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Pan H, Yu S, Zhuang H, Yang H, Jiang J, Yang H, Ren S, Luo G, Yu X, Chen S, Lin Y, Sheng R, Zhang S, Yuan Q, Huang C, Zhang T, Li T, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N. Orchestrated Codelivery of Peptide Antigen and Adjuvant to Antigen-Presenting Cells by Using an Engineered Chimeric Peptide Enhances Antitumor T-Cell Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:905-920. [PMID: 38631019 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic pharmacokinetic limitations of traditional peptide-based cancer vaccines hamper effective cross-presentation and codelivery of antigens (Ag) and adjuvants, which are crucial for inducing robust antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. In this study, we report the development of a versatile strategy that simultaneously addresses the different pharmacokinetic challenges of soluble subunit vaccines composed of Ags and cytosine-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) to modulate vaccine efficacy via translating an engineered chimeric peptide, eTAT, as an intramolecular adjuvant. Linking Ags to eTAT enhanced cytosolic delivery of the Ags. This, in turn, led to improved activation and lymph node-trafficking of Ag-presenting cells and Ag cross-presentation, thus promoting Ag-specific T-cell immune responses. Simple mixing of eTAT-linked Ags and CpG significantly enhanced codelivery of Ags and CpG to the Ag-presenting cells, and this substantially augmented the adjuvant effect of CpG, maximized vaccine immunogenicity, and elicited robust and durable CD8+ T-cell responses. Vaccination with this formulation altered the tumor microenvironment and exhibited potent antitumor effects, with generally further enhanced therapeutic efficacy when used in combination with anti-PD1. Altogether, the engineered chimeric peptide-based orchestrated codelivery of Ag and adjuvant may serve as a promising but simple strategy to improve the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haoyun Zhuang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinlu Jiang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haihui Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuling Ren
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guoxing Luo
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanhua Lin
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Roufang Sheng
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenghao Huang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Zafar A, Khan MJ, Abu J, Naeem A. Revolutionizing cancer care strategies: immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:219. [PMID: 38281269 PMCID: PMC10822809 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of technological advances in traditional anti-cancer therapies, there is a need for more precise and targeted cancer treatment strategies. The wide-ranging shortfalls of conventional anticancer therapies such as systematic toxicity, compromised life quality, and limited to severe side effects are major areas of concern of conventional cancer treatment approaches. Owing to the expansion of knowledge and technological advancements in the field of cancer biology, more innovative and safe anti-cancerous approaches such as immune therapy, gene therapy and targeted therapy are rapidly evolving with the aim to address the limitations of conventional therapies. The concept of immunotherapy began with the capability of coley toxins to stimulate toll-like receptors of immune cells to provoke an immune response against cancers. With an in-depth understating of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and their relationship to disease prognosis, molecular targeted therapy approaches, that inhibit or stimulate specific cancer-promoting or cancer-inhibitory molecules respectively, have offered promising outcomes. In this review, we evaluate the achievement and challenges of these technically advanced therapies with the aim of presenting the overall progress and perspective of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Zafar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Junaid Abu
- Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aisha Naeem
- Qatar University Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Grindel AL, Fretellier N, Soares M, Bouzakher N, Millot Maysounabe V, Santus R, Bawa O, Wintrebert M, Couquelet C, Robert P, Emile JF, Capron C. Antitumoral effect of local injection of TLR-9 agonist emulsified in Lipiodol with systemic anti-PD-1 in a murine model of colorectal carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1272246. [PMID: 38292484 PMCID: PMC10825566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Local treatments of cancer, including transarterial chemoembolization, could enhance responses to systemic immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 antibodies. Lipiodol, a radiopaque oil, is widely used for transarterial chemoembolization as a tumor-targeting drug carrier and could be used in emulsion with immunomodulators. This study aimed at evaluating the antitumoral effect of intra-tumoral injection of Lipiodol-immunomodulator emulsions combined with systemic anti-PD-1 therapy in a murine model of colorectal carcinoma. Method Mice (male BALB/c) with anti-PD-1-resistant subcutaneous CT26 tumors were injected with immunomodulators, emulsified or not with Lipiodol (N=10-12/group). Results The TLR-9 agonist CpG displayed antitumor effects, while Poly I:C and QS21 did not. The Lipiodol-CpG emulsion appeared to be stable and maintained CpG within tumors for a longer time. Repeated intra-tumoral injections, combined with anti-PD-1, induced responses towards the tumor as well as to a distant metastatic-like nodule. This treatment was associated with an increase in proliferative CD8+ T cells and of IFN-γ expression, a decrease in proliferative regulatory T cells but also, surprisingly, an increase in myeloid derived suppressor cells. Conclusions Local administration of CpG emulsified with Lipiodol led to an effective antitumoral effect when combined to systemic anti-PD-1 therapy. Lipiodol, apart from its radiopaque properties, is an efficient drug-delivery system. The formulated oil-in-water emulsion allows efficient loading and control release of CpG, which induces favorable immune modifications in this murine tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Grindel
- EA4340 Biomarqueurs en oncologie et onco-hématologie (BECCOH), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Miguel Soares
- Guerbet, Research and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Nabiha Bouzakher
- EA4340 Biomarqueurs en oncologie et onco-hématologie (BECCOH), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Robin Santus
- Guerbet, Research and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Olivia Bawa
- INSERM US23 Analyse Moléculaire, Modélisation et Imagerie de la Maladie Cancéreuse (AMMICA), Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Robert
- Guerbet, Research and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Jean-Francois Emile
- EA4340 Biomarqueurs en oncologie et onco-hématologie (BECCOH), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
- Département d’anatomie Pathologique et de Cytologie, Hôpital Ambroise-Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Claude Capron
- EA4340 Biomarqueurs en oncologie et onco-hématologie (BECCOH), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
- Immunology and Hematology Department, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Quiroga D, Wesolowski R, Zelinskas S, Pinette A, Benner B, Schwarz E, Savardekar H, Johnson C, Stiff A, Yu L, Macrae E, Lustberg M, Mrozek E, Ramaswamy B, Carson WE. An Open-Label Study of Subcutaneous CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (PF03512676) in Combination with Trastuzumab in Patients with Metastatic HER2+ Breast Cancer. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241250189. [PMID: 38797949 PMCID: PMC11129578 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241250189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CpG ODN is a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with immunotherapeutic potential for many cancer types, including aggressive breast cancers. There is strong interest in utilizing CpG ODN as an adjuvant to improve clinical efficacy of current treatments and immunogenicity of breast cancers not traditionally responsive to active immunotherapy, such as those that are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive. This study aimed to study the efficacy and safety of combination CpG ODN plus anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab treatment in patients with advanced/metastatic breast cancer. METHODS This single-arm, open-label phase II clinical trial treated patients (n = 6) with advanced/metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer with weekly subcutaneous CpG ODN and trastuzumab. Patients may have received any number of prior therapies to be enrolled (most enrolled at median 1 prior line of chemotherapy). Peripheral blood was collected at baseline and weeks 2, 6, 12, and 18 for immune analyses. Six patients were enrolled and 50% achieved stable disease (SD) response. RESULTS Median PFS was 8.3 months. Three of the six patients enrolled opted to stop treatment due to tolerability issues. Multiplex assay for cytokine measurements revealed significantly higher VEGF-D levels at week 2 compared to baseline. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells analyzed by flow cytometry showed a significant increase in monocytic MDSC between weeks 6 and 12. Patients with progressive disease tended to have higher levels of week 6 monocytic MDSC and PD-1+ T cells than patients with SD. NK cell populations did not significantly change throughout treatment. CONCLUSIONS CpG ODN and trastuzumab treatment of metastatic HER2 + breast cancer was safe but was not tolerable for all patients. This combination did induce potentially predictive immune profile changes in treated patients with metastatic HER2 + breast cancer, the significance of which needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisia Quiroga
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert Wesolowski
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Zelinskas
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Pinette
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Brooke Benner
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily Schwarz
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Himanshu Savardekar
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Courtney Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Stiff
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin Macrae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Columbus Oncology Associates, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maryam Lustberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA
| | - Ewa Mrozek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- St. Rita’s Cancer Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E. Carson
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Ren H, Jia W, Xie Y, Yu M, Chen Y. Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5172-5254. [PMID: 37462107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Liu S, Zhang M, Yu H, Sun X, Li Q, Yang M, Qiu X, Su H, Gong A, Du F. Immunoinducible Carbon Dot-Incorporated Hydrogels as a Photothermal-Derived Antigen Depot to Trigger a Robust Antitumor Immune Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7700-7712. [PMID: 36719405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic tumor cell death (ICD) induced by photothermal therapy (PTT) fails to elicit a robust antitumor immune response partially due to its inherent immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor antigen presentation. To address these issues, we developed an immunoinducible carbon dot-incorporated hydrogel (iCD@Gel) through a dynamic covalent Schiff base reaction using mannose-modified aluminum-doped carbon dots (M/A-CDs) as a cross-linking agent. The M/A-CDs possessed superior photothermal conversion efficiency and served as nanocarriers to load cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) for inducing the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) via mannose receptor-mediated targeting delivery. Upon intratumoral injection, the as-prepared iCD@Gel induced ICD, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were released via photothermal ablation under 808 nm NIR irradiation. Subsequently, the iCD@Gel synergized with the DAMPs to significantly promote the maturation and antigen cross-presentation ability of DCs. This work provides a promising strategy to develop carbon dot-based therapeutic hydrogels for photothermal therapy and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212002, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Qianzhe Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Hang Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Fengyi Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
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Melo ARDS, de Macêdo LS, Invenção MDCV, de Moura IA, da Gama MATM, de Melo CML, Silva AJD, Batista MVDA, de Freitas AC. Third-Generation Vaccines: Features of Nucleic Acid Vaccines and Strategies to Improve Their Efficiency. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122287. [PMID: 36553554 PMCID: PMC9777941 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene immunization comprises mRNA and DNA vaccines, which stand out due to their simple design, maintenance, and high efficacy. Several studies indicate promising results in preclinical and clinical trials regarding immunization against ebola, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The efficiency of nucleic acid vaccines has been highlighted in the fight against COVID-19 with unprecedented approval of their use in humans. However, their low intrinsic immunogenicity points to the need to use strategies capable of overcoming this characteristic and increasing the efficiency of vaccine campaigns. These strategies include the improvement of the epitopes' presentation to the system via MHC, the evaluation of immunodominant epitopes with high coverage against emerging viral subtypes, the use of adjuvants that enhance immunogenicity, and the increase in the efficiency of vaccine transfection. In this review, we provide updates regarding some characteristics, construction, and improvement of such vaccines, especially about the production of synthetic multi-epitope genes, widely employed in the current gene-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanne Rayssa da Silva Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Andrêssa de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Turiah Machado da Gama
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, and Keizo Asami Imunophatology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology (GMBio), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-8199-6067-671
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8
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Aikins ME, Qin Y, Dobson HE, Najafabadi AH, Lyu K, Xu Y, Xin Y, Schwendeman A, Wicha MS, Chang AE, Li Q, Moon JJ. Cancer stem cell antigen nanodisc cocktail elicits anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma. J Control Release 2022; 351:872-882. [PMID: 36206945 PMCID: PMC9765445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the major reasons for poor cancer outcomes is the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a small subpopulation of tumor cells that can self-renew, differentiate into the majority of tumor cells, and maintain tumorigenicity. As CSCs are resistant to traditional chemotherapy and radiation, they contribute to metastasis and relapse. Thus, new approaches are needed to target and eliminate CSCs. Here, we sought to target and reduce the frequency of CSCs in melanoma by therapeutic vaccination against CSC-associated transcription factors, such as Sox2 and Nanog, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Toward this goal, we have identified novel immunogenic peptide epitopes derived from CSC-associated Sox2 and Nanog and synthesized synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) nanodisc vaccine formulated with Sox2, Nanog, and ALDH antigen peptides together with CpG, a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist. Vaccination with nanodiscs containing six CSC antigen peptides elicited robust T cell responses against CSC-associated antigens and promoted intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells, while reducing the frequency of CSCs and CD4+ regulatory T cells within melanoma tumors. Nanodisc vaccination effectively reduced tumor growth and significantly extended animal survival without toxicity toward normal stem cells. Overall, our therapeutic strategy against CSCs represents a cost-effective, safe, and versatile approach that may be applied to melanoma and other cancer types, as well as serve as a critical component in combined therapies to target and eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E Aikins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - You Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hannah E Dobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alireza Hassani Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
| | - Kexing Lyu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alfred E Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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Jing Z, Wang S, Xu K, Tang Q, Li W, Zheng W, Shi H, Su K, Liu Y, Hong Z. A Potent Micron Neoantigen Tumor Vaccine GP-Neoantigen Induces Robust Antitumor Activity in Multiple Tumor Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201496. [PMID: 35712770 PMCID: PMC9403634 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic tumor neoantigen vaccines have been widely studied given their good safety profile and ability to avoid central thymic tolerance. However, targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and inducing robust neoantigen-specific cellular immunity remain challenges. Here, a safe and broad-spectrum neoantigen vaccine delivery system is proposed (GP-Neoantigen) based on β-1,3-glucan particles (GPs) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and coupling peptide antigens with GPs through convenient click chemistry. The prepared system has a highly uniform particle size and high APC targeting specificity. In mice, the vaccine system induced a robust specific CD8+ T cell immune response and humoral immune response against various conjugated peptide antigens and showed strong tumor growth inhibitory activity in EG7·OVA lymphoma, B16F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast cancer, and CT26 colon cancer models. The combination of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonist PolyI:C and CpG 2395 further enhanced the antitumor response of the particle system, achieving complete tumor clearance in multiple mouse models and inducing long-term rejection of reinoculated tumors. These results provide the broad possibility for its further clinical promotion and personalized vaccine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Keyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Haobo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Kailing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Yanting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityWeihuiHenan Province453100P. R. China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
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10
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Hernandez R, Malek TR. Fueling Cancer Vaccines to Improve T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:878377. [PMID: 35651800 PMCID: PMC9150178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.878377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines offer the potential to enhance T cell-mediated antitumor immunity by expanding and increasing the function of tumor-specific T cells and shaping the recall response against recurring tumors. While the use of cancer vaccines is not a new immunotherapeutic approach, the cancer vaccine field continues to evolve as new antigen types emerge and vaccine formulations and delivery strategies are developed. As monotherapies, cancer vaccines have not been very efficacious in part due to pre-existing peripheral- and tumor-mediated tolerance mechanisms that limit T cell function. Over the years, various agents including Toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, and checkpoint inhibitors have been employed as vaccine adjuvants and immune modulators to increase antigen-mediated activation, expansion, memory formation, and T effector cell function. A renewed interest in this approach has emerged as better neoepitope discovery tools are being developed and our understanding of what constitutes an effective cancer vaccine is improved. In the coming years, cancer vaccines will likely be vital to enhance the response to current immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the various types of therapeutic cancer vaccines, including types of antigens and approaches used to enhance cancer vaccine responses such as TLR agonists, recombinant interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 derivatives, and checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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11
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van Loon K, Huijbers EJM, de Haan JD, Griffioen AW. Cancer Vaccination against Extracellular Vimentin Efficiently Adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 720/CpG. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112593. [PMID: 35681575 PMCID: PMC9179438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Vaccination against specific proteins in the tumor vasculature has already shown promising results in several preclinical studies. However, the efficacy of vaccination highly depends on the adjuvant used. This study aimed to assess the potential use of the biodegradable adjuvant Montanide ISA 720 in combination with our vaccine against extracellular vimentin, a protein specifically secreted by the tumor vasculature. Compared to the potent but toxic Freund’s adjuvant, Montanide showed a comparable immune response and tumor growth inhibition in a preclinical vaccination experiment in mice, especially when supplemented with the immune stimulatory molecule CpG. We also observed that vaccination reduced the blood vessel count and increased the infiltration of immune cells. We conclude that Montanide ISA 720 shows potential to be used as an adjuvant for vaccination against extracellular vimentin for future clinical studies in cancer patients. Abstract Extracellular vimentin is a specific marker of the tumor vasculature, where it is secreted by tumor endothelial cells. Vaccination with a conjugate vaccine targeting extracellular vimentin was previously shown to induce a potent humoral immune response and tumor growth inhibition in mice. These data were obtained by vaccination using the toxic Freund’s adjuvant (FA) and are therefore not directly translatable into the clinic. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential of the biodegradable Montanide ISA 720 adjuvant. We tested Montanide either alone (MN) or supplemented with CpG 1826 (MN-C). Both adjuvant compositions, as well as FA, resulted in a significant tumor growth inhibition and decreased vessel density in the B16F10 melanoma tumor model. Vaccination of mice with either FA or MN-C resulted in an equally potent humoral immune response towards vimentin, while the antibody titers obtained with MN alone were significantly lower compared to FA. Vaccination coincided with the infiltration of immune cells. The highest number of intratumoral immune cells was seen in tumors from the MN-C group. Therefore, we conclude that Montanide ISA 720 supplemented with CpG allows efficient vaccination against extracellular vimentin, which is a prerequisite for the transfer of the vaccine into the clinic.
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12
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Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35309296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Pagliano O, Morrison RM, Chauvin JM, Banerjee H, Davar D, Ding Q, Tanegashima T, Gao W, Chakka SR, DeBlasio R, Lowin A, Kara K, Ka M, Zidi B, Amin R, Raphael I, Zhang S, Watkins SC, Sander C, Kirkwood JM, Bosenberg M, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK, Kane LP, Korman AJ, Rajpal A, West SM, Han M, Bee C, Deng X, Schebye XM, Strop P, Zarour HM. Tim-3 mediates T cell trogocytosis to limit antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e152864. [PMID: 35316223 PMCID: PMC9057587 DOI: 10.1172/jci152864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) negatively regulates innate and adaptive immunity in cancer. To identify the mechanisms of Tim-3 in cancer immunity, we evaluated the effects of Tim-3 blockade in human and mouse melanoma. Here, we show that human programmed cell death 1-positive (PD-1+) Tim-3+CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) upregulate phosphatidylserine (PS), a receptor for Tim-3, and acquire cell surface myeloid markers from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through transfer of membrane fragments called trogocytosis. Tim-3 blockade acted on Tim-3+ APCs in a PS-dependent fashion to disrupt the trogocytosis of activated tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and PD-1+Tim-3+ CD8+ TILs isolated from patients with melanoma. Tim-3 and PD-1 blockades cooperated to disrupt trogocytosis of CD8+ TILs in 2 melanoma mouse models, decreasing tumor burden and prolonging survival. Deleting Tim-3 in dendritic cells but not in CD8+ T cells impeded the trogocytosis of CD8+ TILs in vivo. Trogocytosed CD8+ T cells presented tumor peptide-major histocompatibility complexes and became the target of fratricide T cell killing, which was reversed by Tim-3 blockade. Our findings have uncovered a mechanism Tim-3 uses to limit antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert M. Morrison
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Diwakar Davar
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Quanquan Ding
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | | | - Wentao Gao
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Ava Lowin
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Kevin Kara
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Mignane Ka
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Bochra Zidi
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Rada Amin
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Shuowen Zhang
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cindy Sander
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
| | | | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ana C. Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alan J. Korman
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Sean M. West
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Minhua Han
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Christine Bee
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Xiaodi Deng
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Xiao Min Schebye
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Pavel Strop
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Hassane M. Zarour
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
- Department of Immunology, and
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14
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Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812774. [PMID: 35309296 PMCID: PMC8927970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Viana Invenção MDC, Melo ARDS, de Macêdo LS, da Costa Neves TSP, de Melo CML, Cordeiro MN, de Aragão Batista MV, de Freitas AC. Development of synthetic antigen vaccines for COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3855-3870. [PMID: 34613880 PMCID: PMC8506811 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1974288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic called COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus brought the need for the search for fast alternatives to both control and fight the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, a race for a vaccine against COVID-19 took place, and some vaccines have been approved for emergency use in several countries in a record time. Ongoing prophylactic research has sought faster, safer, and precise alternatives by redirecting knowledge of other vaccines, and/or the development of new strategies using available tools, mainly in the areas of genomics and bioinformatics. The current review highlights the development of synthetic antigen vaccines, focusing on the usage of bioinformatics tools for the selection and construction of antigens on the different vaccine constructions under development, as well as strategies to optimize vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alanne Rayssa da Silva Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souto Paula da Costa Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nazário Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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16
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Chen W, Jiang M, Yu W, Xu Z, Liu X, Jia Q, Guan X, Zhang W. CpG-Based Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5281-5299. [PMID: 34385817 PMCID: PMC8352601 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been a serious health hazard to the people all over the world with its high incidence and horrible mortality. In recent years, tumor vaccines in immunotherapy have become a hotspot in cancer therapy due to their many practical advantages and good therapeutic potentials. Among the various vaccines, nanovaccine utilized nanoparticles (NPs) as the carrier and/or adjuvant has presented significant therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. For tumor nanovaccines, unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) is a commonly used adjuvant. It has been reported that CpG ODN was the most effective immune stimulant among the currently known adjuvants. It could be recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to activate humoral and cellular immunity for preventing or treating cancer. In this review, the topic of CpG-based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy will be focused. The types and properties of different CpG will be introduced in detail first, and then some representative tumor nanovaccines will be reviewed according to the diverse loading modes of CpG, such as electrostatic adsorption, covalent bonding, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction, and DNA self-assembly, for summarizing the current progress of CpG-based tumor nanovaccines. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives will be discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide valuable references for the development of nanovaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingmiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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18
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Akache B, Agbayani G, Stark FC, Jia Y, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Deschatelets L, Chandan V, Lam E, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. Sulfated Lactosyl Archaeol Archaeosomes Synergize with Poly(I:C) to Enhance the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Synthetic Long Peptide-Based Vaccine in a Melanoma Tumor Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020257. [PMID: 33673382 PMCID: PMC7918940 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While novel treatments have improved survival outcomes for some patients, new treatment modalities/platforms are needed to combat a wider variety of tumor types. Cancer vaccines harness the power of the immune system to generate targeted tumor-specific immune responses. Liposomes composed of glycolipids derived from archaea (i.e., archaeosomes) have been shown to be potent adjuvants, inducing robust, long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a variety of antigens. Herein, we evaluated the ability of archaeosomes composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA), a semi-synthetic archaeal glycolipid, to enhance the immunogenicity of a synthetic long peptide-based vaccine formulation containing the dominant CD8+ T cell epitope, SIINFEKL, from the weakly immunogenic model antigen ovalbumin. One advantage of immunizing with long peptides is the ability to include multiple epitopes, for example, the long peptide antigen was also designed to include the immediately adjacent CD4+ epitope, TEWTSSNVMEER. SLA archaeosomes were tested alone or in combination with the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist Poly(I:C). Overall, SLA archaeosomes synergized strongly with Poly(I:C) to induce robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses, which were highly functional in an in vivo cytolytic assay. Furthermore, immunization with this vaccine formulation suppressed tumor growth and extended mouse survival in a mouse melanoma tumor model. Overall, the combination of SLA archaeosomes and Poly(I:C) appears to be a promising adjuvant system when used along with long peptide-based antigens targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Felicity C. Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Edmond Lam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Usha D. Hemraz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-993-9774
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19
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Vacchelli E, Martins I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Peptide vaccines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1557-1576. [PMID: 23264902 PMCID: PMC3525611 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination constitutes one of the most prominent medical achievements of history. This concept was first demonstrated by the pioneer work of Edward Jenner, dating back to the late 1790s, after which an array of preparations that confer life-long protective immunity against several infectious agents has been developed. The ensuing implementation of nation-wide vaccination programs has de facto abated the incidence of dreadful diseases including rabies, typhoid, cholera and many others. Among all, the most impressive result of vaccination campaigns is surely represented by the eradication of natural smallpox infection, which was definitively certified by the WHO in 1980. The idea of employing vaccines as anticancer interventions was first theorized in the 1890s by Paul Ehrlich and William Coley. However, it soon became clear that while vaccination could be efficiently employed as a preventive measure against infectious agents, anticancer vaccines would have to (1) operate as therapeutic, rather than preventive, interventions (at least in the vast majority of settings), and (2) circumvent the fact that tumor cells often fail to elicit immune responses. During the past 30 y, along with the recognition that the immune system is not irresponsive to tumors (as it was initially thought) and that malignant cells express tumor-associated antigens whereby they can be discriminated from normal cells, considerable efforts have been dedicated to the development of anticancer vaccines. Some of these approaches, encompassing cell-based, DNA-based and purified component-based preparations, have already been shown to exert conspicuous anticancer effects in cohorts of patients affected by both hematological and solid malignancies. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating purified peptides or full-length proteins as therapeutic interventions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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20
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Karapetyan L, Luke JJ, Davar D. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10039-10060. [PMID: 33116588 PMCID: PMC7553670 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APC). The primary ligands for TLR9 receptors are unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotides (ODN). TLR9 agonists induce inflammatory processes that result in the enhanced uptake and killing of microorganisms and cancer cells as well as the generation of adaptive immune responses. Preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists suggested efficacy both as monotherapy and in combination with several agents, which led to clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In these studies, intravenous, intratumoral, and subcutaneous routes of administration have been tested; with anti-tumor responses in both treated and untreated metastatic sites. TLR9 agonist monotherapy is safe, although efficacy is minimal in advanced cancer patients; conversely, combinations appear to be more promising. Several ongoing phase I and II clinical trials are evaluating TLR9 agonists in combination with a variety of agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents. In this review article, we describe the distribution, structure and signaling of TLR9; discuss the results of preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists; and review ongoing clinical trials of TLR9 agonists singly and in combination in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Wei L, Zhao Y, Hu X, Tang L. Redox-Responsive Polycondensate Neoepitope for Enhanced Personalized Cancer Vaccine. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:404-412. [PMID: 32232140 PMCID: PMC7099592 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A versatile and highly effective platform remains a major challenge in the development of personalized cancer vaccines. Here, we devised a redox-responsive polycondensate neoepitope (PNE) through a reversible polycondensation reaction of peptide neoantigens and adjuvants together with a tracelessly responsive linker-monomer. Peptide-based neoantigens with diverse sequences and structures could be copolymerized with molecular adjuvants to form PNEs of high loading capacity for vaccine delivery without adding any carriers. The redox-responsive PNEs with controlled molecular weights and sizes efficiently targeted and accumulated in draining lymph nodes and greatly promoted the antigen capture and cross-presentation by professional antigen presenting cells. Mice immunized with PNEs showed markedly enhanced antigen-specific T cell response and the protective immunity against the tumor cell challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wei
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute
of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- Institute
of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Li Tang
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute
of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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22
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Carretero-Iglesia L, Couturaud B, Baumgaertner P, Schmidt J, Maby-El Hajjami H, Speiser DE, Hebeisen M, Rufer N. High Peptide Dose Vaccination Promotes the Early Selection of Tumor Antigen-Specific CD8 T-Cells of Enhanced Functional Competence. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3016. [PMID: 31969886 PMCID: PMC6960191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T-cell response efficiency critically depends on the TCR binding strength to peptide-MHC, i.e., the TCR binding avidity. A current challenge in onco-immunology lies in the evaluation of vaccine protocols selecting for tumor-specific T-cells of highest avidity, offering maximal immune protection against tumor cells and clinical benefit. Here, we investigated the impact of peptide and CpG/adjuvant doses on the quality of vaccine-induced CD8 T-cells in relation to binding avidity and functional responses in treated melanoma patients. Using TCR-pMHC binding avidity measurements combined to phenotype and functional assays, we performed a comprehensive study on representative tumor antigen-specific CD8 T-cell clones (n = 454) from seven patients vaccinated with different doses of Melan-A/ELA peptide (0.1 mg vs. 0.5 mg) and CpG-B adjuvant (1–1.3 mg vs. 2.6 mg). Vaccination with high peptide dose favored the early and strong in vivo expansion and differentiation of Melan-A-specific CD8 T-cells. Consistently, T-cell clones generated from those patients showed increased TCR binding avidity (i.e., slow off-rates and CD8 binding independency) readily after 4 monthly vaccine injections (4v). In contrast, the use of low peptide or high CpG-B doses required 8 monthly vaccine injections (8v) for the enrichment of anti-tumor T-cells with high TCR binding avidity and low CD8 binding dependency. Importantly, the CD8 binding-independent vaccine-induced CD8 T-cells displayed enhanced functional avidity, reaching a plateau of maximal function. Thus, T-cell functional potency following peptide/CpG/IFA vaccination may not be further improved beyond a certain TCR binding avidity limit. Our results also indicate that while high peptide dose vaccination induced the early selection of Melan-A-specific CD8 T-cells of increased functional competence, continued serial vaccinations also promoted such high-avidity T-cells. Overall, the systematic assessment of T-cell binding avidity may contribute to optimize vaccine design for improving clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carretero-Iglesia
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Couturaud
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Maby-El Hajjami
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
Tumor development is characterized by the accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that transform normal cells and survival pathways into self-sustaining cells capable of untrammeled growth. Although multiple modalities including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are available for the treatment of cancer, the benefits conferred are often limited. The immune system is capable of specific, durable, and adaptable responses. However, cancers hijack immune mechanisms such as negative regulatory checkpoints that have evolved to limit inflammatory and immune responses to thwart effective antitumor immunity. The development of monoclonal antibodies against inhibitory receptors expressed by immune cells has produced durable responses in a broad array of advanced malignancies and heralded a new dawn in the cancer armamentarium. However, these remarkable responses are limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Preclinical and clinical studies with immune checkpoint blockade are exploring the therapeutic potential antibody-based therapy targeting multiple inhibitory receptors. In this chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the structure, ligand specificities, function, and signaling activities of various inhibitory receptors. Additionally, we discuss the current development status of various immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting these negative immune receptors and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge.
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24
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. In vivo cancer vaccination: Which dendritic cells to target and how? Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:88-101. [PMID: 30390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized with the use of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Significant clinical benefits are observed in different cancer types with these treatments. While considerable efforts are made in augmenting tumor-specific T cell responses with these therapies, other immunotherapies that actively stimulate endogenous anti-tumor T cells and generating long-term memory have received less attention. Given the high cost of cancer immunotherapies especially with chimeric antigen receptor T cells, not many patients will have access to such treatments. The next-generation of cancer immunotherapy could entail in vivo cancer vaccination to activate both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses. This could potentially be achieved via in vivo targeting of dendritic cells which are an indispensable link between the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells highly expressed toll-like receptors for recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Synthetic toll-like receptors agonists could be synthesized at a low cost and have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. As different subsets of human dendritic cells exist in the immune system, activation with different toll-like receptor agonists could exert profound effects on the quality and magnitude of anti-tumor T cell responses. Here, we reviewed the different subsets of human dendritic cells. Using published preclinical and clinical cancers studies available on PubMed, we discussed the use of clinically approved and emerging toll-like receptor agonists to activate dendritic cells in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we searched www.clinicaltrials.gov and summarized the active cancer trials evaluating toll-like receptor agonists as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Smilow Translational Research Center 8th Floor, 186B, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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The novel complex combination of alum, CpG ODN and HH2 as adjuvant in cancer vaccine effectively suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45951-45964. [PMID: 28515346 PMCID: PMC5542240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-component adjuvant is prone to eliciting a specific type of Th1 or Th2 response. So, the development of combinatorial adjuvants inducing a robust mixed Th1/Th2 response is a promising vaccination strategy against cancer. Here, we describe a novel combination of aluminum salts (alum), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) and innate defense regulator peptide HH2 for improving anti-tumor immune responses. The CpG-HH2 complex significantly enhanced the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β, promoted the uptake of antigen and strengthened the activation of p38, Erk1/2 and NF-κB in vitro, compared to CpG or HH2 alone. Immunization with NY-ESO-1 antigen plus alum-CpG-HH2 combinatorial adjuvant effectively inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor burden in prophylactic and therapeutic tumor models and even in passive serum or cellular therapy. In addition, co-administration of NY-ESO-1 with alum-CpG-HH2 combinatorial adjuvant markedly activated NK cell cytotoxicity, induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), dramatically elicited cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) response, and increased infiltrating lymphocytes in tumors. Moreover, in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells completely and depletion of NK cells partially blocked the anti-tumor activity of NY-ESO-1-alum-CpG-HH2 immunization. Overall, our results demonstrate a novel adjuvant combination for cancer vaccine with efficient immunomodulation by stimulating innate immunity and mediating adaptive immunity.
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26
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Li H, Li Y, Wang X, Hou Y, Hong X, Gong T, Zhang Z, Sun X. Rational design of Polymeric Hybrid Micelles to Overcome Lymphatic and Intracellular Delivery Barriers in Cancer Immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4383-4398. [PMID: 29158834 PMCID: PMC5695138 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor distribution of antigen/adjuvant to target sites and inadequate induction of T cell responses remain major challenges in cancer immunotherapy because of the lack of appropriate delivery systems. Nanocarrier-based antigen delivery systems have emerged as an innovative strategy to improve vaccine efficacy. Here we present polymeric hybrid micelles (PHMs) as a simple and potent antigen/adjuvant co-delivery system with highly tunable properties. PHMs consist of two amphiphilic diblock copolymers, polycaprolactone-polyethylenimine (PCL-PEI) and polycaprolactone-polyethyleneglycol (PCL-PEG). PHMs with different proportions of cationic PCL-PEI were prepared and loaded with tyrosinase-related protein 2 (Trp2) peptide and adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide to generate the Trp2/PHM/CpG co-delivery system. Lymphatic and intracellular antigen delivery as a function of PCL-PEI proportion was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. PHMs containing 10% (w/w) PCL-PEI (Trp2/PHM10/CpG) showed the optimal balance of good distribution to lymph nodes, strong immunization effect after subcutaneous administration, and low toxicity to dendritic cells. In a mouse model of B16F10 melanoma, Trp2/PHM10/CpG showed significantly higher antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and greater anticancer efficacy than Trp2/PHM0/CpG without PCL-PEI or a mixture of free Trp2 and CpG. These results provide new insights into how cationic segments affect the efficiency of antigen delivery by cationic nanocarriers. They also suggest that PHMs can serve as a structurally simple and highly tunable platform for co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy.
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27
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Marcq E, Waele JD, Audenaerde JV, Lion E, Santermans E, Hens N, Pauwels P, van Meerbeeck JP, Smits ELJ. Abundant expression of TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1 and PD-L1 as immunotherapy checkpoint targets in effusions of mesothelioma patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89722-89735. [PMID: 29163783 PMCID: PMC5685704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with an increasing incidence, poor prognosis and limited effective treatment options. Hence, new treatment strategies are warranted which include immune checkpoint blockade approaches with encouraging preliminary data. Research on the immunological aspects of the easily accessible mesothelioma microenvironment could identify prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers and provide useful insights for developing effective immunotherapy. In this context, we investigated the immune cell composition of effusions (pleural and ascites fluids) from 11 different chemotherapy-treated MPM patients. We used multicolor flow cytometry to describe different subsets of immune cells and their expression of immune checkpoint molecules TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1 and PD-L1. We demonstrate a patient-dependent inter- and intraspecific variation comparing pleural and ascites fluids in immune cell composition and immune checkpoint expression. We found CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and tumor cells in the fluids. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report TIM-3 and LAG-3 expression and we confirm PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on different MPM effusion-resident immune cells. Moreover, we identified two MPM effusion-related factors with clinical value: CD4+ T cells were significantly correlated with better response to chemotherapy, while the percentage of PD-L1+ podoplanin (PDPN)+ tumor cells is a significant prognostic factor for worse outcome. Our data provide a basis for more elaborate research on MPM effusion material in the context of treatment follow-up and prognostic biomarkers and the development of immune checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Center for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Thoracic Oncology/MOCA, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kuai R, Ochyl LJ, Bahjat KS, Schwendeman A, Moon JJ. Designer vaccine nanodiscs for personalized cancer immunotherapy. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:489-496. [PMID: 28024156 PMCID: PMC5374005 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous potential of peptide-based cancer vaccines, their efficacy has been limited in humans. Recent innovations in tumour exome sequencing have signalled the new era of personalized immunotherapy with patient-specific neoantigens, but a general methodology for stimulating strong CD8α+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses remains lacking. Here we demonstrate that high-density lipoprotein-mimicking nanodiscs coupled with antigen (Ag) peptides and adjuvants can markedly improve Ag/adjuvant co-delivery to lymphoid organs and sustain Ag presentation on dendritic cells. Strikingly, nanodiscs elicited up to 47-fold greater frequencies of neoantigen-specific CTLs than soluble vaccines and even 31-fold greater than perhaps the strongest adjuvant in clinical trials (that is, CpG in Montanide). Moreover, multi-epitope vaccination generated broad-spectrum T-cell responses that potently inhibited tumour growth. Nanodiscs eliminated established MC-38 and B16F10 tumours when combined with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy. These findings represent a new powerful approach for cancer immunotherapy and suggest a general strategy for personalized nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kuai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lukasz J. Ochyl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Keith S. Bahjat
- Discovery Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Biologics Discovery California, Redwood City, CA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Co-corresponding authors. J.J.M. () or A.S. ()
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Co-corresponding authors. J.J.M. () or A.S. ()
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Rapid and Continued T-Cell Differentiation into Long-term Effector and Memory Stem Cells in Vaccinated Melanoma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:3285-3296. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Szczepanik M, Majewska-Szczepanik M. Transdermal immunotherapy: Past, present and future. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:773-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Dowling JK, Mansell A. Toll-like receptors: the swiss army knife of immunity and vaccine development. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e85. [PMID: 27350884 PMCID: PMC4910119 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells have a critical role in defense against infection and disease. Central to this is the broad specificity with which they can detect pathogen-associated patterns and danger-associated patterns via the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) they express. Several families of PRRs have been identified including: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors. TLRs are one of the most largely studied families of PRRs. The binding of ligands to TLRs on antigen presenting cells (APCs), mainly dendritic cells, leads to APC maturation, induction of inflammatory cytokines and the priming of naive T cells to drive acquired immunity. Therefore, activation of TLRs promotes both innate inflammatory responses and the induction of adaptive immunity. Consequently, in the last two decades mounting evidence has inextricably linked TLR activation with the pathogenesis of immune diseases and cancer. It has become advantageous to harness these aspects of TLR signaling therapeutically to accelerate and enhance the induction of vaccine-specific responses and also target TLRs with the use of biologics and small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of disease. In these respects, TLRs may be considered a 'Swiss Army' knife of the immune system, ready to respond in a multitude of infectious and disease states. Here we describe the latest advances in TLR-targeted therapeutics and the use of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Dowling
- Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation Research group, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation Research group, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Behm B, Di Fazio P, Michl P, Neureiter D, Kemmerling R, Hahn EG, Strobel D, Gress T, Schuppan D, Wissniowski TT. Additive antitumour response to the rabbit VX2 hepatoma by combined radio frequency ablation and toll like receptor 9 stimulation. Gut 2016; 65:134-43. [PMID: 25524262 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a palliative therapeutic option for solid hepatic tumours, stimulates localised and systemic antitumour cytotoxic T cells. We studied how far addition of CpG B oligonucleotides, toll like receptor (TLR) 9 agonists, would increase the antitumoural T cell response of RFA in the highly aggressive VX2 hepatoma. METHODS Rabbits were randomised to receive RFA, CpG B, their combination or no therapy. The antitumour efficacy of RFA alone or in combination with CpG B was further tested by rechallenging a separate group with intravenously injected VX2 tumour cells after 120 days. Animals were assessed for survival, tumour size and spread, and tumour and immune related histological markers after 120 days. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for tumour-specific T cell activation and cytotoxicity. Immune modulatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-2/IL-8/IL-10/IL-12 and interferon γ, and vascular endothelial growth factor were measured in serum. RESULTS Mean survival of untreated animals was 36 days, as compared with 97, 78 and 114 days for RFA, CpG and combination therapy, respectively. Compared with untreated controls, antitumour T cell stimulation/cytotoxicity increased 26/16-fold, 32/17-fold and 50/38-fold 2 weeks after RFA, CpG and combination treatments, respectively. The combination inhibited tumour spread to lungs and peritoneum significantly and prohibited new tumour growth in animals receiving a secondary systemic tumour cell injection. RFA alone induced a Th1 cytokine pattern, while IL-8 and IL-10 were only upregulated in CpG treated animals and controls. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TLR9 stimulation with RFA resulted in a potentiated antitumour T cell response and cytotoxicity in the VX2 tumour model. Only this combination prevented subsequent tumour spread and resulted in a significantly improved survival, justifying the need for further exploration of the combination of ablative therapies and TLR9 agonists in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Behm
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ralf Kemmerling
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eckhart Georg Hahn
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Deike Strobel
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gress
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thaddaeus Till Wissniowski
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Hofmann S, Mead A, Malinovskis A, Hardwick NR, Guinn BA. Analogue peptides for the immunotherapy of human acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1357-67. [PMID: 26438084 PMCID: PMC11029593 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of peptide vaccines, enhanced by adjuvants, has shown some efficacy in clinical trials. However, responses are often short-lived and rarely induce notable memory responses. The reason is that self-antigens have already been presented to the immune system as the tumor develops, leading to tolerance or some degree of host tumor cell destruction. To try to break tolerance against self-antigens, one of the methods employed has been to modify peptides at the anchor residues to enhance their ability to bind major histocompatibility complex molecules, extending their exposure to the T-cell receptor. These modified or analogue peptides have been investigated as stimulators of the immune system in patients with different cancers with variable but sometimes notable success. In this review we describe the background and recent developments in the use of analogue peptides for the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia describing knowledge useful for the application of analogue peptide treatments for other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hofmann
- Third Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrew Mead
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Aleksandrs Malinovskis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Nicola R Hardwick
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's, King's & St. Thomas' School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, UK
| | - Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK.
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's, King's & St. Thomas' School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, UK.
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Femel J, Huijbers EJM, Saupe F, Cedervall J, Zhang L, Roswall P, Larsson E, Olofsson H, Pietras K, Dimberg A, Hellman L, Olsson AK. Therapeutic vaccination against fibronectin ED-A attenuates progression of metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12418-27. [PMID: 25360764 PMCID: PMC4322999 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination targeting self-molecules is an attractive alternative to monoclonal antibody-based therapies for cancer and various inflammatory diseases. However, development of cancer vaccines targeting self-molecules has proven difficult. One complicating factor is that tumor cells have developed strategies to escape recognition by the immune system. Antigens specifically expressed by the tumor vasculature can therefore provide alternative targets. The alternatively spliced extra domain-A and B (ED-A and ED-B) of fibronectin are expressed during vasculogenesis in the embryo, but essentially undetectable under normal conditions in the adult. However, these domains are re-expressed during tumor angiogenesis and matrix remodeling, which renders them highly interesting for targeted cancer therapies. Using the MMTV-PyMT transgenic model of metastatic mammary carcinoma, we show that tumor burden can be significantly decreased by immunization against ED-A in a therapeutic setting. Furthermore, we found that in mice carrying anti-ED-A antibodies the number of metastases was reduced. ED-A immunization increased infiltration of macrophages and compromised tumor blood vessel function. These findings implicate an attack of the tumor vasculature by the immune system, through a polyclonal antibody response. We conclude that tumor vascular antigens are promising candidates for development of therapeutic vaccines targeting growth of primary tumors as well as disseminated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Femel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Falk Saupe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Jessica Cedervall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Pernilla Roswall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Helena Olofsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Kristian Pietras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village AB, Lund
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
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35
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Targeting immune checkpoints: New opportunity for mesothelioma treatment? Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:914-24. [PMID: 26433514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer linked to asbestos exposure in most patients. Due to the long latency between exposure and presentation, incidence is expected to further increase in the next decade, despite the ban on asbestos import which occurred at the end of last century in industrialized countries. Platinum-based palliative chemotherapy is the only treatment with proven benefit on outcome, resulting in selected patients in a median overall survival of about 1 year. Therefore, there is room for therapeutic improvement using a new strategy to prolong survival. Dealing with cancer cell induced immunosuppression is a promising approach. Reactivating immune responses that are silenced by immune checkpoints recently gained a lot of interest. Checkpoint blockade has already shown promising preclinical and clinical results in several cancer types and is currently also being investigated in mesothelioma. Here, we discuss the expression patterns and mechanisms of action of CTLA-4 and PD-1 as the two most studied and of TIM-3 and LAG-3 as two interesting upcoming immune checkpoints. Furthermore, we review the clinical results of molecules blocking these immune checkpoints and point out their future opportunities with a special focus on mesothelioma.
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36
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Kawahara M, Takaku H. A tumor lysate is an effective vaccine antigen for the stimulation of CD4(+) T-cell function and subsequent induction of antitumor immunity mediated by CD8(+) T cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1616-25. [PMID: 26391871 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1078027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a potent cancer vaccine, it is important to study how to prepare highly immunogenic antigens and to identify the most appropriate adjuvants for the antigens. Here we show that a tumor lysate works as an effective antigen to prime CD4(+) T-cell help when baculovirus is employed as an adjuvant. When immunized intradermally with the combination (BLP) of baculovirus, a CT26 tumor lysate, and a cytotoxic T-cell epitope peptide before a tumor challenge, 60% of mice rejected tumors. In contrast, all mice vaccinated with baculovirus plus a tumor lysate (BL) developed tumors. In addition, flow cytometry showed that tumor-specific, interferon γ-producing CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were robustly activated by intradermal immunization with BLP. When BLP was administered therapeutically to tumor-bearing mice, antitumor efficacy was better compared to BL. The established tumor was completely eradicated in 50-60% of BLP-treated mice, and induction of tumor-specific CTLs was observed, suggesting that the antitumor efficacy of BLP is mediated by CD8(+) T cells. Numerous CD4(+) T cells infiltrated the tumors of BLP-treated mice, whereas the antitumor effect of BLP almost disappeared after removal of the tumor lysate from BLP or after depletion of BLP-immunized mice of CD4(+) T cells. Thus, the combination of a peptide, lysate, and baculovirus provides stronger antitumor immunity than does a peptide plus baculovirus or a lysate plus baculovirus; effectiveness of BLP is determined by functioning of CD4(+) T cells stimulated with a tumor lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Kawahara
- a Research and Development Department ; Japan BCG Laboratory ; Kiyose , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Life and Environmental Sciences ; Chiba Institute of Technology ; Narashino , Chiba , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- b Department of Life and Environmental Sciences ; Chiba Institute of Technology ; Narashino , Chiba , Japan.,c High Technology Research Center ; Chiba Institute of Technology ; Narashino , Chiba , Japan
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Shirota H, Tross D, Klinman DM. CpG Oligonucleotides as Cancer Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:390-407. [PMID: 26343193 PMCID: PMC4494345 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve host responsiveness to co-delivered vaccines through a variety of mechanisms. Agents that trigger cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR) activate an innate immune response that enhances the induction of vaccine-specific immunity. When administered in combination with vaccines designed to prevent or slow tumor growth, TLR agonists have significantly improved the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Unfortunately, vaccines containing TLR agonists have rarely been able to eliminate large established tumors when administered systemically. To improve efficacy, attention has focused on delivering TLR agonists intra-tumorally with the intent of altering the tumor microenvironment. Agonists targeting TLRs 7/8 or 9 can reduce the frequency of Tregs while causing immunosuppressive MDSC in the tumor bed to differentiate into tumoricidal macrophages thereby enhancing tumor elimination. This work reviews pre-clinical and clinical studies concerning the utility of TLR 7/8/9 agonists as adjuvants for tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Shirota
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Debra Tross
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Cancer vaccines are designed to promote tumor specific immune responses, particularly cytotoxic CD8 positive T cells that are specific to tumor antigens. The earliest vaccines, which were developed in 1994-95, tested non-mutated, shared tumor associated antigens that had been shown to be immunogenic and capable of inducing clinical responses in a minority of people with late stage cancer. Technological developments in the past few years have enabled the investigation of vaccines that target mutated antigens that are patient specific. Several platforms for cancer vaccination are being tested, including peptides, proteins, antigen presenting cells, tumor cells, and viral vectors. Standard of care treatments, such as surgery and ablation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, can also induce antitumor immunity, thereby having cancer vaccine effects. The monitoring of patients' immune responses at baseline and after standard of care treatment is shedding light on immune biomarkers. Combination therapies are being tested in clinical trials and are likely to be the best approach to improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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39
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Abstract
The observation that a subset of cancer patients show evidence for spontaneous CD8+ T cell priming against tumor-associated antigens has generated renewed interest in the innate immune pathways that might serve as a bridge to an adaptive immune response to tumors. Manipulation of this endogenous T cell response with therapeutic intent-for example, using blocking antibodies inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1) interactions-is showing impressive clinical results. As such, understanding the innate immune mechanisms that enable this T cell response has important clinical relevance. Defined innate immune interactions in the cancer context include recognition by innate cell populations (NK cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells) and also by dendritic cells and macrophages in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recent evidence has indicated that the major DAMP driving host antitumor immune responses is tumor-derived DNA, sensed by the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway and driving type I IFN production. A deeper knowledge of the clinically relevant innate immune pathways involved in the recognition of tumors is leading toward new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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40
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Scheiermann J, Klinman DM. Clinical evaluation of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Vaccine 2014; 32:6377-89. [PMID: 24975812 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) that express unmethylated "CpG motifs" trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9. In humans this includes plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells. CpG ODN induce an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their utility as vaccine adjuvants was evaluated in a number of clinical trials. Results indicate that CpG ODN improve antigen presentation and the generation of vaccine-specific cellular and humoral responses. This work provides an up-to-date overview of the utility of CpG ODN as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious agents and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheiermann
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, United States
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, United States.
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41
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Mount A, Koernig S, Silva A, Drane D, Maraskovsky E, Morelli AB. Combination of adjuvants: the future of vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:733-46. [PMID: 23885819 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.811185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is thought that the development of vaccines for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer is likely to be achieved in the coming decades. This is partially due to a better understanding of the regulatory networks connecting innate with adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response is triggered by the recognition of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns by germ line-coded pattern recognition receptors. Several families of pattern recognition receptors have been characterized, including Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding domain receptors. The identification of their ligands has driven the development of novel adjuvants many of which have been tested in vaccine clinical trials. Here, the authors review recent preclinical data and clinical trial results supporting the view that combinations of adjuvants are the way forward in vaccine design. Multiadjuvanted vaccines can stimulate the broad and robust protective immune responses required to fight chronic infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mount
- CSL Research, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
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42
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Gillgrass A, Ashkar A. Stimulating natural killer cells to protect against cancer: recent developments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 7:367-82. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Our molecular understanding of cancer biology has made substantial progress during the last two decades. During recent years it became evident that inflammation is a major driving force in tumor development since chronic virus infection and carcinogenesis are closely correlated. These insights refined our view on the decisive role of persistent virus infection and chronic inflammation in tumor onset, growth, and metastatic progression. Explanations have been delivered how tumor cells interact and correspond with neighbouring epithelia and infiltrating immune cells for shaping the so-called 'tumor-microenvironment' and establishing tumor-specific tolerance. This extended view on malignant diseases should now allow for rational design of interventions targeting inflammation and underlying pathways for prevention and therapy of inflammation-associated cancer. This chapter outlines the role of virus-mediated inflammations in tumorigenesis thereby shedding light on the mechanisms of cancer-related inflammation and on characteristic features of the tumor-microenvironment, which has been recently identified to play a key role in maintenance and progression of tumors. Finally, the chapter discusses latest aspects in prevention of inflammation-related cancer and provides a short outlook on the future prospects of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Fourcade J, Sun Z, Pagliano O, Chauvin JM, Sander C, Janjic B, Tarhini AA, Tawbi HA, Kirkwood JM, Moschos S, Wang H, Guillaume P, Luescher IF, Krieg A, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK, Zarour HM. PD-1 and Tim-3 regulate the expansion of tumor antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells induced by melanoma vaccines. Cancer Res 2013; 74:1045-55. [PMID: 24343228 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although melanoma vaccines stimulate tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, objective clinical responses are rarely observed. To investigate this discrepancy, we evaluated the character of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells with regard to the inhibitory T-cell coreceptors PD-1 and Tim-3 in patients with metastatic melanoma who were administered tumor vaccines. The vaccines included incomplete Freund's adjuvant, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), and the HLA-A2-restricted analog peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V, either by itself or in combination with the pan-DR epitope NY-ESO-1 119-143. Both vaccines stimulated rapid tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses detected ex vivo, however, tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells produced more IFN-γ and exhibited higher lytic function upon immunization with MHC class I and class II epitopes. Notably, the vast majority of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells upregulated PD-1 and a minority also upregulated Tim-3. Levels of PD-1 and Tim-3 expression by vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells at the time of vaccine administration correlated inversely with their expansion in vivo. Dual blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 enhanced the expansion and cytokine production of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Collectively, our findings support the use of PD-1 and Tim-3 blockades with cancer vaccines to stimulate potent antitumor T-cell responses and increase the likelihood of clinical responses in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fourcade
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Departments of Immunology and Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pfizer, Cambridge; and Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Shirota H, Klinman DM. Recent progress concerning CpG DNA and its use as a vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 13:299-312. [PMID: 24308579 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.863715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides designed to specifically agonize Toll-like receptor 9. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provide an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve the vaccines for cancer, allergy and infectious disease.
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Xu Z, Ramishetti S, Tseng YC, Guo S, Wang Y, Huang L. Multifunctional nanoparticles co-delivering Trp2 peptide and CpG adjuvant induce potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against melanoma and its lung metastasis. J Control Release 2013; 172:259-265. [PMID: 24004885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown the potential to become an essential component of the successful treatment of various malignancies. In many cases, such as in melanoma, however, induction of a potent and specific T-cell response against the endogenous antigen or self-antigen still remains a major challenge. To induce a potent MHC I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, cytosol delivery of an exogenous antigen into dendritic cells is preferred, if not required. Lipid-calcium-phosphate (LCP) nanoparticles represent a new class of intracellular delivery systems for impermeable drugs. We are interested in exploring the potential of LCP NPs for use as a peptide vaccine delivery system for cancer therapy. To increase the encapsulation of Trp2 peptide into the calcium phosphate precipitate core of LCP, two phosphor-serine residues were added to the N-terminal of the peptide (p-Trp2). CpG ODN was also co-encapsulated with p-Trp2 as an adjuvant. The NPs were further modified with mannose to enhance and prolong the cargo deposit into the lymph nodes (LNs), which ensured persistent antigen loading and stimulation. Compared with free Trp2 peptide/CpG, vaccination with LCP encapsulating p-Trp2 and CpG resulted in superior inhibition of tumor growth in both B16F10 subcutaneous and lung metastasis models. An IFN-γ production assay and in vivo CTL response study revealed that the improved efficacy was a result of a Trp2-specific immune response. Thus, encapsulation of phospho-peptide antigens into LCP may be a promising strategy for enhancing the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic self-antigens for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Srinivas Ramishetti
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Tseng
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shutao Guo
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Raaijmakers MIG, Rozati S, Goldinger SM, Widmer DS, Dummer R, Levesque MP. Melanoma immunotherapy: historical precedents, recent successes and future prospects. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:169-82. [PMID: 23413908 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy has been around for more than a century; however, the first immunotherapeutic ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, has only recently been approved by the US FDA for melanoma. With an increasing understanding of the immune response, it is expected that more therapies will follow. This review aims to provide a general overview of immunotherapy in melanoma. We first explain the development of cancer immunotherapy more than a century ago and the general opinions about it over time. This is followed by a general overview of the immune reaction in order to give insight into the possible targets for therapy. Finally, we will discuss the current therapies for melanoma, their shortcomings and why it is important to develop patient stratification criteria. We conclude with an overview of recent discoveries and possible future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke I G Raaijmakers
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hardwick N, Buchan S, Ingram W, Khan G, Vittes G, Rice J, Pulford K, Mufti G, Stevenson F, Guinn BA. An analogue peptide from the Cancer/Testis antigen PASD1 induces CD8+ T cell responses against naturally processed peptide. CANCER IMMUNITY 2013; 13:16. [PMID: 23882161 PMCID: PMC3718735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified the novel Cancer/Testis antigen PASD1 by immunoscreening a testis library with pooled acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient sera. To develop a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-inducing vaccine, we have now investigated the carboxy-terminal region, known to contain serological determinants, for MHC class I (HLA-A⋆0201)-binding peptides. Algorithm-selected natural peptides failed to show detectable HLA-A⋆0201 binding in T2 assays. However, anchor-modified analogue peptides showed enhanced binding, with decreased off-rates. Analogue peptide-loaded antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induced IFN-γ production by T cells from normal donors and patients. In addition, peptide-specific T cells could be expanded from cancer patients by stimulation with the PASD1 analogue peptide Pa14. For clinical application, a DNA fusion gene vaccine encoding Pa14 was designed and tested in "humanized" mice. Splenocytes from vaccinated mice showed in vitro cytotoxicity against tumour cells, either exogenously loaded with the corresponding wild-type peptide (Pw8) or expressing endogenously processed PASD1 protein. We show for the first time that a DNA vaccine encoding an altered PASD1 epitope can induce CTLs to target the natural peptide expressed by human tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hardwick
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Buchan
- Genetic Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ghazala Khan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Gisella Vittes
- Genetic Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Rice
- Genetic Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Pulford
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ghulam Mufti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Freda Stevenson
- Genetic Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Genetic Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, United Kingdom
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Stiff PJ, Czerlanis C, Drakes ML. Dendritic cell immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:43-53. [PMID: 23259426 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most frequent gynecological malignancies. However, as there is no effective screening method to detect early disease, it is usually only diagnosed when already widespread in the abdomen. The majority of patients diagnosed with advanced-stage disease will relapse and require additional therapy. In the search for additional effective treatments for the management of recurrent disease, researchers have focused on the potential usefulness of immunotherapeutic modulation by administering autologous immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), to stimulate antitumor host responses. With the ultimate goal of improved survival, this review addresses mechanisms in ovarian cancer that may limit the expansion of antitumor immunity, discusses the parameters to be considered for optimal DC immunotherapy, outlines evaluation methodology used to monitor the success of treatment regimens and reviews reported DC immunotherapy trials in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Stiff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lubong Sabado
- NYU Langone Medical Center Cancer Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York; New York
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- NYU Langone Medical Center Cancer Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York; New York
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