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Kanai A, Nishida Y, Iwamoto T, Yokota M, Aoyama S, Ueki K, Ito M, Uzawa H, Iida H, Koike M, Watada H. Genome-wide screening for regulators of degradation of insulin secretory granules with a fluorescent reporter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:132-140. [PMID: 37516030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is essential in controlling blood glucose levels, and its synthesis and secretion have been well investigated. In contrast, how insulin secretory granules (ISGs) are degraded in pancreatic beta cells remains largely unknown. To clarify the mechanism, we constructed a fluorescent reporter detecting ISG degradation, where EGFP and mCherry are tandemly conjugated to a cytoplasmic region of ZnT8, an ISG membrane-localized protein. Depletion of serum and amino acid stimulated lysosomal ISG degradation detected with the reporter. Next, with MIN6 cells expressing Cas9 and the reporter, we investigated the involvement of conventional Atg5/7-dependent autophagy to show that it is dispensable for the ISG degradation process. Finally, we performed genome-wide screening by enriching the cells lacking the ISG degradation and showed that pathways regulating autophagy are not identified. These results suggest that alternative degradation in lysosomes, instead of conventional autophagy, may be involved in ISG degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kanai
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuya Nishida
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Iwamoto
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Yokota
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shuhei Aoyama
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kyosei Ueki
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Minami Ito
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uzawa
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iida
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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2
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Garg R, Agarwal A, Katekar R, Dadge S, Yadav S, Gayen JR. Chromogranin A-derived peptides pancreastatin and catestatin: emerging therapeutic target for diabetes. Amino Acids 2023:10.1007/s00726-023-03252-x. [PMID: 36914766 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (ChgA) is an acidic pro-protein found in neuroendocrine organs, pheochromocytoma chromaffin granules, and tumor cells. Proteolytic processing of ChgA gives rise to an array of biologically active peptides such as pancreastatin (PST), vasostatin, WE14, catestatin (CST), and serpinin, which have diverse roles in regulating cardiovascular functions and metabolism, as well as inflammation. Intricate tissue-specific role of ChgA-derived peptide activity in preclinical rodent models of metabolic syndrome reveals complex effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Indeed, ChgA-derived peptides, PST and CST, play a pivotal role in metabolic syndrome such as obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, supplementation of specific peptide in ChgA-KO mice have an opposing effect on physiological functions, such as PST supplementation reduces insulin sensitivity and enhances inflammatory response. In contrast, CST supplementation enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammatory response. In this review, we focus on the tissue-specific role of PST and CST as therapeutic targets in regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, along with the associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Garg
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arun Agarwal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Roshan Katekar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shailesh Dadge
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shubhi Yadav
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Physins in digestive system neoplasms. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 111:157-176. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Walker JT, Saunders DC, Brissova M, Powers AC. The Human Islet: Mini-Organ With Mega-Impact. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:605-657. [PMID: 33844836 PMCID: PMC8476939 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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The Phosphoprotein Synapsin Ia Regulates the Kinetics of Dense-Core Vesicle Release. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2828-2841. [PMID: 33632727 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2593-19.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Common fusion machinery mediates the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (SVs) and dense-core vesicles (DCVs). Previously, Synapsin Ia (Syn Ia) was found to localize to SVs, essential for mobilizing SVs to the plasma membrane through phosphorylation. However, whether (or how) the phosphoprotein Syn Ia plays a role in regulating DCV exocytosis remains unknown. To answer these questions, we measured the dynamics of DCV exocytosis by using single-vesicle amperometry in PC12 cells (derived from the pheochromocytoma of rats of unknown sex) overexpressing wild-type or phosphodeficient Syn Ia. We found that overexpression of phosphodeficient Syn Ia decreased the DCV secretion rate, specifically via residues previously shown to undergo calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK)-mediated phosphorylation (S9, S566, and S603). Moreover, the fusion pore kinetics during DCV exocytosis were found to be differentially regulated by Syn Ia and two phosphodeficient Syn Ia mutants (Syn Ia-S62A and Syn Ia-S9,566,603A). Kinetic analysis suggested that Syn Ia may regulate the closure and dilation of DCV fusion pores via these sites, implying the potential interactions of Syn Ia with certain DCV proteins involved in the regulation of fusion pore dynamics. Furthermore, we predicted the interaction of Syn Ia with several DCV proteins, including Synaptophysin (Syp) and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins. By immunoprecipitation, we found that Syn Ia interacted with Syp via phosphorylation. Moreover, a proximity ligation assay (PLA) confirmed their phosphorylation-dependent, in situ interaction on DCVs. Together, these findings reveal a phosphorylation-mediated regulation of DCV exocytosis by Syn Ia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although they exhibit distinct exocytosis dynamics upon stimulation, synaptic vesicles (SVs) and dense-core vesicles (DCVs) may undergo co-release in neurons and neuroendocrine cells through an undefined molecular mechanism. Synapsin Ia (Syn Ia) is known to recruit SVs to the plasma membrane via phosphorylation. Here, we examined whether Syn Ia also affects the dynamics of DCV exocytosis. We showed that Syn Ia regulates the DCV secretion rate and fusion pore kinetics during DCV exocytosis. Moreover, Syn Ia-mediated regulation of DCV exocytosis depends on phosphorylation. We further found that Syn Ia interacts with Synaptophysin (Syp) on DCVs in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Thus, these results suggest that Syn Ia may regulate the release of DCVs via phosphorylation.
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Bencomo-Loeppky S, García-Rizk JA, Cervantes-Flores HA, Levario-Carrillo M, Fierro Murga R, Reza-López SA, Loya-Loya M, Chávez-Corral DV. Neural crest derivatives and neuroendocrine cells in the gut of anencephalic and fetuses without congenital defects. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1720-1732. [PMID: 32914571 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric nervous system (ENS), a component of the peripheral nervous system in the intestinal walls, regulates motility, secretion, absorption, and blood flow. Neural crest (NC) migration, fundamental for ENS development, may be altered by central nervous system development alterations, such as neural tube defects (NTD). Intestinal innervation anomalies have been correlated to NTD. We aim to describe the ENS on a fetus with NTD and fetuses without congenital defects (FWCD). CASES Two male and four female FWCD, 18-20 weeks-gestation (WG), and a 25 WG female anencephalic fetus. Samples from the pancreatoduodenal groove, jejunum, cecum, rectum, and appendix were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Nervous plexuses were marked with Neuron-specific enolase and S-100; enteric glial cells with CD56; neuroendocrine cells with chromogranin and synaptophysin, and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) with CD117. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The anencephalic fetus presented a rudimentary brainstem with a cerebellum. Partial frontal, temporal, and occipital bones were found. A large atrial septal defect, an enlarged kidney with a duplex collecting system and a single adrenal gland were found. NSE, S100, and CD56, showed the presence of the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the ENS; scarce interplexus reactivity may indicate inadequate development. Pancreatic and gut neuroendocrine cells, identified with chromogranin and CD56, showed that the enteroendocrine system is present. Findings on FWCD using these markers are consistent with literature descriptions. Vagal NC migration appears to be unaffected despite the presence of anencephaly, although maturation of the ENS may be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bencomo-Loeppky
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jorge Arturo García-Rizk
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | - Margarita Levario-Carrillo
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Fierro Murga
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Sandra Alicia Reza-López
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Martha Loya-Loya
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
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7
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Pancreatic duct-like cell line derived from pig embryonic stem cells: expression of uroplakin genes in pig pancreatic tissue. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:285-301. [PMID: 30868438 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of a cell line, PICM-31D, with phenotypic characteristics like pancreatic duct cells is described. The PICM-31D cell line was derived from the previously described pig embryonic stem cell-derived exocrine pancreatic cell line, PICM-31. The PICM-31D cell line was morphologically distinct from the parental cells in growing as a monolayer rather than self-assembling into multicellular acinar-like structures. The PICM-31D cells were propagated for over a year at split ratios of 1:3 to 1:10 at each passage without change in phenotype or growth rate. Electron microscopy showed the cells to be a polarized epithelium of cuboidal cells joined by tight junction-like adhesions at their apical/lateral aspect. The cells contained numerous mucus-like secretory vesicles under their apical cell membrane. Proteomic analysis of the PICM-31D's cellular proteins detected MUC1 and MUC4, consistent with mucus vesicle morphology. Gene expression analysis showed the cells expressed pancreatic ductal cell-related transcription factors such as GATA4, GATA6, HES1, HNF1A, HNF1B, ONECUT1 (HNF6), PDX1, and SOX9, but little or no pancreas progenitor cell markers such as PTF1A, NKX6-1, SOX2, or NGN3. Pancreas ductal cell-associated genes including CA2, CFTR, MUC1, MUC5B, MUC13, SHH, TFF1, KRT8, and KRT19 were expressed by the PICM-31D cells, but the exocrine pancreas marker genes, CPA1 and PLA2G1B, were not expressed by the cells. However, the exocrine marker, AMY2A, was still expressed by the cells. Surprisingly, uroplakin proteins were prominent in the PICM-31D cell proteome, particularly UPK1A. Annexin A1 and A2 proteins were also relatively abundant in the cells. The expression of the uroplakin and annexin genes was detected in the cells, although only UPK1B, UPK3B, ANXA2, and ANXA4 were detected in fetal pig pancreatic duct tissue. In conclusion, the PICM-31D cell line models the mucus-secreting ductal cells of the fetal pig pancreas.
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8
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Muntjewerff EM, Dunkel G, Nicolasen MJT, Mahata SK, van den Bogaart G. Catestatin as a Target for Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2199. [PMID: 30337922 PMCID: PMC6180191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that inflammatory diseases and cancers are influenced by cleavage products of the pro-hormone chromogranin A (CgA), such as the 21-amino acids long catestatin (CST). The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of CST and its mechanism of action. We discuss evidence proving that CST and its precursor CgA are crucial for maintaining metabolic and immune homeostasis. CST could reduce inflammation in various mouse models for diabetes, colitis and atherosclerosis. In these mouse models, CST treatment resulted in less infiltration of immune cells in affected tissues, although in vitro monocyte migration was increased by CST. Both in vivo and in vitro, CST can shift macrophage differentiation from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, the concept is emerging that CST plays a role in tissue homeostasis by regulating immune cell infiltration and macrophage differentiation. These findings warrant studying the effects of CST in humans and make it an interesting therapeutic target for treatment and/or diagnosis of various metabolic and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke M Muntjewerff
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gina Dunkel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mara J T Nicolasen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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9
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Chen YC, Taylor AJ, Verchere CB. Islet prohormone processing in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:64-76. [PMID: 30230179 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of peptide hormones by pancreatic islet endocrine cells is a tightly orchestrated process that is critical for metabolic homeostasis. Like neuroendocrine peptides, insulin and other islet hormones are first synthesized as larger precursor molecules that are processed to their mature secreted products through a series of proteolytic cleavages, mediated by the prohormone convertases Pc1/3 and Pc2, and carboxypeptidase E. Additional posttranslational modifications including C-terminal amidation of the β-cell peptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) by peptidyl-glycine α-amidating monooxygenase (Pam) may also occur. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have showed genetic linkage of these processing enzymes to obesity, β-cell dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), pointing to their important roles in metabolism and blood glucose regulation. In both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D, and in the face of metabolic or inflammatory stresses, islet prohormone processing may become impaired; indeed elevated proinsulin:insulin (PI:I) ratios are a hallmark of the β-cell dysfunction in T2D. Recent studies suggest that genetic or acquired defects in proIAPP processing may lead to the production and secretion of incompletely processed forms of proIAPP that could contribute to T2D pathogenesis, and additionally that impaired processing of both PI and proIAPP may be characteristic of β-cell dysfunction in T1D. In islet α-cells, the prohormone proglucagon is normally processed to bioactive glucagon by Pc2 but may express Pc1/3 under certain conditions leading to production of GLP-1(7-36NH2 ). A better understanding of how β-cell processing of PI and proIAPP, as well as α-cell processing of proglucagon, are impacted by genetic susceptibility and in the face of diabetogenic stresses, may lead to new therapeutic approaches for improving islet function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Austin J Taylor
- Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Somvanshi RK, Jhajj A, Heer M, Kumar U. Characterization of somatostatin receptors and associated signaling pathways in pancreas of R6/2 transgenic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:359-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Molecular regulation of insulin granule biogenesis and exocytosis. Biochem J 2017; 473:2737-56. [PMID: 27621482 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in early disease stages but a relative insulin insufficiency in later stages. Insulin, a peptide hormone, is produced in and secreted from pancreatic β-cells following elevated blood glucose levels. Upon its release, insulin induces the removal of excessive exogenous glucose from the bloodstream primarily by stimulating glucose uptake into insulin-dependent tissues as well as promoting hepatic glycogenesis. Given the increasing prevalence of T2DM worldwide, elucidating the underlying mechanisms and identifying the various players involved in the synthesis and exocytosis of insulin from β-cells is of utmost importance. This review summarizes our current understanding of the route insulin takes through the cell after its synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum as well as our knowledge of the highly elaborate network that controls insulin release from the β-cell. This network harbors potential targets for anti-diabetic drugs and is regulated by signaling cascades from several endocrine systems.
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12
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Wollam J, Mahata S, Riopel M, Hernandez-Carretero A, Biswas A, Bandyopadhyay GK, Chi NW, Eiden LE, Mahapatra NR, Corti A, Webster NJG, Mahata SK. Chromogranin A regulates vesicle storage and mitochondrial dynamics to influence insulin secretion. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:487-501. [PMID: 28220294 PMCID: PMC10843982 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a prohormone and a granulogenic factor that regulates secretory pathways in neuroendocrine tissues. In β-cells of the endocrine pancreas, CgA is a major cargo in insulin secretory vesicles. The impact of CgA deficiency on the formation and exocytosis of insulin vesicles is yet to be investigated. In addition, no literature exists on the impact of CgA on mitochondrial function in β-cells. Using three different antibodies, we demonstrate that CgA is processed to vasostatin- and catestatin-containing fragments in pancreatic islet cells. CgA deficiency in Chga-KO islets leads to compensatory overexpression of chromogranin B, secretogranin II, SNARE proteins and insulin genes, as well as increased insulin protein content. Ultrastructural studies of pancreatic islets revealed that Chga-KO β-cells contain fewer immature secretory granules than wild-type (WT) control but increased numbers of mature secretory granules and plasma membrane-docked vesicles. Compared to WT control, CgA-deficient β-cells exhibited increases in mitochondrial volume, numerical densities and fusion, as well as increased expression of nuclear encoded genes (Ndufa9, Ndufs8, Cyc1 and Atp5o). These changes in secretory vesicles and the mitochondria likely contribute to the increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion observed in Chga-KO mice. We conclude that CgA is an important regulator for coordination of mitochondrial dynamics, secretory vesicular quanta and GSIS for optimal secretory functioning of β-cells, suggesting a strong, CgA-dependent positive link between mitochondrial fusion and GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wollam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sumana Mahata
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Riopel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Angshuman Biswas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Nai-Wen Chi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH-IRP, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (0732), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA.
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13
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Kodama K, Zhao Z, Toda K, Yip L, Fuhlbrigge R, Miao D, Fathman CG, Yamada S, Butte AJ, Yu L. Expression-Based Genome-Wide Association Study Links Vitamin D-Binding Protein With Autoantigenicity in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:1341-9. [PMID: 26983959 PMCID: PMC4839207 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoreactive T cells that recognize pancreatic islet antigens and destroy insulin-producing β-cells. This attack results from a breakdown in tolerance for self-antigens, which is controlled by ectopic antigen expression in the thymus and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). The autoantigens known to be involved include a set of islet proteins, such as insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8. In an attempt to identify additional antigenic proteins, we performed an expression-based genome-wide association study using microarray data from 118 arrays of the thymus and PLNs of T1D mice. We ranked all 16,089 protein-coding genes by the likelihood of finding repeated differential expression and the degree of tissue specificity for pancreatic islets. The top autoantigen candidate was vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). T-cell proliferation assays showed stronger T-cell reactivity to VDBP compared with control stimulations. Higher levels and frequencies of serum anti-VDBP autoantibodies (VDBP-Abs) were identified in patients with T1D (n = 331) than in healthy control subjects (n = 77). Serum vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with VDBP-Ab levels in patients in whom T1D developed during the winter. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that VDBP was specifically expressed in α-cells of pancreatic islets. We propose that VDBP could be an autoantigen in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kodama
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Kyoko Toda
- Biomedical Research Center, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Linda Yip
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Rebecca Fuhlbrigge
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Dongmei Miao
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - C Garrison Fathman
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Diabetes Center, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atul J Butte
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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14
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Proinflammatory Cytokines Induce Endocrine Differentiation in Pancreatic Ductal Cells via STAT3-Dependent NGN3 Activation. Cell Rep 2016; 15:460-470. [PMID: 27068459 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of diabetes research is to develop strategies that replenish pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. One emerging strategy is to harness pancreatic plasticity-the ability of pancreatic cells to undergo cellular interconversions-a phenomenon implicated in physiological stress and pancreatic injury. Here, we investigate the effects of inflammatory cytokine stress on the differentiation potential of ductal cells in a human cell line, in mouse ductal cells by pancreatic intraductal injection, and during the progression of autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. We find that inflammatory cytokine insults stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as the endocrine program in human pancreatic ductal cells via STAT3-dependent NGN3 activation. Furthermore, we show that inflammatory cytokines activate ductal-to-endocrine cell reprogramming in vivo independent of hyperglycemic stress. Together, our findings provide evidence that inflammatory cytokines direct ductal-to-endocrine cell differentiation, with implications for beta cell regeneration.
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15
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Cinti F, Bouchi R, Kim-Muller JY, Ohmura Y, Sandoval PR, Masini M, Marselli L, Suleiman M, Ratner LE, Marchetti P, Accili D. Evidence of β-Cell Dedifferentiation in Human Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1044-54. [PMID: 26713822 PMCID: PMC4803182 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes is associated with a deficit of insulin-producing β-cells. Animal studies show that β-cells become dedifferentiated in diabetes, reverting to a progenitor-like stage, and partly converting to other endocrine cell types. OBJECTIVE To determine whether similar processes occur in human type 2 diabetes, we surveyed pancreatic islets from 15 diabetic and 15 nondiabetic organ donors. DESIGN We scored dedifferentiation using markers of endocrine lineage, β-cell-specific transcription factors, and a newly identified endocrine progenitor cell marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3. RESULTS By these criteria, dedifferentiated cells accounted for 31.9% of β-cells in type 2 diabetics vs 8.7% in controls, and for 16.8% vs 6.5% of all endocrine cells (P < .001). The number of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3-positive/hormone-negative cells was 3-fold higher in diabetics compared with controls. Moreover, β-cell-specific transcription factors were ectopically found in glucagon- and somatostatin-producing cells of diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS The data support the view that pancreatic β-cells become dedifferentiated and convert to α- and δ-"like" cells in human type 2 diabetes. The findings should prompt a reassessment of goals in the prevention and treatment of β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cinti
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ryotaro Bouchi
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ja Young Kim-Muller
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Yoshiaki Ohmura
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - P R Sandoval
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matilde Masini
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lloyd E Ratner
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Accili
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Jilesen APJ, Busch ORC, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ, Nieveen van Dijkum EJM. Standard pre- and postoperative determination of chromogranin a in resectable non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors--diagnostic accuracy: NF-pNET and low tumor burden. Dig Surg 2015; 31:407-14. [PMID: 25572908 DOI: 10.1159/000370007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromogranin A (CgA) is often used in metastatic patients with nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-pNET). The aim of this study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CgA in patients with low tumor burden. METHODS Resectable patients with NF-pNET without metastases at time of diagnosis were included between 2002 and 2013 in the Academic Medical Center of Amsterdam. CgA was determined at time of diagnosis and during follow-up according to a standardized method. The upper reference range was 94 µg/l. RESULTS Overall, 47 patients were included in this study. CgA was elevated preoperatively in only 10 patients (27%). In the detection of metastases during follow-up, the positive predictive value for CgA was 50% and negative predictive value was 81%. In 50% of the patients with an elevated CgA during follow-up, this test result was false-positive. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic accuracy of CgA was low preoperatively in patients with resectable NF-pNET and low tumor burden. In the detection of recurrent disease after curative resection of NF-pNET, the diagnostic accuracy of CgA was moderate (50%). We conclude that the routine measurement of CgA at time of diagnosis or during follow-up after curative resection had limited value in patients with resectable NF-pNET.
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17
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Lavenant GT, Zavalin AI, Caprioli RM. Targeted multiplex imaging mass spectrometry in transmission geometry for subcellular spatial resolution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:609-14. [PMID: 23397138 PMCID: PMC3624063 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted multiplex imaging mass spectrometry utilizes several different antigen-specific primary antibodies, each directly labeled with a unique photocleavable mass tag, to detect multiple antigens in a single tissue section. Each photocleavable mass tag bound to an antibody has a unique molecular weight and can be readily ionized by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. This article describes a mass spectrometry method that allows imaging of targeted single cells within tissue using transmission geometry laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Transmission geometry focuses the laser beam on the back side of the tissue placed on a glass slide, providing a 2 μm diameter laser spot irradiating the biological specimen. This matrix-free method enables simultaneous localization at the sub-cellular level of multiple antigens using specific tagged antibodies. We have used this technology to visualize the co-expression of synaptophysin and two major hormones peptides, insulin and somatostatin, in duplex assays in beta and delta cells contained in a human pancreatic islet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey I. Zavalin
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacology and Medicine, and the National Resource For Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Vanderbilt University Mass Spectrometry Research Center 9160 MRB III-465 21 St Ave. So. Nashville, TN, 37232-8575.
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18
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Mazzoni M, De Giorgio R, Latorre R, Vallorani C, Bosi P, Trevisi P, Barbara G, Stanghellini V, Corinaldesi R, Forni M, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Sternini C, Clavenzani P. Expression and regulation of α-transducin in the pig gastrointestinal tract. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:466-74. [PMID: 23414137 PMCID: PMC3640731 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste signalling molecules are found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract suggesting that they participate to chemosensing. We tested whether fasting and refeeding affect the expression of the taste signalling molecule, α-transducin (Gαtran), throughout the pig GI tract and the peptide content of Gαtran cells. The highest density of Gαtran-immunoreactive (IR) cells was in the pylorus, followed by the cardiac mucosa, duodenum, rectum, descending colon, jejunum, caecum, ascending colon and ileum. Most Gαtran-IR cells contained chromogranin A. In the stomach, many Gαtran-IR cells contained ghrelin, whereas in the upper small intestine many were gastrin/cholecystokinin-IR and a few somatostatin-IR. Gαtran-IR and Gαgust-IR colocalized in some cells. Fasting (24 h) resulted in a significant decrease in Gαtran-IR cells in the cardiac mucosa (29.3 ± 0.8 versus 64.8 ± 1.3, P < 0.05), pylorus (98.8 ± 1.7 versus 190.8 ± 1.9, P < 0.0 l), caecum (8 ± 0.01 versus 15.5 ± 0.5, P < 0.01), descending colon (17.8 ± 0.3 versus 23 ± 0.6, P < 0.05) and rectum (15.3 ± 0.3 versus 27.5 ± 0.7, P < 0.05). Refeeding restored the control level of Gαtran-IR cells in the cardiac mucosa. In contrast, in the duodenum and jejunum, Gαtran-IR cells were significantly reduced after refeeding, whereas Gαtran-IR cells density in the ileum was not changed by fasting/refeeding. These findings provide further support to the concept that taste receptors contribute to luminal chemosensing in the GI tract and suggest they are involved in modulation of food intake and GI function induced by feeding and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Italy
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19
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Yoo SH, Hur YS. Enrichment of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+ channels in secretory granules and essential roles of chromogranins. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Woods M, Lan Z, Li J, Wheeler MB, Wang H, Wang R. Antidiabetic effects of duodenojejunal bypass in an experimental model of diabetes induced by a high-fat diet. Br J Surg 2011; 98:686-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Obese patients with type II diabetes who undergo bariatric surgery revert to normal blood glucose and insulin levels, and develop a dramatic increase in insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. This study characterized pancreatic islet and duodenojejunal enteroendocrine cells in normal mice and those with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) following duodenojejunal bypass (DJB).
Methods
C57BL/6J mice, fed for 8 weeks either a normal diet (n = 10) or a HFD (n = 10) resulting in a hyperglycaemic state, underwent DJB (connection of the distal end of the jejunum to the distal stomach and direction of biliopancreatic secretions to the distal jejunum). Metabolic and immunohistological analyses were carried out on the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
Results
A significant decrease in fasting blood glucose was observed in normal-DJB and HFD-DJB mice 1 week after the operation, with improved glucose tolerance at 4 weeks. There were no changes in pancreatic β-cell mass, but an increase in the ratio of α-cell to β-cell mass was observed in the DJB groups. Furthermore, the number of cells expressing Pdx-1, glucagon-like peptide 1, pancreatic polypeptide and synaptophysin was increased in the bypassed duodenum and/or gastrojejunum of the DJB groups.
Conclusion
Both normal and obese diabetic mice that underwent DJB displayed improved glucose tolerance and a reduction in fasting blood glucose, which mimicked findings in obese diabetic patients following bariatric surgery. The present data suggest that an increase in specific enteroendocrine cell populations may play a critical role in normalizing glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woods
- Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Z Lan
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Center, London, Canada
| | - J Li
- Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - M B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Center, London, Canada
| | - R Wang
- Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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21
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Hagforsen E, Michaëlsson G, Stridsberg M. Normal and PPP-affected palmoplantar sweat gland express neuroendocrine markers chromogranins and synaptophysin differently. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302:685-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Delfino KR, Southey BR, Sweedler JV, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Genome-wide census and expression profiling of chicken neuropeptide and prohormone convertase genes. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:31-44. [PMID: 20006904 PMCID: PMC2814002 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides regulate cell-cell signaling and influence many biological processes in vertebrates, including development, growth, and reproduction. The complex processing of neuropeptides from prohormone proteins by prohormone convertases, combined with the evolutionary distance between the chicken and mammalian species that have experienced extensive neuropeptide research, has led to the empirical confirmation of only 18 chicken prohormone proteins. To expand our knowledge of the neuropeptide and prohormone convertase gene complement, we performed an exhaustive survey of the chicken genomic, EST, and proteomic databases using a list of 95 neuropeptide and 7 prohormone convertase genes known in other species. Analysis of the EST resources and 22 microarray studies offered a comprehensive portrait of gene expression across multiple conditions. Five neuropeptide genes (apelin, cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein, insulin-like 5, neuropeptide S, and neuropeptide B) previously unknown in chicken were identified and 62 genes were confirmed. Although most neuropeptide gene families known in human are present in chicken, there are several gene not present in the chicken. Conversely, several chicken neuropeptide genes are absent from mammalian species, including C-RF amide, c-type natriuretic peptide 1 precursor, and renal natriuretic peptide. The prohormone convertases, with one exception, were found in the chicken genome. Bioinformatic models used to predict prohormone cleavages confirm that the processing of prohormone proteins into neuropeptides is similar between species. Neuropeptide genes are most frequently expressed in the brain and head, followed by the ovary and small intestine. Microarray analyses revealed that the expression of adrenomedullin, chromogranin-A, augurin, neuromedin-U, platelet-derived growth factor A and D, proenkephalin, relaxin-3, prepronociceptin, and insulin-like growth factor I was most susceptible (P-value<0.005) to changes in developmental stage, gender, and genetic line among other conditions studied. Our complete survey and characterization facilitates understanding of neuropeptides genes in the chicken, an animal of importance to biomedical and agricultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. R. Delfino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - B. R. Southey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - J. V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - S. L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
- Corresponding author: , 1207 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone 217-333-8810 Fax: 217-333-8286
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23
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Obermüller S, Calegari F, King A, Lindqvist A, Lundquist I, Salehi A, Francolini M, Rosa P, Rorsman P, Huttner WB, Barg S. Defective secretion of islet hormones in chromogranin-B deficient mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8936. [PMID: 20126668 PMCID: PMC2812483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Granins are major constituents of dense-core secretory granules in neuroendocrine cells, but their function is still a matter of debate. Work in cell lines has suggested that the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed granins, chromogranin A and B (CgA and CgB), are involved in granulogenesis and protein sorting. Here we report the generation and characterization of mice lacking chromogranin B (CgB-ko), which were viable and fertile. Unlike neuroendocrine tissues, pancreatic islets of these animals lacked compensatory changes in other granins and were therefore analyzed in detail. Stimulated secretion of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin was reduced in CgB-ko islets, in parallel with somewhat impaired glucose clearance and reduced insulin release, but normal insulin sensitivity in vivo. CgB-ko islets lacked specifically the rapid initial phase of stimulated secretion, had elevated basal insulin release, and stored and released twice as much proinsulin as wildtype (wt) islets. Stimulated release of glucagon and somatostatin was reduced as well. Surprisingly, biogenesis, morphology and function of insulin granules were normal, and no differences were found with regard to beta-cell stimulus-secretion coupling. We conclude that CgB is not required for normal insulin granule biogenesis or maintenance in vivo, but is essential for adequate secretion of islet hormones. Consequentially CgB-ko animals display some, but not all, hallmarks of human type-2 diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Calegari
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angus King
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anders Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Lundquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Albert Salehi
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maura Francolini
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rosa
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WBH); (SB)
| | - Sebastian Barg
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (WBH); (SB)
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Martin-Pagola A, Sisino G, Allende G, Dominguez-Bendala J, Gianani R, Reijonen H, Nepom GT, Ricordi C, Ruiz P, Sageshima J, Ciancio G, Burke GW, Pugliese A. Insulin protein and proliferation in ductal cells in the transplanted pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes and recurrence of autoimmunity. Diabetologia 2008; 51:1803-13. [PMID: 18696047 PMCID: PMC3019613 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS We investigated whether beta cell neoformation occurs in the transplanted pancreas in patients with type 1 diabetes who had received a simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (SPK) and later developed recurrence of autoimmunity. METHODS We examined pancreas transplant biopsies from nine SPK patients with or without recurrent autoimmunity or recurrent diabetes and from 16 non-diabetic organ donors. Tissues were analysed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Numerous cytokeratin-19 (CK-19)(+) pancreatic ductal cells stained for insulin in six SPK recipients with recurrent autoimmunity, in five of whom diabetes requiring insulin therapy recurred. These cells also stained for the transcription factor pancreatic-duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1), which is implicated in pancreatic development and beta cell differentiation. The number of insulin(+) ductal cells varied, being highest in the patient with the most severe beta cell loss and lowest in the normoglycaemic patient. In the patient with the most severe beta cell loss, we detected insulin(+)CK-19(+)Pdx-1(+) cells staining for the proliferation-related Ki-67 antigen (Ki-67), indicating proliferation. We were unable to detect Ki-67(+) beta cells within the islets in any SPK patient. Some insulin(+)CK-19(-) ductal cells contained chromogranin A, suggesting further endocrine differentiation. Insulin(+) cells were rarely noted in the pancreas transplant ducts in three SPK patients without islet autoimmunity and in six of 16 non-diabetic organ donors; these insulin(+) cells were never CK-19(+). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Insulin(+) pancreatic ductal cells, some apparently proliferating, were found in the transplanted pancreas with recurrent islet autoimmunity/diabetes. Replicating beta cells were not detected within islets. The observed changes may represent attempts at tissue remodelling and beta cell regeneration involving ductal cells in the human transplanted pancreas, possibly stimulated by hyperglycaemia and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martin-Pagola
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Giordano T, Brigatti C, Podini P, Bonifacio E, Meldolesi J, Malosio ML. Beta cell chromogranin B is partially segregated in distinct granules and can be released separately from insulin in response to stimulation. Diabetologia 2008; 51:997-1007. [PMID: 18437352 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-0980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We investigated, in three beta cell lines (INS-1E, RIN-5AH, betaTC3) and in human and rodent primary beta cells, the storage and release of chromogranin B, a secretory protein expressed in beta cells and postulated to play an autocrine role. We asked whether chromogranin B is stored together with and discharged in constant ratio to insulin upon various stimuli. METHODS The intracellular distribution of insulin and chromogranin B was revealed by immunofluorescence followed by three-dimensional image reconstruction and by immunoelectron microscopy; their stimulated discharge was measured by ELISA and immunoblot analysis of homogenates and incubation media. RESULTS Insulin and chromogranin B, co-localised in the Golgi complex/trans-Golgi network, appeared largely segregated from each other in the secretory granule compartment. In INS-1E cells, the percentage of granules positive only for insulin or chromogranin B and of those positive for both was 66, 7 and 27%, respectively. In resting cells, both insulin and chromogranin B were concentrated in the granule cores; upon stimulation, chromogranin B (but not insulin) was largely redistributed to the core periphery and the surrounding halo. Strong stimulation with a secretagogue mixture induced parallel release of insulin and chromogranin B, whereas with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxantine and forskolin +/- high glucose release of chromogranin B predominated. Weak, Ca(2+)-dependent stimulation with ionomycin or carbachol induced exclusive release of chromogranin B, suggesting a higher Ca(2+) sensitivity of the specific granules. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The unexpected complexity of the beta cell granule population in terms of heterogeneity, molecular plasticity and the differential discharge, could play an important role in physiological control of insulin release and possibly also in beta cell pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Giordano
- Immunology of Diabetes Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Rolletschek A, Kania G, Wobus AM. Generation of pancreatic insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem cells - 'proof of principle', but questions still unanswered. Diabetologia 2006; 49:2541-5. [PMID: 17047917 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rolletschek
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Amselgruber WM, Büttner M, Schlegel T, Schweiger M, Pfaff E. The normal cellular prion protein (PrPc) is strongly expressed in bovine endocrine pancreas. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 125:441-8. [PMID: 16208484 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) has been shown to be crucial for the development of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and for the accumulation of the disease-associated conformer (PrP(sc)) in the brain and other tissues. One of the emerging hypotheses is that the conversion phenomenon could take place at the site where the infectious agent meets PrP(c). In this work we have studied whether PrP(c), a protein found predominantly in neurons, could also exist in pancreatic endocrine cells since neuroectoderm-derived cells and pancreatic islet cells share a large number of similarities. For this purpose we have examined the expression of PrP(c) in a series of fetal and postnatal bovine pancreatic tissue by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Using immunostained serial sections and specific antibodies against bovine PrP(c), insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, chromogranin A and chromogranin B we found that PrP(c) is highly expressed in all endocrine cells of fetal and adult pancreatic islets with a particular strong expression in A-cells. Moreover it became evident that the PrP(c) gene-neighbour chromogranin B as well as chromogranin A are coexpressed together with PrP(c). The selective expression of PrP(c) in the bovine endocrine pancreas is of particular importance regarding possible iatrogenic transmission routes and demonstrates also that bovine pancreatic islet cells could represent an interesting model to study the control of PrP-gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Amselgruber
- Institute of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Fruhwirthstr. 35, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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