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Guo X, Zhang R, Li C, Duan M, Cao N, Jin Q, Chen X, Li L, Li X, Pang S. Environmental levels of azoxystrobin disturb male zebrafish behavior: Possible roles of oxidative stress, cholinergic system, and dopaminergic system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115744. [PMID: 38086263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A widely applied pesticide of azoxystrobin, is increasingly detected in the water environment. Concern has been raised against its potential detriment to aquatic ecosystems. It has been shown that exposure to azoxystrobin interfere with the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae. This study aims to investigate whether exposure to environmental levels of azoxystrobin (2 μg/L, 20 μg/L, and 200 μg/L) changes the behavior of male adult zebrafish. Herein, we evaluated behavioral response (locomotor, anxiety-like, and exploratory behaviors), histopathology, biochemical indicators, and gene expression in male adult zebrafish upon azoxystrobin exposure. The study showed that exposure to azoxystrobin for 42 days remarkably increased the locomotor ability of male zebrafish, resulted in anxiety-like behavior, and inhibited exploratory behavior. After treatment with 200 μg/L azoxystrobin, vasodilatation, and congestion were observed in male zebrafish brains. Exposure to 200 μg/L azoxystrobin notably elevated ROS level, MDA concentration, CAT activity, and AChE activity, while inhibiting SOD activity, GPx activity, ACh concentration, and DA concentration in male zebrafish brains. Moreover, the expression levels of genes related to the antioxidant, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems were significantly changed. This suggests that azoxystrobin may interfere with the homeostasis of neurotransmitters by causing oxidative stress in male zebrafish brains, thus affecting the behavioral response of male zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjun Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Manman Duan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Niannian Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wang X, Shen Z, Zhang H, Zhang HJ, Li F, Yu L, Chen H, Zhou K, Xu H, Sheng S. Bexarotene improves motor function after spinal cord injury in mice. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2733-2742. [PMID: 37449638 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a challenge in orthopedics because it causes irreversible damage to the central nervous system. Therefore, early treatment to prevent lesion expansion is crucial for the management of patients with spinal cord injury. Bexarotene, a type of retinoid, exerts therapeutic effects on patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and Parkinson's disease. Bexarotene has been proven to promote autophagy, but it has not been used in the treatment of spinal cord injury. To investigate the effects of bexarotene on spinal cord injury, we established a mouse model of T11-T12 spinal cord contusion and performed daily intraperitoneal injection of bexarotene for 5 consecutive days. We found that bexarotene effectively reduced the deposition of collagen and the number of pathological neurons in the injured spinal cord, increased the number of synapses of nerve cells, reduced oxidative stress, inhibited pyroptosis, promoted the recovery of motor function, and reduced death. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine reversed the effects of bexarotene on spinal cord injury. Bexarotene enhanced the nuclear translocation of transcription factor E3, which further activated AMP-activated protein kinase-S-phase kinase-associated protein 2-coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 and AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Intravenous injection of transcription factor E3 shRNA or intraperitoneal injection of compound C, an AMP-activated protein kinase blocker, inhibited the effects of bexarotene. These findings suggest that bexarotene regulates nuclear translocation of transcription factor E3 through the AMP-activated protein kinase-S-phase kinase-associated protein 2-coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 and AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin signal pathways, promotes autophagy, decreases reactive oxygen species level, inhibits pyroptosis, and improves motor function after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feida Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Letian Yu
- Renji College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sunren Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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3
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Guo X, Jiang C, Chen Z, Wang X, Hong F, Hao D. Regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in spinal cord injury: an updated review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276445. [PMID: 38022526 PMCID: PMC10663250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are involved in neural homeostasis and pathological processes associated with neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI). The biological effect of cytokines, including those associated with acute or chronic SCI pathologies, are the result of receptor-mediated signaling through the Janus kinases (JAKs) as well as the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) DNA-binding protein families. Although therapies targeting at cytokines have led to significant changes in the treatment of SCI, they present difficulties in various aspects for the direct use by patients themselves. Several small-molecule inhibitors of JAKs, which may affect multiple pro-inflammatory cytokine-dependent pathways, as well as STATs, are in clinical development for the treatment of SCI. This review describes the current understanding of the JAK-STAT signaling in neuroendocrine homeostasis and diseases, together with the rationale for targeting at this pathway for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Fan Hong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Sánchez-Torres S, Orozco-Barrios C, Salgado-Ceballos H, Segura-Uribe JJ, Guerra-Araiza C, León-Cholula Á, Morán J, Coyoy-Salgado A. Tibolone Improves Locomotor Function in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15285. [PMID: 37894971 PMCID: PMC10607734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) harms patients' health and social and economic well-being. Unfortunately, fully effective therapeutic strategies have yet to be developed to treat this disease, affecting millions worldwide. Apoptosis and autophagy are critical cell death signaling pathways after SCI that should be targeted for early therapeutic interventions to mitigate their adverse effects and promote functional recovery. Tibolone (TIB) is a selective tissue estrogen activity regulator (STEAR) with neuroprotective properties demonstrated in some experimental models. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TIB on apoptotic cell death and autophagy after SCI and verify whether TIB promotes motor function recovery. A moderate contusion SCI was produced at thoracic level 9 (T9) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Subsequently, animals received a daily dose of TIB orally and were sacrificed at 1, 3, 14 or 30 days post-injury. Tissue samples were collected for morphometric and immunofluorescence analysis to identify tissue damage and the percentage of neurons at the injury site. Autophagic (Beclin-1, LC3-I/LC3-II, p62) and apoptotic (Caspase 3) markers were also analyzed via Western blot. Finally, motor function was assessed using the BBB scale. TIB administration significantly increased the amount of preserved tissue (p < 0.05), improved the recovery of motor function (p < 0.001) and modulated the expression of autophagy markers in a time-dependent manner while consistently inhibiting apoptosis (p < 0.05). Therefore, TIB could be a therapeutic alternative for the recovery of motor function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.S.-T.); (H.S.-C.); (Á.L.-C.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Carlos Orozco-Barrios
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.S.-T.); (H.S.-C.); (Á.L.-C.)
| | - Julia J. Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Christian Guerra-Araiza
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Ángel León-Cholula
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.S.-T.); (H.S.-C.); (Á.L.-C.)
| | - Julio Morán
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
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5
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Guha L, Singh N, Kumar H. Different Ways to Die: Cell Death Pathways and Their Association With Spinal Cord Injury. Neurospine 2023; 20:430-448. [PMID: 37401061 PMCID: PMC10323345 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244976.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a systematic/nonsystematic process of cessation of normal morphology and functional properties of the cell to replace and recycle old cells with new also promoting inflammation in some cases. It is a complicated process comprising multiple pathways. Some are well-explored, and others have just begun to be. The research on appropriate control of cell death pathways after acute and chronic damage of neuronal cells is being widely researched today due to the lack of regeneration and recovering potential of a neuronal cell after sustaining damage and the inability to control the direction of neuronal growth. In the progression and onset of various neurological diseases, impairments in programmed cell death signaling processes, like necroptosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and pathways directly or indirectly linked, like autophagy as in nonprogrammed necrosis, are observed. Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the temporary or permanent disruption of motor activities due to the death of a neuronal and glial cell in the spinal cord accompanied by axonal degeneration. Recent years have seen a significant increase in research on the intricate biochemical interactions that occur after a SCI. Different cell death pathways may significantly impact the subsequent damage processes that lead to the eventual neurological deficiency after an injury to the spinal cord. A better knowledge of the molecular basis of the involved cell death pathways might help enhance neuronal and glial survival and neurological deficits, promoting a curative path for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahanya Guha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Zhang C, Li Y, Yu H, Ye L, Li T, Zhang X, Wang C, Li P, Ji H, Gao Q, Dong S. Nanoplastics promote arsenic-induced ROS accumulation, mitochondrial damage and disturbances in neurotransmitter metabolism of zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:161005. [PMID: 36539083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a carrier, nanoplastics (NPs) can adsorb other toxic substances and thus modify their biological toxicity. Numerous studies have investigated the neurotoxic of high concentrations of arsenic (As, 2.83 mg/L-5 mg/L). However, it is still unknown whether the relatively low environmentally relevant concentrations of As (200 μg/L) can damage the structure and function of fish brains with the presence of NPs. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to polystyrene NPs, As and their mixture for 30 days respectively. Firstly, we found that the presence of NPs promoted the accumulation of As in zebrafish brains. Thereby the co-exposure of NPs and As further promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in zebrafish brains compared with the single exposure of NPs or As, resulting in severe oxidative stress. Moreover, accumulated ROS directly damaged the mitochondrial membrane and mtDNA in zebrafish brains. Moreover, the mitochondrial damage was further aggravated due to inhibited mitochondrial fusion and activated mitochondrial division and mitophagy. Ultimately, the co-exposure led to mitochondrial damage in the zebrafish brain. Damaged mitochondria may not meet the high energy metabolic requirement for neuronal function. As a result, the normal function of nerve cells was adversely affected and eventually cell apoptosis may occur. Besides, the co-exposure caused more significant structural alterations in zebrafish brain tissue. Finally, the co-exposure of NPs and As caused abnormal biosynthesis and degradation of dopamine and acetylcholine. These resulted in decreased dopamine levels and increased acetylcholine levels in zebrafish brains. In conclusion, the presence of NPs promoted the accumulation of As, thereby inducing severe oxidative stress, which caused structural alterations and mitochondrial damage in the zebrafish brain, thus disordering neuromodulation, which may ultimately cause neurological dysfunction in zebrafish. This study will provide a risk assessment for evaluating the biotoxicity of NPs and As to fish and even other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Limin Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pengju Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
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Overexpression of the X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP) in Neurons Improves Cell Survival and the Functional Outcome after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032791. [PMID: 36769152 PMCID: PMC9917926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical trauma to the spinal cord causes extensive neuronal death, contributing to the loss of sensory-motor and autonomic functions below the injury location. Apoptosis affects neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI) and is associated with increased caspase activity. Cleavage of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) after SCI may contribute to this rise in caspase activity. Accordingly, we have shown that the elevation of XIAP resulted in increased neuronal survival after SCI and improved functional recovery. Therefore, we hypothesise that neuronal overexpression of XIAP can be neuroprotective after SCI with improved functional recovery. In line with this, studies of a transgenic mice with overexpression of XIAP in neurons revealed that higher levels of XIAP after spinal cord trauma favours neuronal survival, tissue preservation, and motor recovery after the spinal cord trauma. Using human SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing XIAP, we further showed that XIAP reduced caspase activity and apoptotic cell death after pro-apoptotic stimuli. In conclusion, this study shows that the levels of XIAP expression are an important factor for the outcome of spinal cord trauma and identifies XIAP as an important therapeutic target for alleviating the deleterious effects of SCI.
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Liu FS, Jiang C, Li Z, Wang XB, Li J, Wang B, Lv GH, Liu FB. Ca 2+ Regulates Autophagy Through CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Mechanical Spinal cord Injury: An in vitro Study. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:447-457. [PMID: 36315370 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), resulting in damage of the normal structure and function of the spinal cord, would do great harm to patients, physically and psychologically. The mechanism of SCI is very complex. At present, lots of studies have reported that autophagy was involved in the secondary injury process of SCI, and several researchers also found that calcium ions (Ca2+) played an important role in SCI by regulating necrosis, autophagy, or apoptosis. However, to our best of knowledge, no studies have linked the spinal cord mechanical injury, intracellular Ca2+, and autophagy in series. In this study, we have established an in vitro model of SCI using neural cells from fetal rats to explore the relationship among them, and found that mechanical injury could promote the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and the increased Ca2+ level activated autophagy through the CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway. Additionally, we found that apoptosis was also involved in this pathway. Thus, our study provides new insights into the specific mechanisms of SCI and may open up new avenues for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Bing Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China. .,Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, 411001, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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9
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Li RY, Hu Q, Shi X, Luo ZY, Shao DH. Crosstalk between exosomes and autophagy in spinal cord injury: fresh positive target for therapeutic application. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:1-17. [PMID: 36380098 PMCID: PMC9839811 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a very serious clinical traumatic illness with a very high disability rate. It not only causes serious functional disorders below the injured segment, but also causes unimaginable economic burden to social development. Exosomes are nano-sized cellular communication carriers that exist stably in almost all organisms and cell types. Because of their capacity to transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, they affect various physiological and pathological functions of recipient cells and parental cells. Autophagy is a process that relies on the lysosomal pathway to degrade cytoplasmic proteins and organelles and involves a variety of pathophysiological processes. Exosomes and autophagy play critical roles in cellular homeostasis following spinal cord injury. Presently, the coordination mechanism of exosomes and autophagy has attracted much attention in the early efficacy of spinal cord injury. In this review, we discussed the interaction of autophagy and exosomes from the perspective of molecular mechanisms, which might provide novel insights for the early therapeutic application of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-yu Li
- Anqing First People’s Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, 246000 Anhui Province, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Shi
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-yu Luo
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong-hua Shao
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
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10
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Wei S, Leng B, Yan G. Targeting autophagy process in center nervous trauma. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1128087. [PMID: 36950126 PMCID: PMC10025323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1128087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary regulator of physiological activity, and when CNS is compromised, its physical functions are affected. Spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common trauma in CNS that are difficult to recover from, with a higher global disability and mortality rate. Autophagy is familiar to almost all researchers due to its role in regulating the degradation and recycling of cellular defective or incorrect proteins and toxic components, maintaining body balance and regulating cell health and function. Emerging evidence suggests it has a broad and long-lasting impact on pathophysiological process such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, involving the alteration of autophagy marker expression and function recovery. Changes in autophagy level are considered a potential therapeutic strategy and have shown promising results in preclinical studies for neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury. However, the relationship between upward or downward autophagy and functional recovery following SCI or TBI is debatable. This article reviews the regulation and role of autophagy in repairing CNS trauma and the intervention effects of autophagy-targeted therapeutic agents to find more and better treatment options for SCI and TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wei
- Department of Graduate, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Genquan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Genquan Yan,
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Nie Y, Fan Y, Zhang X, Li X, Yin J, Li M, Hu Z, Li L, Wang X. Buyang Huanwu decoction improves neural recovery after spinal cord injury in rats through the mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy. J Spinal Cord Med 2023; 46:99-106. [PMID: 34698622 PMCID: PMC9897784 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.1954378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to the interruption of the tracts inside the spinal cord caused by various factors. The repair of damaged axons has always been a difficult point in clinical treatment and neuroscience research. The treatment of SCI with Buyang huanwu decoction (BYHWD), a well-known recipe for invigorating Qi (a vital force forming part of any living entity in traditional Chinese culture) and promoting blood circulation, shows a good effect. METHODS The rubrospinal tract (RST) transection model in rats was established in this study and rats were administrated with low (BL), medium (BM), or high (BH) doses of BYHWD. RESULTS Compared with the SCI group, BL, BM moderately, and BH significantly improved the motor function of forelimbs and increased the number of red nucleus neurons in SCI rats. As for the possible molecular mechanism, BL, BM moderately, and BH significantly increased mTOR whereas decreased Beclin-1 and LC3 in the red nucleus. CONCLUSION In conclusion, low, medium, and high doses of BYHWD could promote neural recovery in SCI rats through improving motor function and neuron survival in the red nucleus. The neuroprotective effects of BYHWD might be associated with affecting the mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- Department of Spine, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Fan
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meili Li
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence to: Liang Li Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, People’s Republic of China, Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China,Xiaoye Wang Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, People’s Republic of China.
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12
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Zhang C, Ye L, Wang C, Xiong X, Li Y, Li P, Zhang X, Yu H. Toxic Effect of Combined Exposure of Microplastics and Copper on Goldfish (Carassius auratus): Insight from Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis and Autophagy in Hepatopancreas and Intestine. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:1029-1036. [PMID: 35908221 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of the toxic effect of microplastics (MPs) on heavy metals and its mechanism needs more in-depth and systematic research. In this study, the copper (Cu) accumulation, histological injury, and expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy of goldfish after single or combined exposure of MPs (1 mg/L) and Cu2+ (0.1 mg/L) for 7 days were determined. The results demonstrated that MPs enhanced the Cu accumulation in hepatopancreas and intestine of goldfish and induced more severe oxidative stress in the hepatopancreas and intestine of goldfish. Additionally, combined exposure of MPs and Cu induced inflammation, excessive apoptosis and insufficient autophagy in the hepatopancreas. Contrary, the inflammation and apoptosis were depressed in the intestine after combined exposure of MPs and Cu, which still requires further exploration. Hence, these findings provide further evidence for the threat of MPs and its adsorbed heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Limin Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaofan Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yanyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pengju Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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13
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Zou H, Chen Y, Qu H, Sun J, Wang T, Ma Y, Yuan Y, Bian J, Liu Z. Microplastics Exacerbate Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury by Enhancing Oxidative Stress, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214411. [PMID: 36430889 PMCID: PMC9694236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a potential pathogenic factor in the urinary system that is associated with various kidney diseases. Microplastics (MPs), comprising of plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter, are a major carrier of contaminants. We applied 10 mg/L particle 5 μm MPs and 50 mg/L CdCl2 in water for three months in vivo assay to assess the damaging effects of MPs and Cd exposure on the kidney. In vivo tests showed that MPs exacerbated Cd-induced kidney injury. In addition, the involvement of oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and fibrosis in the damaging effects of MPs and Cd on mouse kidneys were investigated. The results showed that MPs aggravated Cd-induced kidney injury by enhancing oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and fibrosis. These findings provide new insights into the toxic effects of MPs on the mouse kidney.
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14
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The Proteostasis Network: A Global Therapeutic Target for Neuroprotection after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213339. [PMID: 36359735 PMCID: PMC9658791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis (protein homeostasis) is critical for cellular as well as organismal survival. It is strictly regulated by multiple conserved pathways including the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, the heat shock response, the integrated stress response, and the unfolded protein response. These overlapping proteostasis maintenance modules respond to various forms of cellular stress as well as organismal injury. While proteostasis restoration and ultimately organism survival is the main evolutionary driver of such a regulation, unresolved disruption of proteostasis may engage pro-apoptotic mediators of those pathways to eliminate defective cells. In this review, we discuss proteostasis contributions to the pathogenesis of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Most published reports focused on the role of proteostasis networks in acute/sub-acute tissue damage post-SCI. Those reports reveal a complex picture with cell type- and/or proteostasis mediator-specific effects on loss of neurons and/or glia that often translate into the corresponding modulation of functional recovery. Effects of proteostasis networks on such phenomena as neuro-repair, post-injury plasticity, as well as systemic manifestations of SCI including dysregulation of the immune system, metabolism or cardiovascular function are currently understudied. However, as potential interventions that target the proteostasis networks are expected to impact many cell types across multiple organ systems that are compromised after SCI, such therapies could produce beneficial effects across the wide spectrum of highly variable human SCI.
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15
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Nrf2 signaling in the oxidative stress response after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2022; 498:311-324. [PMID: 35710066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system trauma that can cause severe neurological impairment. A series of pathological and physiological changes after SCI (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction) promotes further deterioration of the microenvironment at the site of injury, leading to aggravation of neurological function. The multifunctional transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) has long been considered a key factor in antioxidant stress. Therefore, Nrf2 may be an ideal therapeutic target for SCI. A comprehensive understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of SCI will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for SCI. This review discusses the roles of Nrf2 in SCI, with the aim of aiding in further elucidation of SCI pathophysiology and in efforts to provide Nrf2-targeted strategies for the treatment of SCI.
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16
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Wang R, Zhou R, Chen Z, Gao S, Zhou F. The Glial Cells Respond to Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:844497. [PMID: 35599739 PMCID: PMC9120539 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.844497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is been over 100 years since glial cells were discovered by Virchow. Since then, a great deal of research was carried out to specify these further roles and properties of glial cells in central nervous system (CNS). As it is well-known that glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) play an important role in supporting and enabling the effective nervous system function in CNS. After spinal cord injury (SCI), these glial cells play different roles in SCI and repair. In this review, we will discuss in detail about the role of glial cells in the healthy CNS and how they respond to SCI.
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17
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Progression in translational research on spinal cord injury based on microenvironment imbalance. Bone Res 2022; 10:35. [PMID: 35396505 PMCID: PMC8993811 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level and imposes a considerable burden on patients, families, and society. Repair of the injured spinal cord has been recognized as a global medical challenge for many years. Significant progress has been made in research on the pathological mechanism of spinal cord injury. In particular, with the development of gene regulation, cell sequencing, and cell tracing technologies, in-depth explorations of the SCI microenvironment have become more feasible. However, translational studies related to repair of the injured spinal cord have not yielded significant results. This review summarizes the latest research progress on two aspects of SCI pathology: intraneuronal microenvironment imbalance and regenerative microenvironment imbalance. We also review repair strategies for the injured spinal cord based on microenvironment imbalance, including medications, cell transplantation, exosomes, tissue engineering, cell reprogramming, and rehabilitation. The current state of translational research on SCI and future directions are also discussed. The development of a combined, precise, and multitemporal strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord is a potential future direction.
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18
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Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Acute Neurological Insults in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071205. [PMID: 35406769 PMCID: PMC8997510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important function that mediates the degradation of intracellular proteins and organelles. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) degrades selected proteins and has a crucial role in cellular proteostasis under various physiological and pathological conditions. CMA dysfunction leads to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in the pathogenic process of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Previous studies have suggested that the activation of CMA to degrade aberrant proteins can provide a neuroprotective effect in the CNS. Recent studies have shown that CMA activity is upregulated in damaged neural tissue following acute neurological insults, such as cerebral infarction, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. It has been also suggested that various protein degradation mechanisms are important for removing toxic aberrant proteins associated with secondary damage after acute neurological insults in the CNS. Therefore, enhancing the CMA pathway may induce neuroprotective effects not only in neurogenerative diseases but also in acute neurological insults. We herein review current knowledge concerning the biological mechanisms involved in CMA and highlight the role of CMA in neurodegenerative diseases and acute neurological insults. We also discuss the possibility of developing CMA-targeted therapeutic strategies for effective treatments.
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19
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Liao HY, Wang ZQ, Ran R, Zhou KS, Ma CW, Zhang HH. Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:761273. [PMID: 34988074 PMCID: PMC8721099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.761273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that maintains metabolism and homeostasis by eliminating protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Many studies have reported that autophagy plays an important role in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the spatiotemporal patterns of autophagy activation after traumatic SCI are contradictory. Most studies show that the activation of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis have neuroprotective effects on traumatic SCI. However, reports demonstrate that autophagy is strongly associated with distal neuronal death and the impaired functional recovery following traumatic SCI. This article introduces SCI pathophysiology, the physiology and mechanism of autophagy, and our current review on its role in traumatic SCI. We also discuss the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis and the therapeutic effect of activating or inhibiting autophagy in promoting functional recovery. Thus, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for the biological therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Ran
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai-Sheng Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Wei Ma
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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20
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Nie BX, Zhao G, Yuan XF, Yu LX, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Hu J, Song E, Zhou YC, Shu J. Inhibition of CDK1 attenuates neuronal apoptosis and autophagy and confers neuroprotection after chronic spinal cord injury in vivo. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 119:102053. [PMID: 34839004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (CSCI) results from progressive compression of the spinal cord over time. A variety of factors cause CSCI, and its exact pathogenesis is unknown. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is closely related to the apoptosis pathway, but no CSCI-related studies on CDK1 have been conducted. In this study, the role of CDK1 in CSCI was explored in a rat model. The CSCI model was established by screw compression using the cervical anterior approach for twelve weeks. The neurological function of the rats was evaluated using the neurological severity scores (NSS) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Pathological changes in spinal cord tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining was performed to assess the survival of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Changes in autophagy and apoptosis in anterior horn of spinal cord tissue were detected using transmission electron microscopy and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor (IBA) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) in the anterior horn were determined using immunohistochemistry assays to investigate astrocytes, microglia and motor neurons, respectively, in the anterior horn. Western blot assays were used to detect the expression levels of CDK1, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 3, LC3 and Beclin1. Changes in the expression of CDK1, LC3 and Beclin1 were also observed using immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that CSCI resulted in neuronal injury and a decrease in the NSS. In the CSCI model group, anterior horn astrocytes and microglia were activated, and motor neurons were decreased. Neuronal apoptosis was promoted, and the number of autophagic vacuoles was elevated. Rats treated with the CDK1 shRNA lentivirus exhibited better NSS, more surviving motor neurons, and fewer apoptotic neurons than the model rats. The occurrence of autophagy and the expression of proapoptotic and autophagy-related proteins were lower in the CDK1 shRNA group than the model group. In conclusion, CDK1 downregulation suppressed the activation of anterior horn astrocytes and microglia, promoted motor neuron repair, and inhibited neurons apoptosis and autophagy to promote the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Xu Nie
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin-Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - En Song
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Yunnan Provincial Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled Persons, Kunming 650034, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Shu
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China.
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21
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Pan D, Zhu S, Zhang W, Wei Z, Yang F, Guo Z, Ning G, Feng S. Autophagy induced by Schwann cell-derived exosomes promotes recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 44:129-142. [PMID: 34738222 PMCID: PMC8854309 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is catastrophic to humans and society. However, there is currently no effective treatment for SCI. Autophagy is known to serve critical roles in both the physiological and pathological processes of the body, but its facilitatory and/or deleterious effects in SCI are yet to be completely elucidated. This study aimed to use primary Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) to treat rats after SCI. In the present study, SCDEs were purified and their efficacy in ameliorating the components of SCI was examined. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was demonstrated that SCDEs increased autophagy and decreased apoptosis after SCI, which promoted axonal protection and the recovery of motor function. Furthermore, it was discovered that an increased number of SCDEs resulted in a decreased expression level of EGFR, which subsequently inhibited the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which upregulated the level of autophagy to ultimately induce microtubule acetylation and polymerization. Collectively, the present study identified that SCDEs could induce axonal protection after SCI by increasing autophagy and decreasing apoptosis, and it was suggested that this may involve the EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenglong Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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22
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Beckers A, Vanhunsel S, Van Dyck A, Bergmans S, Masin L, Moons L. Injury-induced Autophagy Delays Axonal Regeneration after Optic Nerve Damage in Adult Zebrafish. Neuroscience 2021; 470:52-69. [PMID: 34280491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathies comprise a group of disorders in which the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the retinal projection neurons conveying visual information to the brain, are damaged. This results in visual impairment or even blindness, which is irreversible as adult mammals lack the capacity to repair or replace injured or lost neurons. Despite intensive research, no efficient treatment to induce axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is available yet. Autophagy, the cellular recycling response, was shown repeatedly to be elevated in animal models of optic nerve injury, and both beneficial and detrimental effects have been reported. In this study, we subjected spontaneously regenerating adult zebrafish to optic nerve damage (ONC) and revealed that autophagy is enhanced after optic nerve damage in zebrafish, both in RGC axons and somas, as well as in macroglial cells of the retina, the optic nerve and the visual target areas in the brain. Interestingly, the pattern of the autophagic response in the axons followed the spatiotemporal window of axonal regrowth, which suggests that autophagy is ongoing at the growth cones. Pharmacological inhibition of the recycling pathway resulted in accelerated RGC target reinnervation, possibly linked to increased mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, known to stimulate axonal regrowth. Taken together, these intriguing findings underline that further research is warranted to decipher if modulation of autophagy could be an effective therapeutic method to induce CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vanhunsel
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Dyck
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Masin
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Vargova I, Machova Urdzikova L, Karova K, Smejkalova B, Sursal T, Cimermanova V, Turnovcova K, Gandhi CD, Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Jendelova P. Involvement of mTOR Pathways in Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Modulation of Autophagy and Immune Response. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060593. [PMID: 34073791 PMCID: PMC8225190 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is untreatable and remains the leading cause of disability. Neuroprotection and recovery after SCI can be partially achieved by rapamycin (RAPA) treatment, an inhibitor of mTORC1, complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. However, mechanisms regulated by the mTOR pathway are not only controlled by mTORC1, but also by a second mTOR complex (mTORC2). Second-generation inhibitor, pp242, inhibits both mTORC1 and mtORC2, which led us to explore its therapeutic potential after SCI and compare it to RAPA treatment. In a rat balloon-compression model of SCI, the effect of daily RAPA (5 mg/kg; IP) and pp242 (5 mg/kg; IP) treatment on inflammatory responses and autophagy was observed. We demonstrated inhibition of the mTOR pathway after SCI through analysis of p-S6, p-Akt, and p-4E-BP1 levels. Several proinflammatory cytokines were elevated in pp242-treated rats, while RAPA treatment led to a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines. Both RAPA and pp242 treatments caused an upregulation of LC3B and led to improved functional and structural recovery in acute SCI compared to the controls, however, a greater axonal sprouting was seen following RAPA treatment. These results suggest that dual mTOR inhibition by pp242 after SCI induces distinct mechanisms and leads to recovery somewhat inferior to that following RAPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vargova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Kristyna Karova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Barbora Smejkalova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tolga Sursal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Veronika Cimermanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Karolina Turnovcova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Chirag D. Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.S.); (C.D.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.-U.); (P.J.); Tel.: +420-2-4106-2828 (P.J.)
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.J.-U.); (P.J.); Tel.: +420-2-4106-2828 (P.J.)
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24
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Schwartz LM. Autophagic Cell Death During Development - Ancient and Mysterious. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656370. [PMID: 33898457 PMCID: PMC8063034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While cell death is a normal and essential component of development and homeostasis, dysregulation of this process underlies most human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. The best characterized mechanism for cell death is apoptosis, although some cells die by a distinct process known as autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD). Autophagy is mediated by the formation of double membrane vesicles that contain protein aggregates, damaged organelles like mitochondria, and bulk cytoplasm, which then fuse with lysosomes to degrade and recycle their contents. Autophagy is typically viewed as an adaptive process that allows cells to survive stresses like nutrient deprivation, although increasing evidence suggests that it may also mediate cell death during development and pathogenesis. An aggressive form of autophagy termed autosis has been described in cells following either ischemia/reperfusion injury or in response to autophagy-inducing proteins like Tat-Beclin 1. Despite an extensive literature on autophagic cell death in a variety of contexts, there are still fundamental gaps in our understanding of this process. As examples: Does autophagy directly kill cells and if so how? Is ADCD activated concurrently when cells are triggered to die via apoptosis? And is ADCD essentially a more protracted version of autosis or a distinct pathway? The goal of this mini-review is to summarize the field and to identify some of the major gaps in our knowledge. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate ADCD will not only provide new insights into development, they may facilitate the creation of better tools for both the diagnostics and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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25
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Lin HQ, Dai SH, Liu WC, Lin X, Yu BT, Chen SB, Liu S, Ling H, Tang J. Effects of prolonged cold-ischemia on autophagy in the graft lung in a rat orthotopic lung transplantation model. Life Sci 2021; 268:118820. [PMID: 33278393 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes present challenges in the field of graft transplantation which is also a major contributor to early graft dysfunction or failure after organ transplantation. The study focuses on the effects of prolonged cold-ischemia (CI) on the autophagic activity in the graft lung in a rat orthotopic lung transplantation model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Donor lungs were preserved under CI conditions for different periods. An orthotopic lung transplantation model was developed, and the lung tissues from donor lungs subjected to CI preservation and reperfusion were harvested. We evaluated the effects of different CI periods on autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose consumption. Additionally, the mechanism by which prolonged CI affected autophagy was investigated through determination of the molecules related to the mTOR pathway after treatment with 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), rapamycin and an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase inhibitor oligomycin (OM). RESULTS Prolonged CI led to increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes, glucose consumption and lactic acid production. Autophagy, ROS and glucose consumption were induced in the graft lung after I/R, which reached peak levels after 6 h and was gradually decreased. Most importantly, the perfusion treatment of 3-MA or OM decreased ROS level and autophagy, but increased the extent of mTOR phosphorylation, while the perfusion treatment of rapamycin induced ROS and autophagy. CONCLUSION Taken together, autophagy mediated by a prolonged CI preservation affects the glucose consumption and ROS production in the graft lung via the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Shao-Hua Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Wei-Cheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Ben-Tong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shi-Biao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hua Ling
- Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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26
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Shi Z, Yuan S, Shi L, Li J, Ning G, Kong X, Feng S. Programmed cell death in spinal cord injury pathogenesis and therapy. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12992. [PMID: 33506613 PMCID: PMC7941236 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) always leads to functional deterioration due to a series of processes including cell death. In recent years, programmed cell death (PCD) is considered to be a critical process after SCI, and various forms of PCD were discovered in recent years, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis. Unlike necrosis, PCD is known as an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events, and it is crucial for elimination unnecessary and damaged cells, as well as a defence mechanism. Therefore, it would be meaningful to characterize the roles of PCD to not only enhance our understanding of the pathophysiological processes, but also improve functional recovery after SCI. This review will summarize and explore the most recent advances on how apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis are involved in SCI. This review can help us to understand the various functions of PCD in the pathological processes of SCI, and contribute to our novel understanding of SCI of unknown aetiology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongju Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
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27
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Liu J, Li R, Huang Z, Lin J, Ji W, Huang Z, Liu Q, Wu X, Wu X, Jiang H, Ye Y, Zhu Q. Rapamycin Preserves Neural Tissue, Promotes Schwann Cell Myelination and Reduces Glial Scar Formation After Hemi-Contusion Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:574041. [PMID: 33551740 PMCID: PMC7862581 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.574041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting white matter is one of the key treatment strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI), including alleviation of myelin loss and promotion of remyelination. Rapamycin has been shown neuroprotective effects against SCI and cardiotoxic effects while enhancing autophagy. However, specific neuroprotection of rapamycin for the white matter after cervical SCI has not been reported. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the role of rapamycin in neuroprotection after hemi-contusion SCI in mice. Forty-six 8-week-old mice were randomly assigned into the rapamycin group (n = 16), vehicle group (n = 16), and sham group (n = 10). All mice of the rapamycin and vehicle groups received a unilateral contusion with 1.2-mm displacement at C5 followed by daily intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin or dimethyl sulfoxide solution (1.5 mg⋅kg-1⋅day-1). The behavioral assessment was conducted before the injury, 3 days and every 2 weeks post-injury (WPI). The autophagy-related proteins, the area of spared white matter, the number of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and axons were evaluated at 12 WPI, as well as the glial scar and the myelin sheaths formed by Schwann cells at the epicenter. The 1.2 mm contusion led to a consistent moderate-severe SCI in terms of motor function and tissue damage. Rapamycin administration promoted autophagy in spinal cord tissue after injury and reduced the glial scar at the epicenter. Additionally, rapamycin increased the number of OLs and improved motor function significantly than in the vehicle group. Furthermore, the rapamycin injection resulted in an increase of Schwann cell-mediated remyelination and weight loss. Our results suggest that rapamycin can enhance autophagy, promote Schwann cell myelination and motor function recovery by preserved neural tissue, and reduce glial scar after hemi-contusive cervical SCI, indicating a potential strategy for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoyao Li
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zucheng Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Lin
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhua Wu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongnong Ye
- Pharmaceutical Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingan Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Zhang X, Qin C, Jing Y, Yang D, Liu C, Gao F, Zhang C, Talifu Z, Yang M, Du L, Li J. Therapeutic effects of rapamycin and surgical decompression in a rabbit spinal cord injury model. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32703937 PMCID: PMC7378229 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Surgical decompression after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a conventional treatment. Although it has been proven to have clinical effects, there are certain limitations, such as the surgical conditions that must be met and the invasive nature of the treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a simple and maneuverable therapy for the emergency treatment of patients with SCI before surgery. Rapamycin (RAPA) has been reported to have potential as a therapeutic agent for SCI. In this study, we observed the therapeutic effects of rapamycin and surgical decompression, in combination or separately, on the histopathology in rabbits with SCI. After combination therapy, intramedullary pressure (IMP) decreased significantly, autophagic flux increased, and apoptosis and demyelination were significantly reduced. Compared with RAPA/surgical decompression alone, the combination therapy had a significantly better effect. In addition, we evaluated the effects of mechanical pressure on autophagy after SCI by assessing changes in autophagic initiation, degradation, and flux. Increased IMP after SCI inhibited autophagic degradation and impaired autophagic flux. Decompression improved autophagic flux after SCI. Our findings provide novel evidence of a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI in the future. The combination therapy may effectively improve emergency treatment after SCI and promote the therapeutic effect of decompression. This study also contributes to a better understanding of the effects of mechanical pressure on autophagy after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Yingli Jing
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Changbin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Mingliang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China. .,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China. .,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068, China. .,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068, China.
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29
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Kanno H, Ozawa H, Handa K, Murakami T, Itoi E. Changes in Expression of Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 in Secondary Neural Tissue Damage Following Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520906402. [PMID: 32524089 PMCID: PMC7236572 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520906402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is different from apoptotic cell death. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) plays a particularly important function in necroptosis execution. This study investigated changes in expression of RIPK1 in secondary neural tissue damage following spinal cord injury in mice. The time course of the RIPK1 expression was also compared with that of apoptotic cell death in the lesion site. Methods and Materials: Immunostaining for RIPK1 was performed at different time points after spinal cord injury. The protein expressions of RIPK1 were determined by western blot. The RIPK1 expressions in various neural cells were investigated using immunohistochemistry. To investigate the time course of apoptotic cell death, TUNEL-positive cells were counted at the different time points. To compare the incidence of necroptosis and apoptosis, the RIPK1-labeled sections were co-stained with TUNEL. Results: The RIPK1 expression was significantly upregulated in the injured spinal cord. The upregulation of RIPK1 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The increase in RIPK1 expression started at 4 hours and peaked at 3 days after injury. Time course of the RIPK1 expression was similar to that of apoptosis detected by TUNEL. Interestingly, the increased expression of RIPK1 was rarely observed in the TUNEL-positive cells. Furthermore, the number of RIPK1-positive cells was significantly higher than that of TUNEL-positive cells. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the expression of RIPK1 increased in various neural cells and peaked at 3 days following spinal cord injury. The temporal change of the RIPK1 expression was analogous to that of apoptosis at the lesion site. However, the increase in RIPK1 expression was barely seen in the apoptotic cells. These findings suggested that the RIPK1 might contribute to the pathological mechanism of the secondary neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kanno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Handa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taishi Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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30
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Zhang D, Zhu D, Wang F, Zhu JC, Zhai X, Yuan Y, Li CX. Therapeutic effect of regulating autophagy in spinal cord injury: a network meta-analysis of direct and indirect comparisons. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1120-1132. [PMID: 31823893 PMCID: PMC7034290 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increasing number of studies indicate that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury, and that regulating autophagy can enhance recovery from spinal cord injury. However, the effect of regulating autophagy and whether autophagy is detrimental or beneficial after spinal cord injury remain unclear. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effects of autophagy regulation on spinal cord injury in rats by direct and indirect comparison, in an effort to provide a basis for further research. DATA SOURCE Relevant literature published from inception to February 1, 2018 were included by searching Wanfang, CNKI, Web of Science, MEDLINE (OvidSP), PubMed and Google Scholar in English and Chinese. The keywords included "autophagy", "spinal cord injury", and "rat". DATA SELECTION The literature included in vivo experimental studies on autophagy regulation in the treatment of spinal cord injury (including intervention pre- and post-spinal cord injury). Meta-analyses were conducted at different time points to compare the therapeutic effects of promoting or inhibiting autophagy, and subgroup analyses were also conducted. OUTCOME MEASURE Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores. RESULTS Of the 622 studies, 33 studies of median quality were included in the analyses. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were higher at 1 day (MD = 1.80, 95% CI: 0.81-2.79, P = 0.0004), 3 days (MD = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.72-1.13, P < 0.00001), 1 week (MD = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.85-2.92, P < 0.00001), 2 weeks (MD = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.40-4.13, P < 0.00001), 3 weeks (MD = 3.13, 95% CI: 2.51-3.75, P < 0.00001) and 4 weeks (MD = 3.18, 95% CI: 2.43-3.92, P < 0.00001) after spinal cord injury with upregulation of autophagy compared with the control group (drug solvent control, such as saline group). Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were higher at 1 day (MD = 6.48, 95% CI: 5.83-7.13, P < 0.00001), 2 weeks (MD = 2.43, 95% CI: 0.79-4.07, P = 0.004), 3 weeks (MD = 2.96, 95% CI: 0.09-5.84, P = 0.04) and 4 weeks (MD = 4.41, 95% CI: 1.08-7.75, P = 0.01) after spinal cord injury with downregulation of autophagy compared with the control group. Indirect comparison of upregulation and downregulation of autophagy showed no differences in Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores at 1 day (MD = -4.68, 95% CI: -5.840 to -3.496, P = 0.94644), 3 days (MD = -0.28, 95% CI: -2.231-1.671, P = 0.99448), 1 week (MD = 1.83, 95% CI: 0.0076-3.584, P = 0.94588), 2 weeks (MD = 0.81, 95% CI: -0.850-2.470, P = 0.93055), 3 weeks (MD = 0.17, 95% CI: -2.771-3.111, P = 0.99546) or 4 weeks (MD = -1.23, 95% CI: -4.647-2.187, P = 0.98264) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Regulation of autophagy improves neurological function, whether it is upregulated or downregulated. There was no difference between upregulation and downregulation of autophagy in the treatment of spinal cord injury. The variability in results among the studies may be associated with differences in research methods, the lack of clearly defined autophagy characteristics after spinal cord injury, and the limited autophagy monitoring techniques. Thus, methods should be standardized, and the dynamic regulation of autophagy should be examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ji-Chao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhai
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Xi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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31
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Handa K, Kanno H, Matsuda M, Sugaya T, Murakami T, Prudnikova M, Ozawa H, Itoi E. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1687-1695. [PMID: 32233738 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the degradation process of dysfunctional intracellular components and has a crucial function in various human diseases. There are three different types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). CMA is a major route for the elimination of cellular aberrant proteins and can provide a cytoprotective effect. The present study investigated the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP2A), which is the hallmark of CMA activity, in damaged neural tissue after spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. The number of LAMP2A-expressing cells was significantly increased at the lesion following SCI. The increased number of LAMP2A-positive cells was observed from 24 h and peaked at 3 days after injury. A western blot analysis confirmed that the level of LAMP2A protein was significantly increased in the injured spinal cord compared with the uninjured cord. On double staining for LAMP2A and different neural cell type markers, the increased expression of LAMP2A was observed in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia/macrophages following injury. An electron microscopic analysis showed that secondary lysosomes were increased in damaged neurons at the lesion site. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the gold particles with anti-LAMP2A antibody were frequently localized at the secondary lysosomes in the injured site. These findings indicated that CMA was clearly activated in damaged neural tissue after SCI. The activation of CMA may contribute to the elimination of intracellular aberrant proteins and exert a neuroprotective effect following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Handa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haruo Kanno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiharu Matsuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sugaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taishi Murakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maria Prudnikova
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Faculty of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Ray SK. Modulation of autophagy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1601-1612. [PMID: 32209759 PMCID: PMC7437603 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system trauma that leads to loss of motor and sensory functions in the SCI patients. One of the cell death mechanisms is autophagy, which is 'self-eating' of the damaged and misfolded proteins and nucleic acids, damaged mitochondria, and other impaired organelles for recycling of cellular building blocks. Autophagy is different from all other cell death mechanisms in one important aspect that it gives the cells an opportunity to survive or demise depending on the circumstances. Autophagy is a therapeutic target for alleviation of pathogenesis in traumatic SCI. However, functions of autophagy in traumatic SCI remain controversial. Spatial and temporal patterns of activation of autophagy after traumatic SCI have been reported to be contradictory. Formation of autophagosomes following therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy flux is ambiguous in traumatic SCI studies. Both beneficial and harmful outcomes due to enhancement autophagy have been reported in traumatic SCI studies in preclinical models. Only further studies will make it clear whether therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy is beneficial in overall outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic SCI. Therapeutic enhancement of autophagy flux may digest the damaged components of the central nervous system cells for recycling and thereby facilitating functional recovery. Many studies demonstrated activation of autophagy flux and inhibition of apoptosis for neuroprotective effects in traumatic SCI. Therapeutic induction of autophagy in traumatic SCI promotes axonal regeneration, supporting another beneficial role of autophagy in traumatic SCI. In contrast, some other studies demonstrated that disruption of autophagy flux in traumatic SCI strongly correlated with neuronal death at remote location and impaired functional recovery. This article describes our current understanding of roles of autophagy in acute and chronic traumatic SCI, cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy for promoting functional recovery, and future of autophagy in traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA,Correspondence to: Swapan K. Ray, .
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33
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Ko SH, Apple EC, Liu Z, Chen L. Age-dependent autophagy induction after injury promotes axon regeneration by limiting NOTCH. Autophagy 2020; 16:2052-2068. [PMID: 31920157 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1713645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation of organelles and proteins. It also has a prominent role in modulating aging. However, the role of autophagy in the neuronal response to axon injury and axon regeneration, particularly in the context of aging, remains largely unknown. Our candidate genetic screen for axon regeneration regulators has identified genes in the autophagy pathway. Using a reporter that monitors autophagosomes and autolysosomes, we were able to monitor the dynamics of autophagy during axon regeneration. In response to axon injury, there was a significant increase in the number of autophagic vesicles. Injury-triggered autophagy activation and axon regeneration capacity undergo an age-dependent decline, and autophagy-activating agents partially rescued these declines. We found that DLK-1 was both required and sufficient for injury-induced autophagy activation. Autophagic vesicles co-localized with the NOTCH4 ortholog, LIN-12 receptor, a previously identified inhibitor of axon regeneration. Epistasis analyses indicate that LIN-12 might be a target of autophagy in axon regeneration. Together, our data suggest that DLK-mediated injury signaling can activate autophagy, which might limit the level of LIN-12 and NOTCH proteins to promote axon regeneration. Our findings reveal that autophagy activation can promote axon regeneration in neurons that lack maximal regrowth capacity, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for axon injury. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; ARF-6: ADP-Ribosylation Factor related 6; ATG-9: AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog) 9; ATG9A: autophagy related 9A; BA1: bafilomycin A1; BEC-1: BEClin (human autophagy) homolog; BECN1: beclin 1; C. elegans: Caenorhabditis elegans; CEBP-1: C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) homolog; CNS: central nervous system; DLK-1: Dual-Leucine zipper Kinase; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DRG: dorsal root ganglion; FOS: Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HDA-3: Histone DeAcetylase; IP3: inositol trisphosphate; ITR-1: Inositol Triphosphate Receptor; KLF-2: Kruppel-Like Factor (zinc finger protein) 2; LGG-1: LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family; MAK-2: MAP kinase Activated protein Kinase; MAP kinase: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MKK-4: mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 4; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NGM: nematode growth medium; NICD: Notch intracellular domain; NOTCH: notch receptor; PLM: posterior lateral microtubule; PMK-3: P38 Map kinase family; PNS: peripheral nervous system; SCG10: superior cervical ganglion protein 10; SCI: spinal cord injury; UNC-51: UNCoordinated 51; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; wnd: wallenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyuk Ko
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ellen C Apple
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
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The Function and Mechanisms of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1207:649-654. [PMID: 32671782 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the major causes of death and long-term disability in the world. Numerous studies have reported that autophagy plays an important role in SCI. However, the understanding of underlying mechanisms of autophagy after SCI and autophagy mechanism-based preclinical pharmacological intervention needs to be updated. This part provides an overview of current knowledge about the mechanisms of autophagy and autophagy flux as well as its potential molecular mechanisms based on the pharmacological regulation of autophagy. Although autophagic activation and the disruption of autophagy flux exist in SCI, whether autophagy is beneficial and detrimental is still under debate. We also focus on the existing and developing therapeutic options based on the potential molecular mechanisms of autophagy.
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Cong Y, Wang C, Wang J, Li H, Li Q. NT-3 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Proliferation and Nerve Function Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy Pathway. J Surg Res 2019; 247:128-135. [PMID: 31776022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious medical problem, leading to lifelong disability and increasing the health burden worldwide. Traditional treatments have limited effects on neuronal function recovery. Previous studies showed that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) promoted oligodendrocyte survival and improved neuronal functional recovery after SCI. However, the mechanism by which NT-3 promotes oligodendrocyte survival after SCI remains unclear, which limits its application. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: the NS group, NT-3 group, and NT-3 + rapamycin group. After successful modeling, the spinal cord specimens were taken at the corresponding time points. Western blot was used to detect autophagy-related proteins and Olig1 protein expression and combined with pathology, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and other methods to detect the proliferation of oligodendrocytes after NT-3 application. RESULTS NT-3 was found to significantly promote the recovery of motor function by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores analysis in the rat SCI model. Furthermore, intraspinal administration of NT-3 could downregulate the expression of Beclin-1 in oligodendrocytes, indicating that NT-3 could inhibit excessive autophagy of oligodendrocytes after SCI. The effects of NT-3 on oligodendrocyte survival could be blocked by an autophagy activator rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS This study found that NT-3 could promote the recovery of motor function after SCI in rats. The underlying reason may be that NT-3 inhibits the expression of autophagy proteins in oligodendrocytes and promotes oligodendrocyte proliferation. This study provided evidence for the future clinical application of NT-3 in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cong
- Orthopaedic Professional, Guizhou Medical University, GuiYang, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Department of Orthopadic Trauma, Chief Physician, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, GuiYang, China.
| | - Jiyao Wang
- Orthopaedic Professional, Guizhou Medical University, GuiYang, China
| | - Hexiang Li
- Orthopaedic Professional, Guizhou Medical University, GuiYang, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Orthopadic Trauma, Chief Physician, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, GuiYang, China
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36
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Ginsenoside Rg1 defenses PC-12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-caused damage via up-regulation of miR-216a-5p. Life Sci 2019; 236:116948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Wu J, Lipinski MM. Autophagy in Neurotrauma: Good, Bad, or Dysregulated. Cells 2019; 8:E693. [PMID: 31295858 PMCID: PMC6678153 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process that helps maintain a balance between the manufacture of cellular components and breakdown of damaged organelles and other toxic cellular constituents. Changes in autophagic markers are readily detectable in the spinal cord and brain following neurotrauma, including traumatic spinal cord and brain injury (SCI/TBI). However, the role of autophagy in neurotrauma remains less clear. Whether autophagy is good or bad is under debate, with strong support for both a beneficial and detrimental role for autophagy in experimental models of neurotrauma. Emerging data suggest that autophagic flux, a measure of autophagic degradation activity, is impaired in injured central nervous systems (CNS), and interventions that stimulate autophagic flux may provide neuroprotection in SCI/TBI models. Recent data demonstrating that neurotrauma can cause lysosomal membrane damage resulting in pathological autophagosome accumulation in the spinal cord and brain further supports the idea that the impairment of the autophagy-lysosome pathway may be a part of secondary injury processes of SCI/TBI. Here, we review experimental work on the complex and varied responses of autophagy in terms of both the beneficial and detrimental effects in SCI and TBI models. We also discuss the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed at reducing the disruption of autophagy to protect the CNS after injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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38
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Wei Y, Huang J. Role of estrogen and its receptors mediated-autophagy in cell fate and human diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105380. [PMID: 31078693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that morbidity of several diseases varies between males and females. This difference likely arises due to sex-related hormones. Estrogen, a primary female sex steroid hormone, plays a critical role in mediating many of the physiological functions like growth, differentiation, metabolism, and cell death. Recently, it has been demonstrated that estrogen mediates autophagy through its receptors (ERs) namely ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). However, the specific role of estrogen and its receptors mediated-autophagy in cell fate and human diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular disease and nervous system disease remains unclear. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the complex role of estrogen and its receptors-mediated autophagy in different cell lines and human diseases. In addition, we further discuss the key signaling molecules governing the role of ERs in autophagy. This review will serve as the basis for a proposed model of autophagy constituting a new frontier in estrogen-related human diseases. Here, we discuss the dual role of ERα in classical and non-classical autophagy through B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3). Next, we review the role of ERβ in pro-survival pathways through the promotion of autophagy under stress conditions. We further discuss activation of GPER via estrogen often mediates autophagy or mitophagy suppression, respectively. In summary, we believe that understanding the relationship between estrogen and its receptors mediated-autophagy on cell fate and human diseases will provide insightful knowledge for future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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39
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Pros and Cons: Autophagy in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:941-945. [PMID: 30949855 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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40
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Walker CL, Wu X, Liu NK, Xu XM. Bisperoxovanadium Mediates Neuronal Protection through Inhibition of PTEN and Activation of PI3K/AKT-mTOR Signaling after Traumatic Spinal Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2676-2687. [PMID: 30672370 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mechanisms involved in progression of cell death in spinal cord injury (SCI) have been studied extensively, few are clear targets for translation to clinical application. One of the best-understood mechanisms of cell survival in SCI is phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and associated downstream signaling. Clear therapeutic efficacy of a phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) inhibitor called bisperoxovanadium (bpV) has been shown in SCI, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and other neurological disease models in both neuroprotection and functional recovery. The present study aimed to elucidate mechanistic influences of bpV activity in neuronal survival in in vitro and in vivo models of SCI. Treatment with 100 nM bpV(pic) reduced cell death in a primary spinal neuron injury model (p < 0.05) in vitro, and upregulated both Akt and ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) activity (p < 0.05) compared with non-treated injured neurons. Pre-treatment of spinal neurons with a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin blocked bpV activation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6 activity, respectively. Treatment with bpV increased extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) activity after scratch injury in vitro, and rapamycin reduced influence by bpV on Erk phosphorylation. After a cervical hemicontusive SCI, Akt phosphorylation decreased in total tissue via Western blot analysis (p < 0.01) as well as in penumbral ventral horn motor neurons throughout the first week post-injury (p < 0.05). Conversely, PTEN activity appeared to increase over this period. As observed in vitro, bpV also increased Erk activity post-SCI (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that PI3K/Akt signaling is the likely primary mechanism of bpV action in mediating neuroprotection in injured spinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler L Walker
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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41
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Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that spinal cord injury can induce autophagy. To a certain extent, increased autophagy has a protective effect on neurons. Early hormone therapy is well recognized as a treatment for spinal cord injury. However, whether the protective effect of autophagy is important in recovery from spinal cord injury remains unclear. In this study, we established an in-vitro model of spinal cord injury to study the effects of dexamethasone on mechanical injury, autophagy, and apoptosis in spinal cord neurons. The results showed that dexamethasone inhibited the level of autophagy in the injured nerve cells in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of dexamethasone protected the damaged spinal cord neurons by inhibiting apoptosis, but a protective effect from low hormone concentrations was not obvious. When autophagy was inhibited in damaged spinal cord neurons, apoptosis decreased significantly; in contrast, impairment of autophagy-induced activation of spinal cord neurons and apoptosis levels were significantly increased.
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42
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Mei X, Wang H, Zhang H, Liu C, Guo Z, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Zhao Z, Li D, Tang P. Blockade of receptor for advanced glycation end products promotes oligodendrocyte autophagy in spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:198-203. [PMID: 30660637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) is involved in neuronal inflammation, cell cycle and differentiation. However, the role of RAGE in autophagy in the process of spinal cord injury (SCI) is yet unknown. The present study investigated the effect of RAGE blockade on autophagy in SCI. A rat Allen SCI model was established and the animals were micro-injected with rabbit RAGE neutralizing antibody or rabbit polyclonal Ig G immediately after the injury. The oligodendrocytes(OLs) marker, 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase(CNPase) and autophagy-related marker microtubule associated protein light chain 3B(LC3B) were evaluated by Western blot. Furthermore, myelin basic protein (MBP) and LC3B double staining were observed in the SCI via immunofluorescence. The results showed that RAGE blockade reduced the expression of CNPase, promoted LC3B-II/I and p62 expression after SCI. In addition, the MBP/LC3B double positive oligodendrocytes-expressing LC3B was up-regulated by RAGE blockade. Moreover, RAGE blockade attenuated the neuronal survival at ventral horn after SCI. The present study revealed the role of RAGE in maintaining oligodendrocyte autophagy to promote neuronal regeneration post-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedic, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, PR China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, 121000, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Zhanpeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yajiang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Dingding Li
- Department of Orthopedic, the First People's Hospital of Longquanyi District, Chengdu City, PR China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedic, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, PR China.
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43
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Gonzalez Porras MA, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. Impaired Autophagy in Motor Neurons: A Final Common Mechanism of Injury and Death. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:211-224. [PMID: 29638184 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular digestion process that contributes to cellular homeostasis and adaptation by the elimination of proteins and damaged organelles. Evidence suggests that dysregulation of autophagy plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases, including motor neuron disorders. Herein, we review emerging evidence indicating the roles of autophagy in physiological motor neuron processes and its function in specific compartments. Moreover, we discuss the involvement of autophagy in the pathogenesis of motor neuron diseases, including spinal cord injury and aging, and recent developments that offer promising therapeutic approaches to mitigate effects of dysregulated autophagy in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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44
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Gong G, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Liu W, Li L, Li J. RETRACTED: Tanshinone IIA alleviates oxidative damage after spinal cord injury in vitro and in vivo through up-regulating miR-124. Life Sci 2018; 216:147-155. [PMID: 30468834 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the Corresponding Author with the agreement of the editor.
The authors used DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) to dissolve tanshinone IIA in this experiment, but even after dilution, DMSO also can induce toxicity of PC12 cells, which also can affect the result of the experiment. After discussion, the authors found that sulfotanshinone sodium injection can be used to replace tanshinone II A, which is both an aqueous solution and has been clinically proved to be an ideal substitute.
Further, in error, the authors used 0μM /12.5μM /50μM /100μM /200μM H2O2 to stimulate oxidative injury as in figure 1A, but missed 25μM H2O2, which may also affect the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yiqi Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun130033, Jilin, China
| | - Wanguo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun130033, Jilin, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun130021, Jilin, China.
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45
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Chen XB, Wang ZL, Yang QY, Zhao FY, Qin XL, Tang XE, Du JL, Chen ZH, Zhang K, Huang FJ. Diosgenin Glucoside Protects against Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating Autophagy and Alleviating Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082274. [PMID: 30072674 PMCID: PMC6121626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic lesion of central nervous system (CNS) with only a limited number of restorative therapeutic options. Diosgenin glucoside (DG), a major bioactive ingredient of Trillium tschonoskii Max., possesses neuroprotective effects through its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic functions. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic benefit and underlying mechanisms of DG treatment in SCI. We found that in Sprague-Dawley rats with traumatic SCI, the expressions of autophagy marker Light Chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin1 were decreased with concomitant accumulation of autophagy substrate protein p62 and ubiquitinated proteins, indicating an impaired autophagic activity. DG treatment, however, significantly attenuated p62 expression and upregulated the Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway (evidenced as Ras homolog enriched in brain) due to the downregulation of miR-155-3p. We also observed significantly less tissue injury and edema in the DG-treated group, leading to appreciable functional recovery compared to that of the control group. Overall, the observed neuroprotection afforded by DG treatment warrants further investigation on its therapeutic potential in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bing Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Zi-Li Wang
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Qing-Yu Yang
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Fang-Yu Zhao
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Qin
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Xian-E Tang
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Jun-Long Du
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Zong-Hai Chen
- College of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Kui Zhang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Fei-Jun Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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46
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Saraswat Ohri S, Bankston AN, Mullins SA, Liu Y, Andres KR, Beare JE, Howard RM, Burke DA, Riegler AS, Smith AE, Hetman M, Whittemore SR. Blocking Autophagy in Oligodendrocytes Limits Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5900-5912. [PMID: 29793971 PMCID: PMC6021994 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0679-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy mechanisms are well documented in neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the direct functional role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte (OL) survival in SCI pathogenesis remains unknown. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal-mediated catabolic pathway that ensures degradation of dysfunctional cellular components to maintain homeostasis in response to various forms of stress, including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Using pharmacological gain and loss of function and genetic approaches, we investigated the contribution of autophagy in OL survival and its role in the pathogenesis of thoracic contusive SCI in female mice. Although upregulation of Atg5 (an essential autophagy gene) occurs after SCI, autophagy flux is impaired. Purified myelin fractions of contused 8 d post-SCI samples show enriched protein levels of LC3B, ATG5, and BECLIN 1. Data show that, while the nonspecific drugs rapamycin (activates autophagy) and spautin 1 (blocks autophagy) were pharmacologically active on autophagy in vivo, their administration did not alter locomotor recovery after SCI. To directly analyze the role of autophagy, transgenic mice with conditional deletion of Atg5 in OLs were generated. Analysis of hindlimb locomotion demonstrated a significant reduction in locomotor recovery after SCI that correlated with a greater loss in spared white matter. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that deletion of Atg5 from OLs resulted in decreased autophagic flux and was detrimental to OL function after SCI. Thus, our study provides evidence that autophagy is an essential cytoprotective pathway operating in OLs and is required for hindlimb locomotor recovery after thoracic SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study describes the role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte (OL) survival and pathogenesis after thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). Modulation of autophagy with available nonselective drugs after thoracic SCI does not affect locomotor recovery despite being pharmacologically active in vivo, indicating significant off-target effects. Using transgenic mice with conditional deletion of Atg5 in OLs, this study definitively identifies autophagy as an essential homeostatic pathway that operates in OLs and exhibits a direct functional role in SCI pathogenesis and recovery. Therefore, this study emphasizes the need to discover novel autophagy-specific drugs that specifically modulate autophagy for further investigation for clinical translation to treat SCI and other CNS pathologies related to OL survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew N Bankston
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - S Ashley Mullins
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Yu Liu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Kariena R Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Jason E Beare
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Russell M Howard
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Darlene A Burke
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Amberly S Riegler
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Allison E Smith
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
- Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, and
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center,
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
- Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, and
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47
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Muñoz-Galdeano T, Reigada D, Del Águila Á, Velez I, Caballero-López MJ, Maza RM, Nieto-Díaz M. Cell Specific Changes of Autophagy in a Mouse Model of Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:164. [PMID: 29946241 PMCID: PMC6005838 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process of cellular waist clearance that becomes altered following spinal cord injury (SCI). Details on these changes, including timing after injury, underlying mechanisms, and affected cells, remain controversial. Here we present a characterization of autophagy in the mice spinal cord before and after a contusive SCI. In the undamaged spinal cord, analysis of LC3 and Beclin 1 autophagic markers reveals important differences in basal autophagy between neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes and even within cell populations. Following moderate contusion, western blot analyses of LC3 indicates that autophagy increases to a maximum at 7 days post injury (dpi), whereas unaltered Beclin 1 expression and increase of p62 suggests a possible blockage of autophagosome clearance. Immunofluorescence analyses of LC3 and Beclin 1 provide additional details that reveal a complex, cell-specific scenario. Autophagy is first activated (1 dpi) in the severed axons, followed by a later (7 dpi) accumulation of phagophores and/or autophagosomes in the neuronal soma without signs of increased initiation. Oligodendrocytes and reactive astrocytes also accumulate phagophores and autophagosomes at 7 dpi, but whereas the accumulation in astrocytes is associated with an increased autophagy initiation, it seems to result from a blockage of the autophagic flux in oligodendrocytes. Comparison with previous studies highlights the complex and heterogeneous autophagic responses induced by the SCI, leading in many cases to contradictory results and interpretations. Future studies should consider this complexity in the design of therapeutic interventions based on the modulation of autophagy to treat SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - David Reigada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángela Del Águila
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Irene Velez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Marcos J Caballero-López
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo M Maza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Díaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
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48
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Wang P, Xie ZD, Xie CN, Lin CW, Wang JL, Xuan LN, Zhang CW, Wang Y, Huang ZH, Teng HL. AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent induction of autophagy by erythropoietin protects against spinal cord injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1185-1195. [PMID: 29656591 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Autophagy has been regarded as a promising therapeutic target for spinal cord injury (SCI). Erythropoietin (EPO) has been demonstrated to exhibit neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system (CNS); however, the molecular mechanisms of its protection against SCI remain unknown. This study aims to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of EPO on SCI are mediated by autophagy via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways. METHODS Functional assessment and Nissl staining were used to investigate the effects of EPO on SCI. Expressions of proteins were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with EPO significantly reduced the loss of motor neurons and improved the functional recovery following SCI. Erythropoietin significantly enhanced the SCI-induced autophagy through activating AMPK and inactivating mTOR signaling. The inhibitor of AMPK, compound C, could block the EPO-induced autophagy and beneficial action on SCI, whereas the activator of AMPK, metformin, could mimic the effects of EPO. In the in vitro studies, EPO enhanced the hypoxia-induced autophagy in an AMPK-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The AMPK-dependent induction of autophagy contributes to the neuroprotection of EPO on SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong-Dong Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Nan Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao-Wei Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Na Xuan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun-Wu Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Lin Teng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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49
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Sozbilen MC, Ozturk M, Kaftan G, Dagci T, Ozyalcin H, Armagan G. Neuroprotective Effects of C-terminal Domain of Tetanus Toxin on Rat Brain Against Motorneuron Damages After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E327-E333. [PMID: 28767631 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental animal study investigating the efficacy of C-terminal domain of tetanus toxin application as neuroprotective effects on rat brain in a model of spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of C-terminal domain of tetanus toxin (Hc-TeTx) on cell death mechanisms including apoptosis and autophagy following SCI. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Traumatic SCI can lead to posttraumatic inflammation, oxidative stress, motor neuron apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of tissue. To promote and enhance recovery after SCI, recent development of devices and therapeutic interventions are needed. METHODS Twenty-eight adult rats were divided into four groups (n = 7 each) as follows: sham, trauma (SCI), SCI + Hc-TeTx, and SCI + methylprednisolone groups. The functional neurological deficits due to the SCI were assessed by behavioral analysis using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) open-field locomotor test. The alterations in pro-/anti-apoptotic and autophagy related-protein levels were measured by Western blotting technique. RESULTS In this study, Hc-TeTx promotes locomotor recovery and motor neuron survival of SCI rats. Hc-TeTx also decreased expression of bax, bad, bak, cleaved caspase-3, Ask1, and autophagy-related proteins including Atg5 and LC3II in brain. Our study provides an evidence that cell death mechanisms play critical roles in SCI and that the nontoxic peptides including Hc-TeTx may exert protective effect and decrease cell death following SCI. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings suggest a possible therapeutic agent to improve survival after spinal cord trauma, but further analysis are still needed to evaluate the difference between acute and chronic injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Celal Sozbilen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Dr Behcet Uz Child Diseases and Surgery Research and Training Hospital, Konak Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Ozturk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Hospital, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kaftan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Taner Dagci
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.,Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halit Ozyalcin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Hospital, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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50
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Nie J, Chen J, Yang J, Pei Q, Li J, Liu J, Xu L, Li N, Chen Y, Chen X, Luo H, Sun T. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5894-5902. [PMID: 29436695 PMCID: PMC5866035 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on autophagy and their potential for promoting locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Primary neurons were isolated and cultured. Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups and fed diets with different amounts of n‑3 PUFAs. A model of spinal cord contusion was created at the T10 spinal segment and the composition of PUFAs was analyzed using gas chromatography. Spinal repair and motor function were evaluated postoperatively. Assessment of the effects of n‑3 PUFAs on autophagy and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was performed using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. In vitro, n‑3 PUFAs inhibited mTORC1 and enhanced autophagy. The n‑3 PUFA levels and the ratio of n‑3 PUFA to n‑6 PUFA in the spinal cord and serum of rats fed a high‑n‑3 PUFA diet were higher before and after operation (P<0.05). Additionally, rats in the high‑n‑3 PUFA group showed improved motor function recovery, spinal cord repair‑related protein expression level (MBP, Galc and GFAP). Expression levels if these protiens in the high‑n‑3 PUFA diet group expressed the highest levels, followed by the low‑n‑3 PUFA diet group and finally the control group (P<0.05). high‑n‑3 PUFA diet promoted autophagy ability and inhibited activity of the mTORC1 signaling pathway compared with the low‑n‑3 PUFA diet group or the control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that exogenous dietary n‑3 PUFAs can inhibit mTORC1 signaling and enhance autophagy, promoting functional recovery of rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Nie
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huhhot First Hospital, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010020, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Pei
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Youhao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Tiansheng Sun
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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