, race pace, and running speed). The studies that used greater volumes of low-intensity training such as those characterized by pyramidal and polarized TID approaches, reported greater improvements in endurance performance than those which used a threshold TID. Thus, it seems that the combination of high-volume at low-intensity (≥ 70% of overall training volume) and low-volume at threshold and high-intensity interval training (≤ 30%) is necessary to optimize endurance training adaptations in middle-and long-distance runners. Moreover, monitoring training via multiple mechanisms that systematically encompasses objective and subjective TID quantification methods can help coaches/researches to make better decisions.
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Follador L, de Borba EF, da Silva SG. Relationship of critical speed derived from a 10-minute submaximal treadmill test to 5-km and 10-km running performances. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:159-164. [PMID: 34610270 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the critical speed (CS) predicted from a perceptually self-regulated 10-min submaximal treadmill test (T10) is reliable and closely matches the CS estimated from conventional methods. To assess the relationship between the T10 and 5-km and 10-km running performances, 36 recreational runners (mean SD: age: 32.2 ± 6.2 years, height: 173.2 ± 7.3 cm, weight: 70.9 ± 8.8 kg, V̇O2max: 53.3 ± 6.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) performed a ramp incremental test and two T10 tests (the first as a familiarization trial). Results showed that the T10 CS (3.9 ± 0.44 m.s-1) was significantly correlated with runners' last 6 months best performances in 5-km (20.3 ± 2.7 min; r = -0.90) and 10-km (42.7 ± 5.7 min; r = -0.91), the V̇O2max (r = 0.75), the speed associated with the gas exchange threshold (vGET: 3.38 ± 0.36 m.s-1; r = 0.76), the speed associated with the second ventilatory threshold (vVT2: 4.15 ± 0.49 m.s-1; r = 0.84), and the speed associated with the V̇O2max (vV̇O2max: 4.78 ± 0.54 m.s-1; r = 0.87). Moreover, 79% and 83% of the variance in 5-km and 10-km performances could be explained solely by the CS predicted from the T10. Results evidenced the strong relationship and practical performance relevance of the T10 CS test. Novelty: • Critical speed derived from a 10-min submaximal treadmill test (T10) is significantly correlated with 5-km and 10-km running performances • The T10 critical speed test may represent a useful tool for assessing running performance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Follador
- Universidade Federal do Parana, 28122, Curitiba, Brazil;
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Effects of different lengths of high-intensity interval training microcycles on the systemic and hippocampal inflammatory state and antioxidant balance of immature rats. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5003-5011. [PMID: 34165767 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) microcycle duration on the antioxidant capacity and hippocampal inflammatory response of young (immature) samples. This study compared two HIIT microcycles lengths on adaptation to training, antioxidant balance, and systemic and hippocampal inflammation in immature rats. Twenty-four immature Wistar rats (27 days) were equally divided into groups: control; 4-day HIIT (3 training days + 1 rest day); and 7-day HIIT (6 training days + 1 rest day). Both microcycles of 4 and 7 days were 28 days of training (37-38 m min-1). Running performance improved in all training groups compared to controls (P < 0.05). However, the 7-day HIIT group statistically increased serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to the control and 4-day HIIT groups (P < 0.05). The total serum antioxidant capacity in the 7-day HIIT group was statistically lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference for the analysis of serum malondialdehyde between the groups. The hippocampal gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the training groups was statistically higher than in the control group (P = 0.01), with no significant difference between the 4-day HIIT and 7-day HIIT groups. We concluded that HIIT microcycles with a longer duration decrease the antioxidant capacity and increase the systematic and hippocampal inflammation. Thus, we suggest using short HIIT microcycles for young (immature) groups due to improved running performance with less inflammatory and antioxidant changes.
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Parmar A, Jones TW, Hayes PR. The dose-response relationship between interval-training and VO 2max in well-trained endurance runners: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1410-1427. [PMID: 33605843 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1876313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Success in endurance running is primarily determined by maximal aerobic power (VO2max), fractional utilization, and running economy (RE). Within the literature, two training modalities have been identified to improve VO2max; continuous training (CT) and interval-training (IT). The efficacy of IT to improve VO2max in well-trained runners remains equivocal, as does whether a dose-response relationship exists between the IT training load performed and changes in VO2max. A keyword search was performed in five electronic databases. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The training impulse (TRIMP) was calculated to analyse relationships between training load and changes in VO2max, by calculating the time accumulated in certain intensity domains throughout a training intervention. Non-significant (P>0.05) improvements in VO2max were reported in six studies, with only one study reporting a significant (P<0.05) improvement following the IT interventions. A relationship between the training session impulse of the interval-training performed (IT STRIMP) and VO2max improvements were observed. The efficacy of IT to improve VO2max in well-trained runners remains equivocal, nevertheless, the novel method of training-load analysis demonstrates a relationship between the IT STRIMP and VO2max improvements. This provides practical application for the periodization of IT within the training regime of well-trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran Parmar
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Naclerio F, Moreno-Perez D, Seijo M, Karsten B, Larrosa M, García-Merino JÁL, Thirkell J, Larumbe-Zabala E. Effects of adding post-workout microcurrent in males cross country athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21:1708-1717. [PMID: 33295832 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1862305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-exercise microcurrent based treatments have shown to optimise exercise-induced adaptations in athletes. We compared the effects of endurance training in combination with either, a microcurrent or a sham treatment, on endurance performance. Additionally, changes in body composition, post-exercise lactate kinetics and perceived delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) were determined. Eighteen males (32.8 ± 6.3 years) completed an 8-week endurance training programme involving 5 to 6 workouts per week wearing a microcurrent (MIC, n=9) or a sham (SH, n=9) device for 3-h post-workout or in the morning during non-training days. Measurements were conducted at pre- and post-intervention. Compared to baseline, both groups increased (P < 0.01) maximal aerobic speed (MIC, pre = 17.6 ± 1.3 to post=18.3 ± 1.0; SH, pre=17.8 ± 1.5 to post = 18.3 ± 1.3 km.h-1) with no changes in V˙O2peak. No interaction effect per group and time was observed (P=0.193). Although both groups increased (P < 0.05) trunk lean mass (MIC, pre=23.2 ± 2.7 to post=24.2 ± 2.0; SH, pre=23.4 ± 1.7 to post=24.3 ± 1.6 kg) only MIC decreased (pre=4.8 ± 1.5 to post=4.5 ± 1.5, p=0.029) lower body fat. At post-intervention, no main differences between groups were observed for lactate kinetics over the 5 min recovery period. Only MIC decreased (P<0.05) DOMS at 24-h and 48-h, showing a significant average lower DOMS score over 72-h after the completion of the exercise-induced muscle soreness protocol. In conclusion, a 3-h daily application of microcurrent over an 8-week endurance training programme produced no further benefits on performance in endurance-trained males. Nonetheless, the post-workout microcurrent application promoted more desirable changes in body composition and attenuated the perception of DOMS over 72-h post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Naclerio
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Diego Moreno-Perez
- Department of Education, Research and Evaluation Methods, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Seijo
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Bettina Karsten
- European University of Applied Science (EUFH), Rostock, Germany
| | - Mar Larrosa
- MAS microbiota group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ánge L García-Merino
- MAS microbiota group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jack Thirkell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | - Eneko Larumbe-Zabala
- MAS microbiota group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Schneider C, Wiewelhove T, McLaren SJ, Röleke L, Käsbauer H, Hecksteden A, Kellmann M, Pfeiffer M, Ferrauti A. Monitoring training and recovery responses with heart rate measures during standardized warm-up in elite badminton players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244412. [PMID: 33347512 PMCID: PMC7751974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate short-term training and recovery-related effects on heart rate during a standardized submaximal running test. Methods Ten elite badminton players (7 females and 3 males) were monitored during a 12-week training period in preparation for the World Championships. Exercise heart rate (HRex) and perceived exertion were measured in response to a 5-min submaximal shuttle-run test during the morning session warm-up. This test was repeatedly performed on Mondays after 1–2 days of pronounced recovery (‘recovered’ state; reference condition) and on Fridays following 4 consecutive days of training (‘strained’ state). In addition, the serum concentration of creatine kinase and urea, perceived recovery–stress states, and jump performance were assessed before warm-up. Results Creatine kinase increased in the strained compared to the recovered state and the perceived recovery–stress ratings decreased and increased, respectively (range of average effects sizes: |d| = 0.93–2.90). The overall HRex was 173 bpm and the observed within-player variability (i.e., standard deviation as a coefficient of variation [CV]) was 1.3% (90% confidence interval: 1.2% to 1.5%). A linear reduction of -1.4% (-3.0% to 0.3%) was observed in HRex over the 12-week observational period. HRex was -1.5% lower (-2.2% to -0.9%) in the strained compared to the recovered state, and the standard deviation (as a CV) representing interindividual variability in this response was 0.7% (-0.6% to 1.2%). Conclusions Our findings suggest that HRex measured during a standardized warm-up can be sensitive to short-term accumulation of training load, with HRex decreasing on average in response to consecutive days of training within repeated preparatory weekly microcycles. From a practical perspective, it seems advisable to determine intra-individual recovery–strain responses by repeated testing, as HRex responses may vary substantially between and within players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schneider
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thimo Wiewelhove
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Shaun J. McLaren
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Röleke
- Department of Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Unit of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sports, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Association between peak velocity and time limit across different endurance performance levels. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Follador L, de Borba EF, Neto ALB, da Silva SG. A submaximal treadmill test to predict critical speed. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:835-844. [PMID: 33190620 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1847504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the reliability and validity of a 10-min submaximal treadmill test (T10) to predict critical speed (CS). Forty-two runners completed a familiarization trial plus two experimental trials (T10 test and T10 retest). Reliability between the T10 test and T10 retest was assessed using coefficient of variation (CoV), limits of agreement (LoA) and intraclass correlation (ICC). For validity, the speed from the T10 retest was compared with the CS determined from 3 runs on separate days on a running track over 1200, 2400, and 3600 m (field test). Reliability between the T10 test and T10 retest showed a CoV of 3.4%, LoA of 0.05 ± 0.39 m.s-1, and an ICC of 0.93. Validity showed that speed (m.s-1) (T10 retest: 3.86 ± 0.51; field test: 3.88 ± 0.55) did not differ between trials. The T10 retest was highly correlated with the field test, r = 0.93, and the standard error for the estimate of CS using the T10 retest was 0.06 m.s-1, and the LoA was 0.02 ± 0.40 m.s-1. A submaximal 10-min treadmill test (T10) provides a practical and accessible method to estimate CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Follador
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Lehmann N, Villringer A, Taubert M. Intrinsic Connectivity Changes Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Sustained Visual Attention. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa075. [PMID: 34296135 PMCID: PMC8152900 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular exercise (CE) is an evidence-based healthy lifestyle strategy. Yet, little is known about its effects on brain and cognition in young adults. Furthermore, evidence supporting a causal path linking CE to human cognitive performance via neuroplasticity is currently lacking. To understand the brain networks that mediate the CE-cognition relationship, we conducted a longitudinal, controlled trial with healthy human participants to compare the effects of a 2-week CE intervention against a non-CE control group on cognitive performance. Concomitantly, we used structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating between CE and cognition. On the behavioral level, we found that CE improved sustained attention, but not processing speed or short-term memory. Using graph theoretical measures and statistical mediation analysis, we found that a localized increase in eigenvector centrality in the left middle frontal gyrus, probably reflecting changes within an attention-related network, conveyed the effect of CE on cognition. Finally, we found CE-induced changes in white matter microstructure that correlated with intrinsic connectivity changes (intermodal correlation). These results suggest that CE is a promising intervention strategy to improve sustained attention via brain plasticity in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
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Inoue K, Yamashita N, Kume M, Yoshida T. Changes in the physiological strain and graded exercise performance due to warming or cooling of the lower body in a temperate environment. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:18-26. [PMID: 32936567 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of a reduced or mildly elevated exercising muscle temperature on the graded exercise test (GXT) performance have yet to be studied. The present study clarified the effects of a range of exercising muscle temperatures on GXT performance in a temperate environment. METHODS Eight male subjects (age: 24.0±0.5 years old; height: 175±2 cm; weight: 64.8±2.0 kg; peak oxygen consumption [V̇O<inf>2peak</inf>]: 51.1±2.4 mL/kg/min) performed 4 GXTs at different exercising muscle temperatures using a cycle-ergometer in a temperate environment (24.1±0.2 °C). The exercise began at 0.3 kilopond (kp) with 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) and increased 0.3 kp every minute until volitional exhaustion. Subjects passively cooled (averaged deep thigh and calf temperature [Tmm], cold: 31 °C or cool: 33 °C) or warmed (Tmm; warm: 35 °C or hot: 37 °C) the exercising muscle using water perfusion pants throughout the test. The peak oxygen consumption (V̇O<inf>2peak</inf>), exercise time to exhaustion (TTE), heart rate (HR), tympanic (Tty) and mean body temperature (Tb), and total sweat loss were also measured. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in the V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> or TTE among the 4 conditions; however, the HR, Tb, and total sweat loss were significantly higher (P<0.05) under warming conditions than cooling conditions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that although the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory strain is higher under warming conditions than cooling conditions, the exercising muscle temperature does not affect the performance of a GXT lasting approximately 15 min in a temperate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kume
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Bunkyo Junior College, Uji, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan -
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Düking P, Holmberg HC, Kunz P, Leppich R, Sperlich B. Intra-individual physiological response of recreational runners to different training mesocycles: a randomized cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2705-2713. [PMID: 32918588 PMCID: PMC7674349 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pronounced differences in individual physiological adaptation may occur following various training mesocycles in runners. Here we aimed to assess the individual changes in performance and physiological adaptation of recreational runners performing mesocycles with different intensity, duration and frequency. METHODS Employing a randomized cross-over design, the intra-individual physiological responses [i.e., peak ([Formula: see text]) and submaximal ([Formula: see text]) oxygen uptake, velocity at lactate thresholds (V2, V4)] and performance (time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) of 13 recreational runners who performed three 3-week sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-volume low-intensity training (HVLIT) or more but shorter sessions of HVLIT (high-frequency training; HFT) were assessed. RESULTS [Formula: see text], V2, V4 and TTE were not altered by HIIT, HVLIT or HFT (p > 0.05). [Formula: see text] improved to the same extent following HVLIT (p = 0.045) and HFT (p = 0.02). The number of moderately negative responders was higher following HIIT (15.4%); and HFT (15.4%) than HVLIT (7.6%). The number of very positive responders was higher following HVLIT (38.5%) than HFT (23%) or HIIT (7.7%). 46% of the runners responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. CONCLUSION On a group level, none of the interventions altered [Formula: see text], V2, V4 or TTE, while HVLIT and HFT improved [Formula: see text]. The mean adaptation index indicated similar numbers of positive, negative and non-responders to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT, but more very positive responders to HVLIT than HFT or HIIT. 46% responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. These findings indicate that the magnitude of responses to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT is highly individual and no pattern was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Düking
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Kunz
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Leppich
- Chair of Software Engineering, Department of Computer Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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V Mendonca G, Matos P, Correia JM. Running economy in recreational male and female runners with similar levels of cardiovascular fitness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:508-515. [PMID: 32702267 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00349.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored differences in running economy between well-conditioned young male and female (tested within the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle) participants, matched for age and percent difference between predicted and actual maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Twenty-five recreational runners (13 men and 12 women), aged 19-27 yr, performed graded treadmill exercise to assess V̇o2max. Participants also performed three bouts of submaximal continuous treadmill running at 8, 10, and 12 km/h. Sex comparisons revealed lower maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and V̇o2max in women relative to men (P < 0.05). However, the percent difference from predicted V̇o2max was similar between men and women (men: 149.6 ± 18.7%, women: 150.8 ± 16.4%; P > 0.05). Absolute running economy (mL·kg-0.75·km-1) improved in transition between treadmill speeds, and this occurred similarly in both sexes. Despite this, women showed overall lower oxygen cost of running than men during treadmill locomotion at predetermined absolute and relative intensities (P < 0.05). Finally, in a small subset of participants (n = 6, 3 male and 3 female participants) with similar MAS (16 km/h), men still exhibited higher V̇o2max and gross oxygen cost of running than women (difference of ~6%, statistics not computed). The present results indicate that, in men and women with similar percent of predicted V̇o2max, running economy follows a sexually dimorphic pattern throughout a broad spectrum of treadmill speeds. Ultimately, from a motor performance perspective, our data strongly suggest that lower V̇o2max values in female recreational runners are partially compensated by lower gross oxygen cost of locomotion during submaximal running.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data demonstrate that, compared with that seen in men with similar percent difference from predicted maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max), scaled gross oxygen cost of running (in absolute and relative terms) is lower in women throughout a broad spectrum of treadmill speeds. Importantly, these findings were obtained after controlling for the effects of the menstrual cycle on running economy, and this is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Pedro Matos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Joana M Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
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Riazati S, Caplan N, Matabuena M, Hayes PR. Fatigue Induced Changes in Muscle Strength and Gait Following Two Different Intensity, Energy Expenditure Matched Runs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:360. [PMID: 32391353 PMCID: PMC7188949 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate changes in hip and knee strength, kinematics, and running variability following two energy expenditure matched training runs; a medium intensity continuous run (MICR) and a high intensity interval training session (HIIT). Methods Twenty (10 Females, 10 Males) healthy master class runners were recruited. Each participant completed the HIIT consisting of six repetitions of 800 m with a 1:1 work: rest ratio. The MICR duration was set to match energy expenditure of the HIIT session. Hip and knee muscular strength were examined pre and post both HIIT and MICR. Kinematics and running variability for hip and knee, along with spatiotemporal parameters were assessed at start and end of each run-type. Changes in variables were examined using both 2 × 2 ANOVAs with repeated measures and on an individual level when the change in a variable exceeded the minimum detectable change (MDC). Results All strength measures exhibited significant reductions at the hip and knee (P < 0.05) with time for both run-types; 12% following HIIT, 10.6% post MICR. Hip frontal plane kinematics increased post run for both maximum angle (P < 0.001) and range of motion (P = 0.003). Runners exhibited increased running variability for nearly all variables, with the HIIT having a greater effect. Individual assessment revealed that not all runners were effected post run and that following HIIT more runners had reduced muscular strength, altered kinematics and increased running variability. Conclusion Runners exhibited fatigue induced changes following typical training runs, which could potentially present risk of injury development. Group and individual assessment revealed different findings where the use of MDC is recommended over that of P-values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherveen Riazati
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Caplan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Matabuena
- CiTIUS (Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes), University of Santiago of Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Bahenský P, Bunc V, Tlustý P, Grosicki GJ. Effect of an Eleven-Day Altitude Training Program on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Adolescent Runners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56040184. [PMID: 32316168 PMCID: PMC7230399 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: We evaluated the effect of an eleven-day altitude training camp on aerobic and anaerobic fitness in trained adolescent runners. Materials and Methods: Twenty adolescent (14–18 yrs) middle- and long-distance runners (11 males and 9 females; 16.7 ± 0.8 yrs), with at least two years of self-reported consistent run training, participated in this study. Eight of the subjects (4 females/4 males) constituted the control group, whereas twelve subjects (5 females/7 males) took part in a structured eleven-day altitude training camp, and training load was matched between groups. Primary variables of interest included changes in aerobic (VO2max) and anaerobic (30 s Wingate test) power. We also explored the relationships between running velocity and blood lactate levels before and after the altitude training camp. Results: Following 11 days of altitude training, desirable changes (p < 0.01) in VO2max (+13.6%), peak relative work rate (+9.6%), and running velocity at various blood lactate concentrations (+5.9%–9.6%) were observed. Meanwhile, changes in Wingate anaerobic power (+5.1%) were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Short duration altitude appears to yield meaningful improvements in aerobic but not anaerobic power in trained adolescent endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, 371 15 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-038-777-3171
| | - Václav Bunc
- Physical Training and Education, Sports Motor Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, Charles University, 165 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Tlustý
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, 371 15 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Gregory J. Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
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Lehmann N, Villringer A, Taubert M. Colocalized White Matter Plasticity and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Long-Term Motor Learning. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2416-2429. [PMID: 32041897 PMCID: PMC7083530 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2310-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular exercise (CE) is a promising intervention strategy to facilitate cognition and motor learning in healthy and diseased populations of all ages. CE elevates humoral parameters, such as growth factors, and stimulates brain changes potentially relevant for learning and behavioral adaptations. However, the causal relationship between CE-induced brain changes and human's ability to learn remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that CE elicits a positive effect on learning via alterations in brain structure (morphological changes of gray and white matter) and function (functional connectivity and cerebral blood flow in resting state). We conducted a randomized controlled trial with healthy male and female human participants to compare the effects of a 2 week CE intervention against a non-CE control group on subsequent learning of a challenging new motor task (dynamic balancing; DBT) over 6 consecutive weeks. We used multimodal neuroimaging [T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, and resting state functional MRI] to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating between CE and learning. As expected, subjects receiving CE subsequently learned the DBT at a higher rate. Using a modified nonparametric combination approach along with multiple mediator analysis, we show that this learning boost was conveyed by CE-induced increases in cerebral blood flow in frontal brain regions and changes in white matter microstructure in frontotemporal fiber tracts. Our study revealed neural mechanisms for the CE-learning link within the brain, probably allowing for a higher flexibility to adapt to highly novel environmental stimuli, such as learning a complex task.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is established that cardiovascular exercise (CE) is an effective approach to promote learning and memory, yet little is known about the underlying neural transfer mechanisms through which CE acts on learning. We provide evidence that CE facilitates learning in human participants via plasticity in prefrontal white matter tracts and a colocalized increase in cerebral blood flow. Our findings are among the first to demonstrate a transfer potential of experience-induced brain plasticity. In addition to practical implications for health professionals and coaches, our work paves the way for future studies investigating effects of CE in patients suffering from prefrontal hypoperfusion or white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Marco Taubert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Bellinger P, Arnold B, Minahan C. Quantifying the Training-Intensity Distribution in Middle-Distance Runners: The Influence of Different Methods of Training-Intensity Quantification. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:319-323. [PMID: 31188692 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the training-intensity distribution (TID) across an 8-week training period in a group of highly trained middle-distance runners employing 3 different methods of training-intensity quantification. METHODS A total of 14 highly trained middle-distance runners performed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion to determine the heart rate (HR) and running speed corresponding to the ventilatory thresholds (gas-exchange threshold and respiratory-compensation threshold), as well as fixed rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values, which were used to demarcate 3 training-intensity zones. During the following 8 weeks, the TID (total and percentage of time spent in each training zone) of all running training sessions (N = 695) was quantified using continuous running speed, HR monitoring, and RPE. RESULTS Compared with the running-speed-derived TID (zone 1, 79.9% [7.3%]; zone 2, 5.3% [4.9%]; and zone 3, 14.7% [7.3%]), HR-demarcated TID (zone 1, 79.6% [7.2%]; zone 2, 17.0% [6.3%]; and zone 3, 3.4% [2.0%]) resulted in a substantially higher training time in zone 2 (effect size ± 95% confidence interval: -1.64 ± 0.53; P < .001) and lower training time in zone 3 (-1.59 ± 0.51; P < .001). RPE-derived TID (zone 1, 39.6% [8.4%]; zone 2, 31.9% [8.7%]; and zone 3, 28.5% [11.6%]) reduced time in zone 1 compared with both HR (-5.64 ± 1.40; P < .001) and running speed (-5.69 ± 1.9; P < .001), whereas time in RPE training zones 2 and 3 was substantially higher than both HR- and running-speed-derived zones. CONCLUSION The results show that the method of training-intensity quantification substantially affects computation of TID.
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Efficacite d’un programme d’entraînement individualise base sur la mesure directe du VO2max chez les malades porteurs de maladies chroniques ; le protocole PEP’C. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Acute effect of a maximum incremental test until exhaustion on malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamins in plasma and erythrocytes in athletes. NUTR HOSP 2020; 38:374-382. [PMID: 33371708 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Background: it is well known that moderate or vigorous physical exercise produces an increase in free radicals. Aim: the aims of this study were to observe changes in malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamins after a maximum incremental test, and to relate malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamin values to performance parameters. Methods: eighty-four male athletes participated in this study. Participants performed a maximum incremental test until exhaustion on a treadmill. Malondialdehyde in plasma and antioxidant vitamins in plasma and erythrocytes were determined before and after the test. Results: in plasma, there was a decrease in malondialdehyde after the test. In erythrocytes, results showed increases in vitamin C and decreases in vitamin E after the test. Maximal oxygen uptake values were associated positively with vitamin C and negatively with malondialdehyde levels before the test. On the other hand, maximal oxygen uptake, total test time, and total test distance were positively related to the malondialdehyde values obtained after the test. Conclusions: a maximum incremental test did not produce any changes in plasma vitamins in athletes. However, it increased the levels of vitamin C in erythrocytes and decreased malondialdehyde values in plasma and vitamin E in erythrocytes. The levels of malondialdehyde, vitamin C and vitamin E were related to performance parameters. These results may be linked to the adaptation of antioxidant systems due to regular training.
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Jones TW, Shillabeer BC, Ryu JH, Cardinale M. Development in Adolescent Middle-Distance Athletes: A Study of Training Loadings, Physical Qualities, and Competition Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:S103-S110. [PMID: 31809463 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Jones, TW, Shillabeer, BC, Ryu, JH, and Cardinale, M. Development in adolescent middle-distance athletes: a study of training loadings, physical qualities, and competition performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this study was to examine changes in running performance and physical qualities related to middle-distance performance over a training season. The study also examined relationships between training loading and changes in physical qualities as assessed by laboratory and field measures. Relationships between laboratory and field measures were also analyzed. This was a 9-month observational study of 10 highly trained adolescent middle-distance athletes. Training intensity distribution was similar over the observational period, whereas accumulated and mean distance and training time and accumulated load varied monthly. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) and large effect sizes (Cohen's d) (>0.80) were observed for improvements in: body mass (5.6%), 600-m (4.6%), 1,200-m (8.7%), and 1,800-m (6.1%) time trial performance, critical speed (7.1%), V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (5.5%), running economy (10.1%), vertical stiffness (2.6%), reactive index (3.8%), and countermovement jump power output relative to body mass (7.9%). Improvements in 1,800 m TT performance were correlated with increases in V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (r = 0.810, p = 0.015) and critical speed (r = 0.918, p = 0.001). Increases in V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and critical speed were also correlated (r = 0.895, p = 0.003). Data presented here indicate that improvements in critical speed may be reflective of changes in aerobic capacity in adolescent middle-distance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Barry C Shillabeer
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joong Hyun Ryu
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Computer Science, Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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The Effects of Interval and Continuous Training on the Oxygen Cost of Running in Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 50:283-294. [PMID: 31606879 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen cost of running is largely influenced by endurance training strategies, including interval and continuous training. However, which training method better reduces the oxygen cost remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature and performs a meta-analysis to address the effects of different endurance training modalities on the oxygen cost of running. METHODS A literature search on 3 databases (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) was conducted on February 28, 2019. After analysing 8028 resultant articles, studies were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: (a) studies were randomised controlled trials, (b) studies included trained runners without previous injuries (c) interventions lasted at least 6 weeks, with participants allocated to Interval (INT) or Continuous (CON) groups, and (d) oxygen cost was assessed pre- and post-training intervention. Six studies (seven trials) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. This resulted in 295 participants (n = 200 INT; n = 95 CON training method). Standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between INT and CON conditions and effect sizes were calculated. To assess the potential effects of moderator variables (such as, age, VO2max of participants, number of weeks of intervention) on main outcome (oxygen cost of running), subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS Comparing changes from pre- to post-intervention, oxygen cost improved to a greater extent in CON when compared to INT interventions (0.28 [95% CI 0.01, 0.54], Z = 2.05, p = 0.04, I2 = 30%). Oxygen cost improvements were larger in participants with higher VO2max (≥ 52.3 ml kg-1 min-1) (0.39 [95% CI 0.06, 0.72], Z = 2.34, p = 0.02), and in programs greater or equal to 8 weeks (0.35 [95% CI 0.03, 0.67], Z = 2.13, p = 0.03). When the total volume per week of INT was ≥ 23.2 min, there was a significant improvement favorable to CON (0.34 [95% CI 0.01, 0.61], Z = 2.02, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Continuous training seems, overall, a better strategy than interval training to reduce the oxygen cost in recreational endurance runners. However, oxygen cost reductions are influenced by several variables including the duration of the program, runners' aerobic capacity, the intervals duration and the volume of interval training per week. Practitioners and coaches should construct training programs that include both endurance training methods shown to be effective in reducing the oxygen cost of running.
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da Silva DF, Ferraro ZM, Adamo KB, Machado FA. Endurance Running Training Individually Guided by HRV in Untrained Women. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:736-746. [PMID: 28570494 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
da Silva, DF, Ferraro, ZM, Adamo, KB, and Machado, FA. Endurance running training individually guided by HRV in untrained women. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 736-746, 2019-The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training compared with a standardized prescription on (a) time to complete 5-km running performance (t5km), (b) peak treadmill running speed (Vpeak) and its time limit (tlim at Vpeak), and (c) autonomic cardiac modulation (i.e., parasympathetic activity and recovery) in untrained women. Additionally, we correlated changes in t5km with changes in Vpeak, tlim at Vpeak and autonomic cardiac modulation. Thirty-six untrained women were divided into a HRV-guided training group (HRVG) and a control group (CG). The CG followed a predefined program, alternating moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The determination of MICT or HIIT was based on the pretraining HRV for HRVG. MICT was performed if HRV was <mean - 1 SD of previous measures. Otherwise, HIIT was prescribed. The t5km, Vpeak, tlim at Vpeak, parasympathetic activity (i.e., rMSSD) and parasympathetic reactivation (i.e., HRR) were measured before and after the training period. The t5km decreased to a greater magnitude in the HRVG (-17.5 ± 5.6% vs. -14 ± 4.7%; Effect Size (ES) between-group difference = moderate). rMSSD and tlim at Vpeak only improved in HRVG (+23.3 ± 27.8% and +23.6 ± 31.9%, respectively). The HRVG experienced greater improvements in Vpeak and HRR (Vpeak: 10 ± 7.3% vs. 8.2 ± 4.7%; HRR: 19.1 ± 28.1% vs. 12.6 ± 12.9%; ES between-group difference = small). Although HRVG performed less MICT than CG, the volume of MICT was negatively related to changes in t5km. Vpeak changes were highly correlated with t5km changes. The greater improvements in HRVG for t5km and autonomic modulation reinforce the potential application of this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo F da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | | | - Kristi B Adamo
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabiana A Machado
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
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Festa L, Tarperi C, Skroce K, Boccia G, Lippi G, La Torre A, Schena F. Effects of Flywheel Strength Training on the Running Economy of Recreational Endurance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:684-690. [PMID: 30570511 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Festa, L, Tarperi, C, Skroce, K, Boccia, G, Lippi, G, La Torre, A, and Schena, F. Effects of flywheel strength training on the running economy of recreational endurance runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 684-690, 2019-Running economy (RE) has been defined as the most important determining factor in endurance performance in both elite and recreational runners. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of flywheel strength training (FST) and high-intensity training (HIT) protocols on RE and strength parameters in a group of recreational runners. Twenty-nine recreational runners were recruited to take part in the study and were randomly assigned to FST (n = 9; 44.5 ± 6.0 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 48.8 ± 5.2 ml·min·kg), HIT (n = 9; 42.2 ± 8.6 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 50.3 ± 3.7 ml·min·kg), or low-intensity training (LIT) (n = 11; 45.4 ± 8.0 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 50.2 ± 6.8 ml min kg) groups. Before and after 8 weeks of an experimental period, maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), ventilatory thresholds (VTs), maximal dynamic force (1 repetition maximum [1RM]), and anthropometric data were evaluated. The FST group showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in 1RM and RE. No differences were found in the other groups. Significative changes are found for all groups on average speed on 2 and 10 km (p < 0.05). Anthropometric data were unchanged after the training period. The results of this study indicate that in recreational runners, FST seems able to obtain improvements in RE and neuromuscular adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Festa
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- CeRiSM, Research Center Sport Mountain and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Center Sport Mountain and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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Dun Y, Smith JR, Liu S, Olson TP. High-Intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Clin Geriatr Med 2019; 35:469-487. [PMID: 31543179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as a safe and effective alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training for older patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in cardiac rehabilitation settings in an effort to improve health outcomes. This brief review considers general principles and suggestions for prescription of HIIT for older patients with CVD, specific challenges pertaining to older adults, the physiologic mechanisms by which HIIT contributes to improvements in peak Vo2, and the effects of HIIT on cardiovascular health in older patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoshan Dun
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China; Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joshua R Smith
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Suixin Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
| | - Thomas P Olson
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Olher RR, Sales MM, Sousa CV, Sotero RC, Madrid B, Cunha RR, Moraes MR, Simões HG. Heart rate cost of running in track estimates velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake. Physiol Behav 2019; 205:33-38. [PMID: 30802508 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) is a parameter widely used for exercise prescription and is related to endurance performance. However, the vVO2max determination usually requires a maximal effort test and equipped laboratory for expired gas analysis, what make difficulty its assessment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the validity of a simple method of vVO2max prediction through the heart rate cost of running (HRC) in a submaximal 6-min running test, both in treadmill and in a 400-meter track. METHODS Male recreational runners (n = 16; 30.3 ± 8.0 years; VO2max of 46.2 ± 3.2 ml·kg-1·min-1) randomly underwent an incremental test in treadmill with gas analysis, and a 3000-m time trial in a track, to determine vVO2max. Before every maximal test, participants also performed a submaximal 6-min running (~85% HRmax), both in the treadmill and in a track, to assess HRC (bpm-1m·min-1) by dividing the submaximal running velocity by its respective HR. The vVO2max (km·h-1) was predicted by dividing the HRmax (bpm)/HRC (bpm-1m·min-1). RESULTS No differences were verified (p > .05) among vVO2max determined both in the treadmill (13.8 ± 0.9 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 0.9 km·h-1) to those predicted by the HRC method both in treadmill (13.5 ± 0.8 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 1.0 km·h-1). The vVO2max measured directly with expired gas analysis was highly correlated with vVO2max estimated through HRC in treadmill and track (p < .05). Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman technique revealed good agreement and reliability classified with substantial agreement [ICC = 0.673 (95% CI 0.064-0.886; p = .019)] and almost perfect agreement [ICC = 0.870 (95% CI 0.628-0.955 p = .0001)] between methods to identify vVO2max, respectively. CONCLUSION A submaximal 6-min exercise test protocol to assess HRC of running was considered valid to estimate vVO2max of recreational runners both in treadmill and outdoor track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Reis Olher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | | | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rafael Costa Sotero
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Bibiano Madrid
- Centro Universitário Luterano de Palmas (CEULP/ULBRA), Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Cunha
- Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Centro Universitário e Faculdade Projeção, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Milton Rocha Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Herbert Gustavo Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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