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Kryshev A, Sazykina T. Dynamic model of changes in the trophic structure of an ecosystem affected by chronic radiation exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2024; 276:107444. [PMID: 38723324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The conceptual dynamic ecosystem model was developed to evaluate the self-organization of trophic structure in ecosystems during the course of biogenic succession. This model was applied to analyze the possible changes in the ecosystem under impact of the anthropogenic physical stressor - chronic exposure to ionizing irradiation. The model predicts that amount of the limiting biogenic nutrient in the environment can modify the ecological effects of ionizing radiation. Negative effects of the chronic exposure are less significant in ecosystems with high food supply. The model does not show presence of any ecological effect of radiation at the exposure rates less than the derived consideration reference levels, obtained by International Commission on Radiological Protection for individual nature organisms. If the dose rates are higher than those levels, radiation exposure can affect ecological interactions between species. The model shows that environmental hormesis can exist in the ecosystems, impacted by the chronic radiation exposure. The reason of this effect is change of the ecological coefficients (for example, decrease of the predation rate), which in the certain range of parameters leads to the increase of biomasses of all species at the same amount of the limiting biogenic nutrient in ecosystem. Trigger regimes exist in the model ecosystem with mixed-feeding consumers. Within the trigger area, the realization of a particular trophic structure depends on initial species biomasses. A hysteresis phenomenon exists in such ecosystems, which means that the successive changes in the trophic structures realized following the increase of the influencing factor are not reproduced in the same order if the influencing factor was gradually decreased back to its previous values. The model predicts for this case, that the radioactively contaminated ecosystem does not necessarily return to its initial trophic structure, despite the dose rate decreases to the initial levels.
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Mishra S, Duarte GT, Horemans N, Ruytinx J, Gudkov D, Danchenko M. Complexity of responses to ionizing radiation in plants, and the impact on interacting biotic factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171567. [PMID: 38460702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In nature, plants are simultaneously exposed to different abiotic (e.g., heat, drought, and salinity) and biotic (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and insects) stresses. Climate change and anthropogenic pressure are expected to intensify the frequency of stress factors. Although plants are well equipped with unique and common defense systems protecting against stressors, they may compromise their growth and development for survival in such challenging environments. Ionizing radiation is a peculiar stress factor capable of causing clustered damage. Radionuclides are both naturally present on the planet and produced by human activities. Natural and artificial radioactivity affects plants on molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, populational, and transgenerational levels. Moreover, the fitness of pests, pathogens, and symbionts is concomitantly challenged in radiologically contaminated areas. Plant responses to artificial acute ionizing radiation exposure and laboratory-simulated or field chronic exposure are often discordant. Acute or chronic ionizing radiation exposure may occasionally prime the defense system of plants to better tolerate the biotic stress or could often exhaust their metabolic reserves, making plants more susceptible to pests and pathogens. Currently, these alternatives are only marginally explored. Our review summarizes the available literature on the responses of host plants, biotic factors, and their interaction to ionizing radiation exposure. Such systematic analysis contributes to improved risk assessment in radiologically contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhi Mishra
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Gustavo Turqueto Duarte
- Unit for Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nele Horemans
- Unit for Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dmitri Gudkov
- Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04210 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia.
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Lofgren L, Nguyen NH, Kennedy P, Pérez-Pazos E, Fletcher J, Liao HL, Wang H, Zhang K, Ruytinx J, Smith AH, Ke YH, Cotter HVT, Engwall E, Hameed KM, Vilgalys R, Branco S. Suillus: an emerging model for the study of ectomycorrhizal ecology and evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1448-1475. [PMID: 38581203 PMCID: PMC11045321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Research on mycorrhizal symbiosis has been slowed by a lack of established study systems. To address this challenge, we have been developing Suillus, a widespread ecologically and economically relevant fungal genus primarily associated with the plant family Pinaceae, into a model system for studying ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations. Over the last decade, we have compiled extensive genomic resources, culture libraries, a phenotype database, and protocols for manipulating Suillus fungi with and without their tree partners. Our efforts have already resulted in a large number of publicly available genomes, transcriptomes, and respective annotations, as well as advances in our understanding of mycorrhizal partner specificity and host communication, fungal and plant nutrition, environmental adaptation, soil nutrient cycling, interspecific competition, and biological invasions. Here, we highlight the most significant recent findings enabled by Suillus, present a suite of protocols for working with the genus, and discuss how Suillus is emerging as an important model to elucidate the ecology and evolution of ECM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus Lofgren
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nhu H. Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Māno, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Pazos
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jessica Fletcher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haihua Wang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kaile Zhang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Research Group of Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, USA
| | - Alexander H. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Yi-Hong Ke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - H. Van T. Cotter
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Herbarium, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eiona Engwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Khalid M. Hameed
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sara Branco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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Sakauchi K, Otaki JM. Soil Microbes and Plant-Associated Microbes in Response to Radioactive Pollution May Indirectly Affect Plants and Insect Herbivores: Evidence for Indirect Field Effects from Chernobyl and Fukushima. Microorganisms 2024; 12:364. [PMID: 38399767 PMCID: PMC10892324 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The biological impacts of the nuclear accidents in Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011) on wildlife have been studied in many organisms over decades, mainly from dosimetric perspectives based on laboratory experiments using indicator species. However, ecological perspectives are required to understand indirect field-specific effects among species, which are difficult to evaluate under dosimetric laboratory conditions. From the viewpoint that microbes play a fundamental role in ecosystem function as decomposers and symbionts for plants, we reviewed studies on microbes inhabiting soil and plants in Chernobyl and Fukushima in an attempt to find supporting evidence for indirect field-specific effects on plants and insect herbivores. Compositional changes in soil microbes associated with decreases in abundance and species diversity were reported, especially in heavily contaminated areas of both Chernobyl and Fukushima, which may accompany explosions of radioresistant species. In Chernobyl, the population size of soil microbes remained low for at least 20 years after the accident, and the abundance of plant-associated microbes, which are related to the growth and defense systems of plants, possibly decreased. These reported changes in microbes likely affect soil conditions and alter plant physiology. These microbe-mediated effects may then indirectly affect insect herbivores through food-mass-mediated, pollen-mediated, and metabolite-mediated interactions. Metabolite-mediated interactions may be a major pathway for ecological impacts at low pollution levels and could explain the decreases in insect herbivores in Fukushima. The present review highlights the importance of the indirect field effects of long-term low-dose radiation exposure under complex field circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan;
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Ali S, Baloch SB, Bernas J, Konvalina P, Onyebuchi EF, Naveed M, Ali H, Jamali ZH, Nezhad MTK, Mustafa A. Phytotoxicity of radionuclides: A review of sources, impacts and remediation strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117479. [PMID: 37884073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Various anthropogenic activities and natural sources contribute to the presence of radioactive materials in the environment, posing a serious threat to phytotoxicity. Contamination of soil and water by radioactive isotopes degrades the environmental quality and biodiversity. They persist in soils for a considerable amount of time and disturb the fauna and flora of any affected area. Hence, their removal from the contaminated medium is inevitable to prevent their entry into the food chain and the organisms at higher levels of the food chain. Physicochemical methods for radioactive element remediation are effective; however, they are not eco-friendly, can be expensive and impractical for large-scale remediation. Contrastingly, different bioremediation approaches, such as phytoremediation using appropriate plant species for removing the radionuclides from the polluted sites, and microbe-based remediation, represent promising alternatives for cleanup. In this review, sources of radionuclides in soil as well as their hazardous impacts on plants are discussed. Moreover, various conventional physicochemical approaches used for remediation discussed in detail. Similarly, the effectiveness and superiority of various bioremediation approaches, such as phytoremediation and microbe-based remediation, over traditional approaches have been explained in detail. In the end, future perspectives related to enhancing the efficiency of the phytoremediation process have been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzaib Ali
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sadia Babar Baloch
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Bernas
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Konvalina
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eze Festus Onyebuchi
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ali
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zameer Hussain Jamali
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mohammad Tahsin Karimi Nezhad
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental 13 Gardening, Lidicka, 25/27, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Adnan Mustafa
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Silva AE, Speakman RJ, Barnes BF, Coyle DR, Leaphart JC, Abernethy EF, Turner KL, Rhodes OE, Beasley JC, Gandhi KJK. Bioaccumulation of contaminants in Scarabaeidae and Silphidae beetles at sites polluted by coal combustion residuals and radiocesium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166821. [PMID: 37678529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contamination from coal-fired power plants and nuclear reactors is a pervasive issue impacting ecosystems across the globe. As a result, it is critical that studies continue to assess the accumulation and effects of trace elements and radionuclides in a diversity of biota. In particular, bioindicator species are a powerful tool for risk assessment of chemically contaminated habitats. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and auto-gamma counting, we analyzed trace element and radiocesium contaminant concentrations in Scarabaeidae and Silphidae beetles (Order: Coleoptera), important taxa in decomposition and nutrient cycling, at contaminated and reference sites on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, U.S. Our results revealed variability in trace element concentrations between Scarabaeidae and Silphidae beetles at uncontaminated and contaminated sites. Compared to Scarabaeidae, Silphidae had higher levels of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Unexpectedly, concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Ni were higher in both taxa at the uncontaminated sites. Scarabaeidae and Silphidae beetles at the coal combustion waste site consistently had high concentrations of arsenic (As), and Scarabaeidae had high concentrations of selenium (Se). Of the 50 beetles analyzed for radiocesium levels, two had elevated radioactivity concentrations, both of which were from a site contaminated with radionuclides. Our results suggest carrion beetles may be particularly sensitive to bioaccumulation of contaminants due to their trophic position and role in decomposition, and thus are useful sentinels of trace element and radionuclide contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansley E Silva
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Speakman
- Center for Applied Isotopes Studies, University of Georgia, 120 River Bend Road, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Brittany F Barnes
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - David R Coyle
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA; Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 121 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson 29634, SC, USA
| | - James C Leaphart
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken 29802, SC, USA
| | - Erin F Abernethy
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken 29802, SC, USA; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Kelsey L Turner
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken 29802, SC, USA
| | - Olin E Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken 29802, SC, USA; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken 29802, SC, USA
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens 30602, GA, USA.
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Hecla J, Kambarian E, Tubbs R, McKinley C, Berliner AJ, Russell K, Spatola G, Chertok J, Braun W, Hank N, Marquette C, Betz J, Paik T, Chenery M, Cagan A, Willis C, Mousseau T. Radioactive contamination in feral dogs in the Chernobyl exclusion zone: Population body-burden survey and implications for human radiation exposure. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283206. [PMID: 37471331 PMCID: PMC10358910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes a two-year effort to survey the internal 137Cs and external β-emitter contamination present in the feral dog population near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP) site, and to understand the potential for human radiation exposure from this contamination. This work was performed as an integral part of the radiation safety and control procedures of an animal welfare oriented trap-neuter-release (TNR) program. The measurement program focused on external contamination surveys using handheld β-sensitive probes, and internal contamination studies using a simple whole-body counter. Internal 137Cs burden was measured non-invasively during post-surgical observation and recovery. External β contamination surveys performed during intake showed that 21/288 animals had significant, removable external contamination, though not enough to pose a large hazard for incidental contact. Measurements with the whole-body counter indicated internal 137Cs body burdens ranging from undetectable (minimum detection level ∼100 Bq/kg in 2017, ∼30 Bq/kg in 2018) to approximately 30,000 Bq/kg. A total of 33 animals had 137Cs body-burdens above 1 kBq/kg, though none posed an external exposure hazard. The large variation in the 137Cs concentration in these animals is not well-understood, could be due to prey selection, access to human food scraps, or extended residence in highly contaminated areas. The small minority of animals with external contamination may pose a contamination risk allowing exposures in excess of regulatory standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Hecla
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Clean Futures Fund, Godfrey, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erik Kambarian
- Clean Futures Fund, Godfrey, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert Tubbs
- Tubbs Nuclear Consulting, Auburn, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carla McKinley
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Berliner
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kayla Russell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabrielle Spatola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South California, United States of America
| | - Jordan Chertok
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Weston Braun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Natalia Hank
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Courtney Marquette
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Betz
- Clean Futures Fund, Godfrey, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Terry Paik
- Clean Futures Fund, Godfrey, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marie Chenery
- Clean Futures Fund, Godfrey, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alex Cagan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Willis
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tim Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South California, United States of America
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ICRP PUBLICATION 153 Approved by the Commission in September 2022. Ann ICRP 2022; 51:9-95. [PMID: 36942865 DOI: 10.1177/01466453221142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary use of radiation in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of disease has expanded and diversified, as have the corresponding radiological protection concerns. Radiological exposure of personnel involved in veterinary procedures and, where applicable, members of the public providing assistance (e.g. owners or handlers) has always been included within the system of radiological protection. Veterinary practice is now addressed explicitly as the modern complexities associated with this practice warrant dedicated consideration, and there is a need to clarify and strengthen the application of radiological protection principles in this area. The Commission recommends that the system of radiological protection should be applied in veterinary practice principally for the protection of humans, but with explicit attention to the protection of exposed animals. Additionally, consideration should be given to the risk of potential contamination of the environment associated with applications of nuclear medicine in veterinary practice. This publication focuses primarily on justification and optimisation in veterinary practice, and sets the scene for more detailed guidance to follow in future Recommendations. It is intended for a wide-ranging audience, including radiological protection professionals, veterinary staff, students, education and training providers, and members of the public, as an introduction to radiological protection in veterinary practice.© 2022 ICRP. Published by SAGE.
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9
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Yushkova E. Contribution of transposable elements to transgenerational effects of chronic radioactive exposure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster living for a long time in the zone of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 251-252:106945. [PMID: 35696883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) led to the negative impact of chronic radioactive contamination on populations of organisms associated with the transgenerational transmission of genome instability. When the destabilization of genome, different genetic damages occur, the accumulation of which leads to the formation of mutations, morphological anomalies, and mortality in the offspring. The mechanisms underlying the manifestation of transgenerational events in the offspring of irradiated parents are not well understood. In this study, for the first time, the features of the influence of transposable elements (TEs) on the long-term biological consequences of the ChNPP are considered. In this work, specimens of D. melanogaster obtained from natural populations in 2007 in the areas of the ChNPP with heterogeneous radioactive contamination were studied. The descendants from these populations were maintained in laboratory (inbred) conditions for 160 generations. A stable transgenerational transmission of dominant lethal mutations (DLMs) to the offspring of all studied populations was shown. The DLM frequencies strongly were correlated with the level of survival of offspring. The mean frequencies of recessive sex-linked lethal mutations varied at the level of spontaneous point mutations. The simultaneous presence of P, hobo and I elements indicates that the studied populations do not have a definite cytotype, their phenotypic status is unstable. The behavior of TEs in the genomes of offspring depends not only on parental exposure, but also on origin of population, distance to the ChNPP, and inbred conditions. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that TEs are involved in transgenerational transmission and accumulation of mutations by the offspring of irradiated parents. The TEs pattern present in the Chernobyl genomes of D. melanogaster is a peculiar of epigenetic mechanism for the regulation of plasticity and adaptation of populations living for many generations under conditions of a technogenically caused radiation background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yushkova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia.
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10
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Tollefsen KE, Alonzo F, Beresford NA, Brede DA, Dufourcq-Sekatcheff E, Gilbin R, Horemans N, Hurem S, Laloi P, Maremonti E, Oughton D, Simon O, Song Y, Wood MD, Xie L, Frelon S. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for radiation-induced reproductive effects in environmental species: state of science and identification of a consensus AOP network. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1816-1831. [PMID: 35976054 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive effects of ionizing radiation in organisms have been observed under laboratory and field conditions. Such assessments often rely on associations between exposure and effects, and thus lacking a detailed mechanistic understanding of causality between effects occurring at different levels of biological organization. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP), a conceptual knowledge framework to capture, organize, evaluate and visualize the scientific knowledge of relevant toxicological effects, has the potential to evaluate the causal relationships between molecular, cellular, individual, and population effects. This paper presents the first development of a set of consensus AOPs for reproductive effects of ionizing radiation in wildlife. This work was performed by a group of experts formed during a workshop organized jointly by the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) associations to present the AOP approach and tools. The work presents a series of taxon-specific case studies that were used to identify relevant empirical evidence, identify common AOP components and propose a set of consensus AOPs that could be organized into an AOP network with broader taxonomic applicability. CONCLUSION Expert consultation led to the identification of key biological events and description of causal linkages between ionizing radiation, reproductive impairment and reduction in population fitness. The study characterized the knowledge domain of taxon-specific AOPs, identified knowledge gaps pertinent to reproductive-relevant AOP development and reflected on how AOPs could assist applications in radiation (radioecological) research, environmental health assessment, and radiological protection. Future advancement and consolidation of the AOPs is planned to include structured weight of evidence considerations, formalized review and critical assessment of the empirical evidence prior to formal submission and review by the OECD sponsored AOP development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Frédéric Alonzo
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Nicholas A Beresford
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, UK.,School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Dufourcq-Sekatcheff
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Rodolphe Gilbin
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Selma Hurem
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Patrick Laloi
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Erica Maremonti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Olivier Simon
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Michael D Wood
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Li Xie
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sandrine Frelon
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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11
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Jopčík M, Libantová J, Lancíková V. Effect of chronic radiation on the flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genome grown for six consecutive generations in the radioactive Chernobyl area. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13745. [PMID: 35780328 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth of plants under chronic radiation stress in the Chernobyl area may cause changes in the genome of plants. To assess the extent of genetic and epigenetic changes in nuclear DNA, seeds of the annual crop flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) of the Kyivskyi variety, sown 21 years after the accident and grown for six generations in radioactive (RAD) and remediated (REM) fields were analysed. Flaxseed used for sowing first generation, which served as a reference (REF), was also analysed. The AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) revealed a higher number of specific EcoRI-MseI loci (3.4-fold) in pooled flaxseed samples harvested from the RAD field compared with the REM field, indicating a link between the mutation process in the flax genome and the ongoing adaptation process. MSAP (Methylation-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism) detecting EcoRI-MspI and EcoRI-HpaII loci in flax nuclear DNA genome showed no significant differences in methylation level, reaching about 33% in each of the groups studied. On the other hand, significant changes in the DNA methylation pattern of flaxseed samples harvested from the RAD field compared with controls were detected. Pairwise FST comparison revealed within both, EcoRI-MspI and transformed methylation-Sensitive data sets more than a 3-fold increase of genetic divergence in the RAD field compared with both controls. These results indicate that the nuclear genome of flax exposed to chronic radiation for six generations has more mutations and uses DNA methylation as one of the adaptation mechanisms for sustainability under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jopčík
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jana Libantová
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Lancíková
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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12
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Goodman J, Brand J, Laptev G, Auld SKJR. Radiation‐mediated supply of genetic variation outweighs the effects of selection and drift in Chernobyl
Daphnia
populations. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:413-422. [PMID: 35048452 PMCID: PMC9303301 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Goodman
- Biological & Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling United Kingdom
| | - June Brand
- Biological & Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart K. J. R. Auld
- Biological & Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling United Kingdom
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13
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Geras’kin SA, Fesenko SV, Volkova PY, Isamov NN. What Have We Learned about the Biological Effects of Radiation from the 35 Years of Analysis of the Consequences of the Chernobyl NPP Accident? BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021120050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Ludovici GM, Chierici A, de Souza SO, d’Errico F, Iannotti A, Malizia A. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Flora Ten Years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Disaster. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:222. [PMID: 35050110 PMCID: PMC8781571 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to analyze the effects of ionizing radiation and radionuclides (like 137Cs) in several higher plants located around the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP), evaluating both their adaptive processes and evolution. After the FNPP accident in March 2011 much attention was focused to the biological consequences of ionizing radiation and radionuclides released in the area surrounding the nuclear plant. This unexpected mishap led to the emission of radionuclides in aerosol and gaseous forms from the power plant, which contaminated a large area, including wild forest, cities, farmlands, mountains, and the sea, causing serious problems. Large quantities of 131I, 137Cs, and 134Cs were detected in the fallout. People were evacuated but the flora continued to be affected by the radiation exposure and by the radioactive dusts' fallout. The response of biota to FNPP irradiation was a complex interaction among radiation dose, dose rate, temporal and spatial variation, varying radiation sensitivities of the different plants' species, and indirect effects from other events. The repeated ionizing radiations, acute or chronic, guarantee an adaptation of the plant species, demonstrating a radio-resistance. Consequently, ionizing radiation affects the genetic structure, especially during chronic irradiation, reducing genetic variability. This reduction is associated with the different susceptibility of plant species to chronic stress. This would confirm the adaptive theory associated with this phenomenon. The effects that ionizing radiation has on different life forms are examined in this review using the FNPP disaster as a case study focusing the attention ten years after the accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Ludovici
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.M.L.); (A.I.)
| | - Andrea Chierici
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.C.); (F.d.)
| | - Susana Oliveira de Souza
- Physics Department, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão SE 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Francesco d’Errico
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.C.); (F.d.)
| | - Alba Iannotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.M.L.); (A.I.)
| | - Andrea Malizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via di Motpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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15
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Sakauchi K, Taira W, Otaki JM. Metabolomic Profiles of the Creeping Wood Sorrel Oxalis corniculata in Radioactively Contaminated Fields in Fukushima: Dose-Dependent Changes in Key Metabolites. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010115. [PMID: 35054508 PMCID: PMC8780803 DOI: 10.3390/life12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident, in 2011, on wildlife have been studied in many organisms, including the pale grass blue butterfly and its host plant, the creeping wood sorrel Oxalis corniculata. Here, we performed an LC–MS-based metabolomic analysis on leaves of this plant collected in 2018 from radioactively contaminated and control localities in Fukushima, Miyagi, and Niigata prefectures, Japan. Using 7967 peaks detected by LC–MS analysis, clustering analyses showed that nine Fukushima samples and one Miyagi sample were clustered together, irrespective of radiation dose, while two Fukushima (Iitate) and two Niigata samples were not in this cluster. However, 93 peaks were significantly different (FDR < 0.05) among the three dose-dependent groups based on background, low, and high radiation dose rates. Among them, seven upregulated and 15 downregulated peaks had single annotations, and their peak intensity values were positively and negatively correlated with ground radiation dose rates, respectively. Upregulated peaks were annotated as kudinoside D (saponin), andrachcinidine (alkaloid), pyridoxal phosphate (stress-related activated vitamin B6), and four microbe-related bioactive compounds, including antibiotics. Additionally, two peaks were singularly annotated and significantly upregulated (K1R1H1; peptide) or downregulated (DHAP(10:0); decanoyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate) most at the low dose rates. Therefore, this plant likely responded to radioactive pollution in Fukushima by upregulating and downregulating key metabolites. Furthermore, plant-associated endophytic microbes may also have responded to pollution, suggesting their contributions to the stress response of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sakauchi
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; (K.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Wataru Taira
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; (K.S.); (W.T.)
- Research Planning Office, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; (K.S.); (W.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-98-895-8557
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16
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Burraco P, Bonzom JM, Car C, Beaugelin-Seiller K, Gashchak S, Orizaola G. Lack of impact of radiation on blood physiology biomarkers of Chernobyl tree frogs. Front Zool 2021; 18:33. [PMID: 34187507 PMCID: PMC8240299 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human actions have altered natural ecosystems worldwide. Among the many pollutants released to the environment, ionizing radiation can cause severe damage at different molecular and functional levels. The accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (1986) caused the largest release of ionizing radiation to the environment in human history. Here, we examined the impact of the current exposure to ionizing radiation on blood physiology biomarkers of adult males of the Eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis) inhabiting within and outside the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. We measured the levels of eight blood parameters (sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, total carbon dioxide, glucose, urea nitrogen, and anion gap), physiological markers of homeostasis, as well as of liver and kidney function. RESULTS Levels of blood physiology biomarkers did not vary in function of the current exposure of tree frogs to ionizing radiation within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Physiological blood levels were similar in frogs inhabiting Chernobyl (both in areas with medium-high or low radiation) than in tree frogs living outside Chernobyl exposed only to background radiation levels. CONCLUSIONS The observed lack of effects of current radiation levels on blood biomarkers can be a consequence of the low levels of radiation currently experienced by Chernobyl tree frogs, but also to the fact that our sampling was restricted to active breeding males, i.e. potentially healthy adult individuals. Despite the clear absence of effects of current radiation levels on physiological blood parameters in tree frogs, more research covering different life stages and ecological scenarios is still needed to clarify the impact of ionizing radiation on the physiology, ecology, and dynamics of wildlife inhabiting radioactive-contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Burraco
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK.
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jean-Marc Bonzom
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Clément Car
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Karine Beaugelin-Seiller
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Sergey Gashchak
- Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology, Slavutych, 07100, Ukraine
| | - Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
- IMIB-Biodiversity Research Institute (Univ. Oviedo-CSIC-Princip. Asturias), University of Oviedo, 33600, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
- Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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17
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Martín L, Kamstra JH, Hurem S, Lindeman LC, Brede DA, Aanes H, Babiak I, Arenal A, Oughton D, Salbu B, Lyche JL, Aleström P. Altered non-coding RNA expression profile in F 1 progeny 1 year after parental irradiation is linked to adverse effects in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4142. [PMID: 33602989 PMCID: PMC7893006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma radiation produces DNA instability and impaired phenotype. Previously, we observed negative effects on phenotype, DNA methylation, and gene expression profiles, in offspring of zebrafish exposed to gamma radiation during gametogenesis. We hypothesize that previously observed effects are accompanied with changes in the expression profile of non-coding RNAs, inherited by next generations. Non-coding RNA expression profile was analysed in F1 offspring (5.5 h post-fertilization) by high-throughput sequencing 1 year after parental irradiation (8.7 mGy/h, 5.2 Gy total dose). Using our previous F1-γ genome-wide gene expression data (GSE98539), hundreds of mRNAs were predicted as targets of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs, involved in pathways such as insulin receptor, NFkB and PTEN signalling, linking to apoptosis and cancer. snRNAs belonging to the five major spliceosomal snRNAs were down-regulated in the F1-γ group, Indicating transcriptional and post-transcriptional alterations. In addition, DEpiRNA clusters were associated to 9 transposable elements (TEs) (LTR, LINE, and TIR) (p = 0.0024), probable as a response to the activation of these TEs. Moreover, the expression of the lincRNAs malat-1, and several others was altered in the offspring F1, in concordance with previously observed phenotypical alterations. In conclusion, our results demonstrate diverse gamma radiation-induced alterations in the ncRNA profiles of F1 offspring observable 1 year after parental irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Martín
- grid.441252.40000 0000 9526 034XMorphophysiology Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte y Loynaz, 74 650 Camagüey, Cuba ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorke H. Kamstra
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.5477.10000000120346234Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Hurem
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif C. Lindeman
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag A. Brede
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Environmental Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Håvard Aanes
- grid.458778.1PatoGen AS, P.O.box 548, 6001 Ålesund, Norway
| | - Igor Babiak
- grid.465487.cFaculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway
| | - Amilcar Arenal
- grid.441252.40000 0000 9526 034XMorphophysiology Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte y Loynaz, 74 650 Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Deborah Oughton
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Environmental Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Environmental Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Aleström
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XCERAD CoE, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway ,grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Fuciarelli TM, Rollo CD. Trans-Generational Impacts of Paternal Irradiation in a Cricket: Damage, Life-History Features and Hormesis in F1 Offspring. Dose Response 2021; 18:1559325820983214. [PMID: 33424519 PMCID: PMC7758660 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820983214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals exposed to significant stress express multi-modal responses to buffer negative impacts. Trans-generational impacts have been mainly studied in maternal lines, with paternal lines having received less attention. Here, we assessed paternal generational effects using irradiated male crickets (Acheta domesticus), and their F1 offspring (irradiated males mated to unirradiated females). Paternal transmission of radiation impacts emerged in multiple life history traits when compared to controls. Irradiated males and their F1 offspring expressed hormetic responses in survivorship and median longevity at mid-range doses. For F0 males, 7 Gy & 10 Gy doses extended F0 longevity by 39% and 34.2% respectively. F1 offspring of 7 Gy and 10 Gy sires had median lifespans 71.3% and 110.9% longer, respectively. Survivorship for both F0 7 Gy (p < 0.0001) and 10 Gy (p = 0.0055) males and F1 7 Gy and 10 Gy (p < 0.0001) offspring significantly surpassed that of controls. Irradiated F0 males and F1 offspring had significantly reduced growth rates. For F0 males, significant reductions were evident in 4Gy-12 Gy males and F1 offspring in 4 Gy (p < 0.0001), 7 Gy (p < 0.0001), and 10 Gy (p = 0.017). Our results indicate paternal effects; that irradiation directly impacted males but also mediated diverse alterations in the life history features (particularly longevity and survivorship) of F1 offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C David Rollo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Rhodes OE, Bréchignac F, Bradshaw C, Hinton TG, Mothersill C, Arnone JA, Aubrey DP, Barnthouse LW, Beasley JC, Bonisoli-Alquati A, Boring LR, Bryan AL, Capps KA, Clément B, Coleman A, Condon C, Coutelot F, DeVol T, Dharmarajan G, Fletcher D, Flynn W, Gladfelder G, Glenn TC, Hendricks S, Ishida K, Jannik T, Kapustka L, Kautsky U, Kennamer R, Kuhne W, Lance S, Laptyev G, Love C, Manglass L, Martinez N, Mathews T, McKee A, McShea W, Mihok S, Mills G, Parrott B, Powell B, Pryakhin E, Rypstra A, Scott D, Seaman J, Seymour C, Shkvyria M, Ward A, White D, Wood MD, Zimmerman JK. Integration of ecosystem science into radioecology: A consensus perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140031. [PMID: 32559536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the Fall of 2016 a workshop was held which brought together over 50 scientists from the ecological and radiological fields to discuss feasibility and challenges of reintegrating ecosystem science into radioecology. There is a growing desire to incorporate attributes of ecosystem science into radiological risk assessment and radioecological research more generally, fueled by recent advances in quantification of emergent ecosystem attributes and the desire to accurately reflect impacts of radiological stressors upon ecosystem function. This paper is a synthesis of the discussions and consensus of the workshop participant's responses to three primary questions, which were: 1) How can ecosystem science support radiological risk assessment? 2) What ecosystem level endpoints potentially could be used for radiological risk assessment? and 3) What inference strategies and associated methods would be most appropriate to assess the effects of radionuclides on ecosystem structure and function? The consensus of the participants was that ecosystem science can and should support radiological risk assessment through the incorporation of quantitative metrics that reflect ecosystem functions which are sensitive to radiological contaminants. The participants also agreed that many such endpoints exit or are thought to exit and while many are used in ecological risk assessment currently, additional data need to be collected that link the causal mechanisms of radiological exposure to these endpoints. Finally, the participants agreed that radiological risk assessments must be designed and informed by rigorous statistical frameworks capable of revealing the causal inference tying radiological exposure to the endpoints selected for measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olin E Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America.
| | - Francois Bréchignac
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, International Union of Radioecology, Center of Cadarache, Bldg 159, BP 1, 13115 St Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Clare Bradshaw
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas G Hinton
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | | | - John A Arnone
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, United States of America
| | - Doug P Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Lawrence W Barnthouse
- LWB Environmental Services, Inc., 1620 New London Rd., Hamilton, OH 45013, United States of America
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Andrea Bonisoli-Alquati
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768, United States of America
| | - Lindsay R Boring
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, #988 Jones Center Dr., Newton, GA 39870, United States of America
| | - Albert L Bryan
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Krista A Capps
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Bernard Clément
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69518, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Austin Coleman
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Condon
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 100 Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| | - Fanny Coutelot
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29625, United States of America
| | - Timothy DeVol
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625-6510, United States of America
| | - Guha Dharmarajan
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Dean Fletcher
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Wes Flynn
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Garth Gladfelder
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 100 Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Susan Hendricks
- Hancock Biological Station, 561 Emma Dr., Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, United States of America
| | - Ken Ishida
- The University of Tokyo, Yokoze, 6632-12, Yokoze-town, Chichibu-gun, 368-0072, Japan
| | - Tim Jannik
- Savannah River National Laboratory, SRS Bldg. 999-W, Room 312, Aiken, SC 29808, United States of America
| | - Larry Kapustka
- LK Consultancy, P.O Box 373, 100 202 Blacklock Way SW, Turner Valley, Alberta T0L 2A0, Canada
| | - Ulrik Kautsky
- Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, PO Box 3091, SE-169 03 Solna, Sweden
| | - Robert Kennamer
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Wendy Kuhne
- Savannah River National Laboratory, 735-A, B-102, Aiken, SC 29808, United States of America
| | - Stacey Lance
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Gennadiy Laptyev
- Ukrainian HydroMeteorological Institute, 37 Prospekt Nauki, Kiev 02038, Ukraine
| | - Cara Love
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Lisa Manglass
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625-6510, United States of America
| | - Nicole Martinez
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625-6510, United States of America
| | - Teresa Mathews
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Arthur McKee
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, 32125 Bio Station Lane, Polson, MT 59860, United States of America
| | - William McShea
- Smithsonian's Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, United States of America
| | - Steve Mihok
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, P.O. Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater St., Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - Gary Mills
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Ben Parrott
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Brian Powell
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29625, United States of America; Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Pryakhin
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Vorovsky Str., 68a, Chelyabinsk 454141, Russia
| | - Ann Rypstra
- Ecology Research Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States of America
| | - David Scott
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - John Seaman
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Colin Seymour
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryna Shkvyria
- Kyiv zoological park of national importance, prosp. Peremohy, 32, Kyiv 04116, Ukraine
| | - Amelia Ward
- Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 870344, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States of America
| | - David White
- Hancock Biological Station, 561 Emma Dr., Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, United States of America
| | - Michael D Wood
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT. United Kingdom
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- University of Puerto Rico, #17 Ave Universidad, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
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Ludovici GM, Oliveira de Souza S, Chierici A, Cascone MG, d'Errico F, Malizia A. Adaptation to ionizing radiation of higher plants: From environmental radioactivity to chernobyl disaster. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 222:106375. [PMID: 32791372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to highlight the effects of ionizing radiation on the genetic material in higher plants by assessing both adaptive processes as well as the evolution of plant species. The effects that the ionizing radiation has on greenery following a nuclear accident, was examined by taking the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster as a case study. The genetic and evolutionary effects that ionizing radiation had on plants after the Chernobyl accident were highlighted. The response of biota to Chernobyl irradiation was a complex interaction among radiation dose, dose rate, temporal and spatial variation, varying radiation sensitivities of the different plants' species, and indirect effects from other events. Ionizing radiation causes water radiolysis, generating highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS induce the rapid activation of detoxifying enzymes. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) is the object of an attack by both, the hydroxyl ions and the radiation itself, thus triggering a mechanism both direct and indirect. The effects on DNA are harmful to the organism and the long-term development of the species. Dose-dependent aberrations in chromosomes are often observed after irradiation. Although multiple DNA repair mechanisms exist, double-strand breaks (DSBs or DNA-DSBs) are often subject to errors. Plants DSBs repair mechanisms mainly involve homologous and non-homologous dependent systems, the latter especially causing a loss of genetic information. Repeated ionizing radiation (acute or chronic) ensures that plants adapt, demonstrating radioresistance. An adaptive response has been suggested for this phenomenon. As a result, ionizing radiation influences the genetic structure, especially during chronic irradiation, reducing genetic variability. This reduction may be associated with the fact that particular plant species are more subject to chronic stress, confirming the adaptive theory. Therefore, the genomic effects of ionizing radiation demonstrate their likely involvement in the evolution of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Chierici
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco d'Errico
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Malizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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Ulibarri N, Tracy CL, McCarty RJ. Cleanup and Complexity: Nuclear and Industrial Contamination at The Santa Susana Field Laboratory, California. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 65:257-271. [PMID: 31828410 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-019-01239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination, a legacy of industrial activity borne by numerous sites around the world, poses health risks for surrounding communities and presents serious cleanup challenges. One such site, the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL), served as an aerospace and nuclear energy research facility for over 50 years, during which time radioactive and other hazardous materials were unintentionally and intentionally released into the surrounding environment. These releases, including the partial meltdown of a sodium reactor, were hidden from the public for three decades. The site is now located in suburban Los Angeles, with 730,000 people living within a 10-mile radius. This paper evaluates the technical and social challenges underlying site cleanup at SSFL, including a complex geological setting, uncertain contaminant information, and a convoluted, evolving regulatory framework. These challenges, paired with historical secrecy on the part of responsible organizations and unclear layers of responsibility, have led to uncertainty and distrust within the surrounding community. Lessons learned from other remediated sites are assessed and recommendations for the SSFL cleanup are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ulibarri
- Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine, 300 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Cameron L Tracy
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ryan J McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Morozova V, Kashparova E, Levchuk S, Bishchuk Y, Kashparov V. The progeny of Chernobyl Arabidopsis thaliana plants does not exhibit changes in morphometric parameters and cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 211:106076. [PMID: 31630854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Morphometric parameters and functional state of the cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots were studied in the progeny of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (A. thaliana) plants, previously and chronically exposed in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ). Changes in cellular antioxidant enzyme activities in the progeny of exposed plants were assumed because antioxidant status of cell may be altered by inherited epigenetic changes, resulting in changes in antioxidant-response genes expression. These changes can be inferred as induced expression of CAT and SOD genes was found previously for A. thaliana plants by another group of scientists. It is well-known that ionizing radiation may induce changes in hormonal-signalling net-work, shifting balance in growth factors that may cause changes in morphometric parameters of plants. Seeds from A. thaliana plants were collected in the ChEZ at different levels of the external dose rate from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 12.93 ± 0.08 μGy/h. Internal dose rate for parent plants was calculated on the basis of the activity concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs in the plants, using dose conversion coefficients for wild grass. Total dose rate, absorbed by parent plants, was calculated as the sum of the external and internal dose rate and was in a range between 2.8 ± 0.2 and 99 ± 8 μGy/h. Seeds were then grown in the standard laboratory conditions (nutrient-agar, light-dark cycle and appropriate temperature) to analyse morphometric parameters of seedlings and final germination percentage. No significant changes in the morphometric parameters (root length and rosette diameter of shoots) of the seedlings were observed. Changes in the final germination percentage of the studied seeds were found, but low correlation was observed between found changes and the dose rate, absorbed by parent plants. In contrast to the results obtained in A. thaliana plants directly sampled in the field, no effect on the functional state of the cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots in the progeny of Chernobyl A. thaliana plants was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Morozova
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine.
| | - Elena Kashparova
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Sviatoslav Levchuk
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Yeugeniia Bishchuk
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Valery Kashparov
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine.
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Caplin NM, Halliday A, Willey NJ. Developmental, Morphological and Physiological Traits in Plants Exposed for Five Generations to Chronic Low-Level Ionising Radiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:389. [PMID: 32351521 PMCID: PMC7174736 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ionising radiation (IR) on plants are important for environmental protection but also in agriculture, horticulture, space science, and plant stress biology. Much current understanding of the effects of IR on plants derives from acute high-dose studies but exposure to IR in the environment frequently occurs at chronic low dose rates. Chronic low dose-rate studies have primarily been field based and examined genetic or cytogenetic endpoints. Here we report research that investigated developmental, morphological and physiological effects of IR on Arabidopsis thaliana grown over 7 generations and exposed for five generations to chronic low doses of either 137Cs (at a dose rate of c. 40 μGy/h from β/γ emissions) or 10 μM CdCl2. In some generations there were significant differences between treatments in the timing of key developmental phases and in leaf area or symmetry but there were, on the basis of the chosen endpoints, no long-term effects of the different treatments. Occasional measurements also detected no effects on root growth, seed germination rates or redox poise but in the generation in which it was measured exposure to IR did decrease DNA-methylation significantly. The results are consistent with the suggestion that chronic exposure to c. 40 μGy/h can have some effects on some traits but that this does not affect function across multiple generations at the population level. This is explained by the redundancy and/or degeneracy between biological levels of organization in plants that produces a relatively loose association between genotype and phenotype. The importance of this explanation to understanding plant responses to stressors such as IR is discussed. We suggest that the data reported here provide increased confidence in the Derived Consideration Reference Levels (DCRLs) recommended by the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) by providing data from controlled conditions and helping to contextualize effects reported from field studies. The differing sensitivity of plants to IR is not well understood and further investigation of it would likely improve the use of DCRLs for radiological protection.
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Fuller N, Smith JT, Ford AT. Impacts of ionising radiation on sperm quality, DNA integrity and post-fertilisation development in marine and freshwater crustaceans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109764. [PMID: 31610356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans have been designated as internationally important model organisms in the development of environmental radioprotection measures. Despite the known sensitivity of sperm to ionizing radiation, the impacts of chronic radiation exposure on male fertility in crustaceans have not been studied. For the first time, the present study aimed to assess the impacts of chronic radiation exposure on male fertility, sperm DNA damage and concomitant impacts on breeding in two amphipod crustaceans. Echinogammarus marinus and Gammarus pulex (male fertility only) were exposed to phosphorus-32 at dose rates of 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 mGy/d and sperm parameters, DNA damage and knock-on impacts on breeding were assessed. Sperm quality parameters and DNA damage were assessed using a fluorescent staining method and single cell gel electrophoresis respectively. Concomitant effects of male exposure to radiation on fecundity were determined by pairing phosphorus-32 exposed males to unexposed sexually mature females. In E. marinus, a statistically significant reduction of 9 and 11% in the quality of sperm was recorded at dose rates of 1 and 10 mGy/d respectively, with no significant effects recorded on sperm counts. Conversely in the freshwater G. pulex, no significant impact of radiation on sperm quantity or quality was recorded. For E. marinus, a statistically significant increase in DNA damage was recorded at doses of 10 mGy/d. Reduced fecundity and an increase in the frequency of abnormal embryos was recorded in female E. marinus breeding with males exposed to radiation. These findings suggest sperm quality may be a sensitive indicator of radiation exposure in invertebrates with potential impacts on the unexposed embryo, though unclear dose-response and differences between two closely related species necessitate further study before robust conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fuller
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO4 9LY, UK.
| | - Jim T Smith
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO4 9LY, UK.
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Newbold LK, Robinson A, Rasnaca I, Lahive E, Soon GH, Lapied E, Oughton D, Gashchak S, Beresford NA, Spurgeon DJ. Genetic, epigenetic and microbiome characterisation of an earthworm species (Octolasion lacteum) along a radiation exposure gradient at Chernobyl. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113238. [PMID: 31655460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to different levels of ionising radiation were assessed on the genetic, epigenetic and microbiome characteristics of the "hologenome" of earthworms collected at sites within the Chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ). The earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826) and Octolasion lacteum (Örley, 1881) were the two species that were most frequently found at visited sites, however, only O. lacteum was present at sufficient number across different exposure levels to enable comparative hologenome analysis. The identification of morphotype O. lacteum as a probable single clade was established using a combination of mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I) and nuclear genome (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) using MspI loci). No clear site associated differences in population genetic structure was found between populations using the AFLP marker loci. Further, no relationship between ionising radiation exposure levels and the percentage of methylated loci or pattern of distribution of DNA methylation marks was found. Microbiome structure was clearly site dependent, with gut microbiome community structure and diversity being systematically associated with calculated site-specific earthworm dose rates. There was, however, also co-correlation between earthworm dose rates and other soil properties, notably soil pH; a property known to affect soil bacterial community structure. Such co-correlation means that it is not possible to attribute microbiome changes unequivocally to radionuclide exposure. A better understanding of the relationship between radionuclide exposure soil properties and their interactions on bacterial microbiome community response is, therefore, needed to establish whether these the observed microbiome changes are attributed directly to radiation exposure, other soil properties or to an interaction between multiple variables at sites within the CEZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Newbold
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Alex Robinson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - I Rasnaca
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Elma Lahive
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Gweon H Soon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Emmanuel Lapied
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Science, 1430 As, Norway
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Science, 1430 As, Norway
| | - Sergey Gashchak
- Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology, Slavutych, Kiev Region, Ukraine
| | - Nicholas A Beresford
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Center, Library Av., Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA14AP, UK
| | - David J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK.
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26
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Festarini A, Shultz C, Stuart M, Kim SB, Ferreri C. Cellular responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in tritiated water and/or fed organically bound tritium. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 151:217-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Horemans N, Spurgeon DJ, Lecomte-Pradines C, Saenen E, Bradshaw C, Oughton D, Rasnaca I, Kamstra JH, Adam-Guillermin C. Current evidence for a role of epigenetic mechanisms in response to ionizing radiation in an ecotoxicological context. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:469-483. [PMID: 31103007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The issue of potential long-term or hereditary effects for both humans and wildlife exposed to low doses (or dose rates) of ionising radiation is a major concern. Chronic exposure to ionising radiation, defined as an exposure over a large fraction of the organism's lifespan or even over several generations, can possibly have consequences in the progeny. Recent work has begun to show that epigenetics plays an important role in adaptation of organisms challenged to environmental stimulae. Changes to so-called epigenetic marks such as histone modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs result in altered transcriptomes and proteomes, without directly changing the DNA sequence. Moreover, some of these environmentally-induced epigenetic changes tend to persist over generations, and thus, epigenetic modifications are regarded as the conduits for environmental influence on the genome. Here, we review the current knowledge of possible involvement of epigenetics in the cascade of responses resulting from environmental exposure to ionising radiation. In addition, from a comparison of lab and field obtained data, we investigate evidence on radiation-induced changes in the epigenome and in particular the total or locus specific levels of DNA methylation. The challenges for future research and possible use of changes as an early warning (biomarker) of radiosensitivity and individual exposure is discussed. Such a biomarker could be used to detect and better understand the mechanisms of toxic action and inter/intra-species susceptibility to radiation within an environmental risk assessment and management context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Research, University of Hasselt, Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - David J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Catherine Lecomte-Pradines
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Eline Saenen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Clare Bradshaw
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Aas, Norway
| | - Ilze Rasnaca
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-SANTE, Cadarache, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
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Hancock S, Vo NTK, Byun SH, Zainullin VG, Seymour CB, Mothersill C. Effects of historic radiation dose on the frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals in Drosophila populations following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:333-337. [PMID: 30825683 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the effects of high doses of radiation, the effects of low doses of radiation are still being investigated. Low doses and their non-targeted effects in particular are of special interest for researchers. The accident that occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) gives researchers the opportunity to view these effects outside of a laboratory environment. For this paper, the relationship between low historic radiation doses and the persistent genetic damage observed in populations of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) around the Chernobyl NPP over 3 years will be investigated. Data from Zainullin et al. (1992) on the frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals (SLRLs) in D. melanogaster around the Chernobyl NPP. To calculate the absorbed historic external dose, a method based on the Gaussian plume model was used to find the external dose from both plume shine and ground shine. The dose attributed to the ground shine dose made a greater contribution to the overall absorbed external historic radiation dose than the plume shine dose. For earlier generations of Drosophila living in the radioactive contaminated sites, the SLRL frequencies appeared to correlate with the dose in a linear no-threshold relationship. The later descendent generations appeared to have developed a radio-adaptive-like response. This work contributes to the understanding of historic dose effects on wildlife health following the accidental release of high mount of radioactive materials into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hancock
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soo Hyun Byun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir G Zainullin
- Department of Radioecology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Colin B Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Goodman J, Copplestone D, Laptev GV, Gashchak S, Auld SKJR. Variation in chronic radiation exposure does not drive life history divergence among Daphnia populations across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2640-2650. [PMID: 30891205 PMCID: PMC6405491 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a mutagen with known negative impacts on individual fitness. However, much less is known about how these individual fitness effects translate into population-level variation in natural environments that have experienced varying levels of radiation exposure. In this study, we sampled genotypes of the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia pulex, from the eight inhabited lakes across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Each lake has experienced very different levels of chronic radiation exposure since a nuclear power reactor exploded there over thirty years ago. The sampled Daphnia genotypes represent genetic snapshots of current populations and allowed us to examine fitness-related traits under controlled laboratory conditions at UK background dose rates. We found that whilst there was variation in survival and schedules of reproduction among populations, there was no compelling evidence that this was driven by variation in exposure to radiation. Previous studies have shown that controlled exposure to radiation at dose rates included in the range measured in the current study reduce survival, or fecundity, or both. One limitation of this study is the lack of available sites at high dose rates, and future work could test life history variation in various organisms at other high radiation areas. Our results are nevertheless consistent with the idea that other ecological factors, for example competition, predation or parasitism, are likely to play a much bigger role in driving variation among populations than exposure to the high radiation dose rates found in the CEZ. These findings clearly demonstrate that it is important to examine the potential negative effects of radiation across wild populations that are subject to many and varied selection pressures as a result of complex ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Goodman
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural SciencesStirling UniversityStirlingUK
| | - David Copplestone
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural SciencesStirling UniversityStirlingUK
| | | | - Sergey Gashchak
- International Chornobyl Center 11SlavutychKyiv RegionUkraine
| | - Stuart K. J. R. Auld
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural SciencesStirling UniversityStirlingUK
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30
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Fesenko S. Review of radiation effects in non-human species in areas affected by the Kyshtym accident. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:R1-R17. [PMID: 30577037 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aafa92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The area affected by the Kyshtym accident in 1957 provided a unique opportunity for long-term studies of radiation effects in the environment. The biological effects observed in the area varied from deterministic lethal effects to an enhanced rate of mutations induced by radiation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the long-term studies of biological effects in plants and animals inhabiting the Kyshtym affected areas over more than 50 years. Most of the observed effects were induced by the high irradiation during the 'acute' period after the accident. At the same time, some of the radiation effects were also because of long-term chronic exposure over many generations. Some phenomena such as (1) the increase of the mutation rate per unit dose with reduction of dose and dose rate, and (2) the radiodaptation of the affected populations to the chronic exposure were documented for the first time based on the radiobiological research performed in that area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fesenko
- Research Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Kyivskoe shosse 109 km, 249032 Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia
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Mothersill C, Abend M, Bréchignac F, Copplestone D, Geras'kin S, Goodman J, Horemans N, Jeggo P, McBride W, Mousseau TA, O'Hare A, Papineni RVL, Powathil G, Schofield PN, Seymour C, Sutcliffe J, Austin B. The tubercular badger and the uncertain curve:- The need for a multiple stressor approach in environmental radiation protection. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:130-140. [PMID: 30296640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of a workshop held in Stirling, Scotland in June 2018, called to examine critically the effects of low-dose ionising radiation on the ecosphere. The meeting brought together participants from the fields of low- and high-dose radiobiology and those working in radioecology to discuss the effects that low doses of radiation have on non-human biota. In particular, the shape of the low-dose response relationship and the extent to which the effects of low-dose and chronic exposure may be predicted from high dose rate exposures were discussed. It was concluded that high dose effects were not predictive of low dose effects. It followed that the tools presently available were deemed insufficient to reliably predict risk of low dose exposures in ecosystems. The workshop participants agreed on three major recommendations for a path forward. First, as treating radiation as a single or unique stressor was considered insufficient, the development of a multidisciplinary approach is suggested to address key concerns about multiple stressors in the ecosphere. Second, agreed definitions are needed to deal with the multiplicity of factors determining outcome to low dose exposures as a term can have different meanings in different disciplines. Third, appropriate tools need to be developed to deal with the different time, space and organisation level scales. These recommendations permit a more accurate picture of prospective risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
| | - Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Francois Bréchignac
- Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) & International Union of Radioecology, Centre du Cadarache, Bldg 229, St Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - David Copplestone
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Stanislav Geras'kin
- Russian Institute of Radiology & Agroecology, Kievskoe shosse, 109km, Obninsk 249020, Russia.
| | - Jessica Goodman
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Penny Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - William McBride
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Timothy A Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Anthony O'Hare
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Rao V L Papineni
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center - KUMC (Adjunct), and PACT & Health, Branford, CT, USA.
| | - Gibin Powathil
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Dept of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
| | - Jill Sutcliffe
- Low Level Radiation and Health Conference, Ingrams Farm Fittleworth Road, Wisborough Green RH14 0JA, West Sussex, UK.
| | - Brian Austin
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
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Obodovskiy I. Experiments on Bacteria, Plants, Fungi, Tissues, and Animal Cultures. RADIATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63979-0.00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rusin A, Lapied E, Le M, Seymour C, Oughton D, Haanes H, Mothersill C. Effect of gamma radiation on the production of bystander signals from three earthworm species irradiated in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:211-221. [PMID: 30317106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of gamma radiation delivered over 24 h on the induction of bystander signals of three earthworm species exposed in vivo was investigated: A. chlorotica, A. caliginosa, and E. tetraedra. Worms were exposed to external gamma irradiation (Co-60 source) for 24 h and samples of head, body, and clitellum were dissected from exposed and control worms and placed in culture medium for 24 h at 19 C. The harvested medium was filtered and assayed for expression of bystander signals using both clonogenic and mitochondrial reporter assays. Different responses were observed in the different species and in the different tissues. A. chlorotica worm-treated reporters show insignificant mitochondrial response for all sections, yet a significant clonogenic reduction in survival for body sections. A. caliginosa worm-treated reporters show a significant mitochondrial response for some sections and insignificant mitochondrial response and insignificant reduction in clonogenic survival for the rest. E. tetraedra worms from a control site show significant evidence of bystander signalling, measured by mitochondrial response in reporter cells, for all sections while those harvested from a contaminated site show insignificant changes in baseline signalling when exposed to the challenge dose. In vivo exposure of earthworm species shows evidence of bystander signalling using two different reporter assays. This effect varied between the different species and tissues. There is also evidence of attenuated bystander signalling in worms harvested from a site contaminated with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Emmanuel Lapied
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - Michelle Le
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - Hallvard Haanes
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1430 Aas, Norway; Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA), Østerås, Norway
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Horemans N, Nauts R, Vives I Batlle J, Van Hees M, Jacobs G, Voorspoels S, Gaschak S, Nanba K, Saenen E. Genome-wide DNA methylation changes in two Brassicaceae species sampled alongside a radiation gradient in Chernobyl and Fukushima. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:405-416. [PMID: 30055441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The long-term radiological impact to the environment of the nuclear accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima is still under discussion. In the course of spring of 2016 we sampled two Brassicacea plants, Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsella bursa-pastoris native to Ukraine and Japan, respectively, alongside a gradient of radiation within the exclusion and difficult to return zones of Chernobyl (CEZ) and Fukushima (FEZ). Ambient dose rates were similar for both sampling gradients ranging from 0.5 to 80 μGy/h at plant height. The hypothesis was tested whether a history of several generations of plants growing in enhanced radiation exposure conditions would have led to changes in genome-wide DNA methylation. However, no differences were found in the global percentage of 5-methylated cytosines in Capsella bursa pastoris plants sampled in FEZ. On the other hand a significant decrease in whole genome methylation percentage in Arabidopsis thaliana plants was found in CEZ mainly governed by the highest exposed plants. These data support a link between exposure to changed environmental conditions and changes genome methylation. In addition to methylation the activity concentration of different radionuclides, 137Cs, 90Sr, 241Am and Pu-238,239,240 for CEZ and 137, 134Cs for FEZ, was analysed in both soil and plant samples. The ratio of 5.6 between 137Cs compared to 134Cs was as expected five years after the FEZ accident. For CEZ 137Cs is the most abundant polluting radionuclide in soil followed by 90Sr. Whereas 241Am and Pu-isotopes are only marginally present. In the plant tissue, however, higher levels of Sr than Cs were retrieved due to a high uptake of 90Sr in the plants. The 90Sr transfer factors ranged in CEZ from 5 to 20 (kg/kg) depending on the locality. Based on the activity concentrations of the different radionuclides the ERICA tool was used to estimate the total dose rates to the plants. It was found that for FEZ the doses was mainly contributable to the external Cs-isotopes and as such estimated total dose rates (0.13-38 μGy/h) were in the same range as the ambient measured dose rates. In strong contrast this was not true for CEZ where the total dose rate was mainly due to high uptake of the 90Sr leading to dose rates ranging from 1 to 370 μGy/h. Hence our data clearly indicate that not taking into account the internal contamination in CEZ will lead to considerable underestimation of the doses to the plants. Additionally they show that it is hard to compare the two nuclear accidental sites and one of the main reasons is the difference in contamination profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Research, University of Hasselt, Universiteitslaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Robin Nauts
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Jordi Vives I Batlle
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - May Van Hees
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Griet Jacobs
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO Nv), Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO Nv), Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Sergey Gaschak
- Chernobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology, International Radioecology Laboratory, 07100, Slavutych, Ukraine
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity of Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Eline Saenen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
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Kamstra JH, Hurem S, Martin LM, Lindeman LC, Legler J, Oughton D, Salbu B, Brede DA, Lyche JL, Aleström P. Ionizing radiation induces transgenerational effects of DNA methylation in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15373. [PMID: 30337673 PMCID: PMC6193964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is known to cause DNA damage, yet the mechanisms underlying potential transgenerational effects of exposure have been scarcely studied. Previously, we observed effects in offspring of zebrafish exposed to gamma radiation during gametogenesis. Here, we hypothesize that these effects are accompanied by changes of DNA methylation possibly inherited by subsequent generations. We assessed DNA methylation in F1 embryos (5.5 hours post fertilization) with whole genome bisulfite sequencing following parental exposure to 8.7 mGy/h for 27 days and found 5658 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). DMRs were predominantly located at known regulatory regions, such as gene promoters and enhancers. Pathway analysis indicated the involvement of DMRs related to similar pathways found with gene expression analysis, such as development, apoptosis and cancers, which could be linked to previous observed developmental defects and genomic instability in the offspring. Follow up of 19 F1 DMRs in F2 and F3 embryos revealed persistent effects up to the F3 generation at 5 regions. These results indicate that ionizing radiation related effects in offspring can be linked to DNA methylation changes that partly can persist over generations. Monitoring DNA methylation could serve as a biomarker to provide an indication of ancestral exposures to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorke H Kamstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Selma Hurem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo Martin Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033, Oslo, Norway.,University of Camagüey, Faculty of Agropecuary Sciences, Camagüey, 70100, Cuba
| | - Leif C Lindeman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Aleström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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Fuller N, Ford AT, Nagorskaya LL, Gudkov DI, Smith JT. Reproduction in the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus along a gradient of radionuclide contamination at Chernobyl. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:11-17. [PMID: 29427871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima have led to contamination of the environment that will persist for many years. The consequences of chronic low-dose radiation exposure for non-human organisms inhabiting contaminated environments remain unclear. In radioecology, crustaceans are important model organisms for the development of environmental radioprotection. Previous laboratory studies have demonstrated deleterious effects of radiation exposure on crustacean reproduction. However, no studies have documented the effects of chronic radiation exposure on the reproduction of natural crustacean populations. Based on data from laboratory exposures, we hypothesised that populations of the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus exposed to radiation for thirty years at Chernobyl would display reduced reproductive output and altered timing of reproduction. To test this hypothesis, A. aquaticus was collected from six lakes at Chernobyl over two years with total dose rates ranging from 0.06-27.1μGy/h. No significant differences in the fecundity, mass of broods or proportion of reproducing female A. aquaticus were recorded. Significant differences in the body mass of gravid females were recorded suggesting different timings of reproduction, however this was not related to radiation contamination. No significant effect of a range of environmental parameters on A. aquaticus reproduction was recorded. Our data suggests current dose rates at Chernobyl are not causing discernible effects on the reproductive output of A. aquaticus. This study is the first to assess the effects of chronic low-dose radiation exposure on the reproductive output of an aquatic invertebrate at Chernobyl. These findings are consistent with proposed radiological protection benchmarks for the maintenance of wildlife populations and will assist in management of environments impacted by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fuller
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Liubov L Nagorskaya
- Applied Science Center for Bioresources of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 27 Academicheskaya Str., 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitri I Gudkov
- Department of Freshwater Radioecology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Geroyev Stalingrada Ave. 12, UA-04210 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Jim T Smith
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 3QL, UK.
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Hurem S, Gomes T, Brede DA, Mayer I, Lobert VH, Mutoloki S, Gutzkow KB, Teien HC, Oughton D, Aleström P, Lyche JL. Gamma irradiation during gametogenesis in young adult zebrafish causes persistent genotoxicity and adverse reproductive effects. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:19-26. [PMID: 29453161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of gamma radiation may exert damage beyond that of the individual through its deleterious effects on reproductive function. Impaired reproductive performance can result in reduced population size over consecutive generations. In a continued effort to investigate reproductive and heritable effects of ionizing radiation, we recently demonstrated adverse effects and genomic instability in progeny of parents exposed to gamma radiation. In the present study, genotoxicity and effects on the reproduction following subchronic exposure during a gametogenesis cycle to 60Co gamma radiation (27 days, 8.7 and 53 mGy/h, total doses 5.2 and 31 Gy) were investigated in the adult wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio). A significant reduction in embryo production was observed one month after exposure in the 53 mGy/h exposure group compared to control and 8.7 mGy/h. One year later, embryo production was significantly lower in the 53 mGy/h group compared only to control, with observed sterility, accompanied by a regression of reproductive organs in 100% of the fish 1.5 years after exposure. Histopathological examinations revealed no significant changes in the testis in the 8.7 mGy/h group, while in 62.5% of females exposed to this dose rate the oogenesis was found to be only at the early previtellogenic stage. The DNA damage determined in whole blood, 1.5 years after irradiation, using a high throughput Comet assay, was significantly higher in the exposed groups (1.2 and 3-fold increase in 8.7 and 53 mGy/h females respectively; 3-fold and 2-fold increase in 8.7 and 53 mGy/h males respectively) compared to controls. A significantly higher number of micronuclei (4-5%) was found in erythrocytes of both the 8.7 and 53 mGy/h fish compared to controls. This study shows that gamma radiation at a dose rate of ≥ 8.7 mGy/h during gametogenesis causes adverse reproductive effects and persistent genotoxicity (DNA damage and increased micronuclei) in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Hurem
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tânia Gomes
- Norwegian Institute for Water research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag A Brede
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Ian Mayer
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Viola H Lobert
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Gutzkow
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Christian Teien
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Peter Aleström
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan L Lyche
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Hurem S, Martín LM, Lindeman L, Brede DA, Salbu B, Lyche JL, Aleström P, Kamstra JH. Parental exposure to gamma radiation causes progressively altered transcriptomes linked to adverse effects in zebrafish offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:855-863. [PMID: 29248853 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes a variety of effects, including DNA damage associated to cancers. However, the effects in progeny from irradiated parents is not well documented. Using zebrafish as a model, we previously found that parental exposure to ionizing radiation is associated with effects in offspring, such as increased hatching rates, deformities, increased DNA damage and reactive oxygen species. Here, we assessed short (one month) and long term effects (one year) on gene expression in embryonic offspring (5.5 h post fertilization) from zebrafish exposed during gametogenesis to gamma radiation (8.7 or 53 mGy/h for 27 days, total dose 5.2 or 31 Gy) using mRNA sequencing. One month after exposure, a global change in gene expression was observed in offspring from the 53 mGy/h group, followed by embryonic death at late gastrula, whereas offspring from the 8.7 mGy/h group was unaffected. Interestingly, one year after exposure newly derived embryos from the 8.7 mGy/h group exhibited 2390 (67.7% downregulated) differentially expressed genes. Overlaps in differentially expressed genes and enriched biological pathways were evident between the 53 mGy/h group one month and 8.7 mGy/h one year after exposure, but were oppositely regulated. Pathways could be linked to effects in adults and offspring, such as DNA damage (via Atm signaling) and reproduction (via Gnrh signaling). Comparison with gene expression analysis in directly exposed embryos indicate transferrin a and cytochrome P450 2x6 as possible biomarkers for radiation response in zebrafish. Our results indicate latent effects following ionizing radiation exposure from the lower dose in parents that can be transmitted to offspring and warrants monitoring effects over subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Hurem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo Martín Martín
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Agropecuary Sciences, Department of Morphophysiology, University of Camagüey, 74 650 Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Leif Lindeman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Aleström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Colins K, Liu Y, Li L, Birdee K. Radiation-Induced Damage–Based System and Method for Indirectly Monitoring High-Dose Ionizing Radiation. NUCL TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2017.1411718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Colins
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Computational Techniques Branch, Chalk River, Ontario K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Yu Liu
- Clarkson University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Liqian Li
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Applied Physics Branch, Chalk River, Ontario K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Kiranpreet Birdee
- McMaster University, Department of Engineering Physics, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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40
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Ryu TH, Kim JK, Kim JI, Kim JH. Transcriptome-based biological dosimetry of gamma radiation in Arabidopsis using DNA damage response genes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 181:94-101. [PMID: 29128690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are used as representative reference biota for the biological assessment of environmental risks such as ionizing radiation due to their immobility. This study proposed a faster, more economical, and more effective method than conventional cytogenetic methods for the biological dosimetry of ionizing radiation in plants (phytodosimetry). We compared various dose-response curves for the radiation-induced DNA damage response (DDR) in Arabidopsis thaliana after relatively "low-dose" gamma irradiation (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 Gy) below tens of Gy using comet (or single-cell gel electrophoresis), gamma-H2AX, and transcriptomic assays of seven DDR genes (AGO2, BRCA1, GRG, PARP1, RAD17, RAD51, and RPA1E) using quantitative real time PCR. The DDR signal from the comet assay was saturated at 6 Gy, while the gamma-H2AX signal increased up to 48 Gy, following a linear-quadratic dose-response model. The transcriptional changes in the seven DDR genes were fitted to linear or supra-linear quadratic equations with significant dose-dependency. The dose-dependent transcriptional changes were maintained similarly until 24 h after irradiation. The integrated transcriptional dose-response model of AGO2, BRCA1, GRG, and PARP1 was very similar to that of gamma-H2AX, while the transcriptional changes in the BRCA1, GRG, and PARP1 DDR genes revealed significant dependency on the dose-rate, ecotype, and radiation dose. These results suggest that the transcriptome-based dose-response model fitted to a quadratic equation could be used practically for phytodosimetry instead of conventional cytogenetic models, such as the comet and gamma-H2AX assays. The effects of dose-rate and ecotype on the transcriptional changes of DDR genes should also be considered to improve the transcriptome-based phytodosimetry model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ho Ryu
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyu Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Oldenkamp RE, Bryan AL, Kennamer RA, Leaphart JC, Webster SC, Beasley JC. Trace elements and radiocesium in game species near contaminated sites. J Wildl Manage 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricki E. Oldenkamp
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesP.O. Drawer E, AikenSC29802USA
| | - Albert L. Bryan
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology LaboratoryP.O. Drawer E, AikenSC29802USA
| | - Robert A. Kennamer
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology LaboratoryP.O. Drawer E, AikenSC29802USA
| | - James C. Leaphart
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesP.O. Drawer E, AikenSC29802USA
| | - Sarah C. Webster
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesP.O. Drawer E, AikenSC29802USA
| | - James C. Beasley
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesP.O. Drawer E, AikenSC29802USA
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42
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Strand P, Sundell-Bergman S, Brown JE, Dowdall M. On the divergences in assessment of environmental impacts from ionising radiation following the Fukushima accident. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 169-170:159-173. [PMID: 28119209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The accident at the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station on March 11, 2011, led to significant contamination of the surrounding terrestrial and marine environments. Whilst impacts on human health remain the primary concern in the aftermath of such an accident, recent years have seen a significant body of work conducted on the assessment of the accident's impacts on both the terrestrial and marine environment. Such assessments have been undertaken at various levels of biological organisation, for different species, using different methodologies and coming, in many cases, to divergent conclusions as to the effects of the accident on the environment. This article provides an overview of the work conducted in relation to the environmental impacts of the Fukushima accident, critically comparing and contrasting methodologies and results with a view towards finding reasons for discrepancies, should they indeed exist. Based on the outcomes of studies conducted to date, it would appear that in order to avoid the fractured and disparate conclusions drawn in the aftermath of previous accidents, radioactive contaminants and their effects can no longer simply be viewed in isolation with respect to the ecosystems these effects may impact. A combination of laboratory based and field studies with a focus on ecosystem functioning and effects could offer the best opportunities for coherence in the interpretation of the results of studies into the environmental impacts of ionising radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Strand
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - S Sundell-Bergman
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J E Brown
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Grini næringspark 13, 1332 Østerås, Norway
| | - M Dowdall
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Grini næringspark 13, 1332 Østerås, Norway
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43
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Georgieva M, Rashydov NM, Hajduch M. DNA damage, repair monitoring and epigenetic DNA methylation changes in seedlings of Chernobyl soybeans. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 50:14-21. [PMID: 28017527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study was carried out to assess the effect of radio-contaminated Chernobyl environment on plant genome integrity 27 years after the accident. For this purpose, nuclei were isolated from root tips of the soybean seedlings harvested from plants grown in the Chernobyl area for seven generations. Neutral, neutral-alkaline, and methylation-sensitive comet assays were performed to evaluate the induction and repair of primary DNA damage and the epigenetic contribution to stress adaptation mechanisms. An increased level of single and double strand breaks in the radio-contaminated Chernobyl seedlings at the stage of primary root development was detected in comparison to the controls. However, the kinetics of the recovery of DNA breaks of radio-contaminated Chernobyl samples revealed that lesions were efficiently repaired at the stage of cotyledon. Methylation-sensitive comet assay revealed comparable levels in the CCGG methylation pattern between control and radio-contaminated samples with a slight increase of approximately 10% in the latter ones. The obtained preliminary data allow us to speculate about the onset of mechanisms providing an adaptation potential to the accumulated internal irradiation after the Chernobyl accident. Despite the limitations of this study, we showed that comet assay is a sensitive and flexible technique which can be efficiently used for genotoxic screening of plant specimens in natural and human-made radio-contaminated areas, as well as for safety monitoring of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyana Georgieva
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics and Stability, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Namik M Rashydov
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Martin Hajduch
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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Fuller N, Smith JT, Nagorskaya LL, Gudkov DI, Ford AT. Does Chernobyl-derived radiation impact the developmental stability of Asellus aquaticus 30years on? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:242-250. [PMID: 27788439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effects of long-term, environmentally relevant doses of radiation on biota remain unclear due to a lack of studies following chronic exposure in contaminated environments. The 1986 Chernobyl accident dispersed vast amounts of radioactivity into the environment which persists to date. Despite three decades of research, impacts of the incident on non-human organisms continues to be contested within the scientific literature. The present study assessed the impact of chronic radiation exposure from Chernobyl on the developmental stability of the model aquatic isopod, Asellus aquaticus using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as an indicator. Fluctuating asymmetry, defined as random deviations from the expected perfect bilateral symmetry of an organism, has gained prominence as an indicator of developmental stability in ecotoxicology. Organisms were collected from six lakes along a gradient of radionuclide contamination in Belarus and the Ukraine. Calculated total dose rates ranged from 0.06-27.1μGy/h. Fluctuating asymmetry was assessed in four meristic and one metrical trait. Significant differences in levels of pooled asymmetry were recorded between sample sites independent of sex and specific trait measured. However, there was no correlation of asymmetry with radiation doses, suggesting that differences in asymmetry were not attributed to radionuclide contamination and were driven by elevated asymmetry at a single site. No correlation between FA and measured environmental parameters suggested a biotic factor driving observed FA differences. This study appears to be the first to record no evident increase in developmental stability of biota from the Chernobyl region. These findings will aid in understanding the response of organisms to chronic pollutant exposure and the long term effects of large scale nuclear incidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fuller
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Jim T Smith
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Liubov L Nagorskaya
- Applied Science Center for Bioresources of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 27 Academicheskaya Str., 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitri I Gudkov
- Department of Freshwater Radioecology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Geroyev Stalingrada Ave. 12, UA-04210 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9LY, UK.
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45
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Boratyński Z, Arias JM, Garcia C, Mappes T, Mousseau TA, Møller AP, Pajares AJM, Piwczyński M, Tukalenko E. Ionizing radiation from Chernobyl affects development of wild carrot plants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39282. [PMID: 27982121 PMCID: PMC5159907 DOI: 10.1038/srep39282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioactivity released from disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima is a global hazard and a threat to exposed biota. To minimize the deleterious effects of stressors organisms adopt various strategies. Plants, for example, may delay germination or stay dormant during stressful periods. However, an intense stress may halt germination or heavily affect various developmental stages and select for life history changes. Here, we test for the consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation on plant development. We conducted a common garden experiment in an uncontaminated greenhouse using 660 seeds originating from 33 wild carrots (Daucus carota) collected near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. These maternal plants had been exposed to radiation levels that varied by three orders of magnitude. We found strong negative effects of elevated radiation on the timing and rates of seed germination. In addition, later stages of development and the timing of emergence of consecutive leaves were delayed by exposure to radiation. We hypothesize that low quality of resources stored in seeds, damaged DNA, or both, delayed development and halted germination of seeds from plants exposed to elevated levels of ionizing radiation. We propose that high levels of spatial heterogeneity in background radiation may hamper adaptive life history responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Javi Miranda Arias
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Cristina Garcia
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timothy A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Anders P. Møller
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Antonio Jesús Muñoz Pajares
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marcin Piwczyński
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Eugene Tukalenko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, UA-03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Pozolotina VN, Antonova EV. Temporal variability of the quality of Taraxacum officinale seed progeny from the East-Ural radioactive trace: is there an interaction between low level radiation and weather conditions? Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:330-339. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1254835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera N. Pozolotina
- Laboratory of Population Radiobiology, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Antonova
- Laboratory of Population Radiobiology, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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47
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Boubriak I, Akimkina T, Polischuk V, Dmitriev A, McCready S, Grodzinsky D. Long term effects of Chernobyl contamination on DNA repair function and plant resistance to different biotic and abiotic stress factors. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Beresford NA, Fesenko S, Konoplev A, Skuterud L, Smith JT, Voigt G. Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident: What lessons have we learnt? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 157:77-89. [PMID: 27018344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
April 2016 sees the 30(th) anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. As a consequence of the accident populations were relocated in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine and remedial measures were put in place to reduce the entry of contaminants (primarily (134+137)Cs) into the human food chain in a number of countries throughout Europe. Remedial measures are still today in place in a number of countries, and areas of the former Soviet Union remain abandoned. The Chernobyl accident led to a large resurgence in radioecological studies both to aid remediation and to be able to make future predictions on the post-accident situation, but, also in recognition that more knowledge was required to cope with future accidents. In this paper we discuss, what in the authors' opinions, were the advances made in radioecology as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident. The areas we identified as being significantly advanced following Chernobyl were: the importance of semi-natural ecosystems in human dose formation; the characterisation and environmental behaviour of 'hot particles'; the development and application of countermeasures; the "fixation" and long term bioavailability of radiocaesium and; the effects of radiation on plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Beresford
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - S Fesenko
- International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296 Japan
| | - L Skuterud
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, 1332 Østerås, Norway
| | - J T Smith
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - G Voigt
- r.e.m., Franz-Siegel-Gasse 26, 2380 Perchtoldsdorf, Austria
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49
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Festarini A, Shultz C, Stuart M, Kim SB, Ferreri C. CELLULAR RESPONSES TO TRITIUM EXPOSURE IN RAINBOW TROUT: HTO- AND OBT-SPIKED FEED EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS. CNL NUCLEAR REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.12943/cnr.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological effects were evaluated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to tritiated water (HTO) or food spiked with organically bound tritium (OBT). An HTO exposure study was conducted using a tritium activity concentration of 7000 Bq/L, and an OBT exposure study was conducted using a tritium activity concentration of 30 000 Bq/L. Following 140 days of in vivo HTO exposure, liver, heart, spleen, kidney, and brain cells did not show statistically significant differences in viability; kidney, liver, and spleen cells did not show significant differences in DNA double-strand break repair activity compared with control cells. Membrane fatty acid composition analysis was conducted on liver cells and no effects of HTO exposure could be detected. Following 140 days of in vivo OBT exposure, viability and DNA double-strand break repair activity were not statistically different from controls in liver, heart, spleen, kidney, and brain cells. Changes, however, were noted in the fatty acid composition of liver and muscle tissues. For both studies, all measurements were performed on each tissue and on a fraction of the same tissue that was exposed to a gamma 4 Gy dose in vitro to test for adaptive responses, and no effects were observed except for fatty acid composition. The findings demonstrated that membrane fatty acid composition is a sensitive marker and that microscopic evaluation of gamma-H2AX foci is more sensitive than the flow cytometric approach. These studies are the first to correlate uptake and depuration with biological health indicators in edible fish for tritium exposures within worldwide drinking water guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Festarini
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Carmen Shultz
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Marilyne Stuart
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Sang Bog Kim
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies of the National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
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50
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Einor D, Bonisoli-Alquati A, Costantini D, Mousseau TA, Møller AP. Ionizing radiation, antioxidant response and oxidative damage: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 548-549:463-471. [PMID: 26851726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One mechanism proposed as a link between exposure to ionizing radiation and detrimental effects on organisms is oxidative damage. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the scientific literature on the effects of chronic low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) on antioxidant responses and oxidative damage. We found 40 publications and 212 effect sizes for antioxidant responses and 288 effect sizes for effects of oxidative damage. We performed a meta-analysis of signed and unsigned effect sizes. We found large unsigned effects for both categories (0.918 for oxidative damage; 0.973 for antioxidant response). Mean signed effect size weighted by sample size was 0.276 for oxidative damage and -0.350 for antioxidant defenses, with significant heterogeneity among effects for both categories, implying that ionizing radiation caused small to intermediate increases in oxidative damage and small to intermediate decreases in antioxidant defenses. Our estimates are robust, as shown by very high fail-safe numbers. Species, biological matrix (tissue, blood, sperm) and age predicted the magnitude of effects for oxidative damage as well as antioxidant response. Meta-regression models showed that effect sizes for oxidative damage varied among species and age classes, while effect sizes for antioxidant responses varied among species and biological matrices. Our results are consistent with the description of mechanisms underlying pathological effects of chronic exposure to LDIR. Our results also highlight the importance of resistance to oxidative stress as one possible mechanism associated with variation in species responses to LDIR-contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Einor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - A Bonisoli-Alquati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - D Costantini
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - T A Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan.
| | - A P Møller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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