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Guo XY, Qu MM, Wang X, Wang ZR, Song JW, Yang BP, Guo YT, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Fan X, Xu W, Xu R, Zhang JY, Chen SY, Jiao YM, Sun LJ, Wang FS. Characteristics of blood immune cell profile and their correlation with disease progression in patients infected with HIV-1. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:893. [PMID: 38124099 PMCID: PMC10731693 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce viral load in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, some HIV-infected individuals still cannot achieve optimal immune recovery even after ART. Hence, we described the profile of peripheral immune cells and explored the association with disease progression in patients infected with HIV-1. METHODS Mass cytometry analysis was used to characterize the circulating immune cells of 20 treatment-naïve (TNs), 20 immunological non-responders (INRs), 20 immunological responders (IRs), and 10 healthy controls (HCs). Correlation analysis was conducted between cell subpopulation percentages and indicators including HIV-1 cell-associated (CA)-RNA, DNA, CD4+ T cell count, and CD4/CD8 ratio. RESULTS Global activation, immunosenescence, and exhaustion phenotypes were observed in myeloid cells and T cells from individuals with HIV-1 infection. We also found that specific subsets or clusters of myeloid, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cells were significantly lost or increased in TN individuals, which could be partially restored after receiving ART. The percentages of several subpopulations correlated with HIV-1 CA-RNA, DNA, CD4+ T cell count, and CD4/CD8 ratio, suggesting that changes in immune cell composition were associated with therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSION These data provide a complete profile of immune cell subpopulations or clusters that are associated with disease progression during chronic HIV-1 infection, which will improve understanding regarding the mechanism of incomplete immune recovery in INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Guo
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Meng-Meng Qu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Clinic of Center for Infection, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ze-Rui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bao-Peng Yang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yun-Tian Guo
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Si-Yuan Chen
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Li-Jun Sun
- Clinic of Center for Infection, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Hove-Skovsgaard M, Møller DL, Hald A, Gerstoft J, Lundgren J, Ostrowski SR, Nielsen SD. Improved induced innate immune response after cART initiation in people with HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974767. [PMID: 36059528 PMCID: PMC9428745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impairment of the innate immune function may contribute to the increased risk of bacterial and viral infections in people with HIV (PWH). In this study we aimed to investigate the induced innate immune responses in PWH prior to and after initiation of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART). Furthermore, we aimed to investigate if the induced innate immune responses before initiation of cART were associated with CD4+ T-cell recovery one year after initiating cART. Material and method The induced innate immune response was assessed by the TruCulture® whole blood technique in 32 PWH before cART initiation and after 1, 6 and 12 months. To mimic bacterial and viral infections we used a panel of three stimuli (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resiquimod (R848), and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C)) to stimulate the extracellular Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and the intracellular TLR7/8 and TLR3, respectively. The following cytokine responses were analyzed by Luminex 200: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL17A, Interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ. Results At baseline PWH with nadir CD4+ T-cell count <350 cell/µL had lower levels of LPS-, R848-, and Poly I:C-induced IL-6 and IFN-γ, LPS- and R848-induced TNF-α and IL-12, LPS induced IL-1b, and R848-induced IL-10 than PWH with nadir CD4+ T-cell count >350 cells/µL. The majority (>50%) had induced cytokine concentrations below the reference intervals at baseline which was most pronounced for the LPS- and Poly I:C-induced responses. The induced responses in the whole population improved after 12 months of cART, and more PWH had induced cytokine concentrations within the reference intervals after 12 months. However, the majority of PWH still had LPS-induced INF-α, INF-γ and Poly I:C-induced TNF-α and IL-6 below the reference interval. The induced innate immune responses before cART initiation were not associated with the CD4+ T-cell recovery after 12 months of cART. Conclusion The innate immune response was impaired in PWH, with a more pronounced impairment in PWH with low nadir CD4+ T-cell count. Initiation of cART improved the innate immune response, but compared to the reference intervals, some impairment remained in PWH without viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Hove-Skovsgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Leth Møller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemette Hald
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Lee MYH, Upadhyay AA, Walum H, Chan CN, Dawoud RA, Grech C, Harper JL, Karunakaran KA, Nelson SA, Mahar EA, Goss KL, Carnathan DG, Cervasi B, Gill K, Tharp GK, Wonderlich ER, Velu V, Barratt-Boyes SM, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Estes JD, Bosinger SE. Tissue-specific transcriptional profiling of plasmacytoid dendritic cells reveals a hyperactivated state in chronic SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34181694 PMCID: PMC8270445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV associated immune activation (IA) is associated with increased morbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy, and remains a barrier for strategies aimed at reducing the HIV reservoir. The underlying mechanisms of IA have not been definitively elucidated, however, persistent production of Type I IFNs and expression of ISGs is considered to be one of the primary factors. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are a major producer of Type I IFN during viral infections, and are highly immunomodulatory in acute HIV and SIV infection, however their role in chronic HIV/SIV infection has not been firmly established. Here, we performed a detailed transcriptomic characterization of pDCs in chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques, and in sooty mangabeys, a natural host non-human primate (NHP) species that undergoes non-pathogenic SIV infection. We also investigated the immunostimulatory capacity of lymph node homing pDCs in chronic SIV infection by contrasting gene expression of pDCs isolated from lymph nodes with those from blood. We observed that pDCs in LNs, but not blood, produced high levels of IFNα transcripts, and upregulated gene expression programs consistent with T cell activation and exhaustion. We apply a novel strategy to catalogue uncharacterized surface molecules on pDCs, and identified the lymphoid exhaustion markers TIGIT and LAIR1 as highly expressed in SIV infection. pDCs from SIV-infected sooty mangabeys lacked the activation profile of ISG signatures observed in infected macaques. These data demonstrate that pDCs are a primary producer of Type I IFN in chronic SIV infection. Further, this study demonstrated that pDCs trafficking to LNs persist in a highly activated state well into chronic infection. Collectively, these data identify pDCs as a highly immunomodulatory cell population in chronic SIV infection, and a putative therapeutic target to reduce immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y.-H. Lee
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hasse Walum
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chi N. Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Reem A. Dawoud
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Grech
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirti A. Karunakaran
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sydney A. Nelson
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ernestine A. Mahar
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kyndal L. Goss
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kiran Gill
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Mitchell JL, Takata H, Muir R, Colby DJ, Kroon E, Crowell TA, Sacdalan C, Pinyakorn S, Puttamaswin S, Benjapornpong K, Trichavaroj R, Tressler RL, Fox L, Polonis VR, Bolton DL, Maldarelli F, Lewin SR, Haddad EK, Phanuphak P, Robb ML, Michael NL, de Souza M, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Trautmann L. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense HIV replication before detectable viremia following treatment interruption. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2845-2858. [PMID: 32017709 DOI: 10.1172/jci130597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are robust producers of IFNα and one of the first immune cells to respond to SIV infection. To elucidate responses to early HIV-1 replication, we studied blood pDCs in 29 HIV-infected participants who initiated antiretroviral therapy during acute infection and underwent analytic treatment interruption (ATI). We observed an increased frequency of partially activated pDCs in the blood before detection of HIV RNA. Concurrent with peak pDC frequency, we detected a transient decline in the ability of pDCs to produce IFNα in vitro, which correlated with decreased phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factory 7 (IRF7) and NF-κB. The levels of phosphorylated IRF7 and NF-κB inversely correlated with plasma IFNα2 levels, implying that pDCs were refractory to in vitro stimulation after IFNα production in vivo. After ATI, decreased expression of IFN genes in pDCs inversely correlated with the time to viral detection, suggesting that pDC IFN loss is part of an effective early immune response. These data from a limited cohort provide a critical first step in understanding the earliest immune response to HIV-1 and suggest that changes in blood pDC frequency and function can be used as an indicator of viral replication before detectable plasma viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Mitchell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roshell Muir
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donn J Colby
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eugène Kroon
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suwanna Puttamaswin
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khunthalee Benjapornpong
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rapee Trichavaroj
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) United States Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Randall L Tressler
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Fox
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane L Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Praphan Phanuphak
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark de Souza
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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The importance of advanced cytometry in defining new immune cell types and functions relevant for the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. AIDS 2020; 34:2169-2185. [PMID: 32910071 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
: In the last years, novel, exciting immunological findings of interest for HIV research and treatment were identified thanks to different cytometric approaches. The analysis of the phenotypes and functionality of cells belonging to the immune system could clarify their role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, and to elaborate key concepts, relevant in the treatment of this disease. Important discoveries have been made concerning cells that are important for protective immunity like lymphocytes that display polyfunctionality, resident memory T cells, innate lymphoid cells, to mention a few. The complex phenotype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells has been investigated, and relevant changes have been reported during chronic and primary HIV infection, in correlation with changes in CD4 T-cell number, T-cell activation, and with advanced disease stage. The search for markers of HIV persistence present in latently infected cells, namely those molecules that are important for a functional or sterilizing cure, evidenced the role of follicular helper T cells, and opened a discussion on the meaning and use of different surface molecules not only in identifying such cells, but also in designing new strategies. Finally, advanced technologies based upon the simultaneous detection of HIV-RNA and proteins at the single cell level, as well as those based upon spectral cytometry or mass cytometry are now finding new actors and depicting a new scenario in the immunopathogenesis of the infection, that will allow to better design innovative therapies based upon novel drugs and vaccines.
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6
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Barrat FJ, Su L. A pathogenic role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in autoimmunity and chronic viral infection. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1974-1985. [PMID: 31420375 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and of their extraordinary ability to produce type I IFNs (IFN-I) in response to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation, it is assumed that their main function is to participate in the antiviral response. There is increasing evidence suggesting that pDCs and/or IFN-I can also have a detrimental role in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, in the context of chronic viral infections and in cancers. Whether these cells should be targeted in patients and how much of their biology is connected to IFN-I production remains unclear and is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck J Barrat
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Lishan Su
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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7
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Márquez-Coello M, Montes de Oca Arjona M, Martín-Aspas A, Guerrero Sánchez F, Fernández-Gutiérrez Del Álamo C, Girón-González JA. Antiretroviral therapy partially improves the abnormalities of dendritic cells and lymphoid and myeloid regulatory populations in recently infected HIV patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11654. [PMID: 31406185 PMCID: PMC6690933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of antiretroviral therapy on plasmacytoid (pDC) and myeloid (mDC) dendritic cells as well as regulatory T (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor (MDSC) cells in HIV-infected patients. Forty-five HIV-infected patients (20 of them with detectable HIV load −10 recently infected and 10 chronically infected patients-, at baseline and after antiretroviral therapy, and 25 with undetectable viral loads) and 20 healthy controls were studied. The influence of HIV load, bacterial translocation (measured by 16S rDNA and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) and immune activation markers (interleukin –IL- 6, soluble CD14, activated T cells) was analyzed. The absolute numbers and percentages of pDC and mDC were significantly increased in patients. Patients with detectable viral load exhibited increased intracellular expression of IL-12 by mDCs and interferon -IFN- α by pDCs. Activated population markers were elevated, and the proportion of Tregs was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients. The MDSC percentage was similar in patients and controls, but the intracellular expression of IL-10 was significantly higher in patients. The achievement of undetectable HIV load after therapy did not modify bacterial translocation parameters, but induce an increase in pDCs, mDCs and MDSCs only in recently infected patients. Our data support the importance of early antiretroviral therapy to preserve dendritic and regulatory cell function in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Márquez-Coello
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Montserrat Montes de Oca Arjona
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andrés Martín-Aspas
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisca Guerrero Sánchez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - José A Girón-González
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain.
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8
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Activated dendritic cells and monocytes in HIV immunological nonresponders: HIV-induced interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with low future CD4+ recovery. AIDS 2019; 33:1117-1129. [PMID: 30789356 PMCID: PMC6511429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: To explore monocyte and dendritic cell immune responses, and their association with future CD4+ gain in treated HIV patients with suboptimal CD4+ recovery. Design: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected, virally suppressed individuals on antiretroviral therapy for at least 24 months; 41 immunological nonresponders (INRs) (CD4+ cell count <400 cells/μl) and 26 immunological responders (CD4+ cell count >600 cells/μl). Ten HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive and 10 HIV-negative healthy persons served as controls. CD4+ cell counts were registered after median 2.4 and 4.7 years. Methods: Monocyte, dendritic-cell and T-cell activation and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. In INR and immunological responder subgroups matched on age and nadir CD4+ cell count, upregulation of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in monocytes and dendritic cells and cytokines in cell supernatants were measured in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with aldrithiol-2-inactivated HIV-1. Results: The INR group displayed higher spontaneous activation of both monocytes (HLA-DR+) and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (HLA-DR+, CD83+ and CD86+) compared with immunological responders, and this was associated with increased T-cell activation (CD38+HLA-DR+), an effector memory T-cell phenotype and activated Tregs. The IP-10 response in monocytes after in-vitro HIV stimulation was negatively associated with prospective CD4+ gain. IP-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and cytokines levels were comparable between the groups, but inversely correlated with activated Tregs in INRs. Conclusion: HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune recovery demonstrated more activated monocytes and in particular dendritic cells, compared with patients with acceptable CD4+ gain. A high level of HIV-specific IP-10 expression in monocytes may be predictive of future CD4+ recovery.
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Wegehaupt AK, Roufs EK, Hewitt CR, Killian ML, Gorbatenko O, Anderson CM, Killian MS. Recovery and assessment of leukocytes from LR Express filters. Biologicals 2017; 49:15-22. [PMID: 28774790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are used for a variety of investigational purposes and they offer advantages over laboratory-adapted cell lines. Leukocytes that are typically discarded by blood banks during the collection of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma can often be obtained for research use. However, the available leukocytes are frequently contained within a blood filtration device, such as the Terumo LR Express (TLRE) filter. In this study, procedures were evaluated for the ability to elute viable leukocytes from TLRE filters. The recovered leukocytes were assessed for composition, growth, and functionality. The large majority (>70%) of leukocytes were eluted with a single reverse-elution procedure and the recovered cells contained representative populations of the major leukocyte subsets. Purified T cells exhibited diverse T cell receptor repertoires, characteristic growth upon mitogen stimulation, and CD4+ T cells were able to support HIV-1 propagation. Purified monocytes were able to be differentiated into phenotypically characteristic populations of macrophages and dendritic cells. Overall, TLRE filters offer an attractive source of primary human cells for research and possibly clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby K Wegehaupt
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - Ellen K Roufs
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - Cory R Hewitt
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - Marisela L Killian
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
| | - Oxana Gorbatenko
- Western South Dakota DNA Core Facility, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, United States
| | - Cynthia M Anderson
- Western South Dakota DNA Core Facility, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, United States
| | - M Scott Killian
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States.
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Brief Report: Increased Expression of the Type I Interferon Receptor on CD4+ T Lymphocytes in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:473-478. [PMID: 28009639 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I interferons (IFN1s; eg, interferon-alpha and interferon-beta) are potent cytokines that inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and other viruses. The antiviral and immunoregulatory activities of IFN1 are mediated through ligand-receptor interactions with the IFN1 receptor complex (IFNAR). Variation in the cell-surface density of IFNAR could play a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study of fresh whole blood, we used flow cytometry to evaluate the expression of IFNAR2 on lymphocyte subsets from HIV-1-infected (n = 33) and HIV-1-uninfected (n = 22) individuals. RESULTS In comparison with healthy blood bank donors, we observed that the HIV-1-infected individuals, particularly those having advanced to disease, exhibited the increased expression of IFNAR2 on CD4 T cells (relative fluorescence intensity 6.9 vs. 9.0; P = 0.027). The CD4:CD4 T-cell IFNAR2 expression-level ratio provides an internally standardized measure of this alteration. The observed increased expression of IFNAR2 was largely restricted to CD4 T cells that expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and lacked the expression of CCR5. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1-infected individuals exhibit an increased expression of the IFN1 receptor on CD4 T cells. The level of IFNAR2 expression seems to increase with disease progression. These findings provide insight for the immunologic alterations associated with HIV-1 infection and possibly new therapeutic approaches.
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Hepatitis C virus drives increased type I interferon-associated impairments associated with fibrosis severity in antiretroviral treatment-treated HIV-1-hepatitis C virus-coinfected individuals. AIDS 2017; 31:1223-1234. [PMID: 28492391 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral coinfections might contribute to the increased immune activation and inflammation that persist in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-treated HIV-1 patients. We investigated whether the hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection contributes to such alterations by impairing the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) IFNα/TLR7 pathway in a highly homogeneous group of ART-treated HIV-1-HCV-coinfected patients. METHODS Twenty-nine HIV-1-infected patients with fully suppressive ART were included, 15 of whom being HCV-coinfected with mild-to-moderate fibrosis and matched for their HIV-1 disease, and 13 control healthy donors. Cellular activation, plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and pDC transcriptome associated with IFNα/TLR7 pathway were characterized. RESULTS Higher plasma levels of type-I interferon (IFN)-associated cytokines [interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), MIP-1β, IL-8 and IFN-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant) were observed in HIV-1-HCV-coinfected than in HIV-1-monoinfected patients (P = 0.0007, 0.028, 0.028 and 0.035, respectively). The pDCs and T cells displayed a more exhausted (LAG-3+ and CD57+, respectively) phenotype. The pDC IFNα pathway (defined by phosphorylated STAT1 expression) was constitutively activated in all patients, irrespective of HCV coinfection. Expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) EI2AK2, ISG15, Mx1 and IFI44 was increased in pDCs from HIV-1-HCV-coinfected individuals and was correlated with fibrosis score (Fibroscan, www.echosens.com, Paris, France and aspartate-aminotransferase/platelet-ratio index score, P = 0.026 and 0.019, respectively). Plasma levels of IP-10, STAT1 expression in pDCs and Mx1 mRNA levels in pDCs decreased after interferon-free anti-HCV treatment. CONCLUSION HCV replication appears to drive increases in type-I IFN-associated inflammation and ISGs expression in pDCs, in association with fibrosis severity in ART-treated HIV-1-infected patients with mild-to-moderate fibrosis. Preliminary results indicate reduction of these alterations with earlier interferon-free anti-HCV treatment in those patients.
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Dhamanage A, Thakar M, Paranjape R. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Impairs IFN-Alpha Production Induced by TLR-7 Agonist in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:28-34. [PMID: 27809682 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an important role in innate immune response against viruses, mainly through interferon-α (IFN-α) secretion. Impaired IFN-α secretion has been observed in patients with acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and the reasons for this impairment are still obscure. To know the grounds behind this situation, HIV-1 viral copy numbers similar to those found in primary HIV-1 infection were used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pDCs in this study. Intracellular IFN-α production was seen as early as 2 h in pDCs with TLR-7 agonist (imiquimod) stimulation, but HIV-1 required 48 h to induce secretion of IFN-α in supernatants and it was 10 times less compared to imiquimod. Thus, it shows that HIV-1 delays and impairs IFN-α production from pDCs. Furthermore, the IFN-α inhibitory activity of HIV-1 was checked by stimulating PBMCs and pDCs with imiquimod either simultaneously with HIV-1 or after 2 h pre-exposure to HIV-1. Pre-exposure to HIV-1 resulted in significant reduction in IFN-α secretion by pDCs and PBMCs when compared to imiquimod alone. In addition, simultaneous stimulation of these populations with HIV-1 and imiquimod resulted in significant impairment in IFN-α production in pDCs but not in PBMCs. HIV-1 not only fails to induce IFN-α in adequate quantities but also inhibits IFN-α secretary capacity of pDCs. HIV-1 particles were found to bind CD303 receptor on pDC surface probably blocking initiation of cascade leading to IFN-α impairment. The understanding of the pathways that lead to this suppression may help in devising the HIV control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Dhamanage
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune, India
| | - Ramesh Paranjape
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune, India
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Lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals harbor mature dendritic cells and increased numbers of PD-L1+ conventional dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:584-93. [PMID: 27221659 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune response induced by dendritic cells (DC) during the HIV infection has been of remarkable interest because of the therapeutic potential of DC for vaccine development. However, their beneficial or detrimental contribution in HIV infection remains unclear. The activation state of DC in lymph nodes (LN) is essential to induce T cell responses against HIV. In the present study, we characterized the immunophenotype and function of conventional (cDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells from peripheral blood (PB) and LN of HIV(+) individuals. We observed that the frequency of PB pDC was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype; whereas in the LN, activated pDC accumulated (CD40(+) and CD83(+)). In addition, the frequency of PB cDC from HIV(+) individuals was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype, whereas LN harbored activated and mature cDC (CD40(+), CD83(+), CD80(+) and CD86(+)). However, an increased number of PD-L1(+) cDC was also observed in the LN. Moreover, pDC and cDC were able to produce inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-12) after TLR stimulation. These findings suggests that LN cDC expressing PD-L1 from HIV(+) individuals may negatively impact the generation of HIV-specific T cells and that DC might be contributing to tissue chronic immune activation.
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Increased proportions of dendritic cells and recovery of IFNγ responses in HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving ART. Hum Immunol 2015; 77:29-34. [PMID: 26455474 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) numbers and functions can be affected by HIV and HCV disease, but the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on DC and the implications of these changes are unclear. We examined circulating DC in samples from Indonesian patients beginning ART with advanced HIV disease and documented mild/moderate HCV hepatitis. Frequencies of myeloid and plasmacytoid DC increased after 6 months on ART, but frequencies of DC producing IL-12 or IFNα following stimulation with TLR agonists (CL075, CpG) did not change. IFNγ responses to CL075, HCV and other antigens rose over this period. Hence increased IFNγ responses during ART may be associated with increased DC frequencies rather than changes in their functional capacity.
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Jiao Y, Sun X, Huang X, Li W, Zhang T, Wu H. Compare mDCs and pDCs between two distinct patients groups in acute HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther 2014; 11:22. [PMID: 25104967 PMCID: PMC4124773 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of DCs in primary HIV-1 infection remains uncertain. In this study, we enrolled two different groups of subjects with acute HIV-1 infection. One group progressed to CD4 counts below 200 cells/μl within 2 years of HIV-1 infection (CD4 Low Group), while the other group maintained CD4 counts above 500 cells/μl (CD4 High Group). We did not find statistical difference in the pDC number between the two groups during acute HIV-1 infection. However, the mDC number was significantly lower in the CD4 Low Group than in the CD4 High Group.
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16
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Cha L, Berry CM, Nolan D, Castley A, Fernandez S, French MA. Interferon-alpha, immune activation and immune dysfunction in treated HIV infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e10. [PMID: 25505958 PMCID: PMC4232062 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) exert anti-viral effects through the induction of numerous IFN-stimulated genes and an immunomodulatory effect on innate and adaptive immune responses. This is beneficial in controlling virus infections but prolonged IFN-α activity in persistent virus infections, such as HIV infection, may contribute to immune activation and have a detrimental effect on the function of monocytes and T and B lymphocytes. Activation of monocytes, associated with increased IFN-α activity, contributes to atherosclerotic vascular disease, brain disease and other ‘age-related diseases' in HIV patients treated with long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). In HIV patients receiving ART, the anti-viral effects of IFN-α therapy have the potential to contribute to eradication of HIV infection while IFN-α inhibitor therapy is under investigation for the treatment of immune activation. The management of HIV patients receiving ART will be improved by understanding more about the opposing effects of IFN-α on HIV infection and disease and by developing methods to assess IFN-α activity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cha
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cassandra M Berry
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Nolan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allison Castley
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia ; Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia ; Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Lehmann C, Jung N, Förster K, Koch N, Leifeld L, Fischer J, Mauss S, Drebber U, Steffen HM, Romerio F, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P. Longitudinal analysis of distribution and function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood and gut mucosa of HIV infected patients. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:940-9. [PMID: 24259523 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with excessive production of interferon alpha (IFNα) represents one of the hallmarks of immune activation during chronic phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A number of studies have shown that disruption of mucosal integrity in the gut is a cause of persistent immune activation. However, little is known about the role that pDCs play in this process, and our current understanding comes from the simian immunodeficiency virus macaque model. Thus, in the present study we sought to investigate the frequency and function of pDCs in peripheral blood and gut samples from HIV-infected individuals before and 6 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We show that circulating pDCs were depleted in ART-naive HIV+ patients, and upregulated the gut-homing receptor CD103 compared with uninfected controls. By converse, pDCs accumulated in the terminal ileum of ART-naive HIV individuals compared with controls. Baseline levels of IFNα production and markers of immune activation in gut samples of ART-naive HIV subjects were elevated. All these parameters declined after 6 months of ART. Our results suggest that in chronic HIV infection, pDCs migrate from peripheral blood to the gut-associated lymphatic tissue, where they may contribute to immune activation.
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Kaushik S, Teque F, Patel M, Fujimura SH, Schmidt B, Levy JA. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell number and responses to Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 agonists vary in HIV Type 1-infected individuals in relation to clinical state. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:501-10. [PMID: 23131038 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-1 infection, plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) numbers and function are decreased. No detailed comparisons of PDC responses to various stimuli in HIV-1-infected patients are available. Using for the first time purified PDCs, we compared PDC responses [interferon (IFN)-α production/cell] to various stimuli in a large number (n=48) of HIV-1-infected patients and healthy volunteers (n=19). Toll-like receptor (TLR)7- and TLR9-induced expression of PDC surface activation and maturation markers was also compared in the two populations. We have confirmed that PDC number coincides with CD4(+) T cell counts and clinical state. Notably, we have shown that a direct association of PDC function in terms of IFN-α production/cell exists with PDC numbers and CD4(+) cell counts when PDCs are exposed to a TLR9 ligand and HIV-infected cells, but not with a TLR7 ligand. Moreover, in the HIV-infected subjects but not the healthy controls, the magnitude of IFN-α release per PDC in response to the TLR7 ligand is significantly (p<0.01) lower than that to the TLR9 ligand. However, in both study populations, the TLR7 stimulation in comparison to TLR9 stimulation induced higher expression of PDC surface activation and maturation markers and significantly (p<0.05) decreased the expression of BDCA-2, a negative regulator of interferon. Furthermore, the cross-ligation of BDCA-2 significantly (p<0.05) inhibited TLR9- but not TLR7-induced IFN-α production by PDCs from both clinical groups. These findings suggest that differences exist in TLR7- and TLR9-induced IFN-α production by PDCs in HIV-infected individuals that are not directly related to BDCA-2 down-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kaushik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Fernando Teque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mira Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sue H. Fujimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, German National Reference Centre for Retroviruses, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay A. Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Killian MS, Teque F, Walker RL, Meltzer PS, Killian JK. CD8(+) lymphocytes suppress human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication by secreting type I interferons. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:632-45. [PMID: 23402527 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) cells can suppress human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication by releasing soluble factors. In 26 years of intensive research efforts, the identity of the major CD8(+) cell antiviral factor has remained elusive. To investigate the mechanism for this antiviral immune response, we performed gene expression analyses on primary CD4(+) cells that were exposed to HIV-suppressing CD8(+) cells or CD8(+) cell-conditioned medium having HIV-suppressing activity. These experiments revealed increased levels of multiple genes stimulated by type I interferons (IFN; eg, IFN-α and IFN-β). Further evaluation revealed that primary CD8(+) cells, particularly those from elite controllers and other asymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals, secrete IFN, and this response directly contributes to the in vitro suppression of HIV replication in CD4(+) cells. This novel immune response, likely mediated by memory CD8(+) T cells, may play an important role in a wide variety of viral infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Killian
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California
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Chaudhary O, Bala M, Singh J, Hazarika A, Kumar R, Luthra K. The DC-SIGNR 7/5 Genotype is Associated with High Dendritic Cell Counts and Their Subsets in Patients Infected with HIV-1. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:788-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 2:189-200. [PMID: 19372886 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32810996db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review summarizes recent literature on the biology of dendritic cells and natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection and the importance of crosstalk between them in the development of strong antiviral immunity. RECENT FINDINGS Type I interferons produced by dendritic cells in response to HIV-1 have been suggested to act as a double-edged sword, stemming HIV-1 replication on the one hand and causing T-cell loss on the other. Recent epidemiologic evidence demonstrates a strong association between the natural killer cell receptor KIR3DS1 (along with its presumed ligand HLA-B Bw4-80I) in the control of HIV-1 replication. SUMMARY Dendritic and natural killer cells play a central role in the innate immune response to viral infections through both the direct elimination of infected cells and modulation of each other's function.
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Reuter MA, Pombo C, Betts MR. Cytokine production and dysregulation in HIV pathogenesis: lessons for development of therapeutics and vaccines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:181-91. [PMID: 22743036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have characterized the cytokine modulation observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, from initial infection through chronic disease. Progressive and non-progressive HIV infection models show the cytokine milieu differs in terms of production and responsiveness in these two groups, suggesting an understanding of the role cytokines play during infection is necessary for directing the immune response toward viral control. This review will cover cytokine induction and dysfunction during HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on the interplay between cytokines and transcription factors, T cell activation, and exhaustion. We highlight cytokines that have either vaccine adjuvant or therapeutic potential and discuss the need to identify key factors required for prevention of progression, clearance of infection, or protection from acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Zhang T, Ji Y, Jiao Y, Wu H. Longitudinal changes of peripheral blood DC subsets and regulatory T cells in Chinese chronic HIV-1-infected patients during antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37966. [PMID: 22701538 PMCID: PMC3365107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been emphasized that chronic generalized immune dysfunction is the leading event in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, in which the contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) should not be underestimated. In current study, we assessed the longitudinal changes of peripheral blood DC subsets and Tregs in chronically asymptomatic treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients during 60 weeks of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and compared with those in healthy controls and long term non-progressors (LTNPs). Blood samples were collected at week 0, 4, 12, 24, 48 and 60 of treatment to measure the counts of DC subsets and Tregs by flow cytometry and IFN-a plasma levels by ELISA. The counts of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) increased during ART, reaching similar levels to healthy controls at week 60 post ART but still lower than those of LTNPs. In HIV-1-infected patients, the mDCs counts were directly correlated with CD4 counts during ART. Changes in mDCs at week 8 were positively correlated with the changes in CD4 counts at week 60 post ART. However, the counts and function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) remained relatively stable during ART, and similar to those in healthy controls and LTNPs. The percentage of Tregs increased before ART and normalized after ART. Importantly, we found pDCs counts were associated with percentage of Tregs during ART, which may help in understanding of the role of these cells in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yanmei Jiao
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (HW)
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (HW)
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Killian M. Dual role of autophagy in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. AIDS Res Ther 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22606989 PMCID: PMC3514335 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the major mechanism for degrading long-lived intracellular proteins and organelles, is essential for eukaryotic cell homeostasis. Autophagy also defends the cell against invasion by microorganisms and has important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Increasingly evident is that HIV-1 replication is dependent on select components of autophagy. Fittingly, HIV-1 proteins are able to modulate autophagy to maximize virus production. At the same time, HIV-1 proteins appear to disrupt autophagy in uninfected cells, thereby contributing to CD4+ cell death and HIV-1 pathogenesis. These observations allow for new approaches for the treatment and possibly the prevention of HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on the relationship between autophagy and HIV-1 infection. Discussed is how autophagy plays dual roles in HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 disease progression.
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Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described 30 years ago in a report from the US Centers for Disease Control. Two years later the causative virus was identified and afterwards named the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This article reviews the progress made in the three decades since the recognition of AIDS and the discovery of HIV, with respect to the virus, the infected cell, and the host, as well as directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Killian
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270, USA
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Dissecting the role of dendritic cells in simian immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. Immunol Res 2011; 50:228-34. [PMID: 21717075 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with the loss of the two principal types of dendritic cell (DC), myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC), but the mechanism of this loss and its relationship to AIDS pathogenesis remain ill-defined. The nonhuman primate is a powerful model to dissect this response for several reasons. Both DC subsets have been well characterized in nonhuman primates and shown to have strikingly similar phenotypic and functional characteristics to their counterparts in the human. Moreover, decline of mDC and pDC occurs in rhesus macaques with end-stage simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the model of HIV infection in humans. In this brief review, we discuss what is known about DC subsets in pathogenic and nonpathogenic nonhuman primate models of HIV infection and highlight the advances and controversies that currently exist in the field.
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Abstract
The challenge of controlling HIV infection involves an understanding of the heterogeneity of the virus, its wide cellular host range, its primary routes of transmission, and the immunologic and intrinsic cellular factors that can prevent its transmission and replication. Identification of HIV-infected individuals who have survived more than 10 years without signs of the infection and without therapy encourages studies examining the natural mechanisms for resistance to infection and disease. Within the immune system, emphasis should be given to the innate or natural response that appears within minutes of the infection and offers the optimal time for controlling HIV. All these parameters in HIV pathogenesis underline the information needed to develop optimal anti-HIV therapies and an effective AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Levy
- Director, Laboratory for Tumor and AIDS Virus Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270, USA.
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HIV-1 Infection and the Aging of the Immune System: Facts, Similarities and Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Labidi-Galy SI, Sisirak V, Meeus P, Gobert M, Treilleux I, Bajard A, Combes JD, Faget J, Mithieux F, Cassignol A, Tredan O, Durand I, Ménétrier-Caux C, Caux C, Blay JY, Ray-Coquard I, Bendriss-Vermare N. Quantitative and functional alterations of plasmacytoid dendritic cells contribute to immune tolerance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5423-34. [PMID: 21697280 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In ovarian cancer, the immune system fails to eradicate established tumors partly due to the induction of immune tolerance within tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the contribution of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in the establishment of immune tolerance in a cohort of 44 ovarian cancer patients. In the tumor and malignant ascites, CD4(+)CD123(+)BDCA2(+) pDC were the most abundant dendritic cell subset; however, they were profoundly depleted in peripheral blood. The presence of pDC in primary ovarian cancer, but not ascites, was an independent prognostic factor associated with early relapse. Following chemotherapy, we observed a partial restoration of blood pDC levels in patients in complete remission. These findings show preferential recruitment of pDC into tumors where they express a partially mature phenotype that may reflect an in situ activation. Importantly, compared with pDC found in ascites or blood, tumor-associated pDC (TApDC) produced less IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and RANTES in response to toll-like receptor stimulation, and alterations in pDC functions were mainly mediated through tumor-derived TNF-α and TGF-β. Unlike ascites-derived pDC, TApDC induced IL-10 production from allogeneic naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes, suggesting the existence of a paracrine immunosuppressive loop. Taken together, our findings indicate that both local and systemic dysfunction of pDC play a critical role in the progression of ovarian cancer via induction of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Intidhar Labidi-Galy
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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Geng W, Fan X, Diao Y, Cui H, Sun H, Yun K, Xu J, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Shang H. Rapid Disease Progression in HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men Is Negatively Correlated with Peripheral Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Counts at the Early Stage of Primary Infection. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:882-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells have central roles in antiviral immunity by shaping the quality of the adaptive immune response to viruses and by mediating direct antiviral activity. HIV-1 infection is characterized by a severe dysregulation of the antiviral immune response that starts during early infection. This Review describes recent insights into how HIV-1 infection affects DC and NK cell function, and the roles of these innate immune cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis. The importance of understanding DC and NK cell crosstalk during HIV infection for the development of effective antiviral strategies is also discussed.
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Benlahrech A, Gotch F, Kelleher P, Patterson S. Loss of NK stimulatory capacity by plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived DC but not myeloid DC in HIV-1 infected patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17525. [PMID: 21408163 PMCID: PMC3050890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent inducers of natural killer (NK) cells. There are two distinct populations in blood, myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) but they can also be generated In vitro from monocytes (mdDC). Although it is established that blood DC are lost in HIV-1 infection, the full impact of HIV-1 infection on DC-NK cell interactions remains elusive. We thus investigated the ability of pDC, mDC, and mdDC from viremic and anti-retroviral therapy-treated aviremic HIV-1+ patients to stimulate various NK cell functions. Stimulated pDC and mdDC from HIV-1+ patients showed reduced secretion of IFN-α and IL-12p70 respectively and their capacity to stimulate expression of CD25 and CD69, and IFN-γ secretion in NK cells was also reduced. pDC activation of NK cell degranulation in response to a tumour cell line was severely reduced in HIV-1+ patients but the ability of mDC to activate NK cells was not affected by HIV-1 infection, with the exception of HLA-DR induction. No differences were observed between viremic and aviremic patients indicating that anti-retroviral therapy had minimal effect on restoration on pDC and mdDC-mediated activation of NK cells. Results from this study provide further insight into HIV-1 mediated suppression of innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Benlahrech
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Gotch
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Blood myeloid dendritic cells from HIV-1-infected individuals display a proapoptotic profile characterized by decreased Bcl-2 levels and by caspase-3+ frequencies that are associated with levels of plasma viremia and T cell activation in an exploratory study. J Virol 2010; 85:397-409. [PMID: 20962079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01118-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced frequencies of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (DC) subsets (mDCs and pDCs, respectively) have been observed in the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected individuals throughout the course of disease. Accumulation of DCs in lymph nodes (LNs) may partly account for the decreased numbers observed in blood, but increased DC death may also be a contributing factor. We used multiparameter flow cytometry to evaluate pro- and antiapoptotic markers in blood mDCs and pDCs from untreated HIV-1-infected donors, from a subset of infected donors before and after receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and from uninfected control donors. Blood mDCs, but not pDCs, from untreated HIV-1-infected donors expressed lower levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 than DCs from uninfected donors. A subset of HIV-1-infected donors had elevated frequencies of proapoptotic caspase-3(+) blood mDCs, and positive correlations were observed between caspase-3(+) mDC frequencies and plasma viral load and CD8(+) T-cell activation levels. Caspase-3(+) mDC frequencies, but not mDC Bcl-2 expression, were reduced with viral suppression on ART. Apoptosis markers on DCs in blood and LN samples from a cohort of untreated, HIV-1-infected donors with chronic disease were also evaluated. LN mDCs displayed higher levels of Bcl-2 and lower caspase-3(+) frequencies than did matched blood mDCs. Conversely, LN pDCs expressed lower Bcl-2 levels than their blood counterparts. In summary, blood mDCs from untreated HIV-1-infected subjects displayed a proapoptotic profile that was partially reversed with viral suppression, suggesting that DC death may be a factor contributing to blood DC depletion in the setting of chronic, untreated HIV disease.
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Meera S, Madhuri T, Manisha G, Ramesh P. Irreversible loss of pDCs by apoptosis during early HIV infection may be a critical determinant of immune dysfunction. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:241-9. [PMID: 20565289 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell subsets myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an important role in HIV pathogenesis. While pDCs play a major role in the innate immune response, mDCs are important for induction of the antigen-specific immune response. We studied pDCs and mDCs at different stages of HIV infection, and found that there were decreased percentages of pDCs and mDCs in the advanced stage of the disease (p < 0.0001), and that slow progressors did not show as great a decrease as more healthy individuals. Persons who had acquired infection within the last year showed a normal mDC percentage but a lower pDC percentage (p = 0.0092) than healthy individuals (0.16%). pDC percentages in those with late-stage disease did not revert to normal after successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), whereas mDC percentages reverted to levels comparable to those seen in the healthy population (0.08% pre-ART to 0.18% post-ART; p < 0.0001). The pDC population had high levels of apoptotic markers in those with recent (p = 0.0025) and advanced (p = 0.0012) HIV infection, with no difference in their migratory capacity from controls and slow progressors, indicating that apoptosis is the major mechanism of declining pDC numbers in the circulation. mDCs showed increased levels of apoptotic markers (p = 0.0012), as well as migration (p = 0.03), in those with advanced-stage disease compared to controls, suggesting that both migration and apoptosis contribute to the decline seen in mDCs in the circulation. The irreversible loss of pDCs due to apoptosis seen early in HIV infection may be responsible for an impaired innate anti-HIV immune response. However, the presence of functionally-competent pDCs in slow progressors implies that the loss of pDCs early in infection may be critical to control of HIV infection through innate immune mechanisms, and may influence the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh Meera
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Jacobs ES. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV infection: striking a delicate balance. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:609-20. [PMID: 20145197 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
pDC are the most potent IFN-alpha-producing cells in the body and serve as a vital link between innate and adaptive immunity. Deficiencies in pDC function were among the earliest observations of immune dysfunction in HIV-1 infection. Herein, we review the status of pDC in individuals with HIV-1 infection and the potential role of these cells in pathogenesis. We begin by reviewing the basic properties of pDC and then discuss the compromise in circulating pDC numbers and function in early and viremic HIV-1 infection and mechanisms that might account for their depletion in HIV-infected patients. In addition, we review the evidence that chronic production of IFN-alpha, probably through the chronic activation of pDC, is central to the immune activation that is so detrimental in HIV infection. Finally, we discuss the importance of balance in pDC numbers and function and the potential value of using absolute pDC counts and function as a biomarker, along with CD4(+) cell counts and VL in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Events occurring in acute HIV-1 infection are now recognized to be critical determinants of the subsequent disease course. Innate responses constitute the first line of defence against pathogens, and also play a key role in triggering the early adaptive response; as such, the innate responses activated in acute HIV-1 infection and their contribution to control of viral replication or disease pathogenesis are the focus of much current research. We review recent advances in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Dendritic cell subsets can play pleiotropic roles in acute HIV-1 infection, with in-vitro studies illustrating that HIV-dendritic cell interactions may have outcomes as diverse as virion destruction, virus dissemination, T-cell triggering or subversion of dendritic cell functions. Natural killer cells can be activated in acute HIV-1 infection, and mounting evidence suggests that they contribute to determining the ensuing course of disease; however, much remains to be learned about how they mediate their effects. SUMMARY The importance of innate responses as determinants of the outcome of HIV infection is increasingly evident, but more work is needed to understand how innate immunity can be harnessed to combat this infection.
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Abstract
The early immune response to HIV-1 infection is likely to be an important factor in determining the clinical course of disease. Recent data indicate that the HIV-1 quasispecies that arise following a mucosal infection are usually derived from a single transmitted virus. Moreover, the finding that the first effective immune responses drive the selection of virus escape mutations provides insight into the earliest immune responses against the transmitted virus and their contributions to the control of acute viraemia. Strong innate and adaptive immune responses occur subsequently but they are too late to eliminate the infection. In this Review, we discuss recent studies on the kinetics and quality of early immune responses to HIV-1 and their implications for developing a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine.
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Cavaleiro R, Baptista AP, Soares RS, Tendeiro R, Foxall RB, Gomes P, Victorino RMM, Sousa AE. Major depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV-2 infection, an attenuated form of HIV disease. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000667. [PMID: 19936055 PMCID: PMC2773933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) provide an important link between innate and acquired immunity, mediating their action mainly through IFN-α production. pDC suppress HIV-1 replication, but there is increasing evidence suggesting they may also contribute to the increased levels of cell apoptosis and pan-immune activation associated with disease progression. Although having the same clinical spectrum, HIV-2 infection is characterized by a strikingly lower viremia and a much slower rate of CD4 decline and AIDS progression than HIV-1, irrespective of disease stage. We report here a similar marked reduction in circulating pDC levels in untreated HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in association with CD4 depletion and T cell activation, in spite of the undetectable viremia found in the majority of HIV-2 patients. Moreover, the same overexpression of CD86 and PD-L1 on circulating pDC was found in both infections irrespective of disease stage or viremia status. Our observation that pDC depletion occurs in HIV-2 infected patients with undetectable viremia indicates that mechanisms other than direct viral infection determine the pDC depletion during persistent infections. However, viremia was associated with an impairment of IFN-α production on a per pDC basis upon TLR9 stimulation. These data support the possibility that diminished function in vitro may relate to prior activation by HIV virions in vivo, in agreement with our finding of higher expression levels of the IFN-α inducible gene, MxA, in HIV-1 than in HIV-2 individuals. Importantly, serum IFN-α levels were not elevated in HIV-2 infected individuals. In conclusion, our data in this unique natural model of “attenuated” HIV immunodeficiency contribute to the understanding of pDC biology in HIV/AIDS pathogenesis, showing that in the absence of detectable viremia a major depletion of circulating pDC in association with a relatively preserved IFN-α production does occur. Infection by HIV-2, the second AIDS-associated virus, is considered a unique natural model of attenuated HIV disease. HIV-2 infected individuals exhibit much lower levels of circulating virus (viremia) and progress to AIDS at slower rates than HIV-1 infected patients. In this study, we characterized for the first time blood plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), important mediators between innate and acquired immunity, in HIV-2 infection. We observed a profound reduction in circulating pDC levels in HIV-2 infected patients, even in those with undetectable viremia, to levels similar to those found in HIV-1 infection. Moreover, we documented a more differentiated pDC phenotype in both infected cohorts relative to healthy individuals. Despite these similarities between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections, pDC from HIV-2 patients with undetectable viremia exhibited, upon in vitro stimulation, a better-preserved ability to produce interferon-α (IFN-α), an important anti-viral cytokine with potential to stimulate other immune cells. Overall, our data suggest that the presence of virus in circulation, although not critical for the reduction in pDC number, appears to be central for the impairment of their function. This study of pDC in HIV-2 infection fills a gap in the understanding of their potential role in HIV/AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cavaleiro
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António P. Baptista
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui S. Soares
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Tendeiro
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Russell B. Foxall
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Perpétua Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Medicina Transfusional, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui M. M. Victorino
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Medicina 2, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana E. Sousa
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Reitano K, Kottilil S, Gille C, Zhang X, Yan M, O'Shea M, Roby G, Hallahan C, Yang J, Lempicki R, Arthos J, Fauci A. Defective plasmacytoid dendritic cell-NK cell cross-talk in HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:1029-37. [PMID: 19795986 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV viremia is associated with a wide range of immune dysfunctions that contribute to the immunocompromised state. HIV viremia has been shown to have a broad effect on several immune cell types and/or their interactions that are vital for mounting an effective immune response. In this study, we investigated the integrity of plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC)-NK cell interactions among HIV viremic, aviremic, and seronegative individuals. We describe a critical defect in the ability of pDCs from HIV-infected individuals to secrete IFN-alpha and TNF and subsequently activate NK cells. We also describe an inherent defect on NK cells from HIV-infected individuals to respond to pDC-secreted cytokines. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate a direct effect of HIV trimeric gp120 on NK cells in vitro similar to that described ex vivo. Finally, we were able to establish that the HIV gp120-mediated suppressive effect on NK cells was a result of its binding to the integrin alpha(4)beta(7) expressed on NK cells. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which HIV is capable of suppressing an innate immune function in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.N. Reitano
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - S. Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - C.M. Gille
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - X. Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - M. Yan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - M.A. O'Shea
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - G. Roby
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - C.W. Hallahan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - J. Yang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - R.A. Lempicki
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - J. Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - A.S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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Development and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in an HIV-infected man with hepatitis C and B co-infection following interferon therapy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2009; 3:7289. [PMID: 19830165 PMCID: PMC2726516 DOI: 10.4076/1752-1947-3-7289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association of human immunodeficiency virus and immune dysfunction leading to development of autoimmune markers is well described, but human immunodeficiency virus infection is relatively protective for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. In contrast, development of systemic lupus erythematosus with hepatitis C and with interferon therapy is well described in a number of case reports. We here describe the first case of systemic lupus erythematosus developing in a man infected with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C and hepatitis B co-infection where the onset seems to have been temporally related to interferon therapy. Case presentation We report the occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus complicating interferon-α therapy for hepatitis C in a 47-year-old asplenic male with haemophilia co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B. He presented with a truncal rash, abdominal pains and headache and later developed grade IV lupus nephritis requiring haemodialysis, mycophenolate mofetil and steroid therapy. We were able to successfully withdraw dialysis and mycophenolate while maintaining stable renal function. Conclusion Interferon-α is critical in antiviral immunity against hepatitis C but also acts as a pathogenic mediator for systemic lupus erythematosus, a condition associated with activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells that are depleted in human immunodeficiency virus infection. The occurrence of auto-antibodies and lupus-like features in the coinfections with hepatitis C require careful assessment. Immunosuppressant therapy for lupus risks exacerbating underlying infections in patients with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C.
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Increased carotid intima media thickness is associated with depletion of circulating myeloid dendritic cells in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral treatment. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204:e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Boasso A. Type I interferon in HIV treatment: from antiviral drug to therapeutic target. HIV THERAPY 2009; 3:269-282. [PMID: 32280376 PMCID: PMC7147345 DOI: 10.2217/hiv.09.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are soluble molecules that exert potent antiviral activity and are currently used for the treatment of a panel of viral infections. In the case of HIV, the use of type I IFN has had limited success, and has almost been abandoned. During the last decade, a series of studies has highlighted how HIV infection may cause overactivation of type I IFN production, which contributes to the exhaustion of the immune system and to disease progression. This review describes the transition from the proposed use of type I IFN as antiviral drugs in HIV infection, to the idea that blocking their activity or production may provide an immunologic benefit of much greater importance than their antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Boasso
- >Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK. Tel.: +44 208 746 5993; ;
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CD8+ Cell Anti-HIV Activity Rapidly Increases Upon Discontinuation of Early Antiretroviral Therapy. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:311-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Guimond M, Veenstra RG, Grindler DJ, Zhang H, Cui Y, Murphy RD, Kim SY, Na R, Hennighausen L, Kurtulus S, Erman B, Matzinger P, Merchant MS, Mackall CL. Interleukin 7 signaling in dendritic cells regulates the homeostatic proliferation and niche size of CD4+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:149-57. [PMID: 19136960 PMCID: PMC2713006 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) and T cell receptor (TCR) signals have been proposed to be the primary drivers of homeostatic T cell proliferation. However, it is not known why CD4+ T cells undergo less efficient homeostatic proliferation than CD8+ T cells. Here we showed that systemic IL-7 concentrations rise during lymphopenia due to diminished IL-7 utilization, but that IL-7 signaling on IL-7Rα+ dendritic cells (DCs) in lymphopenic settings paradoxically diminishes CD4+ T cell homeostatic proliferation. This effect is mediated, at least in part, by IL-7-mediated downregulation of MHC class II expression on IL-7Rα+ DCs. These results implicate IL-7Rα+ DCs as regulators of the peripheral CD4+ T cell niche, and indicate that IL-7 signals in DCs prevent uncontrolled CD4+ T cell expansion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Guimond
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Agrawal T, Vats V, Wallace P, Singh A, Salhan S, Mittal A. Recruitment of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in cervical mucosa during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:50-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Sachdeva N, Asthana V, Brewer TH, Garcia D, Asthana D. Impaired restoration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV-1-infected patients with poor CD4 T cell reconstitution is associated with decrease in capacity to produce IFN-alpha but not proinflammatory cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2887-97. [PMID: 18684980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed reconstitution characteristics of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and myeloid DCs-1 in 38 HIV-1-infected patients with impaired restoration of CD4 T cell counts despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia (discordant) and compared them with 42 patients showing good immunological and virological responses following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). While myeloid DCs showed spontaneous recovery following HAART in both the groups, the discordant patients demonstrated poor peripheral reconstitution of PDCs as compared with concordant patients. The ability of PDCs to produce IFN-alpha following stimulation with TLR7 ligand imiquimod and TLR9 ligand CpG ODN-2216 was also impaired in discordant patients even after 2 years following initiation of HAART. Lower IFN-alpha expression in the PDCs following TLR stimulation was further associated with lower expression of transcription factor, IFN regulatory factor-7. In contrast, production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 following TLR stimulation was comparable in both groups of patients, indicating that impaired reconstitution characteristics do not affect the capacity of PDCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines. The discordant patients had significantly lower baseline CD4 T cell counts and higher baseline viral load at the initiation of HAART implying that lower baseline CD4 T cell counts and higher plasma viral load are associated with impaired restoration of CD4 T cells and PDCs, thus, increasing the susceptibility of discordant patients toward opportunistic infections despite virological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Sachdeva
- Laboratory for Clinical and Biological Studies, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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48
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Plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells with a partial activation phenotype accumulate in lymphoid tissue during asymptomatic chronic HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48:1-12. [PMID: 18300699 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181664b60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) from HIV-1-infected individuals display numeric and functional defects, and recent evidence suggests that HIV-1 can directly and indirectly activate DCs in vitro. The in vivo activation state and compartmentalization of DC subsets during HIV-1 infection remain poorly understood, however. We evaluated phenotypic and functional characteristics of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) directly ex vivo in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue from HIV-1-infected and HIV-seronegative individuals. Analysis of a wide range of chemokine receptors and activation/maturation markers on circulating DCs from viremic HIV-1-infected donors revealed a phenotype indicative of partial activation. Yet, blood DCs from viremic subjects still achieved full maturation when stimulated in vitro. In addition, blood pDCs from viremic individuals had a reduced capacity to migrate to CXCL12 in vitro. Total numbers of both DC subsets were increased in lymph nodes of asymptomatic untreated HIV-1-infected subjects, consistent with DC accumulation in the lymphoid compartment. Lymph node DCs also expressed high levels of CD40 in the absence of increases of other typical activation/maturation markers. Activation and depletion of DCs in blood with accumulation in lymphoid tissue may contribute to HIV-associated chronic immune activation and T-cell dysfunction.
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49
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Wang FX, Huang J, Zhang H, Ma X, Zhang H. APOBEC3G upregulation by alpha interferon restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in human peripheral plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:722-730. [PMID: 18272764 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G), a member of cytidine deaminase family, has potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity. It has been demonstrated that alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) can significantly enhance the expression of A3G in human primary resting CD4(+) T-cells, macrophages and primary hepatocytes, subsequently decreasing their viral susceptibility. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key effectors in innate host immunity, mediating adaptive immune responses and stimulating IFN-alpha production in reaction to various stimuli. In this report, we demonstrate that IFN-alpha, either exogenously added to- or endogenously secreted by pDCs, can enhance the expression of A3G and its family members such as A3A, A3C and A3F. We have also shown that IFN-alpha can inhibit HIV-1 expression in pDCs. This inhibitory effect could be countered by addition of an A3G-specific short interfering RNA, indicating that IFN-alpha-induced A3G plays a key role in mediating pDCs response to HIV-1. Given the central role played by pDCs in orchestrating the IFN-alpha/A3G intercellular network and intracellular signal pathway, our data indicate that pDCs themselves are also protected by an IFN-alpha/A3G-mediated innate immunity barrier from HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xiang Wang
- Center for Human Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jialing Huang
- Center for Human Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hangxiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for Human Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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50
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Tilton JC, Manion MM, Luskin MR, Johnson AJ, Patamawenu AA, Hallahan CW, Cogliano-Shutta NA, Mican JM, Davey RT, Kottilil S, Lifson JD, Metcalf JA, Lempicki RA, Connors M. Human immunodeficiency virus viremia induces plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation in vivo and diminished alpha interferon production in vitro. J Virol 2008; 82:3997-4006. [PMID: 18256146 PMCID: PMC2293017 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01545-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has been associated with perturbations of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), including diminished frequencies in the peripheral blood and reduced production of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to in vitro stimulation. However, recent data suggest a paradoxical increase in production of type 1 interferons in vivo in HIV-infected patients compared to uninfected controls. Using a flow cytometric assay to detect IFN-alpha-producing cells within unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we observed that short-term interruptions of antiretroviral therapy are sufficient to result in significantly reduced IFN-alpha production by PDC in vitro in response to CpG A ligands or inactivated HIV particles. The primary cause of diminished IFN-alpha production was reduced responsiveness of PDC to de novo stimulation, not diminished per cell IFN-alpha production or migration of cells to lymphoid organs. Real-time PCR analysis of purified PDC from patients prior to and during treatment interruptions revealed that active HIV-1 replication is associated with upregulation of type I IFN-stimulated gene expression. Treatment of hepatitis C virus-infected patients with IFN-alpha2b and ribavirin for hepatitis C virus infection resulted in a profound suppression of de novo IFN-alpha production in response to CpG A or inactivated HIV particles, similar to the response observed in HIV-infected patients. Together, these results suggest that diminished production of type I interferons in vitro by PDC from HIV-1-infected patients may not represent diminished interferon production in vivo. Rather, diminished function in vitro is likely a consequence of prior activation via type I interferons or HIV virions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Tilton
- LIR, NIAID, NIH, Bldg. 10, Rm. 11B-09, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1876, Bethesda, MD 20892-1876, USA
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