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Babalola KT, Arora M, Ganugula R, Agarwal SK, Mohan C, Kumar MNVR. Leveraging Lymphatic System Targeting in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus for Improved Clinical Outcomes. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:228-250. [PMID: 38351070 PMCID: PMC10877736 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of advanced drug delivery strategies in drug repositioning and minimizing drug attrition rates, when applied early in drug discovery, is poised to increase the translational impact of various therapeutic strategies in disease prevention and treatment. In this context, drug delivery to the lymphatic system is gaining prominence not only to improve the systemic bioavailability of various pharmaceutical drugs but also to target certain specific diseases associated with the lymphatic system. Although the role of the lymphatic system in lupus is known, very little is done to target drugs to yield improved clinical benefits. In this review, we discuss recent advances in drug delivery strategies to treat lupus, the various routes of drug administration leading to improved lymph node bioavailability, and the available technologies applied in other areas that can be adapted to lupus treatment. Moreover, this review also presents some recent findings that demonstrate the promise of lymphatic targeting in a preclinical setting, offering renewed hope for certain pharmaceutical drugs that are limited by efficacy in their conventional dosage forms. These findings underscore the potential and feasibility of such lymphatic drug-targeting approaches to enhance therapeutic efficacy in lupus and minimize off-target effects of the pharmaceutical drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The World Health Organization estimates that there are currently 5 million humans living with some form of lupus. With limited success in lupus drug discovery, turning to effective delivery strategies with existing drug molecules, as well as those in the early stage of discovery, could lead to better clinical outcomes. After all, effective delivery strategies have been proven to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Babalola
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM) (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Alabama Life Research Institute (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), and Department of Biological Sciences (M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Biology of Inflammation Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas (S.K.A.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (C.M.); Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (M.N.V.R.K.); and Center for Free Radical Biology (M.N.V.R.K.) and Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.N.V.R.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - M Arora
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM) (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Alabama Life Research Institute (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), and Department of Biological Sciences (M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Biology of Inflammation Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas (S.K.A.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (C.M.); Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (M.N.V.R.K.); and Center for Free Radical Biology (M.N.V.R.K.) and Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.N.V.R.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - R Ganugula
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM) (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Alabama Life Research Institute (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), and Department of Biological Sciences (M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Biology of Inflammation Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas (S.K.A.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (C.M.); Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (M.N.V.R.K.); and Center for Free Radical Biology (M.N.V.R.K.) and Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.N.V.R.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - S K Agarwal
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM) (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Alabama Life Research Institute (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), and Department of Biological Sciences (M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Biology of Inflammation Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas (S.K.A.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (C.M.); Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (M.N.V.R.K.); and Center for Free Radical Biology (M.N.V.R.K.) and Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.N.V.R.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - C Mohan
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM) (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Alabama Life Research Institute (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), and Department of Biological Sciences (M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Biology of Inflammation Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas (S.K.A.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (C.M.); Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (M.N.V.R.K.); and Center for Free Radical Biology (M.N.V.R.K.) and Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.N.V.R.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - M N V Ravi Kumar
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM) (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), Alabama Life Research Institute (K.T.B., M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), and Department of Biological Sciences (M.A., R.G., M.N.V.R.K.), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Biology of Inflammation Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas (S.K.A.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (C.M.); Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (M.N.V.R.K.); and Center for Free Radical Biology (M.N.V.R.K.) and Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.N.V.R.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Gudi RR, Johnson BM, Gaudreau MC, Sun W, Ball L, Vasu C. Intestinal permeability and inflammatory features of juvenile age correlate with the eventual systemic autoimmunity in lupus-prone female SWR × NZB F1 (SNF1) mice. Immunology 2024; 171:235-249. [PMID: 37947218 PMCID: PMC10842200 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is about nine times higher in women than in men, and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to this gender bias are not fully understood. Previously, using lupus-prone (SWR × NZB)F1 (SNF1) mice, we have shown that the intestinal immune system could play a role in the initiation and progression of disease in SLE, and depletion of gut microbiota produces more pronounced disease protection in females than in males. Here, we show that the gut permeability features of lupus-prone female SNF1 mice at juvenile ages directly correlate with the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors, faecal IgA abundance and nAg reactivity and the eventual systemic autoantibody levels and proteinuria onset. Furthermore, we observed that the disease protection achieved in female SNF1 mice upon depletion of gut microbiota correlates with the diminished gut inflammatory protein levels, intestinal permeability and circulating microbial DNA levels. However, faecal microbiota transplant from juvenile male and females did not result in modulation of gut inflammatory features or permeability. Overall, these observations suggest that the early onset of intestinal inflammation, systemic autoantibody production and clinical stage disease in lupus-prone females is linked to higher gut permeability in them starting at as early as juvenile age. While the higher gut permeability in juvenile lupus-prone females is dependent on the presence of gut microbes, it appears to be independent of the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika R Gudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Gaudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Ball
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Zhang G, Yang F, Li J, Chen S, Kong Y, Mo C, Leng X, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wang Y. A quinazoline derivative suppresses B cell hyper-activation and ameliorates the severity of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159075. [PMID: 37256224 PMCID: PMC10225574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aberrant autoreactive B cell responses contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Currently, there is no safe and effective drug for intervention of SLE. Quinazoline derivative (N4-(4-phenoxyphenethyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine, QNZ) is a NF-κB inhibitor and has potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, it is unclear whether QNZ treatment can modulate B cell activation and SLE severity. Methods: Splenic CD19+ B cells were treated with QNZ (2, 10, or 50 nM) or paeoniflorin (200 μM, a positive control), and their activation and antigen presentation function-related molecule expression were examined by flow cytometry. MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice were randomized and treated intraperitoneally with vehicle alone, 0.2 mg/kg/d QNZ or 1 mg/kg/d FK-506 (tacrolimus, a positive control) for 8 weeks. Their body weights and clinical symptoms were measured and the frequency of different subsets of splenic and lymph node activated B cells were quantified by flow cytometry. The degrees of kidney inflammation and glycogen deposition were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and PAS staining. The levels of serum autoantibodies and renal IgG, complement C3 deposition were examined by ELISA and immunofluorescence. Results: QNZ treatment significantly inhibited the activation and antigen presentation-related molecule expression of B cells in vitro. Similarly, treatment with QNZ significantly mitigated the SLE activity by reducing the frequency of activated B cells and plasma cells in MRL/lpr mice. Conclusion: QNZ treatment ameliorated the severity of SLE in MRL/lpr mice, which may be associated with inhibiting B cell activation, and plasma cell formation. QNZ may be an excellent candidate for the treatment of SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhang Kong
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunfen Mo
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Leng
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yantang Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Afrashteh Nour M, Ghorbaninezhad F, Asadzadeh Z, Baghbanzadeh A, Hassanian H, Leone P, Jafarlou M, Alizadeh N, Racanelli V, Baradaran B. The emerging role of noncoding RNAs in systemic lupus erythematosus: new insights into the master regulators of disease pathogenesis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231153572. [PMID: 37035097 PMCID: PMC10074641 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Auto-immune diseases are a form of chronic disorders in which the immune system destroys the body's cells due to a loss of tolerance to self-antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), identified by the production of autoantibodies in different body parts, is one of the most well-known examples of these diseases. Although the etiology of SLE is unclear, the disease's progression may be affected by genetic and environmental factors. As studies in twins provide adequate evidence for genetic involvement in the SLE, other phenomena such as metallization, histone modifications, and alterations in the expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) also indicate the involvement of epigenetic factors in this disease. Among all the epigenetic alterations, ncRNAs appear to have the most crucial contribution to the pathogenesis of SLE. The ncRNAs' length and size are divided into three main classes: micro RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (LncRNA), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulations in these ncRNAs contributed to the pathogenesis of SLE. Hence, clarifying the function of these groups of ncRNAs in the pathophysiology of SLE provides a deeper understanding of the disease. It also opens up new opportunities to develop targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Afrashteh Nour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farid Ghorbaninezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Hassanian
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine,
University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rangel SC, da Silva MD, da Silva AL, dos Santos JDMB, Neves LM, Pedrosa A, Rodrigues FM, Trettel CDS, Furtado GE, de Barros MP, Bachi ALL, Romano CM, Nali LHDS. Human endogenous retroviruses and the inflammatory response: A vicious circle associated with health and illness. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057791. [PMID: 36518758 PMCID: PMC9744114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are derived from ancient exogenous retroviral infections that have infected our ancestors' germline cells, underwent endogenization process, and were passed throughout the generations by retrotransposition and hereditary transmission. HERVs comprise 8% of the human genome and are critical for several physiological activities. Yet, HERVs reactivation is involved in pathological process as cancer and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the multiple aspects of HERVs' role within the human genome, as well as virological and molecular aspects, and their fusogenic property. We also discuss possibilities of how the HERVs are possibly transactivated and participate in modulating the inflammatory response in health conditions. An update on their role in several autoimmune, inflammatory, and aging-related diseases is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Coelho Rangel
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Melo Neves
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Pedrosa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, (3004-504), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Caio dos Santos Trettel
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços – S. Martinho do Bispo, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Malta Romano
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP (LIM52), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dong Z, Zhang B, Rong J, Yang X, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Su Z. The aberrant expression of CD45 isoforms and levels of sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:1087-1093. [PMID: 35064423 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease with significant gender bias in women, and sex hormones are considered to play an important role in the regulation of immune activity. The CD45 isoforms generated through alternative splicing of mRNA identify different functional status of lymphocytes and also are suggested as a biomarker for assessing the progression of SLE, while the modulation of CD45 expression in SLE patients is not clear. METHODS In this study, the peripheral blood sera of 46 SLE patients and 15 health individuals were collected for detecting the levels of sex hormones and immune associated factors. The expression of CD45 isoforms and the status of CD45 DNA methylation of the peripheral mononuclear blood cells were detected by flow cytometry and bisulfite sequencing PCR, respectively. RESULTS The levels of complement C3 and IgA decreased, especially decline of the serum IgA to the level of selective immunoglobulin A deficiency, and the C-reactive protein increased in SLE patients when compared with healthy controls, which manifested the abnormal immune activity of the SLE patients. Sex hormones detection showed a decreased testosterone and increased prolactin in SLE. An accelerated expression of CD45RO, reduced CD45RA and CD45RB, and a relative hypermethylation of CD45 DNA in SLE were also identified that provided a clue to explain the possible regulatory mechanism for the immune function in SLE. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the aberrant CD45 isoforms, DNA methylation and hormone levels might be correlated with the imbalanced immune activity of SLE patients. Key Points • Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency was significantly higher in SLE than in healthy individuals. • SLE patients had decreased testosterone and increased prolactin in the sera. • An aberrant expression of CD45 isoforms and CD45 DNA methylation were identified in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Dong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ju Rong
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinran Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongni Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiaoxin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongjing Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Recurrent lupus nephritis in renal allograft triggered by pregnancy. CEN Case Rep 2021; 11:237-241. [PMID: 34762263 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-021-00659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the case of a 37-year-old woman with recurrence of lupus nephritis (LN) in a renal allograft during pregnancy. She had developed end-stage renal disease due to LN and was put on hemodialysis at the age of 26 years. She underwent kidney transplantation at the age 28 years. Maintenance immunosuppressants included methylprednisolone, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil, which were changed to azathioprine when she desired pregnancy. The renal allograft function remained stable and seemingly disease-free until proteinuria and functional decline occurred during the pregnancy (age: 34 years). The baby was delivered by performing a cesarean section at 33 weeks of gestation. Renal allograft biopsy revealed crescent formation. Light microscopy revealed tuft necrosis and endocapillary proliferation. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the deposition of immunoglobulin G and C1q. A recurrence of LN (ISN/RPS class IV-G [A/C]) was diagnosed, and the patient was treated with pulse steroid therapy and azathioprine was replaced with mycophenolate mofetil. This treatment improved acute or active lesions of LN and temporarily benefited the renal allograft function. Unfortunately, there were irreversible chronic changes and a gradual decline in the renal allograft function.
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Robinson S, Thomas R. Potential for Antigen-Specific Tolerizing Immunotherapy in Systematic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654701. [PMID: 34335564 PMCID: PMC8322693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic complex systemic autoimmune disease characterized by multiple autoantibodies and clinical manifestations, with the potential to affect nearly every organ. SLE treatments, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, have greatly increased survival rates, but there is no curative therapy and SLE management is limited by drug complications and toxicities. There is an obvious clinical need for safe, effective SLE treatments. A promising treatment avenue is to restore immunological tolerance to reduce inflammatory clinical manifestations of SLE. Indeed, recent clinical trials of low-dose IL-2 supplementation in SLE patients showed that in vivo expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is associated with dramatic but transient improvement in SLE disease markers and clinical manifestations. However, the Treg cells that expanded were short-lived and unstable. Alternatively, antigen-specific tolerance (ASIT) approaches that establish long-lived immunological tolerance could be deployed in the context of SLE. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits and challenges of nanoparticle ASIT approaches to induce prolonged immunological tolerance in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Robinson
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Fan YH, Leong PY, Chiou JY, Wang YH, Ku MH, Wei JCC. Association between endometriosis and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:532. [PMID: 33436777 PMCID: PMC7803765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the association between endometriosis and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), this nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study was conducted based on National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Endometriosis (N = 16,758) and non-endometriosis (N = 16,758) groups were identified by matching baseline characteristics and comorbidities. Student's t-tests and the Kaplan-Meier estimator were utilized to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and cumulative probability of SLE in the two groups. The endometriosis group showed a significantly higher incidence density rate (0.3 vs. 0.1 per 1000 person-years) and hazard ratio in SLE group (adjusted HR [aHR], 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-4.14) compared to the non-endometriosis group. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with endometriosis between 30 and 45 years of age, or were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users, or were hormonal medications-free participants, had higher risks of SLE. For patients with endometriosis, surgical intervention did not significantly impact on the risk of SLE. Our results demonstrated an increased risk of SLE in patients with endometriosis. Clinicians should be aware of this association when managing patients with endometriosis or SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsi Fan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pui-Ying Leong
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Chiou
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Ku
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
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10
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Ma HY, Chen S, Du Y. Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2021; 43:619-642. [PMID: 33784950 PMCID: PMC8018493 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2021.1901739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are posing great threats to global health within this century. Studies have suggested that estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) play important roles in many physiological processes in the kidney. For instance, they are crucial in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and modulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) system in the kidney. Estrogen takes part in the kidney repair and regeneration via its receptors. Estrogen also participates in the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis via its receptors in the proximal tubule. The ERα polymorphisms have been associated with the susceptibilities and outcomes of several renal diseases. As a consequence, the altered or dysregulated estrogen/ERs signaling pathways may contribute to a variety of kidney diseases, including various causes-induced AKI, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), lupus nephritis (LN), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), CKD complications, etc. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that targeting estrogen/ERs signaling pathways might have protective effects against certain renal disorders. However, many unsolved problems still exist in knowledge regarding the roles of estrogen and ERs in distinct kidney diseases. Further research is needed to shed light on this area and to enable the discovery of pathway-specific therapies for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Balkrishna A, Thakur P, Singh S, Chandra Dev SN, Varshney A. Mechanistic Paradigms of Natural Plant Metabolites as Remedial Candidates for Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus. Cells 2020; 9:E1049. [PMID: 32331431 PMCID: PMC7226400 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder involving a dysregulated immune response which ultimately leads to multiple organ failure. Several immunological and cellular checkpoints are available as drug targets. However, the available chemosynthetic drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids provide limited therapy with extreme toxicities. Moreover, the disease heterogeneity in SLE is very difficult to manage by a single drug component. Hence, it is imperative to utilize the holistic capabilities of natural plant products as immunomodulators and intracellular signaling regulators, thereby providing an auxiliary option of treatment. Additionally, the herbal drugs also serve as symptomatic relief providers, thereby serving as a prophylactic remedy in case of cerebrovascular, hepatic, nephropathological, hematological, cardiopulmonary, mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE. The present review attempts to showcase the current state of knowledge regarding the utility of plant-derived phyto-metabolites with their probable mechanistic roles in treating SLE, by means of targeting the signaling cascade, proinflammatory cytokine production and B-T cell co-stimulation. It is hoped that further preclinical and clinical studies will be embarked upon in order to understand the underlying therapeutic and mechanistic aspects of these medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249 405, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249 405, India
| | - Pallavi Thakur
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249 405, India
| | - Shivam Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249 405, India
| | - Swami Narsingh Chandra Dev
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249 405, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249 405, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249 405, India
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12
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Johnson BM, Gaudreau MC, Gudi R, Brown R, Gilkeson G, Vasu C. Gut microbiota differently contributes to intestinal immune phenotype and systemic autoimmune progression in female and male lupus-prone mice. J Autoimmun 2020; 108:102420. [PMID: 32019684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is about 9 times higher in women as compared to men. Our recent report, which used (SWRxNZB) F1 (SNF1) mouse model of spontaneous lupus, showed a potential link between immune response initiated in the gut mucosa at juvenile age (sex hormone independent) and SLE susceptibility. Here, using this mouse model, we show that gut microbiota contributes differently to pro-inflammatory immune response in the intestine and autoimmune progression in lupus-prone males and females. We found that gut microbiota composition in male and female littermates are significantly different only at adult ages. However, depletion of gut microbes causes suppression of autoimmune progression only in females. In agreement, microbiota depletion suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine response of gut mucosa in juvenile and adult females. Nevertheless, microbiota from females and males showed, upon cross-transfer, contrasting abilities to modulate disease progression. Furthermore, orchidectomy (castration) not only caused changes in the composition of gut microbiota, but also a modest acceleration of autoimmune progression. Overall, our work shows that microbiota-dependent pro-inflammatory immune response in the gut mucosa of females initiated at juvenile ages and androgen-dependent protection of males contribute to gender differences in the intestinal immune phenotype and systemic autoimmune progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Gaudreau
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Radhika Gudi
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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13
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Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Link between the Intestinal Microbiota and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194871. [PMID: 31575045 PMCID: PMC6801612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease featuring enhanced expression of type I interferon (IFN) and autoantibody production triggering inflammation of, and damage to, multiple organs. Continuing research efforts focus on how gut microbes trigger systemic autoimmunity and SLE. The gut microbial communities of mice and humans with lupus have been investigated via high-throughput sequencing. The Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio is consistently reduced in SLE patients, regardless of ethnicity. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus differs from the animal model used (MRL/lpr mice or NZB/W F1 mice). This may indicate that interactions between gut microbes and the host, rather than the enrichment of certain gut microbes, are especially significant in terms of SLE development. Enterococcus gallinarum and Lactobacillus reuteri, both of which are possible gut pathobionts, become translocated into systemic tissue if the gut epithelial barrier is impaired. The microbes then interact with the host immune systems, activating the type I IFN pathway and inducing autoantibody production. In addition, molecular mimicry may critically link the gut microbiome to SLE. Gut commensals of SLE patients share protein epitopes with the Ro60 autoantigen. Ruminococcus gnavus strain cross-reacted with native DNA, triggering an anti-double-stranded DNA antibody response. Expansion of R. gnavus in SLE patients paralleled an increase in disease activity and lupus nephritis. Such insights into the link between the gut microbiota and SLE enhance our understanding of SLE pathogenesis and will identify biomarkers predicting active disease.
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14
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Neutrophils life under estrogenic and xenoestrogenic control. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:203-211. [PMID: 30381249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 years ago, scientists had identified cells that represent the most abundant population of peripheral blood leukocytes; they called this population neutrophils. Day by day, the knowledge specific to neutrophils is augmented with new and often surprising aspects and facts about neutrophils' life or death. Estrogens (estrone, estriol, and estradiol) are relevant for the regulation of immune responses that are related with neutrophils. An understanding of the molecular mechanism of the action of endogenous hormones allows us to predict the effects of the substances that commonly occur in an environment with estrogen-like properties (xenoestrogens (e.g., bisphenol A, DDT, tributyltin, polychlorinated biphenyls, nonylphenol and octylphenol)). Therefore, we summarize current literature on the impact of estrogens and xenoestrogens, on each aspect of neutrophil life, as well as describe its mechanism of actions in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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15
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Poppens MJ, Cain JT, Johnson TB, White KA, Davis SS, Laufmann R, Kloth AD, Weimer JM. Tracking sex-dependent differences in a mouse model of CLN6-Batten disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 30665444 PMCID: PMC6341540 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-0994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CLN6-Batten disease is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized pathologically by the accumulation of lysosomal storage material, glial activation and neurodegeneration, and phenotypically by loss of vision, motor coordination, and cognitive ability, with premature death occurring in the second decade of life. In this study, we investigate whether sex differences in a mouse model of CLN6-Batten disease impact disease onset and progression. Results A number of noteworthy differences were observed including elevated accumulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit C in the thalamus and cortex of female Cln6 mutant mice at 2 months of age. Moreover, female mutant mice showed more severe behavioral deficits. Beginning at 9 months of age, female mice demonstrated learning and memory deficits and suffered a more severe decline in motor coordination. Further, compared to their male counterparts, female animals succumbed to the disease at a slightly younger age, indicating an accelerated disease progression. Conversely, males showed a marked increase in microglial activation at 6 months of age in the cortex relative to females. Conclusions Thus, as female Cln6 mutant mice exhibit cellular and behavioral deficits that precede similar pathologies in male mutant mice, our findings suggest the need for consideration of sex-based differences in CLN6 disease progression during development of preclinical and clinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-019-0994-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKayla J Poppens
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jacob T Cain
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Tyler B Johnson
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Katherine A White
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Samantha S Davis
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Rachel Laufmann
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Jill M Weimer
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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16
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Dai R, Edwards MR, Heid B, Ahmed SA. 17β-Estradiol and 17α-Ethinyl Estradiol Exhibit Immunologic and Epigenetic Regulatory Effects in NZB/WF1 Female Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:101-118. [PMID: 30418530 PMCID: PMC6305969 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic analog of natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), is extensively used in hormonal contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy, and it has also been found in sewage effluents. Given that E2 is a well-known immunomodulator, surprisingly there has been only limited information on the cellular and molecular immunologic consequences of exposure to EE. To address this fundamental gap, we directly compared the effects of EE with E2 on splenic leukocytes of New Zealand Black × New Zealand White F1 progeny (NZB/WF1) mice during the preautoimmune period. We found that EE and E2 have common, as well as distinctive, immunologic effects, with EE exposure resulting in more profound effects. Both EE and E2 increased numbers of splenic neutrophils, enhanced neutrophil serine proteases and myeloperoxidase expression, promoted the production of nitric oxide and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and altered adaptive immune T cell subsets. However, activation of splenic leukocytes through the T cell receptor or Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 revealed not only common (IL-10), but also hormone-specific alterations of cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, ΤΝFα, IL-2). Furthermore, in EE-exposed mice, TLR9 stimulation suppressed IFNα, in contrast to increased IFNα from E2-exposed mice. EE and E2 regulated common and hormone-specific expression of immune-related genes. Furthermore, EE exposure resulted in more marked alterations in miRNA expression levels than for E2. Only EE was able to reduce global DNA methylation significantly in splenic leukocytes. Taken together, our novel data revealed that EE and E2 exposure confers more similar effects in innate immune system-related cell development and responses, but has more differential regulatory effects in adaptive immune-related cell development and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Bettina Heid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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17
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Zhang N, Nandakumar KS. Recent advances in the development of vaccines for chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Vaccine 2018; 36:3208-3220. [PMID: 29706295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases leading to target tissue destruction and disability are not only causing increase in patients' suffering but also contribute to huge economic burden for the society. General increase in life expectancy and high prevalence of these diseases both in elderly and younger population emphasize the importance of developing safe and effective vaccines. In this review, at first the possible mechanisms and risk factors associated with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are discussed. Current advances in the development of vaccines for such autoimmune diseases, particularly those based on DNA, altered peptide ligands and peptide loaded MHC II complexes are discussed in detail. Finally, strategies for improving the efficacy of potential vaccines are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Edwards M, Dai R, Ahmed SA. Our Environment Shapes Us: The Importance of Environment and Sex Differences in Regulation of Autoantibody Production. Front Immunol 2018; 9:478. [PMID: 29662485 PMCID: PMC5890161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Consequential differences exist between the male and female immune systems’ ability to respond to pathogens, environmental insults or self-antigens, and subsequent effects on immunoregulation. In general, females when compared with their male counterparts, respond to pathogenic stimuli and vaccines more robustly, with heightened production of antibodies, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. While the precise reasons for sex differences in immune response to different stimuli are not yet well understood, females are more resistant to infectious diseases and much more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. Intrinsic (i.e., sex hormones, sex chromosomes, etc.) and extrinsic (microbiome composition, external triggers, and immune modulators) factors appear to impact the overall outcome of immune responses between sexes. Evidence suggests that interactions between environmental contaminants [e.g., endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)] and host leukocytes affect the ability of the immune system to mount a response to exogenous and endogenous insults, and/or return to normal activity following clearance of the threat. Inherently, males and females have differential immune response to external triggers. In this review, we describe how environmental chemicals, including EDCs, may have sex differential influence on the outcome of immune responses through alterations in epigenetic status (such as modulation of microRNA expression, gene methylation, or histone modification status), direct and indirect activation of the estrogen receptors to drive hormonal effects, and differential modulation of microbial sensing and composition of host microbiota. Taken together, an intriguing question develops as to how an individual’s environment directly and indirectly contributes to an altered immune response, dysregulation of autoantibody production, and influence autoimmune disease development. Few studies exist utilizing well-controlled cohorts of both sexes to explore the sex differences in response to EDC exposure and the effects on autoimmune disease development. Translational studies incorporating multiple environmental factors in animal models of autoimmune disease are necessary to determine the interrelationships that occur between potential etiopathological factors. The presence or absence of autoantibodies is not a reliable predictor of disease. Therefore, future studies should incorporate all the susceptibility/influencing factors, coupled with individual genomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, to develop a model that better predicts, diagnoses, and treats autoimmune diseases in a personalized-medicine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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19
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González L, Lira-Albarrán S, Méndez I, Díaz L, Larrea F. The role of the ovarian cycle and the effects of mitogen-induced cytokines on human prolactin gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Endocr Res 2018; 43:39-46. [PMID: 28972407 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2017.1374967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND little is known on the influences of normal menstrual cycle on prolactin gene expression in immune cells. AIM OF THE STUDY to determine the effects of the ovarian cycle on prolactin and its receptor expression. METHODS peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from twenty-six normal menstruating women at different intervals of their menstrual cycle. The PBMC were incubated during 24 h in the presence or absence of Concanavalin-A (Con-A) and the gene expression of PRL, PRLR and cytokines was evaluated by qPCR. Prolactin, IL-2 and cAMP were determined in each culture by specific immunoassays. RESULTS neither PRL nor its receptor expression in PBMC changed significantly among groups, including the cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, and IFNG) studied. Similar results, among groups, were obtained, when PRL expression was stimulated by PGE2 or 8-Br-cAMP. Concanavalin A-stimulated PBMC expressed significantly less prolactin and a significant negative correlation between secreted IL-2 and PRL expression was found. The presence of anti-IL-2 antibodies in Con-A stimulated-cultures significantly increased PRL expression when compared to control cells regardless the hormonal status. CONCLUSIONS these data suggest that the menstrual cycle does not significantly modulate or influence prolactin and cytokines gene expression in PBMC, and indicate that IL-2 may be involved in the Con-A regulation of PRL expression in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia González
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
- b Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Saúl Lira-Albarrán
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez
- c Instituto de Neurobiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Querétaro , Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
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20
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Kim Y, Shim SC. Wolves Trapped in the NETs–The Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2018.25.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Kim
- Division of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Veterans Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Tsokos GC, Lo MS, Costa Reis P, Sullivan KE. New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 12:716-730. [PMID: 27872476 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is multifactorial, and includes contributions from the environment, stochastic factors, and genetic susceptibility. Great gains have been made in understanding SLE through the use of genetic variant identification, mouse models, gene expression studies, and epigenetic analyses. Collectively, these studies support the concept that defective clearance of immune complexes and biological waste (such as apoptotic cells), neutrophil extracellular traps, nucleic acid sensing, lymphocyte signalling, and interferon production pathways are all central to loss of tolerance and tissue damage. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE is driving a renewed interest in targeted therapy, and researchers are now on the verge of developing targeted immunotherapy directed at treating either specific organ system involvement or specific subsets of patients with SLE. Accordingly, this Review places these insights within the context of our current understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE and highlights pathways that are ripe for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Mindy S Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Costa Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon University, Santa Maria Hospital, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Wang J, Shen H, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Cai L, Wang Z, Shi Q, Qiu Y. Characterization of a PRISTANE-induced lupus-associated model in the non-human primate cynomolgus monkey. J Med Primatol 2017; 47:18-28. [PMID: 28573661 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus is an autoimmune disease with complex syndrome. Rodent models have limitations for recapitulating the spectrum of the disease. A more powerful translational model is desirable. METHOD Lupus-associated model in cynomolgus monkeys was induced by two intraperitoneal injections of 2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylpentadecane (PRISTANE). Lupus-specific biomarkers and manifestations over a 246-day period were observed at multilevel. To visualize and quantify kidney function in real time, contrast-enhanced ultrasound was used. RESULTS The indicative biomarkers and manifestations fulfilled major diagnosis criteria according to the "Criteria of Lupus" of the American College of Rheumatology. Significant changes in time-intensity curve parameters were observed, indicating impaired renal function and the method as a feasible, non-invasive diagnostic method in primate model. CONCLUSIONS We successfully induced lupus-associated model with systemic lupus syndrome. This primate model can be a valuable translational model for further pathogenesis and symptomology studies and for exploring therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Central Laboratory, The First hospital of Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhua Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to report the frequency of autoimmune disorders and autoantibodies in 22 patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), as well as whether the seropositivity for autoantibodies differs between anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) positive and AQP4 negative NMO patients. METHODS Demographic, medical records, and a profile of autoantibodies were evaluated in 22 NMO patients, including AQP4, anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic, anti-cyclic citrullinate peptide, rheumatoid factor, anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La, anti-Smith antibodies (anti-Sm), anti-ribonucleoprotein, anti-nucleosome, and anti-Scl70. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxin were measured. RESULTS The frequency of women was higher than men (95.5% vs. 4.5%) and 68.2% were Afro-Brazilians. Six (27.3%) patients presented other autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis (n=2), Graves' disease (n=1), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n=1), systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis (n=1), and Raynaud's phenomenon (n=1). The most frequent autoantibodies were anti-AQP4 (54.5%), anti-nucleosome (31.8%), ANA (27.3%), anti-TPO (22.7%), and anti-Tg (22.7%). Difference was not observed in the frequency of autoimmune disorders when the patients were compared according to their anti-AQP4 status. CONCLUSION The results of the present study underscored that the NMO patients present high frequency of autoantibodies against cellular antigens and the presence of autoimmune disorders. Further studies with large number of NMO patients may contribute to advances in the understanding of NMO disease mechanisms.
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Lourenço B, Kozu KT, Leal GN, Silva MF, Fernandes EG, França CM, Souza FH, Silva CA. Contracepção para adolescentes com doenças reumáticas crônicas. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Jara EL, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Hormonal Modulation of Dendritic Cells Differentiation, Maturation and Function: Implications for the Initiation and Progress of Systemic Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:123-136. [PMID: 27585815 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal homeostasis is crucial for keeping a competent and healthy immune function. Several hormones can modulate the function of various immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) by influencing the initiation of the immune response and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. Hormones, such as estrogens, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids may profoundly affect DCs differentiation, maturation and function leading to either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory (or tolerogenic) phenotype. If not properly regulated, these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. An unbalanced hormonal status may affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of activating/inhibitory receptors and co-stimulatory molecules on conventional and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conferring susceptibility to develop autoimmunity. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α signaling in conventional DCs can promote IFN-α and IL-6 production and induce the expression of CD40, CD86 and MHCII molecules. Furthermore, estrogen modulates the pDCs response to Toll-like receptor ligands enhancing T cell priming. During lupus pathogenesis, ER-α deficiency decreased the expression of MHC II on pDCs from the spleen. In contrast, estradiol administration to lupus-prone female mice increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, enhanced the immunogenicity and produced large amounts of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α by bone marrow-derived DCs. These data suggest that estradiol/ER signaling may play an active role during lupus pathology. Similarly, understanding hormonal modulation of DCs may favor the design of new therapeutic strategies based on autologous tolerogenic DCs transfer, especially in sex-biased systemic autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss recent data relative to the role of different hormones (estrogen, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids) in DC function during systemic autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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Lourenço B, Kozu KT, Leal GN, Silva MF, Fernandes EGC, França CMP, Souza FHC, Silva CA. Contraception for adolescents with chronic rheumatic diseases. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 57:73-81. [PMID: 28137405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraception is an important issue and should be a matter of concern in every medical visit of adolescent and young patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. This narrative review discusses contraception methods in adolescents with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). Barrier methods are safe and their use should be encouraged for all adolescents with chronic rheumatic diseases. Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are strictly prohibited for JSLE and APS patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies. Reversible long-acting contraception can be encouraged and offered routinely to the JSLE adolescent patient and other rheumatic diseases. Progestin-only pills are safe in the majority of rheumatic diseases, although the main concern related to its use by adolescents is poor adherence due to menstrual irregularity. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections every three months is a highly effective contraception strategy, although its long-term use is associated with decreased bone mineral density. COC or other combined hormonal contraceptive may be options for JIA and JDM patients. Oral levonorgestrel should be considered as an emergency contraception method for all adolescents with chronic rheumatic diseases, including patients with contraindication to COC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Lourenço
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade do Adolescente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Katia T Kozu
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Leal
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Radiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco F Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth G C Fernandes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila M P França
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando H C Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Divisão de Reumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clovis A Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade do Adolescente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Divisão de Reumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Crampton SP, Morawski PA, Bolland S. Linking susceptibility genes and pathogenesis mechanisms using mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:1033-46. [PMID: 25147296 PMCID: PMC4142724 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) represents a challenging autoimmune disease from a clinical perspective because of its varied forms of presentation. Although broad-spectrum steroids remain the standard treatment for SLE, they have many side effects and only provide temporary relief from the symptoms of the disease. Thus, gaining a deeper understanding of the genetic traits and biological pathways that confer susceptibility to SLE will help in the design of more targeted and effective therapeutics. Both human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and investigations using a variety of mouse models of SLE have been valuable for the identification of the genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis. In this Review, we link human susceptibility genes for SLE with biological pathways characterized in mouse models of lupus, and discuss how the mechanistic insights gained could advance drug discovery for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve P Crampton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Peter A Morawski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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28
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Gaudreau MC, Johnson BM, Gudi R, Al-Gadban MM, Vasu C. Gender bias in lupus: does immune response initiated in the gut mucosa have a role? Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:393-407. [PMID: 25603723 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is approximately nine times higher among women compared to men. However, very little is understood concerning the underlying mechanisms that contribute to this gender bias. Further, whether there is a link between immune response initiated in the gut mucosa, the progression of SLE and the associated gender bias has never been investigated. In this report, we show a potential link between the immune response of the gut mucosa and SLE and the gender bias of lupus for the first time, to our knowledge. Both plasma cell- and gut-imprinted- α4β7 T cell frequencies were significantly higher in the spleen and gut mucosa of female (SWR × NZB)F1 (SNF1 ) mice compared to that of their male counterparts. Importantly, female SNF1 mice not only showed profoundly higher CD45(+) immune cell densities, but also carried large numbers of interleukin (IL)-17-, IL-22- and IL-9-producing cells in the lamina propria (LP) compared to their male counterparts. Intestinal mucosa of female SNF1 mice expressed higher levels of a large array of proinflammatory molecules, including type 1 interferons and Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR-7 and TLR-8), even before puberty. Our work, therefore, indicates that the gut immune system may play a role in the initiation and progression of disease in SLE and the associated gender bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Gaudreau
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - B M Johnson
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Gudi
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M M Al-Gadban
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C Vasu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, Bode L, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J 2014; 11:161. [PMID: 25186971 PMCID: PMC4167498 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus (BDV) is an evolutionary old RNA virus, which infects brain and blood cells of humans, their primate ancestors, and other mammals. Human infection has been correlated to mood disorders and schizophrenia, but the impact of BDV on mental-health still remains controversial due to poor methodological and cross-national comparability. Method This first report from the Middle East aimed to determine BDV infection prevalence in Iranian acute psychiatric disorder patients and healthy controls through circulating immune complexes (CIC), antibodies (Ab) and antigen (pAg) in blood plasma using a standardized triple enzyme immune assay (EIA). Samples of 314 subjects (114 psychiatric cases, 69 blood donors, and 131 healthy controls) were assayed and data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results CICs revealed a BDV prevalence of one third (29.5%) in healthy Iranian controls (27.5% controls; 33.3% blood donors). In psychiatric patients CIC prevalence was higher than in controls (40.4%) and significantly correlating with bipolar patients exhibiting overt clinical symptoms (p = 0.005, OR = 1.65). CIC values were significantly elevated in bipolar (p = 0.001) and major depressive disorder (p = 0.029) patients as compared to controls, and in females compared to males (p = 0.031). Conclusion This study supports a similarly high prevalence of subclinical human BDV infections in Iran as reported for central Europe, and provides again an indication for the correlation of BDV infection and mood disorders. Further studies should address the morbidity risk for healthy carriers and those with elevated CIC levels, along with gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Correale J, Farez MF, Ysrraelit MC. Role of prolactin in B cell regulation in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 269:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nakhjavani M, Morteza A, Nargesi AA, Mostafavi E, Esteghamati A. Appearance of leptin-HSP70 correlation, in type 2 diabetes. Meta Gene 2013; 1:1-7. [PMID: 25606369 PMCID: PMC4205039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown conflicting results regarding heat shock protein (HSP) and leptin correlation. More importantly both HSP70 and leptin are correlated with C reactive proteins. The purpose of the present study was to study the correlation between serum HSP70 and leptin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes stratified according to gender. We performed a cross sectional study on the established groups of patients with type 2 diabetes defined as 1: patients with long standing diabetes for more than 3 years; and 2: patients with newly diagnosed diabetes within recent 6 months who were not on any glucose lowering treatment other than by dietary means alone and 3: healthy controls. Patients with long standing diabetes had higher HSP70, HbA1c and triglyceride than controls. Serum leptin levels were significantly lower in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. Women with type 2 diabetes had higher leptin levels compared to men, both before and after treatment. We showed a positive correlation between leptin and HSP70 levels in women with type 2 diabetes. The correlation was strongest in women with newly diagnosed diabetes (r = 0.59) and was attenuated in women who were on treatment (r = 0.3). The significance of this correlation was only observed in women with type 2 diabetes. There was no correlation between leptin and HSP70 in men. The positive correlation between leptin and HSP is observed in chronic inflammation such as type 2 diabetes. It could be hypothesized that the observed correlation between serum HSP70 and leptin implies a higher state of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author at: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: + 98 21 8841791; fax: + 98 21 64432466.
| | - Afsaneh Morteza
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Aghajani Nargesi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of pathology, Mirza Kuchikkhan Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in a B cell differentiation stage-specific fashion and is essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). CSR and SHM play a central role in the maturation of antibody and autoantibody responses. AID displays a mutagenic activity by catalyzing targeted deamination of deoxycytidine (dC) residues in DNA resulting in dU:dG mismatches, which are processed into point-mutations in SHM or double-strand breaks (DSBs) in CSR. Although AID specifically targets the Ig gene loci (IgH, Igκ and Igλ), it can also home into a wide array of non-Ig genes in B-and non-B-cell backgrounds. Aberrant expression of AID is associated with multiple diseases such as allergy, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. In autoimmune systemic lupus erythematosus, dysregulated AID expression underpins increased CSR, SHM and autoantibody production. As a potent mutator, AID is under stringent transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation. AID is also regulated in its targeting and enzymatic function. In resting naïve or memory B cells, AID transcripts and protein are undetectable. These, however, are readily and significantly up-regulated in B cells induced to undergo CSR and/or SHM. Transcription factors, such as HoxC4 and NF-κB, which are up-regulated in a B cell lineage-and/or differentiation stage-specific manner, regulate the induction of AID. HoxC4 induces AID expression by directly binding to the AID gene promoter through an evolutionarily conserved 5'-ATTT-3' motif. HoxC4 is induced by the same stimuli that induce AID and CSR. It is further up-regulated by estrogen through three estrogen responsive elements in its promoter region. The targeting of AID to switch (S) regions is mediated by 14-3-3 adaptor proteins, which specifically bind to 5'-AGCT-3' repeats that are exist at high frequency in S region cores. Like HoxC4, 14-3-3 adaptors are induced by the same stimuli that induce AID. These include "primary" inducing stimuli, that is, those that play a major role in inducing AID, i.e., engagement of CD40 by CD154, engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and cross-linking of the BCR, as synergized by "secondary" inducing stimuli, that is, those that synergize for AID induction and specify CSR to different isotypes, i.e., switch-directing cytokines IL-4, TGF-β or IFN-γ. In this review, we focus on the multi-levels regulation of AID expression and activity. We also discuss the dysregulation or misexpression of AID in autoimmunity and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zan
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA.
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Nguyen TG, Ward CM, Morris JM. To B or not to B cells-mediate a healthy start to life. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:124-34. [PMID: 23286939 PMCID: PMC3573283 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune responses during pregnancy are critical in programming the future health of a newborn. The maternal immune system is required to accommodate fetal immune tolerance as well as to provide a protective defence against infections for the immunocompromised mother and her baby during gestation and lactation. Natural immunity and antibody production by maternal B cells play a significant role in providing such immunoprotection. However, aberrations in the B cell compartment as a consequence of maternal autoimmunity can pose serious risks to both the mother and her baby. Despite their potential implication in shaping pregnancy outcomes, the role of B cells in human pregnancy has been poorly studied. This review focuses on the role of B cells and the implications of B cell depletion therapy in pregnancy. It highlights the evidence of an association between aberrant B cell compartment and obstetric conditions. It also alludes to the potential mechanisms that amplify these B cell aberrances and thereby contribute to exacerbation of some maternal autoimmune conditions and poor neonatal outcomes. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests strongly that maternal autoantibodies contribute directly to the pathologies of obstetric and neonatal conditions that have significant implications for the lifelong health of a newborn. The evidence for clinical benefit and safety of B cell depletion therapies in pregnancy is reviewed, and an argument is mounted for further clinical evaluation of B cell-targeted therapies in high-risk pregnancy, with an emphasis on improving neonatal outcomes and prevention of neonatal conditions such as congenital heart block and fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Nguyen
- Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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The phenotype of hormone-related allergic and autoimmune diseases in the skin: annular lesions that lateralize. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2012:604854. [PMID: 23316250 PMCID: PMC3534378 DOI: 10.1155/2012/604854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Sexual dimorphism with an increased prevalence in women has long been observed in various autoimmune, allergic, and skin diseases. Recent research has attempted to correlate this female predilection to physiologic changes seen in the menstrual cycle in order to more effectively diagnose and treat these diseases. Cases. We present five cases of cutaneous diseases in women with annular morphology and distributive features that favor one side over the other. In all cases, skin disease improved with ovarian suppression. Conclusion. Sexual dimorphism in the innate and adaptive immune systems has long been observed, with females demonstrating a more vigorous immune response compared to males. Female sex hormones promote T and B lymphocyte autoreactivity and favor the humoral arm of adaptive immunity. In addition to ovarian steroidogenesis and immunity, intricate pathways coexist in order to engage a single oocyte in each cycle, while simultaneously sustaining the ovarian reserve. Vigorous proinflammatory, vasoactive, and pigment-related cytokines emerge during the demise of the corpus luteum, influencing peripherical sex hormone metabolism of the level of the macrophage and fibroblast. We propose that annular and lateralizing lesions are important manifestations of hormone-related inflammation and recognition of this linkage can lead to improved immune and reproductive health.
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Xu Y, Fan H, Li X, Sun L, Hou Y. 17β-Estradiol enhances response of mice spleen B cells elicited by TLR9 agonist. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:125-35. [PMID: 22960279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against nucleic acid-associated antigens. B cells play cardinal roles in SLE. Many evidences have proved estrogen contribute to the gender bias in SLE and 17β-estradiol (E2) could accelerate the disease by regulating B cells. On the other hand, B cells express TLR9 which recognized dsDNA and played a critical role in SLE. However, the crosstalk between estrogen and TLR9 in B cells remains unknown. So we investigated the E2 effect in the presence of the TLR9 ligand CpG on mice spleen B cells. We found that the up-regulation of cell viability, life-span, co-stimulation molecules (CD40, CD86) expression, IgM secretion, TLR9 and MCM6 expression were more significant than CpG ODN or E2 stimulated alone. It may provide a new way to investigate the mechanism of how E2 modulate the B cells function in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xu
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab, Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Nicole JA, Iván GA. Inmunopatogenia de las enfermedades autoinmunes. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(12)70337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Satoh M, Chan EKL, Ho LA, Rose KM, Parks CG, Cohn RD, Jusko TA, Walker NJ, Germolec DR, Whitt IZ, Crockett PW, Pauley BA, Chan JY, Ross SJ, Birnbaum LS, Zeldin DC, Miller FW. Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of antinuclear antibodies in the United States. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2012; 64:2319-27. [PMID: 22237992 PMCID: PMC3330150 DOI: 10.1002/art.34380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence, types, and sociodemographic and biobehavioral correlates of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in the US. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 4,754 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. ANAs were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. In ANA-positive individuals, cellular staining patterns were determined, and specific autoantibody reactivities were assessed by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The ANA prevalence in the US population of individuals ages 12 years and older was 13.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 12.2-15.5%). ANA prevalence increased with age (P=0.01), and ANAs were more prevalent among females than males (17.8% versus 9.6%; P<0.001), with the female-to-male ratio peaking at 40-49 years of age. ANA prevalence was modestly higher in African Americans compared with whites (age-adjusted prevalence odds ratio [POR] 1.30, 95% CI 1.00-1.70). Remarkably, ANAs were less common in overweight and obese individuals (age-adjusted POR 0.74) than in persons of normal weight. No significant associations of ANA with education, family income, alcohol use, smoking history, serum levels of cotinine, or C-reactive protein were observed. In ANA-positive individuals, nuclear patterns were seen in 84.6%, cytoplasmic patterns were seen in 21.8%, and nucleolar patterns were seen in 6.1%; the most common specific autoantibodies were anti-Ro (3.9%) and anti-Su (2.4%). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that more than 32 million persons in the US have ANAs, and that the prevalence is higher among females, older individuals, African Americans, and those with a normal body weight. These data will serve as a useful baseline for future investigations of predictors and changes in ANA prevalence over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Satoh
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Edward K. L. Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | | | - Christine G. Parks
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Todd A. Jusko
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dori R. Germolec
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Irene Z. Whitt
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Brad A. Pauley
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jason Y.F. Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Steven J. Ross
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Frederick W. Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, HHS, Bethesda, Maryland
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38
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Cialone J, Adams H, Augustine EF, Marshall FJ, Kwon JM, Newhouse N, Vierhile A, Levy E, Dure LS, Rose KR, Ramirez-Montealegre D, de Blieck EA, Mink JW. Females experience a more severe disease course in Batten disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:549-55. [PMID: 22167274 PMCID: PMC3320704 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL; CLN3 disease; Batten disease) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease of childhood. Symptoms typically present at school age with vision loss followed by progressive cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, seizures, and behavior problems. Studies on sex differences in JNCL have yielded mixed results, but parent anecdotes suggest that females experience a more precipitous disease course. Therefore, we sought to determine if sex-based differences exist in JNCL. We used data from the Unified Batten Disease Rating Scale (UBDRS), the Batten Disease Support and Research Association (BDSRA) database, and the PedsQL quality of life (QoL) survey to evaluate sex-based differences in functional independence and time from symptom onset to death. On average, females had JNCL symptom onset one year later and death one year earlier than did males. Despite a later age at onset, females had lower functional capability, earlier loss of independent function, and lower physical QoL. Future research in sex differences in JNCL may help to further understand the biological mechanisms underpinning the disease course and may point to targeted therapies.
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Shimp SK, Chafin CB, Regna NL, Hammond SE, Read MA, Caudell DL, Rylander M, Reilly CM. Heat shock protein 90 inhibition by 17-DMAG lessens disease in the MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:255-66. [PMID: 22543833 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has been found in kidneys and serum of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr)/Fas(lpr) (MRL/lpr) autoimmune mice. We investigated if inhibition of HSP90 would reduce disease in MRL/lpr mice. In vitro, pretreatment of mesangial cells with HSP90 inhibitor Geldanamycin prior to immune-stimulation showed reduced expression of IL-6, IL-12 and NO. In vivo, we found HSP90 expression was elevated in MRL/lpr kidneys when compared to C57BL/6 mice and MRL/lpr mice treated with HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG. MRL/lpr mice treated with 17-DMAG showed decreased proteinuria and reduced serum anti-dsDNA antibody production. Glomerulonephritis and glomerular IgG and C3 were not significantly affected by administration of 17-DMAG in MRL/lpr. 17-DMAG increased CD8(+) T cells, reduced double-negative T cells, decreased the CD4/CD8 ratio and reduced follicular B cells. These studies suggest that HSP90 may play a role in regulating T-cell differentiation and activation and that HSP90 inhibition may reduce inflammation in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Shimp
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 21061, USA.
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40
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Abdullah M, Chai PS, Chong MY, Tohit ERM, Ramasamy R, Pei CP, Vidyadaran S. Gender effect on in vitro lymphocyte subset levels of healthy individuals. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:214-9. [PMID: 22078320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Differences in gender immune response have resulted in differences in immune protection and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. Cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are widely used in immunomodulation studies, yet the influence of gender is usually not considered. We examined the effect of in vitro culture and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation on PBMC lymphocyte subsets using flowcytometry. Full blood counts of whole blood showed higher levels of lymphocyte in male subjects. Lymphocyte subsets enumeration revealed higher NK cell counts in males and higher B cells in females. Cultured PBMC resulted in significant increases in B and total T cell percentages among females and NK cells among males. PHA stimulated significantly increased percentages of NK and total T cells in males and total activated T cells (CD69+) in females. Our results showed significant gender differences in lymphocyte subsets in cultured conditions. This may affect experimental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdullah
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
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41
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Enghard P, Grussie E, Rieder C, Burmester GR, Riemekasten G. Subset size, activation threshold and distribution of autoreactive MZ and FO B cells do not differ in a sex-specific manner in the NZB/W F1 murine lupus model: an experimental mouse study. Lupus 2011; 20:1240-9. [PMID: 21844114 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311409611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) shows a strong sex bias, preferentially affecting females, and B cells are thought to play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Here, we compared the splenic B-cell compartments, their autoreactivity and activation threshold of female and male NZB/W F1, a murine lupus model reflecting the sex bias observed in patients with SLE. METHODS Autoantibody levels and the amount of autoantibody secreting cells were determined using ELISA and ELISPOT. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were applied to analyse the composition of the splenic B-cell pool. Purified follicular (FO) and marginal zone (MZ) B cells were stimulated and the frequency of autoreactive cells was determined. Finally, the proliferative response of FO and MZ B cells upon stimulation was assessed using CFSE dilution and [(3)H]-Thymidin incorporation. RESULTS Higher autoantibody titres were detected in female NZB/W F1 mice, which were mainly produced in the spleen. Analysing the composition of the splenic B-cell subsets, no differences were found prior to disease development. Autoreactive dsDNA-specific B cells were mostly found in the MZ compartment, while SmD1((83-119))-reactive cells were more evenly distributed. Equal frequencies of autoreactive B cells were found in female and malemice, and no difference in the response to polyclonal stimuli of the cells of both sexes was detected. CONCLUSIONS No differences in the composition or functionality of splenic B cells were observed that account for the different disease course in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Enghard
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Nakhjavani M, Morteza A, Meysamie A, Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Esfahanian F, Khajeali L, Feiz F. Serum heat shock protein 70 and oxidized LDL in patients with type 2 diabetes: does sex matter? Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:195-201. [PMID: 20872261 PMCID: PMC3059792 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that the response to various stressors differs between the sexes. We aimed to study serum HSP70 and levels of oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL) as markers of oxidative stress in men and women with type 2 diabetes. We quantified serum HSP70 and levels of ox-LDL in three cohorts; patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, patients with long-standing diabetes and normal controls. The cohort of patients with newly diagnosed diabetes was followed up for 3 months under glucose-lowering therapy with metformin. Our findings showed that serum HSP70 level was increased in women with long-standing diabetes in comparison with men. HSP70 did not decrease after glucose lowering therapy in women with newly diagnosed diabetes, but it did decrease in men. There was no significant difference on ox-LDL between men and women in any of the studied cohorts. It decreased significantly in the cohort of patients with newly diagnosed diabetes after treatment, regardless of sex. There was no significant correlation between HSP70 and ox-LDL in any of the studied cohorts except among normal women. We suggest that diabetes induces an immune response and impairs cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress more commonly in women with type 2 diabetes than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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43
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Chen W, Mempel M, Traidl-Hofmann C, Al Khusaei S, Ring J. Gender aspects in skin diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 24:1378-85. [PMID: 20384686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gender differences in medicine have been recognized in anatomy, physiology, as well as in epidemiology and manifestations of various diseases. With respect to skin disorders, males are generally more commonly afflicted with infectious diseases while women are more susceptible to psychosomatic problems, pigmentary disorders, certain hair diseases, and particularly autoimmune as well as allergic diseases. Significantly, more female sex-associated dermatoses can be identified than the male sex-associated dermatoses. Dermatoses in the genital area differ between men and women. Gender differences also exist in the occurrence and prognosis of certain skin malignancies. The mechanisms underlying gender differences in skin diseases remain largely unknown. Differences in the skin structure and physiology, effect of sex hormones, ethnic background, sociocultural behaviour and environmental factors may interact to exert the influences. A better understanding of gender differences in human health and diseases will allow the development of novel concepts for prevention, diagnosis and therapy of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen/TUM, ZAUM-Center for Allergy and Environment, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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44
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Svajger U, Jeras M. Optimal dendritic cell differentiation in rpmi media requires the absence of HEPES buffer. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:413-26. [PMID: 21314286 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.556172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) are considered an indispensible and one of primary tools for in vitro DC-based studies. For majority of in vitro DC-based studies the medium of choice is supplemented RPMI, with certain variable ingredients such as HEPES buffer or Phenol Red (PHR). In effort to identify potential obstruction of DC differentiation process due to presence of mentioned additives, we differentiated DCs using RPMI either with or without HEPES or PHR. Although PHR caused a certain down-regulation of immature DCs (iDCs) differentiation markers and lower expression of co-stimulatory molecules on mature DCs, these changes were not significant. In contrast, use of RPMI also containing HEPES resulted in significantly lower CD1a and DC-SIGN expression on iDCs and extensively lowered co-stimulatory molecule expression after DC activation (HEPES-DCs). Furthermore, DCs differentiated in HEPES-free RPMI possessed more genuine immature/mature DC characteristics in context of Th1 polarization. Additionally, during classical differentiation procedure, fewer DCs remained adherent and possessed better overall morphology in HEPES-free medium. In summary our study clarifies a seemingly minor, but a very important issue, that will most likely facilitate lab work for many scientists dealing with monocyte-derived DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Svajger
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Slajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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45
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Nicklin A, Byard RW. Lethal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in a forensic context. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:423-8. [PMID: 21306376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder that affects multiple organs. While the clinical manifestations may vary in intensity over time and be associated with chronic disease, occasional cases occur where sudden and unexpected death has occurred. Cardiovascular disease is common, with accelerated atherosclerosis, intravascular thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, and hypertensive cardiomegaly. Vasculitis with superimposed thrombosis may result in critical reduction in blood to vital organs, such as the heart and brain with infarction. Mesenteric ischemia may be caused by vasculitis, thrombosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis and may result in lethal intestinal infarction. Other diverse causes of sudden death include myocarditis, epilepsy, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, and sepsis. The autopsy evaluation of such cases requires careful examination of all organs with extensive histological sampling to include blood vessels, and microbiological sampling for bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nicklin
- Discipline of Pathology & Forensic Science SA, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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46
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Mai T, Zan H, Zhang J, Hawkins JS, Xu Z, Casali P. Estrogen receptors bind to and activate the HOXC4/HoxC4 promoter to potentiate HoxC4-mediated activation-induced cytosine deaminase induction, immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination, and somatic hypermutation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37797-810. [PMID: 20855884 PMCID: PMC2988384 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.169086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen enhances antibody and autoantibody responses through yet to be defined mechanisms. It has been suggested that estrogen up-regulates the expression of activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID), which is critical for antibody class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), through direct activation of this gene. AID, as we have shown, is induced by the HoxC4 homeodomain transcription factor, which binds to a conserved HoxC4/Oct site in the AICDA/Aicda promoter. Here we show that estrogen-estrogen receptor (ER) complexes do not directly activate the AID gene promoter in B cells undergoing CSR. Rather, they bind to three evolutionarily conserved and cooperative estrogen response elements (EREs) we identified in the HOXC4/HoxC4 promoter. By binding to these EREs, ERs synergized with CD154 or LPS and IL-4 signaling to up-regulate HoxC4 expression, thereby inducing AID and CSR without affecting B cell proliferation or plasmacytoid differentiation. Estrogen administration in vivo significantly potentiated CSR and SHM in the specific antibody response to the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated with chicken γ-globulin. Ablation of HoxC4 (HoxC4(-/-)) abrogated the estrogen-mediated enhancement of AID gene expression and decreased CSR and SHM. Thus, estrogen enhances AID expression by activating the HOXC4/HoxC4 promoter and inducing the critical AID gene activator, HoxC4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Zan
- From the Institute for Immunology
| | | | - J. Seth Hawkins
- From the Institute for Immunology
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
| | | | - Paolo Casali
- From the Institute for Immunology
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4120
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47
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Fortes C. Lupus erythematosus. Are residential insecticides exposure the missing link? Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:590-3. [PMID: 20719436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains to be fully elucidated, it is now apparent that multiple genetic and environmental factors are at play. Because lupus has a strong female preponderance, several studies have examined the role of female hormones in disease etiology. Yet this knowledge has not helped to explain lupus etiology or to prevent it. Estrogens exist not only as natural or drug compounds, but also as environmental chemical contaminant and women are highly exposed to all of them. Estrogenic activity has been found in a number of pesticides including pyrethroids that are largely used in the household. Although there is only a small amount of published data examining a possible causal relationship between lupus and pesticides it can be hypothesized that pesticides, in particular insecticides, through their estrogenic activity and capacity to induce oxidative stress provoke autoimmune reaction influencing lupus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fortes
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI, Via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Roma, Italy.
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48
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Holroyd CR, Edwards CJ. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Climacteric 2010; 12:378-86. [PMID: 19591008 DOI: 10.1080/13697130903025449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are generally more common in women than men; however, there is no simple explanation for this. Sex hormones, especially estrogen (but also prolactin and testosterone), play important roles in these diseases. Estrogens are generally considered to enhance autoimmunity and have multiple effects on the immune system through various cell types and molecular pathways. There is much evidence supporting the role of estrogen in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): the disease occurs much more frequently in women, especially during the years of child-bearing potential, and commonly flares during pregnancy. The relationship between estrogen and the development of SLE is complex, however. Exogenous estrogens have been historically avoided in women with SLE due to the widely held view that they could activate disease and their use remains controversial. Current evidence from prospective trials suggests that there may be a small increased risk of mild/moderate flares in women with SLE taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT), but the risk of major flare does not appear to be increased. In rheumatoid arthritis, HRT does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of disease flare and may actually improve disease activity. In all individuals with autoimmune disease, the risk of venous thrombosis associated with oral HRT is an important factor that should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Holroyd
- Rheumatology Department, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
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49
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Dietert RR, Dietert JM, Gavalchin J. Risk of autoimmune disease: challenges for immunotoxicity testing. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 598:39-51. [PMID: 19967505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity represents a potentially diverse and complex category among the range of adverse outcomes for detection with immunotoxicity testing. For this reason, the risk of autoimmune disease is discussed in this overview chapter with additional mention among the later specific protocol chapters. Improvements in clinical diagnostic capabilities and disease recognition have led to a more accurate picture of the extent of autoimmune diseases across different human populations. While the risk of any single autoimmune disease remains modest when compared with that of lung or heart disease, the cumulative prevalence of autoimmune diseases is both significant and increasing. Autoimmune diseases are usually viewed in the context of the damaged tissue or organ (e.g., as a thyroid, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular or neurological disease). But improved recognition that underlying immune dysfunction can connect the risks for these as well as other diseases is critical for optimizing risk assessment. Since autoimmune diseases are chronic in nature with many first appearing in children or in young adults, these diseases exert a serious impact on both health care costs and quality of life. This chapter provides a discussion of the issues that should be considered with immunotoxicity testing for risk of autoimmunity.
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50
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Cernysiov V, Gerasimcik N, Mauricas M, Girkontaite I. Regulation of T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent antibody production by circadian rhythm and melatonin. Int Immunol 2009; 22:25-34. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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