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Yoo JH, Kang C, Lim JS, Wang B, Choi CH, Hwang H, Han DH, Kim H, Cheon H, Kim JW. Development of an innovative approach using portable eye tracking to assist ADHD screening: a machine learning study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1337595. [PMID: 38426003 PMCID: PMC10902460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects a significant proportion of the pediatric population, making early detection crucial for effective intervention. Eye movements are controlled by brain regions associated with neuropsychological functions, such as selective attention, response inhibition, and working memory, and their deficits are related to the core characteristics of ADHD. Herein, we aimed to develop a screening model for ADHD using machine learning (ML) and eye-tracking features from tasks that reflect neuropsychological deficits in ADHD. Methods Fifty-six children (mean age 8.38 ± 1.58, 45 males) diagnosed with ADHD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition were recruited along with seventy-nine typically developing children (TDC) (mean age 8.80 ± 1.82, 33 males). Eye-tracking data were collected using a digital device during the performance of five behavioral tasks measuring selective attention, working memory, and response inhibition (pro-saccade task, anti-saccade task, memory-guided saccade task, change detection task, and Stroop task). ML was employed to select relevant eye-tracking features for ADHD, and to subsequently construct an optimal model classifying ADHD from TDC. Results We identified 33 eye-tracking features in the five tasks with the potential to distinguish children with ADHD from TDC. Participants with ADHD showed increased saccade latency and degree, and shorter fixation time in eye-tracking tasks. A soft voting model integrating extra tree and random forest classifiers demonstrated high accuracy (76.3%) at identifying ADHD using eye-tracking features alone. A comparison of the model using only eye-tracking features with models using the Advanced Test of Attention or Stroop test showed no significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.419 and p=0.235, respectively). Combining demographic, behavioral, and clinical data with eye-tracking features improved accuracy, but did not significantly alter the AUC (p=0.208). Discussion Our study suggests that eye-tracking features hold promise as ADHD screening tools, even when obtained using a simple digital device. The current findings emphasize that eye-tracking features could be reliable indicators of impaired neurobiological functioning in individuals with ADHD. To enhance utility as a screening tool, future research should be conducted with a larger sample of participants with a more balanced gender ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangSu Kang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Shik Lim
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchan Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sherigar SS, Gamsa AH, Srinivasan K. Oculomotor deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:1975-1981. [PMID: 36280758 PMCID: PMC10333290 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is equivocal evidence on the presence of oculomotor deficits among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which can be an additional challenge in this population, especially with reading-related tasks. This study aimed to review the deficits in the oculomotor parameters among children with ADHD compared with age-matched controls. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search of original research articles on various databases was done using key terms, such as "oculomotor deficit," "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder," or related terms. We included case-control studies and excluded studies in which children received medications during the test. Twelve original research studies were considered for this review. Ten studies reported data on various types of saccades, two studies reported data on fixation, and one study reported data on pursuit. Among various oculomotor deficits, the forest-plot analysis of an antisaccade task showed that children with ADHD made more direction errors compared to controls. Although independent studies report that ADHD children have poorer performance compared to control populations during oculomotor tasks, there is a lack of evidence to draw a strong conclusion. Children with ADHD are less precise in performing eye movements and need more time to complete the oculomotor tasks than those without ADHD. The overall results provide minimal evidence regarding the presence of various oculomotor deficits in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath S Sherigar
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwitha H Gamsa
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Krithica Srinivasan
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Chamorro Y, Betz LT, Philipsen A, Kambeitz J, Ettinger U. The Eyes Have It: A Meta-analysis of Oculomotor Inhibition in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1090-1102. [PMID: 34052459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished inhibitory control is one of the main characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impairments in oculomotor inhibition have been proposed as a potential biomarker of the disorder. The present meta-analysis summarizes the effects reported in studies comparing oculomotor inhibition in ADHD patients and healthy control subjects. METHODS Inhibitory outcomes were derived from oculomotor experimental paradigms including the antisaccade (AS), memory-guided saccade, and prolonged fixation tasks. Temporal and spatial measures were also extracted from these tasks and from visually guided saccade tasks as secondary outcomes. Data were available from k = 31 studies (N = 1567 participants). Summary effect sizes were computed using random-effects models and a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator. RESULTS Among inhibitory outcomes, direction errors in AS, after correcting for publication bias, showed a moderate effect and large between-study heterogeneity (k = 18, n = 739, g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.27, 0.88], I2= 74%); anticipatory saccades in memory-guided saccade showed a large effect and low heterogeneity (k = 11, n = 487; g = 0.86, 95% CI [0.64, 1.08], I2 = 17.7%); and saccades during prolonged fixation evidenced large effect size and heterogeneity (k = 6, n = 325 g = 1.11, 95% CI [0.56, 1.65], I2 = 79.1%) partially related to age. Among secondary outcomes, saccadic reaction time in AS (k = 22, n = 932, g = 0.34, 95% CI [0.06, 0.63], I2 = 53.12%) and coefficient of variability in visually guided saccade (k = 5, n = 282, g = 0.53, 95% CI [0.28, 0.78], I2 = 0.01%) indicated significant effects with small to moderate effects sizes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD groups commit more oculomotor inhibition failures than control groups. The substantial effects support the conclusion that oculomotor disinhibition is a relevant ADHD-related mechanism. Moderate effects observed in saccadic reaction time variability suggest that fluctuant performance in oculomotor tasks is another relevant characteristic of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaira Chamorro
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Linda T Betz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Yıldırım Demirdöğen E, Esin İS, Turan B, Dursun OB. Assessing sustained attention of children with ADHD in a class flow video task. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:497-506. [PMID: 35521909 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2064545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate sustained attention performance of children with ADHD and effect of distractors on sustained attention through an eye-tracking during a class-flow video task. METHOD Data were collected using an eye-tracking during a class-flow task conducted with 60 children (ADHD and control groups). Two areas of interest were determined in the task, these are relevant (teacher and whiteboard) and irrelevant (any regions outside the relevant area) areas. The task also included distractors in relevant and irrelevant areas, comprising a brief conversation and dropping of a pencil, respectively. Proportion of total fixation duration on areas of interest (PFDAOI) was used to assess sustained attention. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower PFDAOI in the relevant area during the whole class than children in the control group. After the relevant area distractor, PFDAOI increased in relevant area in ADHD group, indicating these children may have better attention after the distractor. However, children with ADHD also showed increased PFDAOI in the irrelevant area following the irrelevant area distractor, indicating that it negatively affected them. There was no significant change in the control group following the distractors. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that children with ADHD have poor sustained attention performance during the whole class. Moreover, distractors in distinct areas could affect children with ADHD differently. Thus, students with ADHD could benefit from increased stimuli in the relevant area and this can be a guide for classroom arrangements to improve the academic functionality of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Yıldırım Demirdöğen
- Atatürk University Medicine Faculty, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Selçuk Esin
- Health Science University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Turan
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Health Science University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon, Turkey
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McLennan YA, Mosconi MW, McKenzie FJ, Famula J, Krawchuk B, Kim K, Clark CJ, Hessl D, Rivera SM, Simon TJ, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ. Prosaccade and Antisaccade Behavior in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome Progression. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:473-478. [PMID: 35586536 PMCID: PMC9092736 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative measurement of eye movements can reveal subtle progression in neurodegenerative diseases. Objective To determine if quantitative measurements of eye movements may reveal subtle progression of fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia (FXTAS). Methods Prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) behavior was analyzed in 25 controls, 57 non-FXTAS carriers, and 46 carriers with FXTAS. Results Symptomatic individuals with FXTAS had longer AS latencies, increased rates of AS errors, and increased AS dysmetria relative to non-FXTAS carriers and controls. These deficits, along with PS latency and velocity, were greater in advanced FXTAS stages. Conclusion AS deficits differentiated FXTAS from non-FXTAS premutation carriers implicating top-down control and frontostriatal deterioration. However, the absence of group differences between non-FXTAS carriers and controls in AS and PS markers suggests saccade performance may not be a sensitive enough measure for detecting conversion to FXTAS, but instead more helpful as translational biomarkers of FXTAS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingratana A. McLennan
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Life Span Institute, Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training, and Clinical Child Psychology ProgramUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | | | - Jessica Famula
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bennet Krawchuk
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Courtney J. Clark
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - David Hessl
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
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Shoouri N. Detection of ADHD from EOG signals using approximate entropy and petrosain's fractal dimension. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2022; 12:254-262. [PMID: 36120401 PMCID: PMC9480511 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_119_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown that eye movements are different in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy people. As a result, electrooculogram (EOG) signals may also differ between the two groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the recorded EOG signals of 30 ADHD children and 30 healthy children (control group) while performing an attention-related task. Methods: Two features of approximate entropy (ApEn) and Petrosian's fractal dimension (Pet's FD) of EOG signals were calculated for the two groups. Then, the two groups were classified using the vector derived from two features and two support vector machine (SVM) and neural gas (NG) classifiers. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the values of both features were significantly lower in the ADHD group compared to the control group. Moreover, the SVM classifier (accuracy: 84.6% ± 4.4%, sensitivity: 85.2% ± 4.9%, specificity: 78.8% ± 6.5%) was more successful in separating the two groups than the NG (78.1% ± 1.1%, sensitivity: 80.1% ± 6.2%, specificity: 72.2% ± 9.2%). Conclusion: The decrease in ApEn and Pet's FD values in the EOG signals of the ADHD group showed that their eye movements were slower than the control group and this difference was due to their attention deficit. The results of this study can be used to design an EOG biofeedback training course to reduce the symptoms of ADHD patients.
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Maron DN, Bowe SJ, Spencer-Smith M, Mellahn OJ, Perrykkad K, Bellgrove MA, Johnson BP. Oculomotor deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1198-1213. [PMID: 34655657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Atypical motor coordination and cognitive processes, such as response inhibition and working memory, have been extensively researched in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oculomotor neural circuits overlap extensively with regions involved in motor planning and cognition, therefore studies of oculomotor function may offer unique insights into motor and cognitive control in ADHD. We performed a series of pairwise meta-analyses based on data from 26 oculomotor studies in ADHD to examine whether there were differences in performance on visually-guided saccade, gap, antisaccade, memory-guided, pursuit eye movements and fixation tasks. These analyses revealed oculomotor disturbances in ADHD, particularly for difficulties relating to saccade inhibition, memorizing visual target locations and initiating antisaccades. There was no evidence for pursuit eye movement disturbances or saccade dysmetria. Investigating oculomotor abnormalities in ADHD may provide insight into top-down cognitive control processes and motor control, and may serve as a promising biomarker in ADHD research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia N Maron
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Olivia J Mellahn
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kelsey Perrykkad
- Cognition and Philosophy Lab, Philosophy Department, School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Beth P Johnson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Loyer Carbonneau M, Demers M, Bigras M, Guay MC. Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences in ADHD Symptoms and Associated Cognitive Deficits. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1640-1656. [PMID: 32495675 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720923736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: A meta-analysis was carried out to determine whether there are sex differences among children and adolescents with ADHD on the primary symptoms of ADHD and on executive and attentional functioning. Method: Studies published from 1997 to 2017 comparing boys and girls with a valid ADHD diagnosis were retained. Results: The meta-analysis found boys with ADHD to be more hyperactive than girls with ADHD and boys to have more difficulties in terms of motor response inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Results also confirm that youths with ADHD have more executive deficits than non-ADHD peers have, but there is no sex difference in this regard. Conclusion: Results show that there are sex differences in the behavioral expression of the difficulties related to ADHD. This highlights the importance of pursuing research to refine the profile of girls with ADHD and to develop diagnostic criteria adapted to each sex.
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Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Saccadic Eye Movements in Healthy Children and Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Pilot Study. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5020028. [PMID: 34200241 PMCID: PMC8293429 DOI: 10.3390/vision5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize saccades in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDG, 17 children, age: 7-12 years) and compare them with a control group (CG, 15 children, age: 7-12 years), comparing the outcomes obtained with a subjective score system (Northeastern State University College of Optometry's Oculomotor test, NSUCO) with the objective analysis obtained through a commercially available Eye Tracker (Tobii Eye X, Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden) and a specialized software analysis (Thomson Software Solutions, Welham Green, UK). Children from the NDDG obtained significantly lower NSUCO scores (p < 0.001) compared with CG. Concerning eye tracking analyses, we found a significantly higher number of hypometric saccades in NDGG (p ≤ 0.044). Likewise, we found a significantly higher percentage of regressions in the NDDG for a time interval of presentation of stimuli of 1 s (p = 0.012). Significant correlations were found between different NSUCO scores and percentage of regressions, number of saccades completed and number of hypometric saccades. The presence of hypometric saccades and regressions seems to be a differential characteristic sign of children with neurodevelopmental disorders that can be detected using an objective eye tracking analysis, but also using the subjective test NSUCO that can be easily implemented in all clinical settings.
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Bilbao C, Piñero DP. Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030351. [PMID: 33801948 PMCID: PMC7999547 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective, non-randomized comparative study was conducted to compare the distribution of oculomotor and visual alterations in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and healthy children without such disorders. Sixty-nine children (aged 6-13 years) were enrolled and divided into three groups: a control group (CG) of 23 healthy children; a group of 18 healthy children with oculomotor abnormalities (OAG); and a group of 28 children with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDDG), with 15 cases of dyslexia, 7 cases of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and 6 cases of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Significantly worse near stereopsis was found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001) and OAG (p = 0.001). Likewise, a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation was found in NDDG compared with CG in both the right (p = 0.001) and left eyes (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the measurement of near and distance phoria (p ≥ 0.557), near point of convergence (p = 0.700) and fusional vergences (p ≥ 0.059). Significantly impaired oculomotor test scores were found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between OAG and NDDG (p ≥ 0.063). The comparison between the three types of neurodevelopmental disorders included revealed the presence of a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation in children with DCD compared with dyslexics. Furthermore, less exophoria at near was present in children with dyslexia compared with children with ADHD (p = 0.018) and DCD (p = 0.054). In conclusion, children with dyslexia, ADHD and DCD show an altered oculomotor pattern and a more reduced amplitude of accommodation, not always compatible with the diagnostic criteria of an accommodative insufficiency. Accommodative and binocular vision problems are not always present in these children and cannot be considered an etiologic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bilbao
- Department of Optometry, Policlínica Alto Aragón, 22003 Huesca, Spain;
| | - David Pablo Piñero
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-903-400
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Hatch B, Iosif AM, Chuang A, de la Paz L, Ozonoff S, Miller M. Longitudinal Differences in Response to Name Among Infants Developing ASD and Risk for ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:827-836. [PMID: 31974800 PMCID: PMC7375942 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diminished response to name, a potential early marker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), may also indicate risk for other disorders characterized by attention problems, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a familial risk design, we examined whether response to name ability at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age differed between three 36-month outcome groups: ASD, ADHD Concerns, or a Comparison group. Persistent differences between the ASD and Comparison groups were evident beginning at 12 months; differences between the ADHD Concerns and Comparison groups were evident between 12 and 18 months only. Results suggest that response to name may be a general marker for ASD and ADHD risk in infancy but a specific indicator of ASD by 24-months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burt Hatch
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Annie Chuang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Leiana de la Paz
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Miller
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Ono Y, Niida T, Shinomiya Y, Suzuki K, Hara N, Azegami Y, Sato T, Mimori C, Shimoizumi H. Eye-tracker-based Evaluation of Saccadic Deficits in Young Children with Developmental Disorders. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Niida
- Department of Orthoptics and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Yuma Shinomiya
- Department of Orthoptics and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Orthoptics and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Naoto Hara
- Department of Orthoptics and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Yasuhiko Azegami
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Taeko Sato
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Chigusa Mimori
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hideo Shimoizumi
- Rehabilitation Center, International University of Health and Welfare
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Bilbao C, Piñero DP. Clinical Characterization of Oculomotricity in Children with and without Specific Learning Disorders. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110836. [PMID: 33187134 PMCID: PMC7697867 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with specific learning disorders have been associated with oculomotor problems, with their analysis even suggested to be a potential diagnostic tool. A prospective non-randomized comparative study evaluating 59 children (6–13 years old) divided into three groups was conducted: a control group (CG) including 15 healthy emmetropic children; a group of 18 healthy children with oculomotor abnormalities (OAG); and a group of 26 children diagnosed with specific learning disorders (LDG). In all groups, besides a complete eye exam, oculomotricity was characterized with two clinical tests: Northeastern State University College of Optometry’s Oculomotor (NSUCO) and Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) tests. Concerning the NSUCO test, lower ability, precision, and head/body movement associated scorings were obtained for both smooth pursuits and saccades in OAG and LDG when compared to the CG (p < 0.001). Likewise, significantly longer time needed to read the horizontal sheet of the DEM test and a higher DEM ratio were found in OAG and LDG compared to CG (p ≤ 0.003). No differences between LDG and OAG were found in the performance with the two oculomotor tests (p ≥ 0.141). Oculomotor anomalies can be present in children with and without specific learning disorders, and therefore cannot be used as diagnostic criteria of these type of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bilbao
- Department of Optometry, Policlínica Alto Aragón, 22003 Huesca, Spain;
| | - David P. Piñero
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig-Alicante, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-90-34-00
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Hwang-Gu SL, Chen YC, Liang SHY, Ni HC, Lin HY, Lin CF, Gau SSF. Exploring the Variability in Reaction Times of Preschoolers at Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: an ex-Gaussian Analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1315-1326. [PMID: 30706251 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-00508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reaction times (RTs) are typically slower and more variable in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Analysis of the ex-Gaussian RT distribution, which is described by mu, sigma (mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the normal distribution) and tau (that of exponential distribution), reveals that individuals with ADHD do not display overall slower RTs but have a high proportion of extremely slow RTs, represented by a high tau value. Although this is a vital component for describing ADHD-related RT variability in school-aged children, adolescents, and adults, it has not been thoroughly studied at the preschool age. We assessed 65 preschoolers at risk of ADHD and 98 typically developing preschoolers with the Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) and parental and teacher reports of ADHD symptoms. We found that preschoolers at risk of ADHD had greater values for RT standard deviation, sigma, and tau than typically developing preschoolers at long inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) (3 s), but not at short ISIs (1.5 s). This suggests that attention problems in preschool children may only be apparent in the tasks with a relatively slow event rate. Our study demonstrates that the ex-Gaussian tau value is essential for describing the inattentive component of task performance in preschoolers with heightened ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, the fact that the tau effect was modulated by ISI suggests that the longer duration (3 s vs. 1.5 s) is a non-optimal energetic state in preschoolers at risk of ADHD, and that this might account for the subtle attentional flaw in task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoou-Lian Hwang-Gu
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Hsin-Yi Liang
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chang Ni
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Fan Lin
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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Solly EJ, Clough M, McKendrick AM, Foletta P, White OB, Fielding J. Ocular motor measures of visual processing changes in visual snow syndrome. Neurology 2020; 95:e1784-e1791. [PMID: 32675081 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether changes to cortical processing of visual information can be evaluated objectively using 3 simple ocular motor tasks to measure performance in patients with visual snow syndrome (VSS). METHODS Sixty-four patients with VSS (32 with migraine and 32 with no migraine) and 23 controls participated. Three ocular motor tasks were included: prosaccade (PS), antisaccade (AS), and interleaved AS-PS tasks. All these tasks have been used extensively in both neurologically healthy and diseased states. RESULTS We demonstrated that, compared to controls, the VSS group generated significantly shortened PS latencies (p = 0.029) and an increased rate of AS errors (p = 0.001), irrespective of the demands placed on visual processing (i.e., task context). Switch costs, a feature of the AS-PS task, were comparable across groups, and a significant correlation was found between shortened PS latencies and increased AS error rates for patients with VSS (r = 0.404). CONCLUSION We identified objective and quantifiable measures of visual processing changes in patients with VSS. The absence of any additional switch cost on the AS-PS task in VSS suggests that the PS latency and AS error differences are attributable to a speeded PS response rather than to impaired executive processes more commonly implicated in poorer AS performance. We propose that this combination of latency and error deficits, in conjunction with intact switching performance, will provide a VS behavioral signature that contributes to our understanding of VSS and may assist in determining the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Solly
- From the Department of Neuroscience (E.J.S., M.C., P.F., O.B.W., J.F.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; and Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (A.M.M.) and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital (O.B.W.), The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meaghan Clough
- From the Department of Neuroscience (E.J.S., M.C., P.F., O.B.W., J.F.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; and Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (A.M.M.) and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital (O.B.W.), The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- From the Department of Neuroscience (E.J.S., M.C., P.F., O.B.W., J.F.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; and Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (A.M.M.) and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital (O.B.W.), The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paige Foletta
- From the Department of Neuroscience (E.J.S., M.C., P.F., O.B.W., J.F.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; and Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (A.M.M.) and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital (O.B.W.), The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Owen B White
- From the Department of Neuroscience (E.J.S., M.C., P.F., O.B.W., J.F.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; and Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (A.M.M.) and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital (O.B.W.), The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Fielding
- From the Department of Neuroscience (E.J.S., M.C., P.F., O.B.W., J.F.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; and Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (A.M.M.) and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital (O.B.W.), The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Anticipatory oculomotor responses in parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 30:65-72. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Objects: This study aims to investigate the saccade/anti-saccade eye movement in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods: Twelve children (8.8 ± 0.8 years) diagnosed with ADHD (DSM-V) and 12 control (9.1 ± 0.3 years) were invited to participate in the experiment where the iView Hi-SPEED eyetracker, with the sample rate at 500 Hz Binocular, was employed. The visual guided saccade (VGS) task was used to collect saccade latency and accuracy values. The anti-saccade task was used to collect saccade latency and accuracy values as well as the percentage of direction errors (PDE).Results: Children with ADHD showed a significant difference in latency in the 7.5° target and imprecision in both targets (7.5° and 15°) during the VGS task. Moreover, the ADHD group exhibited shorter latency (15° target) and significantly higher numbers in the Percentage of Direction Errors in the anti-saccade tasks than the control group.Conclusions: The results suggest that children with ADHD have the following difficulties: precise oculomotor control, oculomotor response inhibition function and basic visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shuo Chan
- Department of Special Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bilbao C, Piñero DP. Diagnosis of oculomotor anomalies in children with learning disorders. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 103:597-609. [PMID: 31869866 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review presents the existing scientific evidence for oculomotor anomalies in children with three different types of learning disorders - namely, dyslexia, dyspraxia and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number: 139317). The QUADAS-2 tool was used to systematically evaluate the quality of the diagnostic tests used in the evaluated studies and to confirm whether the oculomotor alterations observed in the different groups of children with various learning disorders had a consistent diagnostic basis. Using this tool, the design of the articles was well elaborated, although concerns exist regarding the selection of patients and the diagnostic criteria for the binocular conditions. All the studies reviewed conclude that a pattern of oculomotor anomalies exist in the groups of children with these three types of learning disorders compared to healthy children. However, there is a concern regarding the diagnostic methodology, as no clear range of normality for the parameters used to characterise ocular motility was identified and no gold standard or reference test has been defined. In future studies, this range of normality must be developed for different oculomotor skills, and a reference test (possibly video-oculography) for the measurement of these skills must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bilbao
- Department of Optometry, Policlínica Alto Aragón, Huesca, Spain.,Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, Alicante, Spain
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Maruta J, Spielman LA, Tseretopoulos ID, Hezghia A, Ghajar J. Possible Medication-Resistant Deficits in Adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:1169-1179. [PMID: 24970719 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714538659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nature of ADHD, especially in adulthood, is not well-understood. Therefore, we explored subcomponents of attention in adult ADHD. METHOD Twenty-three adults with ADHD were tested on neurocognitive and visual tracking performance both while on their regular prescription stimulant medication and while abstaining from the medication for 1 day. Pairwise comparisons to 46 two-for-one matched normal controls were made to detect medication-resistant effects of ADHD, and within-participant comparisons were made to detect medication-sensitive effects in patients. RESULTS Even when on medication, patients performed more poorly than controls on a spatial working memory task, and on visual tracking and simple reaction time tasks immediately following other attention-demanding tasks. Patients' visual tracking performance degraded while off-medication in a manner consistent with reduced vigilance. CONCLUSION There may be persistent cognitive impairments in adult ADHD despite medication. In addition, the benefit of stimulants seems reduced under cognitive fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Maruta
- 1 Brain Trauma Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jamshid Ghajar
- 1 Brain Trauma Foundation, New York, NY, USA.,2 Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Sumner E, Hutton SB, Kuhn G, Hill EL. Oculomotor atypicalities in Developmental Coordination Disorder. Dev Sci 2016; 21. [PMID: 27753223 PMCID: PMC5763390 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) fail to acquire adequate motor skill, yet surprisingly little is known about the oculomotor system in DCD. Successful completion of motor tasks is supported by accurate visual feedback. The purpose of this study was to determine whether any oculomotor differences can distinguish between children with and without a motor impairment. Using eye tracking technology, visual fixation, smooth pursuit, and pro‐ and anti‐saccade performance were assessed in 77 children that formed three groups: children with DCD (aged 7–10), chronologically age (CA) matched peers, and a motor‐match (MM) group (aged 4–7). Pursuit gain and response preparation in the pro‐ and anti‐saccade tasks were comparable across groups. Compared to age controls, children with DCD had deficits in maintaining engagement in the fixation and pursuit tasks, and made more anti‐saccade errors. The two typically developing groups performed similarly, except on the fast speed smooth pursuit and antisaccade tasks, where the CA group outperformed the younger MM group. The findings suggest that children with DCD have problems with saccadic inhibition and maintaining attention on a visual target. Developmental patterns were evident in the typically developing groups, suggesting that the pursuit system and cognitive control develop with age. This study adds to the literature by being the first to systematically identify specific oculomotor differences between children with and without a motor impairment. Further examination of oculomotor control may help to identify underlying processes contributing to DCD. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/NinXa2KlB4M. [Correction added on 27 January 2017, after first online publication: The video abstract link was added.]
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sumner
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
| | | | - Gustav Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
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Abstract
This study investigated the presence of potential neurocognitive phenotypes within a severe childhood psychiatric sample. A medical chart review was conducted for 106 children who received a neuropsychological evaluation during children's psychiatric inpatient program hospitalization. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to identify distinct clinical clusters based on neurocognitive measures. Cluster analysis identified four distinct clusters, subsequently labeled neurocognitive phenotypes: "intact cognition" (27%), "global dysfunction" (20%), "organization/planning" (21%), and "inhibition-memory" (32%). Significant differences were identified in history of legal involvement and antipsychotic medications at hospital admission. Differences between none-minimal and moderate-high neurocognitive dysfunction were identified in age, amount of diagnoses and antipsychotic medications at admission, and hospital length of stay. Current findings provide preliminary evidence of underlying neurocognitive phenotypes within severe childhood psychiatric disorders. Findings highlight the importance of neuropsychological evaluation in the treatment of childhood psychiatric disorders.
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Ryan M, Jacobson LA, Hague C, Bellows A, Denckla MB, Mahone EM. Rapid automatized naming (RAN) in children with ADHD: An ex-Gaussian analysis. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 23:571-587. [PMID: 27108619 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1172560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Children with ADHD demonstrate increased frequent "lapses" in performance on tasks in which the stimulus presentation rate is externally controlled, leading to increased variability in response times. It is less clear whether these lapses are also evident during performance on self-paced tasks, e.g., rapid automatized naming (RAN), or whether RAN inter-item pause time variability uniquely predicts reading performance. A total of 80 children aged 9 to 14 years-45 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 35 typically developing (TD) children-completed RAN and reading fluency measures. RAN responses were digitally recorded for analyses. Inter-stimulus pause time distributions (excluding between-row pauses) were analyzed using traditional (mean, standard deviation [SD], coefficient of variation [CV]) and ex-Gaussian (mu, sigma, tau) methods. Children with ADHD were found to be significantly slower than TD children (p < .05) on RAN letter naming mean response time as well as on oral and silent reading fluency. RAN response time distributions were also significantly more variable (SD, tau) in children with ADHD. Hierarchical regression revealed that the exponential component (tau) of the letter-naming response time distribution uniquely predicted reading fluency in children with ADHD (p < .001, ΔR2 = .16), even after controlling for IQ, basic reading, ADHD symptom severity and age. The findings suggest that children with ADHD (without word-level reading difficulties) manifest slowed performance on tasks of reading fluency; however, this "slowing" may be due in part to lapses from ongoing performance that can be assessed directly using ex-Gaussian methods that capture excessively long response times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ryan
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Lisa A Jacobson
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Cole Hague
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Psychology , Loyola University Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Alison Bellows
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Martha B Denckla
- d Department of Developmental Cognitive Neurology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - E Mark Mahone
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Walecki PK, Gorzelańczyk EJ. Usefulness of the measurement of saccadic refixation in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder/hyperkinetic disorder in adults. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:The aim of the research is to evaluate the usefulness of the measurement of saccadic refixation in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) in adults.Methods:Seventy-eight individuals were examined: 40 with ADHD/HKD and 38 healthy ones. A noninvasive eye movement examination using the Saccadometer (Advanced Clinical Instrumentation, Cambridge, UK) was applied. Two saccadic tests, prosaccades task (PT) and antisaccades task (AT), were carried out.Results:Based on the results, we can assume that selected parameters, such as latency, standard deviation of latency, promptness, and correctness (directional errors), in individuals with ADHD/HKD differ statistically in the relevant parameters from the healthy ones. The latency and the standard deviation of latency in ADHD/HKD participants are greater when compared to healthy ones. ADHD/HKD participants have a greater number of directional errors in comparison to healthy ones.Conclusions:The standard deviation of latency prosaccades is a good parameter for distinguishing people from both groups. An important and innovative solution in this study in comparison to the studies of other authors, who reached similar results, is the use of an automatically calibrating system (autonomous) adapted for clinical use as well as a quantitative analysis of the saccadic parameters.
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Kavanaugh BC, Dupont-Frechette JA, Tellock PP, Maher ID, Haisley LD, Holler KA. The Role of Inhibitory Control in the Hospitalization of Children with Severe Psychiatric Disorders. Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 29:847-62. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1093174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Altered visual processing in a rodent model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuroscience 2015; 303:364-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Matsuo Y, Watanabe M, Taniike M, Mohri I, Kobashi S, Tachibana M, Kobayashi Y, Kitamura Y. Gap Effect Abnormalities during a Visually Guided Pro-Saccade Task in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125573. [PMID: 26018057 PMCID: PMC4446099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that starts in early childhood and has a comprehensive impact on psychosocial activity and education as well as general health across the lifespan. Despite its prevalence, the current diagnostic criteria for ADHD are debated. Saccadic eye movements are easy to quantify and may be a quantitative biomarker for a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including ADHD. The goal of this study was to examine whether children with ADHD exhibit abnormalities during a visually guided pro-saccadic eye-movement and to clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with their behavioral impairments. Thirty-seven children with ADHD (aged 5–11 years) and 88 typically developing (TD) children (aged 5–11 years) were asked to perform a simple saccadic eye-movement task in which step and gap conditions were randomly interleaved. We evaluated the gap effect, which is the difference in the reaction time between the two conditions. Children with ADHD had a significantly longer reaction time than TD children (p < 0.01) and the gap effect was markedly attenuated (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the measurement of saccadic eye movements may provide a novel method for evaluating the behavioral symptoms and clinical features of ADHD, and that the gap effect is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of ADHD in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsuo
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Taniike
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mohri
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syoji Kobashi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaya Tachibana
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitamura
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Triplett RL, Velanova K, Luna B, Padmanabhan A, Gaillard WD, Asato MR. Investigating inhibitory control in children with epilepsy: an fMRI study. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1667-76. [PMID: 25223606 PMCID: PMC4206566 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in executive function are noted increasingly in children with epilepsy and have been associated with poor academic and psychosocial outcomes. Impaired inhibitory control contributes to executive dysfunction in children with epilepsy; however, its neuroanatomic basis has not yet been investigated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe the integrity of activation in brain regions underlying inhibitory control in children with epilepsy. METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 34 children aged 8-17 years: 17 with well-controlled epilepsy and 17 age- and sex-matched controls. Participants performed the antisaccade (AS) task, representative of inhibitory control, during fMRI scanning. We compared AS performance during neutral and reward task conditions and evaluated task-related blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation. RESULTS Children with epilepsy demonstrated impaired AS performance compared to controls during both neutral (nonreward) and reward trials, but exhibited significant task improvement during reward trials. Post hoc analysis revealed that younger patients made more errors than older patients and all controls. fMRI results showed preserved activation in task-relevant regions in patients and controls, with the exception of increased activation in the left posterior cingulate gyrus in patients specifically with generalized epilepsy across neutral and reward trials. SIGNIFICANCE Despite impaired inhibitory control, children with epilepsy accessed typical neural pathways as did their peers without epilepsy. Children with epilepsy showed improved behavioral performance in response to the reward condition, suggesting potential benefits of the use of incentives in cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Velanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Aarthi Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto CA
| | - William D. Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC
| | - Miya R. Asato
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
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Fakhran S, Delic J, Alhilali L. Evolution of MRI of brain injury in concussion patients. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Fakhran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Delic
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lea Alhilali
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Alhilali LM, Yaeger K, Collins M, Fakhran S. Detection of Central White Matter Injury Underlying Vestibulopathy after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Radiology 2014; 272:224-32. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14132670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gu SLH, Gau SSF, Tzang SW, Hsu WY. The ex-Gaussian distribution of reaction times in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:3709-3719. [PMID: 24021389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the three parameters (mu, sigma, tau) of ex-Gaussian distribution of RT derived from the Conners' continuous performance test (CCPT) and examined the moderating effects of the energetic factors (the inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) and Blocks) among these three parameters, especially tau, an index describing the positive skew of RT distribution. We assessed 195 adolescents with DSM-IV ADHD, and 90 typically developing (TD) adolescents, aged 10-16. Participants and their parents received psychiatric interviews to confirm the diagnosis of ADHD and other psychiatric disorders. Participants also received intelligence (WISC-III) and CCPT assessments. We found that participants with ADHD had a smaller mu, and larger tau. As the ISI/Block increased, the magnitude of group difference in tau increased. Among the three ex-Gaussian parameters, tau was positively associated with omission errors, and mu was negatively associated with commission errors. The moderating effects of ISIs and Blocks on tau parameters suggested that the ex-Gaussian parameters could offer more information about the attention state in vigilance task, especially in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoou-Lian Hwang Gu
- Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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31
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Nilsen ES, Mewhort Buist TA, Gillis R, Fugelsang J. Communicative perspective-taking performance of adults with ADHD symptoms. J Atten Disord 2013; 17:589-97. [PMID: 22298091 DOI: 10.1177/1087054711428947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to take the perspective of one's conversational partner is essential for successful communication. Given the significant cognitive and attention resources required to use another's perspective, the authors assessed whether adults who report symptoms of ADHD would have difficulty using their conversational partner's visual perspective to guide their interpretations. METHOD Adults with high (clinical range) or low (nonclinical range) self-reported ADHD symptoms participated in a communication task that required perspective-taking. RESULTS Eye movement measures revealed that individuals with high ADHD symptoms fixated on objects obscured from their partners' view more often than did those participants with low ADHD symptoms, and the degree to which this "egocentric" object was considered correlated with the degree of inattention symptoms. However, overt behavior (object choice) was not impacted by ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSION Individuals with high levels of ADHD symptoms, especially inattention, are less efficient in their ability to use another's perspective during conversation.
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Jacobson LA, Ryan M, Denckla MB, Mostofsky SH, Mahone EM. Performance lapses in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder contribute to poor reading fluency. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:672-83. [PMID: 23838684 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) demonstrate increased response variability compared with controls, which is thought to be associated with deficits in attention regulation and response control that subsequently affect performance of more cognitively demanding tasks, such as reading. The present study examined response variability during a computerized simple reaction time (RT) task in 67 children. Ex-Gaussian analyses separated the response time distribution into normal (mu and sigma) and exponential (tau) components; the association of each with reading fluency was examined. Children with ADHD had significantly slower, more variable, and more skewed RTs compared with controls. After controlling for ADHD symptom severity, tau (but not mu or mean RT) was significantly associated with reduced reading fluency, but not with single word reading accuracy. These data support the growing evidence that RT variability, but not simply slower mean response speed, is the characteristic of youth with ADHD and that longer response time latencies (tau) may be implicated in the poorer academic performance associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Jacobson
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gramatikov B, Irsch K, Müllenbroich M, Frindt N, Qu Y, Gutmark R, Wu YK, Guyton D. A device for continuous monitoring of true central fixation based on foveal birefringence. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:1968-78. [PMID: 23645511 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A device for continuous monitoring of central fixation utilizes birefringence, the property of the Henle fibers surrounding the human fovea, to change the polarization state of light. A circular scan of retinal birefringence, where the scanning circle encompasses the fovea, allows identification of true central fixation-an assessment much needed in various applications in ophthalmology, psychology, and psychiatry. The device allows continuous monitoring for central fixation over an extended period of time in the presence of fixation targets and distracting stimuli, which may be helpful in detecting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and other disorders characterized by changes in the subject's ability to maintain fixation. A proof-of-concept has been obtained in a small study of ADHD patients and normal control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gramatikov
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer 233, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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34
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Green CR, Lebel C, Rasmussen C, Beaulieu C, Reynolds JN. Diffusion tensor imaging correlates of saccadic reaction time in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1499-507. [PMID: 23551175 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye movement tasks provide a simple method for inferring structural or functional brain deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Oculomotor control is impaired in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), yet the neuroanatomical substrates underlying this are not known. Regions of white matter have been shown by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to be different in FASD and thus may play a role in the delayed saccadic eye movements. The objective of this study was to correlate oculomotor performance with regional measures of DTI-derived white matter anisotropy in children with FASD. METHODS Fourteen children (8 to 13 years) with FASD were recruited for oculomotor assessment and DTI. Eye movement control was evaluated using the pro- and antisaccade tasks, in which subjects look at (prosaccade) or away from (antisaccade) a peripheral target. Saccadic reaction time (SRT; time for subjects to move their eyes after the target appears) and direction errors (saccades made in the incorrect direction relative to the instruction) were measured and correlated to fractional anisotropy (FA) on a voxel-by-voxel basis across the whole brain white matter. RESULTS A significant positive correlation was observed between antisaccade SRT and FA in a large cluster containing anterior and posterior sections of the corpus callosum just to the right of the midline; prosaccade SRT and FA correlated positively in the genu of the corpus callosum and the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and correlated negatively in the left cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS The negative correlation for prosaccade SRT and cerebellum demonstrated that individuals with slower reaction times had lower FA values relative to their faster responding counterparts, a finding that implicates cerebellar dysfunction as a significant contributor to deficits in oculomotor control. The higher FA in the corpus callosum and ILF corresponding to longer reaction times for both pro- and antisaccade was opposite to what was expected, but nonetheless implies that altered brain structure in these regions underlies deficits in oculomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Green
- The Centre for Neuroscience Studies , Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences , Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Aichert DS, Wöstmann NM, Costa A, Macare C, Wenig JR, Möller HJ, Rubia K, Ettinger U. Associations between trait impulsivity and prepotent response inhibition. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:1016-32. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2012.706261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Kasper LJ, Alderson RM, Hudec KL. Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:605-17. [PMID: 22917740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Working memory has assumed a prominent role as a primary neurocognitive deficit or endophenotype in extant models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study updated previous reviews and employed meta-analytic techniques to examine a broad range of moderating variables of effect size heterogeneity across phonological and visuospatial working memory tasks. Collectively, results revealed large between-group effect sizes across both working memory domains. In addition, several sample (percent female) and task (number of experimental trials, recall vs. recognition tasks, and demands on the central executive) moderating variables explained significant effect size variability among phonological and visuospatial studies. These findings suggest that children with ADHD exhibit statistically significant, large magnitude working memory deficits relative to their typically developing peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Kasper
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology, 116 N. Murray, Stillwater, OK 74078-3064, USA
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Jacobson LA, Ryan M, Martin RB, Ewen J, Mostofsky SH, Denckla MB, Mahone EM. Working memory influences processing speed and reading fluency in ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2011; 17:209-24. [PMID: 21287422 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2010.532204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Processing-speed deficits affect reading efficiency, even among individuals who recognize and decode words accurately. Children with ADHD who decode words accurately can still have inefficient reading fluency, leading to a bottleneck in other cognitive processes. This "slowing" in ADHD is associated with deficits in fundamental components of executive function underlying processing speed, including response selection. The purpose of the present study was to deconstruct processing speed in order to determine which components of executive control best explain the "processing" speed deficits related to reading fluency in ADHD. Participants (41 ADHD, 21 controls), ages 9-14 years, screened for language disorders, word reading deficits, and psychiatric disorders, were administered measures of copying speed, processing speed, reading fluency, working memory, reaction time, inhibition, and auditory attention span. Compared to controls, children with ADHD showed reduced oral and silent reading fluency and reduced processing speed-driven primarily by deficits on WISC-IV Coding. In contrast, groups did not differ on copying speed. After controlling for copying speed, sex, severity of ADHD-related symptomatology, and GAI, slowed "processing" speed (i.e., Coding) was significantly associated with verbal span and measures of working memory but not with measures of response control/inhibition, lexical retrieval speed, reaction time, or intrasubject variability. Further, "processing" speed (i.e., Coding, residualized for copying speed) and working memory were significant predictors of oral reading fluency. Abnormalities in working memory and response selection (which are frontally mediated and enter into the output side of processing speed) may play an important role in deficits in reading fluency in ADHD, potentially more than posteriorally mediated problems with orienting of attention or perceiving the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Jacobson
- Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.
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38
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Castel AD, Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Moore AN. Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology 2011; 25:15-24. [PMID: 20873928 DOI: 10.1037/a0020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to select what is important to remember, to attend to this information, and to recall high-value items leads to the efficient use of memory. The present study examined how children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) performed on an incentive-based selectivity task in which to-be-remembered items were worth different point values. METHOD Participants were 6-9 year old children with ADHD (n = 57) and without ADHD (n = 59). Using a selectivity task, participants studied words paired with point values and were asked to maximize their score, which was the overall value of the items they recalled. This task allows for measures of memory capacity and the ability to selectively remember high-value items. RESULTS Although there were no significant between-groups differences in the number of words recalled (memory capacity), children with ADHD were less selective than children in the control group in terms of the value of the items they recalled (control of memory). All children recalled more high-value items than low-value items and showed some learning with task experience, but children with ADHD Combined type did not efficiently maximize memory performance (as measured by a selectivity index) relative to children with ADHD Inattentive type and healthy controls, who did not differ significantly from one another. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD Combined type exhibit impairments in the strategic and efficient encoding and recall of high-value items. The findings have implications for theories of memory dysfunction in childhood ADHD and the key role of metacognition, cognitive control, and value-directed remembering when considering the strategic use of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Castel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
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Goepel J, Kissler J, Rockstroh B, Paul-Jordanov I. Medio-frontal and anterior temporal abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during an acoustic antisaccade task as revealed by electro-cortical source reconstruction. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:7. [PMID: 21226906 PMCID: PMC3025949 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescence. Impulsivity is one of three core symptoms and likely associated with inhibition difficulties. To date the neural correlate of the antisaccade task, a test of response inhibition, has not been studied in children with (or without) ADHD. METHODS Antisaccade responses to visual and acoustic cues were examined in nine unmedicated boys with ADHD (mean age 122.44 ± 20.81 months) and 14 healthy control children (mean age 115.64 ± 22.87 months, three girls) while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Brain activity before saccade onset was reconstructed using a 23-source-montage. RESULTS When cues were acoustic, children with ADHD had a higher source activity than control children in Medio-Frontal Cortex (MFC) between -230 and -120 ms and in the left-hemispheric Temporal Anterior Cortex (TAC) between -112 and 0 ms before saccade onset, despite both groups performing similarly behaviourally (antisaccades errors and saccade latency). When visual cues were used EEG-activity preceding antisaccades did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD exhibit altered functioning of the TAC and MFC during an antisaccade task elicited by acoustic cues. Children with ADHD need more source activation to reach the same behavioural level as control children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Goepel
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Johanna Kissler
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Abstract
The use of quantitative neuroimaging (volumetry), motor, and oculomotor assessments for studying children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has grown dramatically in the past 20 years. Most evidence to date suggests that anomalous basal ganglia development plays an important role in early manifestation of ADHD; however, widespread cerebellar and cortical delays are also observed and are associated with the behavioral (cognitive, motor, oculomotor) phenotype in children with ADHD. These motor and "executive" control systems appear to develop in parallel, such that both systems display a similar protracted developmental trajectory, with periods of rapid growth in elementary years and continued maturation into young adulthood. Development of each system is dependent on the functional integrity and maturation of related brain regions, suggesting a shared neural circuitry that includes frontostriatal systems and the cerebellum (i.e., those identified as anomalous in studies of volumetry in ADHD). Motor and oculomotor paradigms provide unique opportunities to examine executive control processes that exist at the interface between movement and cognition in children with ADHD, also linking cognition and neurological development. The observed pattern of volumetric differences, together with the known parallel development of motor and executive control systems, appears to predict motor and oculomotor anomalies in ADHD, which are highly relevant, yet commonly overlooked in clinical settings.
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McNally MA, Crocetti D, Mahone EM, Denckla MB, Suskauer SJ, Mostofsky SH. Corpus callosum segment circumference is associated with response control in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol 2010; 25:453-62. [PMID: 20139403 PMCID: PMC2892283 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809350221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Response control is impaired in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Given the corpus callosum's role in response control, we compared callosal morphology in 64 children with ADHD and 64 typically developing children, aged 7 to 13 years, and investigated the relationships between callosal morphology and response control. Area and circumference of 5 callosal segments (genu, rostral body, midbody, isthmus, and splenium) were normalized for cerebral volume and examined for correlation with mean reaction time, intrasubject variability, and/or commission error rate from a go/no-go task. There were no between-group differences in segment areas or circumferences. Reaction time correlated with midbody circumference for boys with ADHD and isthmus circumference for girls with ADHD. For the entire cohort, rostral body circumference correlated with intrasubject variability. Impaired response control in ADHD is associated with anomalies in frontal interhemispheric connections. Future studies examining callosal shape will illuminate the anatomic basis of correlations between callosal segment circumference and response control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Mark Mahone
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martha B. Denckla
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland,Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stacy J. Suskauer
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stewart H. Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland,Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Interstimulus "jitter" involves randomization of intervals between successive stimulus events, and can facilitate performance on go/no-go tests among healthy adults, though its effect in clinical populations is unclear. Children with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly exhibit deficient response control, leading to increased intra-subject variability (ISV), which has been linked to anomalous functioning within frontal circuits, as well as their interaction with posterior "default mode" regions. We examined effects of interstimulus jitter on response variability in 39 children, ages 9-14 years (25 ADHD, 14 controls). Participants completed 2 computerized go/no-go tests: one with fixed interstimulus interval (ISI) and one with jittered ISI. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant group-by test interaction, such that introduction of jitter produced a significant decrease in ISV among children with ADHD, but not among controls. Whereas children with ADHD were significantly more variable than controls on the go/no-go test with fixed ISI, their performance with jittered ISI was equivalent to that of controls. Jittering stimulus presentation provides a nonpharmacologic mechanism for improving response control in ADHD. This bottom-up approach may be mediated by increases in vigilance through noradrenergic circuits that facilitate maintenance of frontal circuits critical to response control.
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