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Theotonio dos Santos LF, Barbeiro HV, Barbeiro DF, de Souza HP, Pinheiro da Silva F. Antimicrobial peptides and other potential biomarkers of critical illness in SARS-CoV-2 patients with acute kidney injury. AMPAKI-CoV study. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15945. [PMID: 38328863 PMCID: PMC10851028 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a complex network of 10-100 amino acid sequence molecules widely distributed in nature. While over 300 AMPs have been described in mammals, cathelicidins and defensins remain the most extensively studied. Some publications have explored the role of AMPs in COVID-19, but these findings are preliminary, and in vivo studies are still lacking. In this study, we report the plasma levels of five AMPs (LL-37, α-defensin 1, α-defensin 3, β-defensin 1, and β-defensin 3), using the ELISA technique (MyBioSource, San Diego, CA, United States, kits MBS2601339 (beta-defensin 1), MBS2602513 (beta-defensin 3), MBS703879 (alpha-defensin 1), MBS706289 (alpha-defensin 3), MBS7234921 (LL37)), and the measurement of six cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), through the magnetic bead immunoassay Milliplex® and the MAGPIX® System (MilliporeSigma, Darmstadt, Germany, kit HCYTOMAG-60 K (cytokines)), in 15 healthy volunteers, 36 COVID-19 patients without Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and 17 COVID-19 patients with AKI. We found increased levels of α-defensin 1, α-defensin 3 and β-defensin 3, in our COVID-19 population, when compared to healthy controls, along with higher levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. These findings suggest that these AMPs and cytokines may play a crucial role in the systemic inflammatory response and tissue damage characterizing severe COVID-19. The levels of α-defensin 1 and α-defensin 3 were significantly higher in COVID-19 AKI group in comparison to the non-AKI group. Furthermore, IL-10 and the product IL-10 × IL-1B showed excellent performance in discriminating AKI, with AUCs of 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. Among patients with COVID-19, AMPs may play a key role in the inflammation process and disease progression. Additionally, α-defensin 1 and α-defensin 3 may mediate the AKI process in these patients, representing an opportunity for further research and potential therapeutic alternatives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hermes Vieira Barbeiro
- Laboratório de Emergências Clínicas, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrasil
| | - Denise Frediani Barbeiro
- Laboratório de Emergências Clínicas, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrasil
| | - Heraldo Possolo de Souza
- Laboratório de Emergências Clínicas, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrasil
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Sakamoto N, Okuno D, Tokito T, Yura H, Kido T, Ishimoto H, Tanaka Y, Mukae H. HSP47: A Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2387. [PMID: 37760828 PMCID: PMC10525413 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by a progressive decline in lung function and poor prognosis. The deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by myofibroblasts contributes to the stiffening of lung tissue and impaired oxygen exchange in IPF. Type I collagen is the major ECM component and predominant collagen protein deposited in chronic fibrosis, suggesting that type I collagen could be a target of drugs for fibrosis treatment. Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), encoded by the serpin peptidase inhibitor clade H, member 1 gene, is a stress-inducible collagen-binding protein. It is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident molecular chaperone essential for the correct folding of procollagen. HSP47 expression is increased in cellular and animal models of pulmonary fibrosis and correlates with pathological manifestations in human interstitial lung diseases. Various factors affect HSP47 expression directly or indirectly in pulmonary fibrosis models. Overall, understanding the relationship between HSP47 expression and pulmonary fibrosis may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriho Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takatomo Tokito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kido
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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3
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Abstract
Human and murine neutrophils differ with respect to representation in blood, receptors, nuclear morphology, signaling pathways, granule proteins, NADPH oxidase regulation, magnitude of oxidant and hypochlorous acid production, and their repertoire of secreted molecules. These differences often matter and can undermine extrapolations from murine studies to clinical care, as illustrated by several failed therapeutic interventions based on mouse models. Likewise, coevolution of host and pathogen undercuts fidelity of murine models of neutrophil-predominant human infections. However, murine systems that accurately model the human condition can yield insights into human biology difficult to obtain otherwise. The challenge for investigators who employ murine systems is to distinguish models from pretenders and to know when the mouse provides biologically accurate insights. Testing with human neutrophils observations made in murine systems would provide a safeguard but is not always possible. At a minimum, studies that use exclusively murine neutrophils should have accurate titles supported by data and restrict conclusions to murine neutrophils and not encompass all neutrophils. For now, the integration of evidence from studies of neutrophil biology performed using valid murine models coupled with testing in vitro of human neutrophils combines the best of both approaches to elucidate the mysteries of human neutrophil biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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4
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Abu Fanne R, Arbel Y, Chorin E, Maraga E, Groisman GM, Higazi AA, Banai S. Association between tissue human neutrophil peptide 1-3 levels and cardiovascular phenotype: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221127099. [PMID: 36268757 PMCID: PMC9597035 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221127099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Inflammation is associated with atherogenesis. Although a higher neutrophil
count is associated with the plaque burden, the role of neutrophil
activation is unclear. Human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNP1–3) are a risk
factor for atherogenesis in bench models and are elevated in human
atheromas. This study aimed to examine the association between skin HNP1–3
deposition and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), including
long-term outcomes. Methods HNP1–3 levels were immunohistochemically quantified in skin biopsies, which
were prospectively taken from 599 consecutive patients before clinically
indicated coronary angiography. Established cardiovascular risk factors and
blood markers for atheroinflammation were obtained. CAD severity and the
incidence of repeat revascularization and mortality at 48 months of
follow-up were assessed in relation to HNP1–3 levels. Results The risk of CAD was independently associated with age and HNP1–3 in the
entire cohort (F = 0.71 and F = 7.4, respectively). Additionally, HNP1–3
levels were significantly associated with myocardial necrosis (R = 0.26). At
the follow-up, high HNP1–3 levels negatively affected mortality (19.54%) and
recurrent revascularization (8.05%). Conclusion HNP1–3 tissue deposition is positively associated with the severity of CAD,
myonecrosis, and long-term sequelae. HNP1–3 levels may be suppressed using
colchicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abu Fanne
- Department of Cardiology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera,
Israel,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah University
Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel,Rami Abu Fanne, Hillel Yaffe Medical
Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, POB 169, Hashalom Street,
Hadera 38100, Israel.
| | - Yaron Arbel
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Medical Center Affiliated to
the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ehud Chorin
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Medical Center Affiliated to
the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emad Maraga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah University
Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Abd Alroof Higazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah University
Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shmuel Banai
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Medical Center Affiliated to
the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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5
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Immunomodulatory and Allergenic Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052499. [PMID: 35269641 PMCID: PMC8910669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing problem of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the search for alternative ways to combat bacterial infections is extremely urgent. While analyzing the effect of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on immunocompetent cells, their effect on all parts of the immune system, and on humoral and cellular immunity, is revealed. AMPs have direct effects on neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, and mast cells, participating in innate immunity. They act on B-lymphocytes indirectly, enhancing the induction of antigen-specific immunity, which ultimately leads to the activation of adaptive immunity. The adjuvant activity of AMPs in relation to bacterial and viral antigens was the reason for their inclusion in vaccines and made it possible to formulate the concept of a “defensin vaccine” as an innovative basis for constructing vaccines. The immunomodulatory function of AMPs involves their influence on cells in the nearest microenvironment, recruitment and activation of other cells, supporting the response to pathogenic microorganisms and completing the inflammatory process, thus exhibiting a systemic effect. For the successful use of AMPs in medical practice, it is necessary to study their immunomodulatory activity in detail, taking into account their pleiotropy. The degree of maturity of the immune system and microenvironment can contribute to the prevention of complications and increase the effectiveness of therapy, since AMPs can suppress inflammation in some circumstances, but aggravate the response and damage of organism in others. It should also be taken into account that the real functions of one or another AMP depend on the types of total regulatory effects on the target cell, and not only on properties of an individual peptide. A wide spectrum of biological activity, including direct effects on pathogens, inactivation of bacterial toxins and influence on immunocompetent cells, has attracted the attention of researchers, however, the cytostatic activity of AMPs against normal cells, as well as their allergenic properties and low stability to host proteases, are serious limitations for the medical use of AMPs. In this connection, the tasks of searching for compounds that selectively affect the target and development of an appropriate method of application become critically important. The scope of this review is to summarize the current concepts and newest advances in research of the immunomodulatory activity of natural and synthetic AMPs, and to examine the prospects and limitations of their medical use.
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Buonocore F, Fausto AM, Della Pelle G, Roncevic T, Gerdol M, Picchietti S. Attacins: A Promising Class of Insect Antimicrobial Peptides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:212. [PMID: 33672685 PMCID: PMC7924397 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects produce a large repertoire of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as the first line of defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. These peptides are produced from a large precursor that contains a signal domain, which is cleaved in vivo to produce the mature protein with antimicrobial activity. At present, AMPs from insects include several families which can be classified as cecropins, ponericins, defensins, lebocins, drosocin, Metchnikowin, gloverins, diptericins and attacins according to their structure and/or function. This short review is focused on attacins, a class of glycine-rich peptides/proteins that have been first discovered in the cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia). They are a rather heterogeneous group of immunity-related proteins that exhibit an antimicrobial effect mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we discuss different attacin and attacin-like AMPs that have been discovered so far and analyze their structure and phylogeny. Special focus is given to the physiological importance and mechanism of action of attacins against microbial pathogens together with their potential pharmacological applications, emphasizing their roles as antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Giulia Della Pelle
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Tomislav Roncevic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Rudera Boskovica 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy;
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
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7
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ExPortal and the LiaFSR Regulatory System Coordinate the Response to Cell Membrane Stress in Streptococcus pyogenes. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01804-20. [PMID: 32934083 PMCID: PMC7492735 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01804-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial two-component systems sense and induce transcriptional changes in response to environmental stressors, including antimicrobials and human antimicrobial peptides. Since the stresses imposed by the host’s defensive responses may act as markers of specific temporal stages of disease progression or host compartments, pathogens often coordinately regulate stress response programs with virulence factor expression. The mechanism by which bacteria recognize these stresses and subsequently induce transcriptional responses remains not well understood. In this study, we showed that LiaFSR senses cell envelope stress through colocalization of LiaF and LiaS with the group A Streptococcus (GAS) ExPortal and is activated in direct response to ExPortal disruption by antimicrobials or human antimicrobial peptides. Our studies shed new light on the sensing of cell envelope stress in Gram-positive bacteria and may contribute to the development of therapies targeting these processes. LiaFSR is a gene regulatory system important for response to cell membrane stress in Gram-positive bacteria but is minimally studied in the important human pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS). Using immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy, we discovered that LiaF (a membrane-bound repressor protein) and LiaS (a sensor kinase) reside within the GAS membrane microdomain (ExPortal). Cell envelope stress induced by antimicrobials resulted in ExPortal disruption and activation of the LiaFSR system. The only human antimicrobial peptide whose presence resulted in ExPortal disruption and LiaFSR activation was the alpha-defensin human neutrophil peptide 1 (hNP-1). Elimination of membrane cardiolipin through targeted gene deletion resulted in loss of LiaS colocalization with the GAS ExPortal and activation of LiaFSR, whereas LiaF membrane localization was unaffected. Isogenic mutants lacking either LiaF or LiaS revealed a critical role of LiaF in ExPortal integrity. Thus, LiaF and LiaS colocalize with the GAS ExPortal by distinct mechanisms, further supporting codependence. These are the first data identifying a multicomponent signal system within the ExPortal, thereby providing new insight into bacterial intramembrane signaling in GAS that may serve as a paradigm for Gram-positive bacteria.
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Negahdaripour M, Owji H, Eslami M, Zamani M, Vakili B, Sabetian S, Nezafat N, Ghasemi Y. Selected application of peptide molecules as pharmaceutical agents and in cosmeceuticals. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:1275-1287. [PMID: 31382850 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1652592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Peptide molecules are being vastly investigated as an emerging class of therapeutic molecules in recent years. Currently, 60 peptides have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and more would enter the market in near future. Peptides have already opened their ways into cosmeceutical and food industries as well.Areas covered: Antibodies, vaccines, and antimicrobial agents are the major classes of therapeutic peptides. Additionally, peptides may be employed in drug development to support cell penetration or targeting. The interest in antimicrobial peptides is surging due to the increasing risk of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Peptide vaccines with their significant advantages compared with traditional vaccines, are expected to find their place in coming years, especially for cancer, microbial and allergen-specific immunotherapy. The usage of peptides in cosmeceuticals is also growing rapidly.Expert opinion: Peptide synthesis has become accessible, and advances in peptide engineering, sequencing technologies, and structural bioinformatics have resulted in the rational designing of novel peptides. All these advancements would lead to the more prominent roles of peptides in the mentioned areas. In this review, we discuss applications of peptides in different fields including pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, besides the critical factors in designing efficient peptide molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Owji
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Eslami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Sabetian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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9
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Musin KG. ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES — A POTENTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR TRADITIONAL ANTIBIOTICS. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2018. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-295-308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a heterogeneous group of molecules involved in the innate and acquired immune response of various organisms, ranging from prokaryotes to mammals, including humans. They consist of 12–50 amino acid residues; have different physico-chemical and biological properties. The most common feature is their ability to destroy the prokaryotic cell membrane, which causes cell death. In the action, the molecules of antimicrobial peptides are embedded in the target bacteriological cells and change their conformation, forming structures in some cases resembling channels. Some other molecules of antimicrobial peptides can cover the surface of a bacteriological cell and form a carpet, when they reach a critical mass they act like detergents. In addition, being positively charged molecules of such peptides, penetrating through the membranes of parasitic and bacteriological cells, bind to polyanionic RNA and DNA molecules. Among the benefits of antimicrobial peptides is their high metabolic activity, low probability of occurrence of addictions and side effects. In addition, bacteriological pathogens that previously did not have resistance to any antimicrobial peptide are difficult to develop a strategy to control them. In this connection, these peptides are the most promising moleculessubstitutes for traditional antibiotics. The article discusses the approaches and strategies of therapeutic use, the studies of antimicrobial peptides identified in recent years; The most frequently encountered mechanisms of interaction of antimicrobial peptides and a bacteriological membrane are described, the physicochemical properties of peptide molecules are described; the results of studies on the detection of resistance of some strains of bacteria to antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics in general are summarized.
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10
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Vasilchenko AS, Gritsenko VA, Kosyan DB, Rogozhin EA. A Low-Molecular-Weight Compound Derived from Human Leukocytes Determines a Bactericidal Activity of the Interferon Preparation. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:999-1008. [PMID: 30215182 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the structure and mode of action of antimicrobials derived from a commercial preparation of alfa-interferon. By combination of semi-preparative/analytical reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, we isolated and purified a novel active substance based on carbohydrate with a complex of amino acids, which determines antimicrobial property of commercial preparation of interferon. A size-exclusion chromatography was performed and LC/ESI-MS revealed molecular masses of active substance were in the range of 180-249 Da. Edman sequencing identified phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatives which consisted a set of preliminary (Asp, Glu, Gly, and Ala) and minor amino acids (Leu and Thr) at equimolar ratio. Thus, the purified active substance is a compound containing the complex of amino acids connected with carbohydrate background and called leucidin. Leucidin demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the model Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 strain at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 20 μg mL-1. The revealed antimicrobial mechanism of action is associated with violation of the bacterial cell wall leading to a SOS response and bacterial autolysis. Despite the preliminary nature of the results, obtained data allowed us to discover the previously unknown leukocyte-derived antimicrobial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vasilchenko
- Tyumen State University, Volodarsky st 6, Tyumen, Russian Federation.
| | - V A Gritsenko
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, RAS, Pionerskaya st 11, Orenburg, Russian Federation
| | - D B Kosyan
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies, RAS, Yanvarya st 9, Orenburg, Russia
| | - E A Rogozhin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 11, Moscow, Russian Federation
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11
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Lee MO, Dobson L, Davis BW, Skow L, Derr J, Womack JE. Genomic Structure and Tissue Expression of the NK-Lysin Gene Family in Bison. J Hered 2018; 109:598-603. [PMID: 29718298 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of natural peptides with varying numbers of amino acids. They are principal components of innate immunity in vertebrates, encoding natural antibiotics and providing a protective response against a broad range of microbes including those responsible for tuberculosis, an important disease in bison. NK-lysins are AMPs that have been described in various organisms and are coded by a single gene in several mammalian species, including human. Recently, we described a family of 4 NK-lysin genes in cattle. Here, we examined NK-lysin genes in bison and identified 4 bison paralogs (NK1, NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C), although the current bison genome assembly annotates only 2 (NK1 and NK2). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis support the triplication of NK2 prior to the most recent common ancestor of bison and cattle. Comparative mapping of bison and cattle paralogs indicates that the NK-lysin family is located on bison chromosome 11 with well-conserved synteny of flanking genes relative to cattle. The 3 bison NK-lysin2 genes share high sequence similarity with each other. RNA-seq analysis demonstrates that NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C are expressed primarily in the lung, whereas NK1 is expressed at low levels in all tissues studied. This tissue expression pattern differs from that previously reported for cattle, suggesting some divergence in function since the evolutionary separation of the 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ok Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - Lauren Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Loren Skow
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - James Derr
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - James E Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
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12
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Grayfer L, Kerimoglu B, Yaparla A, Hodgkinson JW, Xie J, Belosevic M. Mechanisms of Fish Macrophage Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1105. [PMID: 29892285 PMCID: PMC5985312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased understanding of the functional mechanisms of fish antimicrobial host defenses is an important step forward in prevention of pathogen-induced morbidity and mortality in aquaculture setting. Like other vertebrates, macrophage-lineage cells are integral to fish immune responses and for this reason, much of the recent fish immunology research has focused on fish macrophage biology. These studies have revealed notable similarities as well as striking differences in the molecular strategies by which fish and higher vertebrates control their respective macrophage polarization and functionality. In this review, we address the current understanding of the biological mechanisms of teleost macrophage functional heterogeneity and immunity, focusing on the key cytokine regulators that control fish macrophage development and their antimicrobial armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Baris Kerimoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Jiasong Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Secretion expression of human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1) in Pichia pastoris and its functional analysis against antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4817-4827. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Control of Phagocytosis by Microbial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1368. [PMID: 29114249 PMCID: PMC5660709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental process of cells to capture and ingest foreign particles. Small unicellular organisms such as free-living amoeba use this process to acquire food. In pluricellular organisms, phagocytosis is a universal phenomenon that all cells are able to perform (including epithelial, endothelial, fibroblasts, etc.), but some specialized cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) perform this very efficiently and were therefore named professional phagocytes by Rabinovitch. Cells use phagocytosis to capture and clear all particles larger than 0.5 µm, including pathogenic microorganisms and cellular debris. Phagocytosis involves a series of steps from recognition of the target particle, ingestion of it in a phagosome (phagocytic vacuole), maturation of this phagosome into a phagolysosome, to the final destruction of the ingested particle in the robust antimicrobial environment of the phagolysosome. For the most part, phagocytosis is an efficient process that eliminates invading pathogens and helps maintaining homeostasis. However, several pathogens have also evolved different strategies to prevent phagocytosis from proceeding in a normal way. These pathogens have a clear advantage to perpetuate the infection and continue their replication. Here, we present an overview of the phagocytic process with emphasis on the antimicrobial elements professional phagocytes use. We also summarize the current knowledge on the microbial strategies different pathogens use to prevent phagocytosis either at the level of ingestion, phagosome formation, and maturation, and even complete escape from phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Roudi R, Syn NL, Roudbary M. Antimicrobial Peptides As Biologic and Immunotherapeutic Agents against Cancer: A Comprehensive Overview. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1320. [PMID: 29081781 PMCID: PMC5645638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a pervasive and evolutionarily ancient component of innate host defense which is present in virtually all classes of life. In recent years, evidence has accumulated that parallel or de novo mechanisms by which AMPs curb infectious pathologies are also effective at restraining cancer cell proliferation and dissemination, and have consequently stimulated significant interest in their deployment as novel biologic and immunotherapeutic agents against human malignancies. In this review, we explicate the biochemical underpinnings of their tumor-selectivity, and discuss results of recent clinical trials (outside of oncologic indications) which substantiate their safety and tolerability profiles. Next, we present evidence for their preclinical antitumor activity, systematically organized by the major and minor classes of natural AMPs. Finally, we discuss the barriers to their clinical implementation and envision directions for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicholas L Syn
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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HIV-Enhancing and HIV-Inhibiting Properties of Cationic Peptides and Proteins. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050108. [PMID: 28505117 PMCID: PMC5454421 DOI: 10.3390/v9050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides and proteins have historically been ascribed roles in innate immunity that infer killing of microbial and viral pathogens and protection of the host. In the context of sexually transmitted HIV-1, we take an unconventional approach that questions this paradigm. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many of the cationic polypeptides present in the human genital or anorectal mucosa, or human semen, are capable of enhancing HIV-1 infection, often in addition to other reported roles as viral inhibitors. We explore how the in vivo environment may select for or against the HIV-enhancing aspects of these cationic polypeptides by focusing on biological relevance. We stress that the distinction between enhancing and inhibiting HIV-1 infection is not mutually exclusive to specific classes of cationic polypeptides. Understanding how virally enhancing peptides and proteins act to promote sexual transmission of HIV-1 would be important for the design of topical microbicides, mucosal vaccines, and other preventative measures.
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17
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are expressed in various living organisms as first-line host defenses against potential harmful encounters in their surroundings. AMPs are short polycationic peptides exhibiting various antimicrobial activities. The principal antibacterial activity is attributed to the membrane-lytic mechanism which directly interferes with the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane and cell wall. In addition, a number of AMPs form a transmembrane channel in the membrane by self-aggregation or polymerization, leading to cytoplasm leakage and cell death. However, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that AMPs are able to exert intracellular inhibitory activities as the primary or supportive mechanisms to achieve efficient killing. In this review, we focus on the major intracellular targeting activities reported in AMPs, which include nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis and protein-folding, protease, cell division, cell wall biosynthesis, and lipopolysaccharide inhibition. These multifunctional AMPs could serve as the potential lead peptides for the future development of novel antibacterial agents with improved therapeutic profiles.
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18
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Park S, Ahn T, Lee H, Jeong DJ, Jeong HI, Son MW, Lee MS, Baek MJ. Expression and clinical significance of defensin alpha 6 in colorectal cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.14216/kjco.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides, are small naturally occurring microbicidal molecules produced by the host innate immune response that function as a first line of defense to kill pathogenic microorganisms by inducing deleterious cell membrane damage. AMPs also possess signaling and chemoattractant activities and can modulate the innate immune response to enhance protective immunity or suppress inflammation. Human pathogens have evolved defense molecules and strategies to counter and survive the AMPs released by host immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Here, we review the various mechanisms used by human bacterial pathogens to resist AMP-mediated killing, including surface charge modification, active efflux, alteration of membrane fluidity, inactivation by proteolytic digestion, and entrapment by surface proteins and polysaccharides. Enhanced understanding of AMP resistance at the molecular level may offer insight into the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis and augment the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and drug design for the treatment of recalcitrant multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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20
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Kuo YL, Wang SG, Wu CY, Lee KC, Jao CJ, Chou SH, Chen YC. Functional gold nanoparticle-based antibacterial agents for nosocomial and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2497-510. [PMID: 27622499 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Medical treatments for bacterial-infections have become challenging because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Thus, new therapeutics and antibiotics must be developed. MATERIALS & METHODS Arginine and tryptophan can target negatively-charged bacteria and penetrate bacterial cell membrane, respectively. Synthetic-peptides containing arginine, tryptophan and cysteine termini, in other words, (DVFLG)2REEW4C and (DVFLG)2REEW2C, as starting materials were mixed with aqueous tetrachloroauric acid to generate peptide-immobilized gold nanoparticles (i.e., [DVFLG]2REEW4C-AuNPs and [DVFLG]2REEW2C-AuNPs) through one-pot reactions. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The peptide immobilized AuNPs exhibit targeting capacity and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, (DVFLG)2REEW4C-AuNPs immobilized with a higher number of tryptophan molecules possess more effective antibacterial capacity than (DVFLG)2REEW2C-AuNPs. Nevertheless, they are not harmful for animal cells. The feasibility of using the peptide-AuNPs to inhibit the cell growth of bacterium-infected macrophages was demonstrated. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the proposed antibacterial AuNPs are effective antibacterial agents for Staphylococci, Enterococci and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Kuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Ge Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chieh Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Jung Jao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Huey Chou
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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21
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Brook M, Tomlinson GH, Miles K, Smith RWP, Rossi AG, Hiemstra PS, van 't Wout EFA, Dean JLE, Gray NK, Lu W, Gray M. Neutrophil-derived alpha defensins control inflammation by inhibiting macrophage mRNA translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4350-5. [PMID: 27044108 PMCID: PMC4843457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601831113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first and most numerous cells to arrive at the site of an inflammatory insult and are among the first to die. We previously reported that alpha defensins, released from apoptotic human neutrophils, augmented the antimicrobial capacity of macrophages while also inhibiting the biosynthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. In vivo, alpha defensin administration protected mice from inflammation, induced by thioglychollate-induced peritonitis or following infection withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. We have now dissected the antiinflammatory mechanism of action of the most abundant neutrophil alpha defensin, Human Neutrophil Peptide 1 (HNP1). Herein we show that HNP1 enters macrophages and inhibits protein translation without inducing the unfolded-protein response or affecting mRNA stability. In a cell-free in vitro translation system, HNP1 powerfully inhibited both cap-dependent and cap-independent mRNA translation while maintaining mRNA polysomal association. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a peptide released from one cell type (neutrophils) directly regulating mRNA translation in another (macrophages). By preventing protein translation, HNP1 functions as a "molecular brake" on macrophage-driven inflammation, ensuring both pathogen clearance and the resolution of inflammation with minimal bystander tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brook
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland
| | - Gareth H Tomlinson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland
| | - Katherine Miles
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland
| | - Richard W P Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emily F A van 't Wout
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan L E Dean
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K Gray
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Mohini Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland;
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Bae JS, Jung JM, An CM, Kim JW, Hwang SD, Kwon MG, Park MA, Kim MC, Park CI. Piscidin: Antimicrobial peptide of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:136-142. [PMID: 26876358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The piscidin family consists of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are mainly found in fish and are crucial effectors of fish innate immune responses. The piscidin family typically has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can modulate immune responses. In this study, we cloned rock bream piscidin (Rbpisc) and investigated its gene expression and biological activity (including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities). The coding region of Rbpisc consisted of 213 base pairs (bp) encoding 70 amino acid residues. The tertiary structure predicted for Rbpisc includes an amphipathic helix-loop-helix structure. The Rbpisc gene was highly expressed in the gills of healthy fish. The gene expression of Rbpisc increased in the gills after pathogen infection, while the expression was down-regulated in other tissues. A synthetic peptide based on the AMP 12 domain amino acid sequence of Rbpisc appeared to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. However, the synthetic peptide exhibited weak haemolytic activity against fish erythrocytes. These results suggest that Rbpisc might play an important role in the innate immune responses of rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Bae
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jung
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Chan Kim
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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23
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The Role of Cationic Polypeptides in Modulating HIV-1 Infection of the Cervicovaginal Mucosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:677-93. [PMID: 27025760 PMCID: PMC4790373 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosa and overlying fluid of the female reproductive tract (FRT) are portals for the heterosexual transmission of HIV-1. Toward the ongoing development of topically applied microbicides and mucosal vaccines against HIV-1, it is evermore important to understand how the dynamic FRT mucosa is involved in controlling transmission and infection of HIV-1. Cationic peptides and proteins are the principal innate immune effector molecules of mucosal surfaces, and interact in a combinatorial fashion to modulate HIV-1 infection of the cervix and vagina. While cationic peptides and proteins have historically been categorized as antimicrobial or have other host-benefitting roles, an increasing number of these molecules have been found to augment HIV-1 infection and potentially antagonize host defense. Complex environmental factors such as hormonal fluctuations and/or bacterial and viral co-infections provide additional challenges to both experimentation and interpretation of results. In the context of heterosexual transmission of HIV-1, this review explores how various cationic peptides and proteins participate in modulating host defense against HIV-1 of the cervicovaginal mucosa.
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24
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Hoetzenecker K, Hochdaninger M, Traxler D, Gschwandtner M, Kasiri MM, Mitterbauer A, Schweiger T, Hegedus B, Klepetko W, Tschachler E, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Antimicrobial peptides are highly abundant and active in postoperative pleural drainage fluids. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:1042-50. [PMID: 25038012 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human lung is considered a nonsterile organ, and surgical interventions therefore take place in a more or less contaminated operating field. Nevertheless, infectious complications of the pleural cavity are low after major lung resections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immunity and display a broad capacity to kill pathogens. We hypothesized that the pleural space must have a high natural antimicrobial barrier and that AMPs might effectively protect the pleural cavity. METHODS Pleural effusions were collected after lung operations. Antimicrobial activity of the fluids against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens was analyzed by microdilution assays. AMPs were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemical analysis. The impact of proinflammatory triggers on AMP release from pleural mesothelial cells was evaluated. RESULTS Antimicrobial activity assays revealed high bactericidal properties of postoperative pleural drainage fluids. They effectively killed gram-negative pathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as gram-positive pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes). A variety of AMPs was detected at constantly high concentrations in the pleural fluids. They mainly derived from leukocytes and pleural epithelium. Although proinflammatory cytokine levels were elevated in the postoperative pleural fluids, AMP expression could not be augmented by Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering or by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence of a high abundance of AMPs in postoperative pleural fluids. Our findings might explain the broad protection against infectious complications of the pleural space after major lung operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denise Traxler
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Gschwandtner
- Department of Dermatology, Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Kasiri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mitterbauer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Schweiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Hegedus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik J Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:223-42. [PMID: 23954721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. Not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. With pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is imperative to garner greater understanding of fish phagocyte antimicrobial responses and the mechanisms by which aquatic pathogens are able to overcome these teleost macrophage barriers. Insights into the regulation of macrophage immunity of bony fish species will lend to the development of more effective aquacultural prophylaxis as well as broadening our understanding of the evolution of these immune processes. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of teleost macrophage antimicrobial responses and the strategies by which intracellular fish pathogens are able to avoid being killed by phagocytes, with a focus on Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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26
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Di Francesco A, Favaroni A, Donati M. Host defense peptides: general overview and an update on their activity against Chlamydia spp. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:1215-24. [PMID: 24111488 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.841450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause serious diseases in a wide range of hosts. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the leading sexually transmitted pathogens in the world. Because vaccines are not currently available, effective drugs are essential. In both animals and humans, chlamydial infections are often treated with tetracycline or its derivatives. A stable tetracycline-resistant phenotype was described in Chlamydia suis strains from pigs in the USA and in Europe. In humans, there are reports of tetracycline treatment failure and the in vitro adaptability of C. trachomatis to evolve to antibiotic resistance has been described, suggesting the pressing need to search for alternative and effective classes of antimicrobial drugs. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are known as direct antimicrobial agents as well as innate immune modulators. Being active against multidrug-resistant bacteria, HDPs are attractive candidates as templates for new drugs. A number of studies evaluated the activity of natural and synthetic HDPs against Chlamydia spp., showing C. trachomatis to be the most sensitive among chlamydia species tested. Protegrins and α-helical peptides were the most active among the HDPs assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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27
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Fol M, Głobińska A, Stączek P, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Druszczyńska M, Madiraju MVVS, Rudnicka W. The lack of L-PG production and the repercussions of it in regards to M. Tuberculosis interactions with mononuclear phagocytes. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2013; 60:127-44. [PMID: 23827745 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.60.2013.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The lysine connection with phosphatidylglycerol (PG) alters the M. tuberculosis(Mtb) surface charge, and consequently it may decrease the bacterial vulnerability to antimicrobial action of the immune cells. The aim of the study was to assess the significance of PG lysinylation in the Mtb interactions with mononuclear phagocytes. Both the Mtb strain with deletion of lysX gene (Mtb-lysX) which is responsible for PG lysinylation as well as the complemented strain (Mtb-compl) was used to infect human blood monocytes or THP-1 cells. The monocytes were obtained by MACS technique, or THP-1 cells. The Mtb-lysX strain has exhibited the enhanced sensitivity to HNP 1-3. However, it was not susceptible to bactericidal action of cathepsin G. The LysX deletion did not influence the Mtb ability of monocyte induction to IL-10 secretion. The intra- and extracellular expression of MHC-II was similarly reduced after the Mtb-lysX or Mtb-Rv infections. Noticeably significant is that the Mtb strain with deleted lysX has not affected the intensity of the gene expression of cathepsin G compared to the uninfected monocytes. That is the clear contrast to what the Mtb-Rv strain has proved. The obtained results suggest that the Mtb ability to lysinylate PG is a participatory element in mycobacterial strategy of survival inside phagocytic cells. However, the extended studies are needed to determine its influence on the other immune cells and define its role in the developing of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Fol
- University of Lodz, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Lodz, Poland.
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Zahoor R, Roohi S, Ahmad M, Iqbal Z, Amir N, Tariq S, Savage PB. Synthesis of 99mTc-cationic steroid antimicrobial-107 and in vitro evaluation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Iquebal MA, Rai A. Biotic stress resistance in agriculture through antimicrobial peptides. Peptides 2012; 36:322-30. [PMID: 22659413 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the hosts' defense molecules against microbial pathogens and gaining extensive research attention worldwide. These have been reported to play vital role of host innate immunity in response to microbial challenges. AMPs can be used as a natural antibiotic as an alternative of their chemical counterpart for protection of plants/animals against diseases. There are a number of sources of AMPs including prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and are present, both in vertebrates and invertebrates. AMPs can be classified as cationic or anionic, based on net charges. Large number of databases and tools are available in the public domain which can be used for development of new genetically modified disease resistant varieties/breeds for agricultural production. The results of the biotechnological research as well as genetic engineering related to AMPs have shown high potential for reduction of economic losses of agricultural produce due to pathogens. In this article, an attempt has been made to introduce the role of AMPs in relation to plants and animals. Their functional and structural characteristics have been described in terms of its role in agriculture. Different sources of AMPs and importance of these sources has been reviewed in terms of its availability. This article also reviews the bioinformatics resources including different database tools and algorithms available in public domain. References of promising biotechnology research in relation to AMPs, prospects of AMPs for further development of genetically modified varieties/breeds are highlighted. AMPs are valuable resource for students, researchers, educators and medical and industrial personnel.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins (AMPs) represent effector molecules of the innate defense system in all organisms. AMPs are either constitutively or inducibly produced mainly by various epithelial cells, including keratinocytes. This report reviews our current knowledge about the major yet known keratinocyte-derived AMPs, its role in healthy skin and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. −kiel.de
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31
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Ramaprasad C, Pouch S, Pitrak DL. Neutrophil function after bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:756-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10428191003695678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Szymborska-Kajanek A, Strzelczyk JK, Karasek D, Rawwash HA, Biniszkiewicz T, Cieślar G, Hajdrowska B, Sieroń-Stołtny K, Sieroń A, Wiczkowski A, Grzeszczak W, Strojek K, Wróbel M. Impact of low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields on defensin and CRP concentrations in patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy and in healthy subjects. Electromagn Biol Med 2010; 29:19-25. [PMID: 20230295 DOI: 10.3109/15368371003635376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to assess whether magnetic field influences defensin and CRP concentrations in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and in healthy subjects. METHODS 61 diabetic patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: study group-32 patients exposed to low-frequency magnetic field; and control group-29 patients with sham exposure. Additionally, 20 healthy subjects exposed to low-frequency magnetic field. Exposures were performed during 3 weeks, 5 days in a week. Defensin and CRP concentrations were measured at baseline, after 3 weeks and at the end of the study. RESULTS There were no significant changes in defensin concentration in patients with diabetes in both the real and sham exposure group. We observed increased concentration of defensin in healthy subjects in week 5 vs. baseline value (P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS Magnetic field has no impact on defensin concentration in diabetic patients but has positive influence on this parameter in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szymborska-Kajanek
- Diabetological Unit of the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Matejuk A, Leng Q, Begum MD, Woodle MC, Scaria P, Chou ST, Mixson AJ. Peptide-based Antifungal Therapies against Emerging Infections. DRUG FUTURE 2010; 35:197. [PMID: 20495663 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2010.035.03.1452077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance to mycotic infections is rapidly emerging as a major medical problem. Opportunistic fungal infections create therapeutic challenges, particularly in high risk immunocompromised patients with AIDS, cancer, and those undergoing transplantation. Higher mortality and/or morbidity rates due to invasive mycosis have been increasing over the last 20 years, and in light of growing resistance to commonly used antibiotics, novel antifungal drugs and approaches are required. Currently there is considerable interest in antifungal peptides that are ubiquitous in plant and animal kingdoms. These small cationic peptides may have specific targets or may be multifunctional in their mechanism of action. On the basis of recent advances in protein engineering and solid phase syntheses, the utility and potential of selected peptides as efficient antifungal drugs with acceptable toxicity profiles are being realized. This review will discuss recent advances in peptide therapy for opportunistic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matejuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Baltimore, MSTF Building, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Diamond G, Beckloff N, Weinberg A, Kisich KO. The roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15:2377-92. [PMID: 19601838 DOI: 10.2174/138161209788682325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are multi-functional peptides whose fundamental biological role in vivo has been proposed to be the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Genes encoding these peptides are expressed in a variety of cells in the host, including circulating phagocytic cells and mucosal epithelial cells, demonstrating a wide range of utility in the innate immune system. Expression of these genes is tightly regulated; they are induced by pathogens and cytokines as part of the host defense response, and they can be suppressed by bacterial virulence factors and environmental factors which can lead to increased susceptibility to infection. New research has also cast light on alternative functionalities, including immunomodulatory activities, which are related to their unique structural characteristics. These peptides represent not only an important component of innate host defense against microbial colonization and a link between innate and adaptive immunity, but also form a foundation for the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
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35
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Design and Synthesis of Heterocyclic Conjugated Peptides as Novel Antimicrobial Agents. Int J Pept Res Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-008-9158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Steinstraesser L, Koehler T, Jacobsen F, Daigeler A, Goertz O, Langer S, Kesting M, Steinau H, Eriksson E, Hirsch T. Host defense peptides in wound healing. Mol Med 2008; 14:528-37. [PMID: 18385817 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00002.steinstraesser] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune system. They show broad antimicrobial action against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and they likely play a key role in activating and mediating the innate as well as adaptive immune response in infection and inflammation. These features make them of high interest for wound healing research. Non-healing and infected wounds are a major problem in patient care and health care spending. Increasing infection rates, growing bacterial resistance to common antibiotics, and the lack of effective therapeutic options for the treatment of problematic wounds emphasize the need for new approaches in therapy and pathophysiologic understanding. This review focuses on the current knowledge of host defense peptides affecting wound healing and infection. We discuss the current data and highlight the potential future developments in this field of research.
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37
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Abstract
Cationic peptides, known to disrupt bacterial membranes, are being developed as promising agents for therapeutic intervention against infectious disease. In the present study, we investigate structure-activity relationships in the bacterial membrane disruptor betapep-25, a peptide 33-mer. For insight into which amino acid residues are functionally important, we synthesized alanine-scanning variants of betapep-25 and assessed their ability to kill bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and to neutralize LPS (lipopolysaccharide). Activity profiles were found to vary with the bacterial strain examined. Specific cationic and smaller hydrophobic alkyl residues were crucial to optimal bactericidal activity against the Gram-negative bacteria, whereas larger hydrophobic and cationic residues mediated optimal activity against Gram-positive Staph. aureus. Lysine-substituted norleucine (n-butyl group) variants demonstrated that both charge and alkyl chain length mediate optimal activity. In terms of LPS neutralization, activity profiles were essentially the same against four species of LPS (E. coli 055 and 0111, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae), and different for two others (Ps. aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens), with specific hydrophobic, cationic and, surprisingly, anionic residues being functionally important. Furthermore, disulfide-bridged analogues demonstrated that an anti parallel beta-sheet structure is the bioactive conformation of betapep-25 in terms of its bactericidal, but not LPS endotoxin neutralizing, activity. Moreover, betapep-25 variants, like the parent peptide, do not lyse eukaryotic cells. This research contributes to the development and design of novel antibiotics.
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38
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Abstract
It is said that nature is the greatest innovator, yet molecular conservation can be equally powerful. One key requirement for the survival of any host is its ability to defend against infection, predation and competition. Recent discoveries, including the presence of a multidimensional structural signature, have revealed a previously unforeseen structural and functional congruence among host defence effector molecules spanning all kingdoms of life. Antimicrobial peptides, kinocidins, polypeptide venoms and other molecules that were once thought to be distinct in form and function now appear to be members of an ancient family of host defence effectors. These molecules probably descended from archetype predecessors that emerged during the beginning of life on earth. Understanding how nature has sustained these host defence molecules with a potent efficacy in the face of dynamic microbial evolution should provide new opportunities to prevent or treat life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, LAC-Harbour UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA.
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Holterman DA, Diaz JI, Blackmore PF, Davis JW, Schellhammer PF, Corica A, Semmes OJ, Vlahou A. Overexpression of alpha-defensin is associated with bladder cancer invasiveness. Urol Oncol 2006; 24:97-108. [PMID: 16520271 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-defensin (alpha-defensin) has been identified as a potential marker for bladder cancer in urine by surface enhanced laser desorption ionization studies, and confirmed using both immunoabsorption and immunodepletion studies. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of alpha-defensin in bladder cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections showed that alpha-defensin peptides are frequently expressed in bladder cancer cells. It is noteworthy that expression of alpha-defensins increased with tumor invasiveness. Surface enhanced laser desorption ionization analysis showed the presence of alpha-defensin in the T24 and A498 cancer cell lines. These cell lines show higher classically aggressive in vitro characteristics compared with the J82 cells that did not express alpha-defensin. Exogenously added alpha-defensin increased the proliferation and motility/invasiveness of these cell lines using respective assays. It is interesting that alpha-defensin peptides increased intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+). These data are consistent with a role for alpha-defensin in bladder cancer via modulation of cell motility and invasiveness using common intracellular signals, such as Ca2+. We propose that autocrine tumor expression of alpha-defensins may play an important role in facilitating the invasive phenotype of bladder cancer in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Holterman
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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40
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Horwitz MS, Duan Z, Korkmaz B, Lee HH, Mealiffe ME, Salipante SJ. Neutrophil elastase in cyclic and severe congenital neutropenia. Blood 2006; 109:1817-24. [PMID: 17053055 PMCID: PMC1801070 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-019166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ELA2 encoding the neutrophil granule protease, neutrophil elastase (NE), are the major cause of the 2 main forms of hereditary neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia and severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). Genetic evaluation of other forms of neutropenia in humans and model organisms has helped to illuminate the role of NE. A canine form of cyclic neutropenia corresponds to human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS2) and results from mutations in AP3B1 encoding a subunit of a complex involved in the subcellular trafficking of vesicular cargo proteins (among which NE appears to be one). Rare cases of SCN are attributable to mutations in the transcriptional repressor Gfi1 (among whose regulatory targets also include ELA2). The ultimate biochemical consequences of the mutations are not yet known, however. Gene targeting of ELA2 has thus far failed to recapitulate neutropenia in mice. The cycling phenomenon and origins of leukemic transformation in SCN remain puzzling. Nevertheless, mutations in all 3 genes are capable of causing the mislocalization of NE and may also induce the unfolded protein response, suggesting that there might a convergent pathogenic mechanism focusing on NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall S Horwitz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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41
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42
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Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH. Host antimicrobial defence peptides in human disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 306:67-90. [PMID: 16909918 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29916-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides or host defence peptides are endogenous peptide antibiotics, which have been confirmed as an essential part of the immune system. Apart from direct killing of bacteria, a role for the peptides in antiviral and immunomodulatory functions has recently been claimed. In this chapter we have focused on the host contact with microbes, where these host defence peptides are key players. The interplay with commensals and pathogens in relation to antimicrobial peptide expression is discussed, with specific emphasis on the respiratory and the alimentary systems. A possible novel difference in epithelial interactions between commensals and pathogens is considered in relation to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Agerberth
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Perumal Samy R, Pachiappan A, Gopalakrishnakone P, Thwin MM, Hian YE, Chow VTK, Bow H, Weng JT. In vitro antimicrobial activity of natural toxins and animal venoms tested against Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:100. [PMID: 16784542 PMCID: PMC1569838 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei are the causative agent of melioidosis. Increasing resistance of the disease to antibiotics is a severe problem in treatment regime and has led to intensification of the search for new drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are the most ubiquitous in nature as part of the innate immune system and host defense mechanism. Methods Here, we investigated a group of venoms (snakes, scorpions and honey bee venoms) for antimicrobial properties against two strains of Gram-negative bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei by using disc-diffusion assay for in vitro susceptibility testing. The antibacterial activities of the venoms were compared with that of the isolated L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2s) enzymes. MICs were determined using broth dilution method. Bacterial growth was assessed by measurement of optical density at the lowest dilutions (MIC 0.25 mg/ml). The cell viability was measured using tetrazolium salts (XTT) based cytotoxic assay. Results The studied venoms showed high antimicrobial activity. The venoms of C. adamanteus, Daboia russelli russelli, A. halys, P. australis, B. candidus and P. guttata were equally as effective as Chloramphenicol and Ceftazidime (30 μg/disc). Among those tested, phospholipase A2 enzymes (crotoxin B and daboiatoxin) showed the most potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (TES) bacteria. Naturally occurring venom peptides and phospholipase A2 proved to possess highly potent antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia pseudomallei. The XTT-assay results showed that the cell survival decreased with increasing concentrations (0.05–10 mg/mL) of Crotalus adamanteus venom, with no effect on the cell viability evident at 0.5 mg/mL. Conclusion This antibacterial profile of snake venoms reported herein will be useful in the search for potential antibacterial agents against drug resistant microorganisms like B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Perumal Samy
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
| | - A Pachiappan
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
| | - P Gopalakrishnakone
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
| | - Maung M Thwin
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
| | - Yap E Hian
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
| | - Vincent TK Chow
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
| | - Ho Bow
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
| | - Joseph T Weng
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597
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44
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Yamada Y, Miura Y, Sakaki A, Yoshida T, Kobayashi K. Design of multifunctional peptides expressing both antimicrobial activity and shiga toxin neutralization activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:77-82. [PMID: 16169733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have designed novel short peptides expressing both antimicrobial and Shiga-toxin (Stx) neutralization activities by combining nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptides (RIRKKLR, PKKKRKV, and PRRRK) tandemly with globotriaoside (Gb3) mimic peptide (WHWTWL). These fusion peptides exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A peptide WHWTWLRIRKKLR (Trp-His-Trp-Thr-Trp-Leu-Arg-Ile-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Arg), especially, exhibited about 100 times higher activity than the original NLS peptide. SPR analysis demonstrated that the binding of this peptide to both Stxs was strong: K(d) = 6.6 x 10(-6) to Stx-1 and 6.8 x 10(-6) to Stx-2. The in vitro assay against Stx-1 using HeLa cells showed that this peptide increased the survival rate of HeLa cells against the infection of Stx-1. The peptide has been found to maintain high antimicrobial activity, Stx neutralization activity, and no cytotoxicity at its concentration of 7.8-31.3 microg/mL (4.2-16.7 microM). The present peptide design has a prospect of developing potent multifunctional drugs to destroy proteinaceous toxin-producing bacteria and to simultaneously neutralize the toxins released by bacteriolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Yamada
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Novel classes of antibiotics that are useful against resistant bacteria are a major need in human medicine. Cationic antimicrobial peptides are utilised as nature's antibiotics, being produced constitutively or in response to infection in virtually every type of organism from plants and insects to man. Thus, these peptides are now being considered as potential antibiotics for infections. They have the following assets: structural diversity, rapid bactericidal action, a broad spectrum of activity that includes most of the clinically important resistant pathogens, and several ancillary activities which can include antifungal, antiviral, anti-endotoxin activities, and promotion of wound healing. Cationic peptides and proteins are now proceeding through clinical trials as topical antibiotics and anti-endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hancock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Room 300, 6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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46
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Kurosaka K, Chen Q, Yarovinsky F, Oppenheim JJ, Yang D. Mouse cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide chemoattracts leukocytes using formyl peptide receptor-like 1/mouse formyl peptide receptor-like 2 as the receptor and acts as an immune adjuvant. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6257-65. [PMID: 15879124 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian antimicrobial proteins, such as defensins and cathelicidin, have stimulating effects on host leukocytes. Cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), the orthologue of human cathelicidin/LL-37, is the sole identified murine cathelicidin. CRAMP has been shown to have both antimicrobial and angiogenic activities. However, whether CRAMP, like human cathelicidin/LL-37, also exhibits a direct effect on the migration and function of leukocytes is not known. We have observed that CRAMP, like LL-37, was chemotactic for human monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and mouse peripheral blood leukocytes. CRAMP also induced calcium mobilization and the activation of MAPK in monocytes. CRAMP-induced calcium flux in monocytes was desensitized by MMK-1, an agonistic ligand specific for formyl peptide receptor-like-1 (FPRL1), and vice versa, suggesting the use of FPRL1 by CRAMP as a receptor. Furthermore, CRAMP induced the chemotaxis of human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with either FPRL1 or mouse formyl peptide receptor-2, the mouse homologue of FPRL1, but not by untransfected parental human embryonic kidney 293 cells, confirming the use of FPRL1/mouse formyl peptide receptor-2 by CRAMP. Injection of CRAMP into mouse air pouches resulted in the recruitment predominantly of neutrophils and monocytes, indicating that CRAMP acts as a chemotactic factor in vivo. Finally, simultaneous administration of OVA with CRAMP to mice promoted both humoral and cellular Ag-specific immune responses. Thus, CRAMP functions as both a chemoattractant for phagocytic leukocytes and an enhancer of adaptive immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/administration & dosage
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/physiology
- Cathelicidins
- Cell Line
- Chemotactic Factors/metabolism
- Chemotactic Factors/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Diffusion Chambers, Culture
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahori Kurosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Center for Cancer Research, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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47
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Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides play a very important role in nature as a first line of defence against attack and damage. However, their application to the clinic has not been very encouraging to date. There are indications that the barriers to their success may now be eroding with companies developing peptides to be more stable, cost effective and targeted to specific indications. These include systemic infectious disease, acne, vaginitis, wound infection and inflammation. In addition, the use of such peptides as modulators of innate immunity in the treatment of infectious disease and inflammation has added a further dimension to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Helix Biomedix Incorporated, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
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48
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Bachère E, Gueguen Y, Gonzalez M, de Lorgeril J, Garnier J, Romestand B. Insights into the anti-microbial defense of marine invertebrates: the penaeid shrimps and the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Immunol Rev 2004; 198:149-68. [PMID: 15199961 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on innate immunity of the penaeid shrimps and the oyster Crassostrea gigas is motivated greatly by economical necessities. Indeed, the aquaculture of these organisms is now limited by the development of infectious diseases. Studying anti-microbial peptides/proteins (AMPs), which are effector molecules of the host defense, is particularly attractive not only for progressing basic knowledge on immunity but also because they offer various possible applications for disease management in aquaculture. AMPs are explored with a global approach,considering their structure, properties, function, gene expression, and tissue distribution during the response to infections. In shrimp, investigations of the penaeidins, which are constitutively expressed peptides, have highlighted the importance of hemocytes and hematopoiesis as major elements of the immune response, providing both local and systemic reactions. The activation of hematopoiesis must be regarded as a regulatory way for the expression and distribution of constitutively expressed immune effectors. As complementary approaches, genomics and gene profiling are promising to deepen our understanding of the anti-microbial defense of the oyster and the shrimp. However, real progress will depend also on the characterization of hemocyte lineages and hematopoiesis of these marine invertebrates as well as on the ontogenesis of their immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- IFREMER-CNRS-UMII, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier Cedex, France.
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49
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Ross DJ, Cole AM, Yoshioka D, Park AK, Belperio JA, Laks H, Strieter RM, Lynch JP, Kubak B, Ardehali A, Ganz T. Increased bronchoalveolar lavage human beta-defensin type 2 in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 78:1222-4. [PMID: 15502724 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000137265.18491.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human beta-defensin-2 (HBD)2 is an antimicrobial peptide that participates in the innate host immune defense. HBD2 is present in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid during conditions associated with airway inflammation but not in normal subjects. We measured HBD2 concentrations by semiquantitative Western analysis in BAL of prelung transplant patients (PRE) and postlung-transplant BAL associated with either "quiescent" histopathology (i.e., without acute cellular rejection or infection) (NORMAL POST) or with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). HBD2 levels were not different for PRE (n=9) versus NORMAL POST-transplant BAL specimens (n=22) (204+/-180 vs. 82+/-60 pg/mL; P=NS). The BAL HBD2 concentrations were significantly elevated, however, with BOS (n=8) (1,270+/-430 pg/mL; P<0.001). HBD2 has been previously shown to elicit an adaptive immune response by means of recruitment of immature CD34 dendritic cells and memory (CD4/CD45RO) T lymphocytes through interactions with their chemokine receptor, CCR6. Furthermore, HBD2 with CD14 in human tracheobronchial epithelium can complex with "toll-like receptors" to activate the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway and therefore promote cytokine gene expression. We therefore speculate that complex interactions between adaptive and innate immunity may contribute to the propagation of airway inflammation in BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ross
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical-Care Medicine and the Will Rogers Institute for Pulmonary Research, David Geffen School of Medicine; U.C.L.A. Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics and failure to apply basic infection control policies and procedures have contributed to the increasing multi-drug resistance of many nosocomial pathogens. The alarming increase of multi-drug-resistant bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicilin-resistant Staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci) causes infected wounds associated with high mortality and morbidity in burned patients and focuses attention on the need for better treatment and prevention of wound infections. The review points out and discusses some emerging alternatives to antibiotics used in clinical practice, with special emphasis on the role of the innate immune response and potential application of human host defense peptides in thermal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Steinstraesser
- Department for Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Buerkle-de-la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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