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Zhang H, Cao K, Xiang J, Zhang M, Zhu M, Xi Q. Hypoxia induces immunosuppression, metastasis and drug resistance in pancreatic cancers. Cancer Lett 2023; 571:216345. [PMID: 37558084 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of the digestive system and is known as the "king of cancers". It is extremely difficult to diagnose at an early stage, the disease progresses rapidly, and the effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is poor, so the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients is very poor. Numerous studies have suggested that hypoxia is closely related to the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Inadequate blood supply and desmoplasia in the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer can result in its extreme hypoxia. This hypoxic microenvironment can further contribute to angiogenesis and desmoplasia. Hypoxia is mediated by the complex hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway and plays an important role in the formation of a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment and the metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Further work on the hypoxic microenvironment will help clarify the specific mechanisms of the role of hypoxia in pancreatic cancer and provide a basis for the realization of hypoxia-targeted therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kailei Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingrong Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mengxin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qinhua Xi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Ohtake T, Itaba S, Salybekov AA, Sheng Y, Sato T, Yanai M, Imagawa M, Fujii S, Kumagai H, Harata M, Asahara T, Kobayashi S. Repetitive administration of cultured human CD34+ cells improve adenine-induced kidney injury in mice. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:268-280. [PMID: 37181001 PMCID: PMC10173816 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no established treatment to impede the progression or restore kidney function in human chronic kidney disease (CKD).
AIM To examine the efficacy of cultured human CD34+ cells with enhanced proliferating potential in kidney injury in mice.
METHODS Human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived CD34+ cells were incubated for one week in vasculogenic conditioning medium. Vasculogenic culture significantly increased the number of CD34+ cells and their ability to form endothelial progenitor cell colony-forming units. Adenine-induced tubulointerstitial injury of the kidney was induced in immunodeficient non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, and cultured human UCB-CD34+ cells were administered at a dose of 1 × 106/mouse on days 7, 14, and 21 after the start of adenine diet.
RESULTS Repetitive administration of cultured UCB-CD34+ cells significantly improved the time-course of kidney dysfunction in the cell therapy group compared with that in the control group. Both interstitial fibrosis and tubular damage were significantly reduced in the cell therapy group compared with those in the control group (P < 0.01). Microvasculature integrity was significantly preserved (P < 0.01) and macrophage infiltration into kidney tissue was dramatically decreased in the cell therapy group compared with those in the control group (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION Early intervention using human cultured CD34+ cells significantly improved the progression of tubulointerstitial kidney injury. Repetitive administration of cultured human UCB-CD34+ cells significantly improved tubulointerstitial damage in adenine-induced kidney injury in mice via vasculoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Ohtake
- Regenerative Medicine, The Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kidney Disease and Transplant center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
- Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoichi Itaba
- Kamakura Techno-science Inc., Kamakura 248-0036, Japan
| | - Amankeldi A Salybekov
- Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yin Sheng
- Advanced Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Yanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo 004-0041, Japan
| | - Makoto Imagawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo 004-0041, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fujii
- Kamakura Techno-science Inc., Kamakura 248-0036, Japan
| | | | | | - Takayuki Asahara
- Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
- Cell Processing and Cell/Genome Analysis Center, The Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuzo Kobayashi
- Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kidney Disease and Transplant Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Kanazawa, Japan
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3
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Heck-Swain KL, Li J, Ruan W, Yuan X, Wang Y, Koeppen M, Eltzschig HK. Myeloid hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1A provides cardio-protection during ischemia and reperfusion via induction of netrin-1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:970415. [PMID: 36247475 PMCID: PMC9554136 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.970415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1A induces cardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Here, we investigate tissue-specific pathways that are critical for HIF1A-elicited tissue protection. Initial studies showed that mice with induced global Hif1a deletion (Hif1aloxP/loxP UbiquitinCre+) have exaggerated myocardial injury during in situ ischemia and reperfusion. Surprisingly, this phenotype was mirrored only in mice with myeloid-specific Hif1a deletion (Hif1a loxP/loxP LysM Cre+). In contrast, mice with myocardial specific (Hif1aloxP/loxP Myosin Cre+), or vascular Hif1a deletion (Hif1aloxP/loxP VEcadherin Cre+) experienced similar levels of injury as controls. Subsequent studies using adoptive transfer of Hif1a-deficient polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) prior to myocardial injury demonstrated increased reperfusion injury. On the contrary, the adoptive transfer of PMNs treated ex vivo with the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) was associated with attenuated myocardial injury. Furthermore, DMOG-mediated cardioprotection was abolished in Hif1aloxP/loxP LysM Cre+ mice, but not in Hif2aloxP/loxP LysM Cre+ mice. Finally, studies of PMN-dependent HIF1A target genes implicated the neuronal guidance molecule netrin-1 in mediating the cardioprotective effects of myeloid HIF1A. Taken together, the present studies identified a functional role for myeloid-expressed HIF1A in providing cardioprotection during ischemia and reperfusion injury, which is mediated, at least in part, by the induction of the netrin-1 neuronal guidance molecule in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Lin Heck-Swain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Koeppen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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4
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Ruan W, Ma X, Bang IH, Liang Y, Muehlschlegel JD, Tsai KL, Mills TW, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK. The Hypoxia-Adenosine Link during Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1939. [PMID: 36009485 PMCID: PMC9405579 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing availability and more successful interventional approaches to restore coronary reperfusion, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. During myocardial ischemia, the myocardium becomes profoundly hypoxic, thus causing stabilization of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF). Stabilization of HIF leads to a transcriptional program that promotes adaptation to hypoxia and cellular survival. Transcriptional consequences of HIF stabilization include increases in extracellular production and signaling effects of adenosine. Extracellular adenosine functions as a signaling molecule via the activation of adenosine receptors. Several studies implicated adenosine signaling in cardioprotection, particularly through the activation of the Adora2a and Adora2b receptors. Adenosine receptor activation can lead to metabolic adaptation to enhance ischemia tolerance or dampen myocardial reperfusion injury via signaling events on immune cells. Many studies highlight that clinical strategies to target the hypoxia-adenosine link could be considered for clinical trials. This could be achieved by using pharmacologic HIF activators or by directly enhancing extracellular adenosine production or signaling as a therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction, or undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - In Hyuk Bang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yafen Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jochen Daniel Muehlschlegel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kuang-Lei Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tingting W. Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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5
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Shivshankar P, Karmouty-Quintana H, Mills T, Doursout MF, Wang Y, Czopik AK, Evans SE, Eltzschig HK, Yuan X. SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Host Response, Immunity, and Therapeutic Targets. Inflammation 2022; 45:1430-1449. [PMID: 35320469 PMCID: PMC8940980 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a global pandemic with severe socioeconomic effects. Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ failure. Binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) on bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells triggers host inflammatory pathways that lead to pathophysiological changes. Proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in alveolar epithelial cells counter barrier disruption, modulate host innate immune response to induce chemotaxis, and initiate the resolution of inflammation. Here, we discuss experimental models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection, molecular pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, and viral hijacking of anti-inflammatory pathways, such as delayed type-I IFN response. Mechanisms of alveolar adaptation to hypoxia, adenosinergic signaling, and regulatory microRNAs are discussed as potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shivshankar
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Czopik
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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6
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Yuan X, Mills T, Doursout MF, Evans SE, Vidal Melo MF, Eltzschig HK. Alternative adenosine Receptor activation: The netrin-Adora2b link. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944994. [PMID: 35910389 PMCID: PMC9334855 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During hypoxia or inflammation, extracellular adenosine levels are elevated. Studies using pharmacologic approaches or genetic animal models pertinent to extracellular adenosine signaling implicate this pathway in attenuating hypoxia-associated inflammation. There are four distinct adenosine receptors. Of these, it is not surprising that the Adora2b adenosine receptor functions as an endogenous feedback loop to control hypoxia-associated inflammation. First, Adora2b activation requires higher adenosine concentrations compared to other adenosine receptors, similar to those achieved during hypoxic inflammation. Second, Adora2b is transcriptionally induced during hypoxia or inflammation by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1A. Studies seeking an alternative adenosine receptor activation mechanism have linked netrin-1 with Adora2b. Netrin-1 was originally discovered as a neuronal guidance molecule but also functions as an immune-modulatory signaling molecule. Similar to Adora2b, netrin-1 is induced by HIF1A, and has been shown to enhance Adora2b signaling. Studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intestinal inflammation, myocardial or hepatic ischemia and reperfusion implicate the netrin-Adora2b link in tissue protection. In this review, we will discuss the potential molecular linkage between netrin-1 and Adora2b, and explore studies demonstrating interactions between netrin-1 and Adora2b in attenuating tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Jiang P, Hao S, Xie L, Xiang G, Hu W, Wu Q, Liu Z, Li S. LncRNA NEAT1 contributes to the acquisition of a tumor like-phenotype induced by PM 2.5 in lung bronchial epithelial cells via HIF-1α activation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43382-43393. [PMID: 33829382 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hazards of particulate matter (PM2.5) on human respiratory health have been previously reported. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced lung carcinogenesis have rarely been studied. In the present study, we explored the effects of PM2.5 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties in lung bronchial epithelial cells. We found that exposure of PM2.5 enhanced lung bronchial epithelial cell proliferation and EMT. In addition, the expression level of CSC-like biomarkers, CD133 and CD44, was significantly elevated by PM2.5 in vitro. Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been reported to participate in lung cancer. Loss of NEAT1 represses the malignant transformation of BEAS-2B and HBE cells induced by PM2.5. NEAT1 interacts with microRNA (miR)-582-5p, and miR-582-5p reverses the pro-tumor effects of NEAT1 overexpression. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is an important transcription factor in the pathological responses to hypoxia. HIF-1α was a predicted target for miR-582-5p, and a direct correlation between them was identified. Inhibitors of miR-582-5p rescued HIF-1α expression, which was attenuated by a lack of NEAT1. In conclusion, PM2.5 increased NEAT1 expression, which, by binding with miR-582-5p, released HIF-1α and promoted EMT and the acquisition of CSC-like characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyu Hao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiling Xiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinhan Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Shi J, Liu Z, Li M, Guo J, Chen L, Ding L, Ding X, Zhou T, Zhang J. Polysaccharide from Potentilla anserina L ameliorate pulmonary edema induced by hypobaric hypoxia in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111669. [PMID: 34243609 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening disease occurs in hypobaric hypoxia (HH) environment, which could be treated by Dexamethasone, but might cause side-effects. Potentilla anserina L polysaccharide (PAP) holds promising physiological and pharmacological properties which could be beneficial for HAPE treatment. In our study, the anti-hypoxia effect of PAP was firstly investigated through anti-normobaric hypoxia test and anti-acute hypoxia test. Then we established a model of HAPE and measured the lung water content, pathological changes and MDA, NO, SOD, GSH concentrations in lung tissues. We also evaluated the protein and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, NF-κB and HIF-1α) by ELISA kits, RT-PCR and Western blotting. As expected, PAP could dramatically reduce the lung water content, alleviate lung tissue injury, and inhibit MDA and NO production, it also promote SOD activity and GSH expression. In addition, it has been found that PAP blocked the NF-κB and HIF-1α signaling pathway activation, inhibited the generation of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, PAP provides great potential in HAPE treatment mainly through suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Shi
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China; PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau Environment Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Maoxing Li
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau Environment Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lele Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xu Ding
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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9
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Abstract
Despite substantial advances in anesthesia safety within the past decades, perioperative mortality remains a prevalent problem and can be considered among the top causes of death worldwide. Acute organ failure is a major risk factor of morbidity and mortality in surgical patients and develops primarily as a consequence of a dysregulated inflammatory response and insufficient tissue perfusion. Neurological dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, acute kidney injury, respiratory failure, intestinal dysfunction, and hepatic impairment are among the most serious complications impacting patient outcome and recovery. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative arrangements, such as enhanced recovery after surgery programs, can contribute to lowering the occurrence of organ dysfunction, and mortality rates have improved with the advent of specialized intensive care units and advances in procedures relating to extracorporeal organ support. However, no specific pharmacological therapies have proven effective in the prevention or reversal of perioperative organ injury. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of organ dysfunction is essential to identify novel treatment strategies to improve perioperative care and outcomes for surgical patients. This review focuses on recent knowledge of pathophysiological and molecular pathways leading to perioperative organ injury. Additionally, we highlight potential therapeutic targets relevant to the network of events that occur in clinical settings with organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Conrad
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
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10
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Zarbock A, Hollmann MW. Perioperative Organ Failure: A Preventable Complication? Anesth Analg 2020; 131:1663-1665. [PMID: 33186154 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zarbock
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Küllmar M, Weiß R, Ostermann M, Campos S, Grau Novellas N, Thomson G, Haffner M, Arndt C, Wulf H, Irqsusi M, Monaco F, Di Prima AL, García-Alvarez M, Italiano S, Felipe Correoso M, Kunst G, Nair S, L'Acqua C, Hoste E, Vandenberghe W, Honore PM, Kellum JA, Forni L, Grieshaber P, Wempe C, Meersch M, Zarbock A. A Multinational Observational Study Exploring Adherence With the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Recommendations for Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg 2020; 130:910-916. [PMID: 31922998 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines recommend a bundle of different measures for patients at increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that management in accordance with the KDIGO recommendations was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative AKI in high-risk patients. However, compliance with the KDIGO bundle in routine clinical practice is unknown. METHODS This observational prevalence study was performed in conjunction with a prospective RCT investigating the role of the KDIGO bundle in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A 2-day observational prevalence study was performed in all participating centers before the RCT to explore routine clinical practice. The participating hospitals provided the following data: demographics and surgical characteristics, AKI rates, and compliance rates with the individual components of the bundle. RESULTS Ninety-five patients were enrolled in 12 participating hospitals. The incidence of AKI within 72 hours after cardiac surgery was 24.2%. In 5.3% of all patients, clinical management was fully compliant with all 6 components of the bundle. Nephrotoxic drugs were discontinued in 52.6% of patients, volume optimization was performed in 70.5%, 52.6% of the patients underwent functional hemodynamic monitoring, close monitoring of serum creatinine and urine output was undertaken in 24.2% of patients, hyperglycemia was avoided in 41.1% of patients, and no patient received radiocontrast agents. The patients received on average 3.4 (standard deviation [SD] ±1.1) of 6 supportive measures as recommended by the KDIGO guidelines. There was no significant difference in the number of applied measures between AKI and non-AKI patients (3.2 [SD ±1.1] vs 3.5 [SD ±1.1]; P = .347). CONCLUSIONS In patients after cardiac surgery, compliance with the KDIGO recommendations was low in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Küllmar
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Raphael Weiß
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Campos
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neus Grau Novellas
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Thomson
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Haffner
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Arndt
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hinnerk Wulf
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc Irqsusi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Monaco
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Licia Di Prima
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Italiano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Felipe Correoso
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gudrun Kunst
- Department of Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shrijit Nair
- Department of Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Hoste
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick M Honore
- Department of Intensive Care, CHU Brugmann University Hospital, Brussel, Belgium
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lui Forni
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Grieshaber
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carola Wempe
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Meersch
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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12
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Shi J, Wang J, Zhang J, Li X, Tian X, Wang W, Wang P, Li M. Polysaccharide extracted from Potentilla anserina L ameliorate acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain impairment in rats. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2397-2407. [PMID: 32298011 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a high altitude malady caused by acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH), in which pathogenesis is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Potentilla anserina L is mainly distributed in Tibetan Plateau, and its polysaccharide possesses many physiological and pharmacological properties. In the present study, the protective effect and potential treatment mechanism of Potentilla anserina L polysaccharide (PAP) in HACE were explored. First, we measured the brain water content and observed the pathological changes in brain tissues, furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were evaluated by kits. Finally, the protein contents and mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, vascular endothelial cell growth factor [VEGF], NF-κB, and hypoxia inducible factor-1 α [HIF-1α]) were detected by ELISA kits, RT-PCR, and western blotting. The results demonstrated that PAP reduced the brain water content, alleviated brain tissue injury, reduce the levels of MDA and NO, and increased the activity of SOD and GSH level. In addition, PAP blocking the NF-κB and HIF-1α signaling pathway activation inhibited the generation of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and VEGF). Therefore, PAP has a potential to treat and prevent of HACE by suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiuyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Maoxing Li
- Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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McDonald FB, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD. The impact of preterm adversity on cardiorespiratory function. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:17-43. [PMID: 31626357 DOI: 10.1113/ep087490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? We review the influence of prematurity on the cardiorespiratory system and examine the common sequel of alterations in oxygen tension, and immune activation in preterm infants. What advances does it highlight? The review highlights neonatal animal models of intermittent hypoxia, hyperoxia and infection that contribute to our understanding of the effect of stress on neurodevelopment and cardiorespiratory homeostasis. We also focus on some of the important physiological pathways that have a modulatory role on the cardiorespiratory system in early life. ABSTRACT Preterm birth is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality. Babies that survive early-life stress associated with immaturity have significant prevailing short- and long-term morbidities. Oxygen dysregulation in the first few days and weeks after birth is a primary concern as the cardiorespiratory system slowly adjusts to extrauterine life. Infants exposed to rapid alterations in oxygen tension, including exposures to hypoxia and hyperoxia, have altered redox balance and active immune signalling, leading to altered stress responses that impinge on neurodevelopment and cardiorespiratory homeostasis. In this review, we explore the clinical challenges posed by preterm birth, followed by an examination of the literature on animal models of oxygen dysregulation and immune activation in the context of early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Santos SA, Lira FS, Silva ET, Caris AV, Oyama LM, Thomatieli-Santos RV. Effect of moderate exercise under hypoxia on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2019; 13:583-589. [PMID: 31310707 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Moderate exercise performed in normoxia can be immunostimulatory, while strenuous exercise can be immunosuppressive. However, less is known about the effects of exercise under hypoxia on cytokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an acute exercise session performed under hypoxia similar to an altitude of 4200 m on cytokine balance. Our hypothesis was that exercise, even of moderate intensity, associated with hypoxia may induce different changes in relation to the normoxic condition. METHODS Eight healthy male volunteers were exercised on a treadmill for 1 hour at an intensity of 50% VO2peak under normoxic or hypoxic condition (4200 m). Blood samples were collected at rest and immediately 1 hour after the exercise, respectively to determine cytokines, hormones and metabolites. The two-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used and the significance adopted was P < .05. RESULTS While IL-2, the IL-2/IL-4 ratio and glutamine decreased under hypoxia, IL-6 and IL-1ra increased. There were increases in the IL-2/IL-4 ratio, IL-6, IL-1ra and IL-10/TNF-α in normoxia. There were no differences in cortisol or glucose. CONCLUSION Moderate exercise under hypoxia condition changes the Th1/Th2 balance including IL-2, IL-4 and TNF-α cytokines, suggesting a Th2 response after 1 hour rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samile A Santos
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Edgar T Silva
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Aline V Caris
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila M Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Koivisto AE, Olsen T, Paur I, Paulsen G, Bastani NE, Garthe I, Raastad T, Matthews J, Blomhoff R, Bøhn SK. Effects of antioxidant-rich foods on altitude-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in elite endurance athletes: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217895. [PMID: 31194785 PMCID: PMC6563980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various altitude training regimes, systematically used to improve oxygen carrying capacity and sports performance, have been associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. We investigated whether increased intake of common antioxidant-rich foods attenuates these processes. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, 31 elite endurance athletes (23 ± 5 years), ingested antioxidant-rich foods (n = 16), (> doubling their usual intake), or eucaloric control foods (n = 15) during a 3-week altitude training camp (2320 m). Fasting blood and urine samples were collected 7 days pre-altitude, after 5 and 18 days at altitude, and 7 days post-altitude. Change over time was compared between the groups using mixed models for antioxidant capacity [uric acid-free (ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)], oxidative stress (8-epi-PGF2α) and inflammatory biomarkers (IFNγ, IL1α, IL1RA, IL1β, IL2, IL5, IL6, IL7, IL10, IL12p70, IL13, IL17, TNFα, MCP-1 and micro-CRP). The cytokine response to a stress-test (VO2max ramp test or 100 m swimming) was assessed at pre- and post-altitude. Results FRAP increased more in the antioxidant compared to the control group (p = 0.034). IL13 decreased in the antioxidant group, while increasing in the controls (p = 0.006). A similar trend was seen for IL6 (p = 0.062). A larger decrease in micro-CRP was detected in the antioxidant group compared to controls (β: -0.62, p = 0.02). We found no group differences for the remaining cytokines. 8-epi-PGF2α increased significantly in the whole population (p = 0.033), regardless group allocation. The stress response was significantly larger post-altitude compared with pre-altitude for IL1β, IL6, IL7, IL13, IL12p70 and TNFα, but we found no group differences. Conclusions Increased intake of antioxidant-rich foods elevated the antioxidant capacity and attenuated some of the altitude-induced systemic inflammatory biomarkers in elite athletes. The antioxidant intervention had no impact on the altitude-induced oxidative stress or changes in acute cytokine responses to exercise stress-tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Elisa Koivisto
- Norwegian Olympic Sports Centre, Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Paur
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Sports Centre, Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ina Garthe
- Norwegian Olympic Sports Centre, Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv Kjølsrud Bøhn
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
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16
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Govindpani K, McNamara LG, Smith NR, Vinnakota C, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Kwakowsky A. Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Prelude to the Pathological Process or a Consequence of It? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E651. [PMID: 31083442 PMCID: PMC6571853 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Despite decades of research following several theoretical and clinical lines, all existing treatments for the disorder are purely symptomatic. AD research has traditionally been focused on neuronal and glial dysfunction. Although there is a wealth of evidence pointing to a significant vascular component in the disease, this angle has been relatively poorly explored. In this review, we consider the various aspects of vascular dysfunction in AD, which has a significant impact on brain metabolism and homeostasis and the clearance of β-amyloid and other toxic metabolites. This may potentially precede the onset of the hallmark pathophysiological and cognitive symptoms of the disease. Pathological changes in vessel haemodynamics, angiogenesis, vascular cell function, vascular coverage, blood-brain barrier permeability and immune cell migration may be related to amyloid toxicity, oxidative stress and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. These vascular deficits may in turn contribute to parenchymal amyloid deposition, neurotoxicity, glial activation and metabolic dysfunction in multiple cell types. A vicious feedback cycle ensues, with progressively worsening neuronal and vascular pathology through the course of the disease. Thus, a better appreciation for the importance of vascular dysfunction in AD may open new avenues for research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Govindpani
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Laura G McNamara
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nicholas R Smith
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Chitra Vinnakota
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Lm Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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17
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Jain R, Austin Pickens C, Fenton JI. The role of the lipidome in obesity-mediated colon cancer risk. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:1-9. [PMID: 29605789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a state of chronic inflammation influenced by lipids such as fatty acids and their secondary oxygenated metabolites deemed oxylipids. Many such lipid mediators serve as potent signaling molecules of inflammation, which can further alter lipid metabolism and lead to carcinogenesis. For example, sphingosine-1-phosphate activates cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial cells resulting in the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 promotes colon cancer cell growth. In contrast, the less studied path of AA oxygenation via cytochrome p450 enzymes produces epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EETs), whose anti-inflammatory properties cause shrinking of enlarged adipocytes, a characteristic of obesity, through the liberation of fatty acids. It is now thought that EET depletion occurs in obesity and may contribute to colon cell carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, gangliosides, a type of sphingolipid, are cell surface signaling molecules that contribute to the apoptosis of colon tumor cells. Many of these discoveries have been made recently and the mechanisms are still not fully understood, leading to an exciting new chapter of lipidomic research. In this review, mechanisms behind obesity-associated colon cancer are discussed with a focus on the role of small lipid signaling molecules in the process. Specifically, changes in lipid metabolite levels during obesity and the development of colon cancer, as well as novel biomarkers and targets for therapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Jain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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18
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Yuan X, Lee JW, Bowser JL, Neudecker V, Sridhar S, Eltzschig HK. Targeting Hypoxia Signaling for Perioperative Organ Injury. Anesth Analg 2018; 126:308-321. [PMID: 28759485 PMCID: PMC5735013 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative organ injury has a significant impact on surgical outcomes and presents a leading cause of death in the United States. Recent research has pointed out an important role of hypoxia signaling in the protection from organ injury, including for example myocardial infarction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney, or gut injury. Hypoxia induces the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), thereby leading to the induction of HIF target genes, which facilitates adaptive responses to low oxygen. In this review, we focus on current therapeutic strategies targeting hypoxia signaling in various organ injury models and emphasize potential clinical approaches to integrate these findings into the care of surgical patients. Conceptually, there are 2 options to target the HIF pathway for organ protection. First, drugs became recently available that promote the stabilization of HIFs, most prominently via inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase. These compounds are currently trialed in patients, for example, for anemia treatment or prevention of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Second, HIF target genes (such as adenosine receptors) could be activated directly. We hope that some of these approaches may lead to novel pharmacologic strategies to prevent or treat organ injury in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jae W. Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L. Bowser
- Department of Anesthesiology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Viola Neudecker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinic of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Srikanth Sridhar
- Department of Anesthesiology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Hu H, Asweto CO, Wu J, Shi Y, Feng L, Yang X, Liang S, Cao L, Duan J, Sun Z. Gene expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to PM 2.5. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:589-598. [PMID: 28575702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular system is demonstrated the main target of PM2.5 and the objective of this study was to explore the toxic effect and molecular mechanisms caused by PM2.5 in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using microarray and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that 591 genes were differentially expressed triggered by PM2.5, of which 174 genes were down-regulated, while 417 genes were up-regulated. Gene ontology analysis revealed that PM2.5 caused significant changes in gene expression patterns, including response to stimuli, immune response, and cellular processes. Pathway analysis and Signal-net analysis suggested that endocytosis, chemokine signaling pathway, RNA transport, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and autophagy regulation were the most critical pathways in PM2.5-induced toxicity in HUVECs. Moreover, gene expression confirmation of LIF, BCL2L1, CSF3, HMOX1, RPS6, PFKFB, CAPN1, HSPBP1, MOGS, PREB, TUBB2A, GABARAP by qRT-PCR indicated that endocytosis might be involved in the cellular uptake of PM2.5 by forming phagosomes, and subsequently inflammation, hypoxia and ER stress was occurred, which finally activated autophagy after PM2.5 exposure in HUVECs. In summary, our data can serve as fundamental research clues for further studies of PM2.5-induced toxicity in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Hu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Collins Otieno Asweto
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lige Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070692. [PMID: 28671626 PMCID: PMC5537807 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on salivary immunity after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Fifteen volunteers performed exercise of 70% of VO2peak until exhaustion and were divided into three groups: hypoxia placebo, hypoxia 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min), and hypoxia after six days glutamine (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min). All procedures were randomized and double-blind. Saliva was collected at rest (basal), before exercise (pre-exercise), immediately after exercise (post-exercise), and two hours after exercise. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. SaO₂% reduced when comparing baseline vs. pre-exercise, post-exercise, and after recovery for all three groups. There was also a reduction of SaO₂% in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for the hypoxia group and an increase was observed in pre-exercise vs. recovery for both supplementation groups, and between post-exercise and for the three groups studied. There was an increase of salivary flow in post-exercise vs. recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) decreased from baseline vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Glutamine group. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) increased from post-exercise vs. after recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was observed from baseline vs. post-exercise and after recovery for the Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group; a lower concentration was observed in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise and recovery. TNF-α had a reduction from baseline vs. post-exercise for both supplementation groups, and a lower secretion between baseline vs. recovery, and pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Five hours of hypoxia and exercise did not change IgA. Carbohydrates, with greater efficiency than glutamine, induced anti-inflammatory responses.
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Bhamidipati D, Goldhammer JE, Sperling MR, Torjman MC, McCarey MM, Whellan DJ. Cognitive Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 31:707-718. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Caris AV, Da Silva ET, Dos Santos SA, Lira FS, Oyama LM, Tufik S, Dos Santos RVT. Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions. Nutrients 2016; 8:E706. [PMID: 27827949 PMCID: PMC5133093 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise performed at the hypoxia equivalent of an altitude of 4200 m is associated with elevated inflammatory mediators and changes in the Th1/Th2 response. By contrast, supplementation with carbohydrates has an anti-inflammatory effect when exercise is performed under normoxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on cytokines and cellular damage markers after exercise under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4200 m. METHODS Seven adult male volunteers who exercised for 60 min at an intensity of 50% VO2Peak were randomly evaluated under three distinct conditions; normoxia, hypoxia and hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation. Blood samples were collected at rest, at the end of exercise and after 60 min of recovery. To evaluate hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation, volunteers received a solution of 6% carbohydrate (maltodextrin) or a placebo (strawberry-flavored Crystal Light®; Kraft Foods, Northfield, IL, USA) every 20 min during exercise and recovery. Statistical analyses comprised analysis of variance, with a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 after exercise and after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05), while in the hypoxia + carbohydrate group, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α after exercise compared to at rest (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under this condition, TNF-α, IL-2 and the balance of IL-2/IL-4 were increased after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that carbohydrate supplementation modified the IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations and shifted the IL-2/IL-4 balance towards Th1 in response without glycemic, glutaminemia and cell damage effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Venticinque Caris
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos 11060-001, Brazil.
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Zhang X, Li S, Li M, Huang H, Li J, Zhou C. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α mediates the toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway leading to anti-tumor effects in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxic conditions. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1034-1040. [PMID: 27446390 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are involved in numerous mechanisms of cancer biology, including cell proliferation and survival; however the interaction of the two factors under hypoxic conditions remains unclear. The present study investigated the in vitro mechanism that results in the suppression of tumor cell growth and cellular functions when HIF-1α is silenced. In the present study, the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line was transfected with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against HIF-1α and cultured under hypoxic conditions (1% O2 for 24 h). The expression of HIF-1α and various growth factors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), were examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Tumor growth was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and tumor activity was measured using tumor cell invasion and migration assays. Lipopolysaccharide and TAK-242 were used to activate and inhibit TLR4, respectively, to observe the role of TLR4 in the HIF-1α silenced tumor cells. The expression of TLR4 signaling pathway associates, including myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and HIF-1α, were analyzed by western blot assay. Under hypoxic conditions, silencing of HIF-1α expression suppressed tumor cell growth and regulated the expression of tumor growth-associated genes, including EGF, HGF, VEGF and FG2. Suppression of tumor cell invasion and migration was also observed in the HIF-1α silenced HepG2 cell line. In addition, TLR4 was identified to be involved in HIF-1α and MyD88 accumulation, and activation of ASK1 and p38 were demonstrated to be critical for TLR4-mediated HIF-1α pathway. In conclusion, silencing of HIF-1α expression may induce anti-tumor effects under hypoxic conditions in HepG2 cells via the TLR4 mediated pathway, suggesting that the HIF-1α/TLR4 signaling cohort may act as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatocellular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Shuchen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Mingrong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Dai J, Sun C, Yao Z, Chen W, Yu L, Long M. Exposure to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter disrupts vascular endothelial cell barrier function via the IL-6/HIF-1α signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:720-8. [PMID: 27398311 PMCID: PMC4932451 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The barrier function of vascular endothelial cells is critical for the development of CVDs. Here, we employed human umbilical vein endothelial cells to clarify the function of ambient PM2.5 pollution in the regulation of membrane permeability of vascular endothelial cells. The results show that a high concentration of PM2.5, which mainly includes heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, induces barrier dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells. This was mediated in part by promoting IL‐6 expression, which then increases the transcriptional activity of HIF‐1α by promoting its translocation to the nucleus. Our findings indicate that concentrated PM2.5 can destroy membrane integrity and promote permeability in vascular endothelial cells, thereby contributing to the development of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Dai
- Department of Biotechnology Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Canxing Sun
- Department of Biotechnology Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Zhuo Yao
- Department of Biotechnology Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Lihong Yu
- Department of Biotechnology Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Minhui Long
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology China
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K. Adenosine as a Multi-Signalling Guardian Angel in Human Diseases: When, Where and How Does it Exert its Protective Effects? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:419-434. [PMID: 26944097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of adenosine for human health cannot be overstated. Indeed, this ubiquitous nucleoside is an integral component of ATP, and regulates the function of every tissue and organ in the body. Acting via receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms [the former mediated via four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A1, A2A, A2B, and A3,], it has a significant role in protecting against cell damage in areas of increased tissue metabolism, and combating organ dysfunction in numerous pathological states. Accordingly, raised levels of adenosine have been demonstrated in epilepsy, ischaemia, pain, inflammation, and cancer, in which its behaviour can be likened to that of a guardian angel, even though there are instances in which overproduction of adenosine is pathological. In this review, we condense the current body of knowledge on the issue, highlighting when, where, and how adenosine exerts its protective effects in both the brain and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Gile J, Eckle T. ADORA2b Signaling in Cardioprotection. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2016; 2:e222. [PMID: 27747290 PMCID: PMC5061046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death worldwide. A powerful strategy for cardioprotection would be to identify specific molecules or targets that mimic ischemic preconditioning (IP), where short non-lethal episodes of ischemia and reperfusion prior to myocardial infarction result in dramatic reduction of infarct sizes. Since 1960 researchers believed that adenosine has a strong cardio-protective potential. In fact, with the discovery of cardiac IP in 1986 by Murry et al., adenosine was the first identified molecule that was used in studying the underlying mechanism of IP. Today we know, based on genetic studies, that adenosine is crucial for IP mediated cardio-protection and that the adenosine receptors ADORA1, ADORA2a and ADORA2b play an important role. However, the ADORA2b receptor is the only receptor so far which has been found to play a role in human and murine myocardial ischemia. With recent advances using tissue specific mice for the ADORA2b, we were able to uncover cardiomyocytes and endothelia as the responsible cell type for cardiac IP. Using a wide search for ADORA2b downstream targets, our group identified the circadian rhythm protein, Period 2 (PER2), as a novel target for IP mediated cardioprotection. Mechanistic studies on PER2 mediated cardioprotection revealed an important role for PER2 in optimizing cardiac metabolism through activation of oxygen saving pathways. Thus, cardiomyocyte or endothelial expressed ADORA2b or the downstream circadian rhythm protein PER2 are key targets for cardiac IP and could represent novel strategies to treat or prevent MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Eckle
- Corresponding Author. Tobias Eckle, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Anesthesiology, Cardiology and Cell Biology. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Mailstop B112, RC 2, Room 7121, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Office: +1-303-724 -2932 or – 2947; Fax: +1-303-724-2852.
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Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Lima-Cabello E, Martínez-Flórez S, Almar M, Cuevas MJ, González-Gallego J. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase induced by eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1075-83. [PMID: 25749442 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of acute and chronic eccentric exercise on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α activation response and the concomitant modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in rat skeletal muscle. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: rested control group, acutely exercised group after an intermittent downhill protocol for 90 min, and acutely exercise group with a previous eccentric training of 8 wk. HIF-1α activation, VEGF and eNOS gene expression, protein content, and promoter activation were assessed in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Acute eccentric exercise induced a marked activation of HIF-1α and resulted in increased VEGF and eNOS mRNA level and protein concentration. The binding of HIF-1α to the VEGF and eNOS promoters, measured by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, was undetectable in rested rats, whereas it was evident in acutely exercised animals. Acute exercise also increased myeloperoxidase, toll-like receptor-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β protein content, suggesting a contribution of proinflammatory stimuli to HIF-1α activation and VEGF overexpression. All of these effects were partially abolished by training. Moreover, training resulted in an increased capillary density. In summary, our findings indicate that eccentric exercise prompts an HIF-1α response in untrained skeletal muscle that contributes to the upregulation of VEGF and eNOS gene expression and is attenuated after an eccentric training program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mar Almar
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - María J Cuevas
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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ChIP-seq and in vivo transcriptome analyses of the Aspergillus fumigatus SREBP SrbA reveals a new regulator of the fungal hypoxia response and virulence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004487. [PMID: 25375670 PMCID: PMC4223079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus fumigatus sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) SrbA belongs to the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors and is crucial for antifungal drug resistance and virulence. The latter phenotype is especially striking, as loss of SrbA results in complete loss of virulence in murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). How fungal SREBPs mediate fungal virulence is unknown, though it has been suggested that lack of growth in hypoxic conditions accounts for the attenuated virulence. To further understand the role of SrbA in fungal infection site pathobiology, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) was used to identify genes under direct SrbA transcriptional regulation in hypoxia. These results confirmed the direct regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis and iron uptake by SrbA in hypoxia and revealed new roles for SrbA in nitrate assimilation and heme biosynthesis. Moreover, functional characterization of an SrbA target gene with sequence similarity to SrbA identified a new transcriptional regulator of the fungal hypoxia response and virulence, SrbB. SrbB co-regulates genes involved in heme biosynthesis and demethylation of C4-sterols with SrbA in hypoxic conditions. However, SrbB also has regulatory functions independent of SrbA including regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Loss of SrbB markedly attenuates A. fumigatus virulence, and loss of both SREBPs further reduces in vivo fungal growth. These data suggest that both A. fumigatus SREBPs are critical for hypoxia adaptation and virulence and reveal new insights into SREBPs' complex role in infection site adaptation and fungal virulence. Despite improvements in diagnostics and antifungal drug treatments, mortality rates from invasive mold infections remain high. Defining the fungal adaptation and growth mechanisms at the infection site microenvironment is one research focus that is expected to improve treatment of established invasive fungal infections. The Aspergillus fumigatus transcription factor SrbA is a major regulator of the fungal response to hypoxia found at sites of invasive fungal growth in vivo. In this study, new insights into how SrbA mediates hypoxia adaptation and virulence were revealed through identification of direct transcriptional targets of SrbA under hypoxic conditions. A major novel finding from these studies is the identification of a critical role in fungal hypoxia adaptation and virulence of an SrbA target gene, srbB, which is also in the SREBP family. SrbB plays a major role in regulation of heme biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism early in the response to hypoxia. The discovery of SrbA-dependent regulation of srbB gene expression, and the target genes they regulate opens new avenues to understand how SREBPs and their target genes mediate adaptation to the in vivo infection site microenvironment and responses to current antifungal therapies.
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Lei Y, Wang K, Deng L, Chen Y, Nice EC, Huang C. Redox Regulation of Inflammation: Old Elements, a New Story. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:306-40. [PMID: 25171147 DOI: 10.1002/med.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400016 P.R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Longfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
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Abstract
Inflammation is associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and adverse neonatal outcomes. Subchorionic thrombi, with or without inflammation, may also be a significant pathological finding in PPROM. Patterns of inflammation and thrombosis may give insight into mechanisms of adverse neonatal outcomes associated with PPROM. To characterize histologic findings of placentas from pregnancies complicated by PPROM at altitude, 44 placentas were evaluated for gross and histological indicators of inflammation and thrombosis. Student's t-test (or Mann-Whitney U-test), χ 2 analysis (or Fisher's exact test), mean square contingency and logistic regression were used when appropriate. The prevalence of histologic acute chorioamnionitis (HCA) was 59%. Fetal-derived inflammation (funisitis and chorionic plate vasculitis) was seen at lower frequency (30% and 45%, respectively) and not always in association with HCA. There was a trend for Hispanic women to have higher odds of funisitis (OR = 5.9; P = 0.05). Subchorionic thrombi were seen in 34% of all placentas. The odds of subchorionic thrombi without HCA was 6.3 times greater that the odds of subchorionic thrombi with HCA (P = 0.02). There was no difference in gestational age or rupture-to-delivery interval, with the presence or absence of inflammatory or thrombotic lesions. These findings suggest that PPROM is caused by or can result in fetal inflammation, placental malperfusion, or both, independent of gestational age or rupture-to-delivery interval; maternal ethnicity and altitude may contribute to these findings. Future studies focused on this constellation of PPROM placental findings, genetic polymorphisms and neonatal outcomes are needed.
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Qi B, Chen HL, Shang D, Dong Y, Zhang GX, Yu L. Effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 on alveolar-capillary barrier disruption and lung edema in rat models of severe acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:899-906. [PMID: 25120621 PMCID: PMC4113543 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) on alveolar-capillary barrier disruption and lung edema in rat models of severe acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury (PALI). A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham surgery group (n=10) and three PALI groups, in which acute pancreatitis was induced by the retrograde infusion of 5% sodium taurocholate (1 ml/kg). The PALI groups were as follows: i) Untreated PALI group (n=10); ii) 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) group (5 mg/kg body mass; n=10); and iii) 2ME2 group (15 mg/kg body mass; n=10). In the two 2ME2 groups, the HIF-1α inhibitor 2ME2 was administered intraperitoneally 1 h after the induction of AP. The severity of the pancreatitis was evaluated by the serum amylase levels and pathology. The severity of the lung injury was evaluated by the wet/dry ratio, blood gas analysis and pathology. The alveolar-capillary barrier disruption was assessed by Evans blue dye extravasation. The protein and mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α and MMP-9 were studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The active tumor necrosis factor-α levels were measured using an ELISA. The HIF-1α inhibitor 2ME2 attenuated the severity of the pancreatitis and PALI, while the lung edema and alveolar-capillary barrier disruption were significantly ameliorated compared with those in the untreated PALI group. Administration of the higher dose of 2ME2 significantly suppressed the protein expression of MMP-9 in the lung tissues. The results indicate that HIF-1α has a major function in alveolar-capillary barrier disruption and lung edema in PALI via a molecular pathway cascade involving MMP-9. Inhibition of HIF-1α by 2ME2 attenuates alveolar-capillary barrier disruption and lung edema. Pharmacological blockade of this pathway in patients with PALI may provide a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qi
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China ; Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Long Chen
- Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Xin Zhang
- Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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Goldfarb-Rumyantzev AS, Alper SL. Short-term responses of the kidney to high altitude in mountain climbers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:497-506. [PMID: 23525530 PMCID: PMC3938295 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In high-altitude climbers, the kidneys play a crucial role in acclimatization and in mountain sickness syndromes [acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema, high-altitude pulmonary edema] through their roles in regulating body fluids, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. Here, we discuss renal responses to several high-altitude-related stresses, including changes in systemic volume status, renal plasma flow and clearance, and altered acid-base and electrolyte status. Volume regulation is considered central both to high-altitude adaptation and to maladaptive development of mountain sickness. The rapid and powerful diuretic response to the hypobaric hypoxic stimulus of altitude integrates decreased circulating concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, renin and aldosterone, increased levels of natriuretic hormones, plasma and urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, endothelin and urinary adrenomedullin, with increased insensible fluid losses and reduced fluid intake. The ventilatory and hormonal responses to hypoxia may predict susceptibility to AMS, also likely influenced by multiple genetic factors. The timing of altitude increases and adaptation also modifies the body's physiologic responses to altitude. While hypovolemia develops as part of the diuretic response to altitude, coincident vascular leak and extravascular fluid accumulation lead to syndromes of high-altitude sickness. Pharmacological interventions, such as diuretics, calcium blockers, steroids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and β-agonists, may potentially be helpful in preventing or attenuating these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Goldfarb-Rumyantzev
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth L. Alper
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), clinically defined by high serum creatinine and low urine flow, has many complicated pathophysiological features including tubular and glomerular injury. Although renal tubules are thought to be constituted by highly differentiated epithelial cells, it is possible to repair injured nephrons by the healing process. Several studies have revealed that AKI, especially AKI caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury or nephrotoxic medication, depends on a number of factors, including activation of transcriptional factors, endothelial injury of peritubular small vessels, immune responses, and inflammatory processes associated with necrosis and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelium. For regeneration of injured tubules, partly dedifferentiated progenitor-like cells fill the injured site and constitute the tubular structure and function, although the source of these cells is still under debate. It is essential to understand the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms of AKI and tubular regeneration for the development of therapies to prevent and treat kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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Teli MK, G. K. R. Computational Repositioning and Experimental Validation of Approved Drugs for HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1818-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Teli
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Rajanikant G. K.
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
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Tripathy D, Sanchez A, Yin X, Luo J, Martinez J, Grammas P. Thrombin, a mediator of cerebrovascular inflammation in AD and hypoxia. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:19. [PMID: 23675346 PMCID: PMC3648692 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence implicates hypoxia and vascular inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thrombin, a multifunctional inflammatory mediator, is demonstrable in the brains of AD patients both in the vessel walls and senile plaques. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a key regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia, is also upregulated in the vasculature of human AD brains. The objective of this study is to investigate inflammatory protein expression in the cerebrovasculature of transgenic AD mice and to explore the role of thrombin as a mediator of cerebrovascular inflammation and oxidative stress in AD and in hypoxia-induced changes in brain endothelial cells. Immunofluorescent analysis of the cerebrovasculature in AD mice demonstrates significant (p < 0.01–0.001) increases in thrombin, HIF-1α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to controls. Administration of the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran (100 mg/kg) to AD mice for 34 weeks significantly decreases expression of inflammatory proteins and ROS. Exposure of cultured brain endothelial cells to hypoxia for 6 h causes an upregulation of thrombin, HIF-1α, MCP-1, IL-6, and MMP2 and ROS. Treatment of endothelial cells with the dabigatran (1 nM) reduces ROS generation and inflammatory protein expression (p < 0.01–0.001). The data demonstrate that inhibition of thrombin in culture blocks the increase in inflammatory protein expression and ROS generation evoked by hypoxia. Also, administration of dabigatran to transgenic AD mice diminishes ROS levels in brain and reduces cerebrovascular expression of inflammatory proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibiting thrombin generation could have therapeutic value in AD and other disorders where hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Tripathy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock, TX, USA
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Protective role for netrin-1 during diabetic nephropathy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1071-80. [PMID: 23636509 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies implicate neuronal guidance molecules in the orchestration of inflammatory events. For example, previous studies demonstrate a functional role for netrin-1 in attenuating acute kidney injury. Here, we hypothesized a kidney-protective role for netrin-1 during chronic kidney disease, such as occurs during diabetic nephropathy. To study the role of netrin-1 during diabetic nephropathy, we induced diabetes in mice at the age of 8 weeks by streptocotozin (STZ) treatment. Sixteen weeks after STZ treatment, we examined the kidneys. Initial studies in wild-type mice demonstrated robust induction of renal, urinary, and plasma netrin-1 protein levels during diabetic nephropathy. Subsequent genetic studies in mice with partial netrin-1 deficiency (Ntrn1(+/-) mice) revealed a more severe degree of diabetic nephropathy, including more severe loss of kidney function (albuminuria, glomerular filtration rate, histology). We subsequently performed pharmacologic studies with recombinant netrin-1 treatment given continuously via osmotic pump. Indeed, netrin-1 treatment was associated with attenuated albuminuria and improved histologic scores for diabetic nephropathy compared to controls. Consistent with previous studies implicating purinergic signaling in netrin-1-elicited tissue protection, mice deficient in the Adora2b adenosine receptor were not protected. Taken together, these studies demonstrate a functional role for endogenous netrin-1 in attenuating diabetic kidney disease.
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Weng T, Karmouty-Quintana H, Garcia-Morales LJ, Molina JG, Pedroza M, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Seethamraju H, Blackburn MR. Hypoxia-induced deoxycytidine kinase expression contributes to apoptosis in chronic lung disease. FASEB J 2013; 27:2013-26. [PMID: 23392349 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent inflammation and tissue remodeling and is a leading cause of death in the United States. Increased apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells is thought to play a role in COPD development and progression. Identification of signaling pathways resulting in increased apoptosis in COPD can be used in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Deoxyadenosine (dAdo) is a DNA breakdown product that amplifies lymphocyte apoptosis by being phosphorylated to deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP). dAdo is maintained at low levels by adenosine deaminase (ADA). This study demonstrated that mice lacking ADA developed COPD manifestations in association with elevated dAdo and dATP levels and increased apoptosis in the lung. Deoxycitidine kinase (DCK), a major enzyme for dAdo phosphorylation, was up-regulated in mouse and human airway epithelial cells in association with air-space enlargement. Hypoxia was identified as a novel regulator of DCK, and inhibition of DCK resulted in diminished dAdo-mediated apoptosis in the lungs. Our results suggest that activating the dAdo-DCK-dATP pathway directly results in increased apoptosis in the lungs of mice with air-space enlargement and suggests a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Paulus P, Ockelmann P, Tacke S, Karnowski N, Ellinghaus P, Scheller B, Holfeld J, Urbschat A, Zacharowski K. Deguelin attenuates reperfusion injury and improves outcome after orthotopic lung transplantation in the rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39265. [PMID: 22745725 PMCID: PMC3380011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of adequate organ preservation is to avoid further cellular metabolism during the phase of ischemia. However, modern preservation solutions do rarely achieve this target. In donor organs hypoxia and ischemia induce a broad spectrum of pathologic molecular mechanisms favoring primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after transplantation. Increased hypoxia-induced transcriptional activity leads to increased vascular permeability which in turn is the soil of a reperfusion edema and the enhancement of a pro-inflammatory response in the graft after reperfusion. We hypothesize that inhibition of the respiration chain in mitochondria and thus inhibition of the hypoxia induced mechanisms might reduce reperfusion edema and consecutively improve survival in vivo. In this study we demonstrate that the rotenoid Deguelin reduces the expression of hypoxia induced target genes, and especially VEGF-A, dose-dependently in hypoxic human lung derived cells. Furthermore, Deguelin significantly suppresses the mRNA expression of the HIF target genes VEGF-A, the pro-inflammatory CXCR4 and ICAM-1 in ischemic lungs vs. control lungs. After lung transplantation, the VEGF-A induced reperfusion-edema is significantly lower in Deguelin-treated animals than in controls. Deguelin-treated rats exhibit a significantly increased survival-rate after transplantation. Additionally, a downregulation of the pro-inflammatory molecules ICAM-1 and CXCR4 and an increase in the recruitment of immunomodulatory monocytes (CD163+ and CD68+) to the transplanted organ involving the IL4 pathway was observed. Therefore, we conclude that ischemic periods preceding reperfusion are mainly responsible for the increased vascular permeability via upregulation of VEGF. Together with this, the resulting endothelial dysfunction also enhances inflammation and consequently lung dysfunction. Deguelin significantly decreases a VEGF-A induced reperfusion edema, induces the recruitment of immunomodulatory monocytes and thus improves organ function and survival after lung transplantation by interfering with hypoxia induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Paulus
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During critical illness, alterations of intestinal blood supply and inflammatory activation can result in severe intestinal hypoxia (limited oxygen availability). Conditions of hypoxia lead to the activation of a transcriptional program that is under the control of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In many instances, HIF-dependent alterations of gene expression represent endogenous adaptive responses that dampen pathologic inflammation and could be targeted to treat intestinal injury. RECENT FINDINGS Post-translational stabilization of the HIF transcription factor and corresponding changes in gene expression are central to the resolution of intestinal injury. Examples for such responses that we discuss in this review include hypoxia-elicited increases in extracellular adenosine production and signaling, particularly through the A2B adenosine receptor, and intestinal protection provided by hypoxia-inducible netrin-1. SUMMARY The present review focuses on HIF-elicited anti-inflammatory pathways that result in intestinal protection during critical illness. Many of these pathways represent novel therapeutic targets for attenuating multiorgan failure and critical illness. Whereas these therapeutic approaches are currently being investigated in cell culture models or in genetic mouse models, we are optimistic that at least some of these novel targets can be translated from bench to bedside in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Grenz
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Thauerer B, Zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G. Purine nucleosides: endogenous neuroprotectants in hypoxic brain. J Neurochem 2012; 121:329-42. [PMID: 22335456 PMCID: PMC3499684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Even a short blockade of oxygen flow in brain may lead to the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and depletion of cellular ATP, which results in profound deficiencies in cellular function. Following ischemia, dying, injured, and hypoxic cells release soluble purine-nucleotide and -nucleoside pools. Growing evidence suggests that purine nucleosides might act as trophic factors in the CNS and PNS. In addition to equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) regulating purine nucleoside concentrations intra- and extracellularly, specific extracellular receptor subtypes for these compounds are expressed on neurons, glia, and endothelial cells, mediating stunningly diverse effects. Such effects range from induction of cell differentiation, apoptosis, mitogenesis, and morphogenetic changes, to stimulation of synthesis and/or release of cytokines and neurotrophic factors under both physiological and pathological conditions. Multiple signaling pathways regulate the critical balance between cell death and survival in hypoxia-ischemia. A convergent pathway for the regulation of multiple modalities involved in O₂ sensing is the mitogen activated protein kinase (p42/44 MAPK) or (ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated kinases) pathway terminating in a variety of transcription factors, for example, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. In this review, the coherence of purine nucleoside-related pathways and MAPK activation in the endogenous neuroprotective regulation of the nervous system's development and neuroplasticity under hypoxic stress will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Thauerer
- Division of Neurobiochemistry, Biocenter Department, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Transcriptome and network changes in climbers at extreme altitudes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31645. [PMID: 22393366 PMCID: PMC3290542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme altitude can induce a range of cellular and systemic responses. Although it is known that hypoxia underlies the major changes and that the physiological responses include hemodynamic changes and erythropoiesis, the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways mediating such changes are largely unknown. To obtain a more complete picture of the transcriptional regulatory landscape and networks involved in extreme altitude response, we followed four climbers on an expedition up Mount Xixiabangma (8,012 m), and collected blood samples at four stages during the climb for mRNA and miRNA expression assays. By analyzing dynamic changes of gene networks in response to extreme altitudes, we uncovered a highly modular network with 7 modules of various functions that changed in response to extreme altitudes. The erythrocyte differentiation module is the most prominently up-regulated, reflecting increased erythrocyte differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells, probably at the expense of differentiation into other cell lineages. These changes are accompanied by coordinated down-regulation of general translation. Network topology and flow analyses also uncovered regulators known to modulate hypoxia responses and erythrocyte development, as well as unknown regulators, such as the OCT4 gene, an important regulator in stem cells and assumed to only function in stem cells. We predicted computationally and validated experimentally that increased OCT4 expression at extreme altitude can directly elevate the expression of hemoglobin genes. Our approach established a new framework for analyzing the transcriptional regulatory network from a very limited number of samples.
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