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Role of Oxylipins in the Inflammatory-Related Diseases NAFLD, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121238. [PMID: 36557276 PMCID: PMC9788263 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (oxylipins) are bioactive molecules established as important mediators during inflammation. Different classes of oxylipins have been found to have opposite effects, e.g., pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and anti-inflammatory resolvins. Production of the different classes of oxylipins occurs during distinct stages of development and resolution of inflammation. Chronic inflammation is involved in the progression of many pathophysiological conditions and diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity. Determining oxylipin profiles before, during, and after inflammatory-related diseases could provide clues to the onset, development, and prevention of detrimental conditions. This review focusses on recent developments in our understanding of the role of oxylipins in inflammatory disease, and outlines novel technological advancements and approaches to study their action.
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Baranowska I, Gawrys O, Walkowska A, Olszynski KH, Červenka L, Falck JR, Adebesin AM, Imig JD, Kompanowska-Jezierska E. Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Analog and 20-HETE Antagonist Combination Prevent Hypertension Development in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:798642. [PMID: 35111064 PMCID: PMC8802114 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate a significant role for cytochrome P-450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolites in blood pressure regulation, vascular tone, and control of renal function. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) exhibit a spectrum of beneficial effects, such as vasodilatory activity and anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-apoptotic properties. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a potent vasoconstrictor that inhibits sodium reabsorption in the kidney. In the present study, the efficiency of EET-A (a stable analog of 14,15-EET) alone and combined with AAA, a novel receptor antagonist of 20-HETE, was tested in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Adult SHR (16 weeks old) were treated with two doses of EET-A (10 or 40 mg/kg/day). In the following experiments, we also tested selected substances in the prevention of hypertension development in young SHR (6 weeks old). Young rats were treated with EET-A or the combination of EET-A and AAA (both at 10 mg/kg/day). The substances were administered in drinking water for 4 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by telemetry. Once-a-week observation in metabolic cages was performed; urine, blood, and tissue samples were collected for further analysis. The combined treatment with AAA + EET-A exhibited antihypertensive efficiency in young SHR, which remained normotensive until the end of the observation in comparison to a control group (systolic blood pressure, 134 ± 2 versus 156 ± 5 mmHg, respectively; p < 0.05). Moreover the combined treatment also increased the nitric oxide metabolite excretion. Considering the beneficial impact of the combined treatment with EET-A and AAA in young rats and our previous positive results in adult SHR, we suggest that it is a promising therapeutic strategy not only for the treatment but also for the prevention of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Gawrys
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Agnieszka Walkowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof H Olszynski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luděk Červenka
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Adeniyi M Adebesin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Elżbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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Das UN. Renin cell baroreceptor and arachidonic acid. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Misheva M, Kotzamanis K, Davies LC, Tyrrell VJ, Rodrigues PRS, Benavides GA, Hinz C, Murphy RC, Kennedy P, Taylor PR, Rosas M, Jones SA, McLaren JE, Deshpande S, Andrews R, Schebb NH, Czubala MA, Gurney M, Aldrovandi M, Meckelmann SW, Ghazal P, Darley-Usmar V, White DA, O'Donnell VB. Oxylipin metabolism is controlled by mitochondrial β-oxidation during bacterial inflammation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:139. [PMID: 35013270 PMCID: PMC8748967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are potent biological mediators requiring strict control, but how they are removed en masse during infection and inflammation is unknown. Here we show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dynamically enhances oxylipin removal via mitochondrial β-oxidation. Specifically, genetic or pharmacological targeting of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), a mitochondrial importer of fatty acids, reveal that many oxylipins are removed by this protein during inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Using stable isotope-tracing lipidomics, we find secretion-reuptake recycling for 12-HETE and its intermediate metabolites. Meanwhile, oxylipin β-oxidation is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation, thus not contributing to energy generation. Testing for genetic control checkpoints, transcriptional interrogation of human neonatal sepsis finds upregulation of many genes involved in mitochondrial removal of long-chain fatty acyls, such as ACSL1,3,4, ACADVL, CPT1B, CPT2 and HADHB. Also, ACSL1/Acsl1 upregulation is consistently observed following the treatment of human/murine macrophages with LPS and IFN-γ. Last, dampening oxylipin levels by β-oxidation is suggested to impact on their regulation of leukocyte functions. In summary, we propose mitochondrial β-oxidation as a regulatory metabolic checkpoint for oxylipins during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Misheva
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Konstantinos Kotzamanis
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luke C Davies
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Victoria J Tyrrell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Patricia R S Rodrigues
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Christine Hinz
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Paul Kennedy
- Cayman Chemical, 1180 E Ellsworth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcela Rosas
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sumukh Deshpande
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gausstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Magdalena A Czubala
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Gurney
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maceler Aldrovandi
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sven W Meckelmann
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Daniel A White
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK.
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Wan D, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Yang J. A Fast and Selective Approach for Profiling Vicinal Diols Using Liquid Chromatography-Post Column Derivatization-Double Precursor Ion Scanning Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010283. [PMID: 35011515 PMCID: PMC8747065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vicinal diols are important signaling metabolites of various inflammatory diseases, and some of them are potential biomarkers for some diseases. Utilizing the rapid reaction between diol and 6-bromo-3-pyridinylboronic acid (BPBA), a selective and sensitive approach was established to profile these vicinal diols using liquid chromatography-post column derivatization coupled with double precursor ion scan-mass spectrometry (LC-PCD-DPIS-MS). After derivatization, all BPBA-vicinal-diol esters gave a pair of characteristic isotope ions resulting from 79Br and 81Br. The unique isotope pattern generated two characteristic fragment ions of m/z 200 and 202. Compared to a traditional offline derivatization technique, the new LC-PCD-DPIS-MS method retained the capacity of LC separation. In addition, it is more sensitive and selective than a full scan MS method. As an application, an in vitro study of the metabolism of epoxy fatty acids by human soluble epoxide hydrolase was tested. These vicinal-diol metabolites of individual regioisomers from different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids were easily identified. The limit of detection (LOD) reached as low as 25 nM. The newly developed LC-PCD-DPIS-MS method shows significant advantages in improving the selectivity and therefore can be employed as a powerful tool for profiling vicinal-diol compounds from biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Yang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-5109
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Yang L, Chen C, Lv B, Gao Y, Li G. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids prevent cardiomyocytes against sepsis by A 2AR-induced activation of PI3K and PPARγ. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 157:106595. [PMID: 34597782 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have multiple protective effects against different diseases, whether they can improve the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic cardiac dysfunction remains unknown. We investigated the effects of EETs on the LPS-induced inflammatory response in myocardial dysfunction mice and H9c2 cardiac myocytes. Cardiac-specific CYP2J2 transgenic mice (Tr) showed improved cardiac function and reduced inflammation response after administration with LPS, while the protective effects were not observed in A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR/ADORA2A)-deficient mice (knockout/KO). In vitro, EETs prevented LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the cardiomyocytes via A2AR activation. Moreover, ZM241385 (A2AR inhibitor) attenuated the cardioprotective properties of EETs. Further investigation demonstrated that A2AR signal pathway activation partly regulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression. This is the first report on EETs exerting cardioprotective effects against LPS-induced cardiomyocyte injury via A2AR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingya Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Cizkova K, Koubova K, Foltynkova T, Jiravova J, Tauber Z. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as an Important Player in Intestinal Cell Differentiation. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 209:177-188. [PMID: 33588415 DOI: 10.1159/000512807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) may play a role in cell differentiation. sEH metabolizes biologically highly active and generally cytoprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by CYP epoxygenases (CYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies), to less active corresponding diols. We investigated the effect of sEH inhibitor (TPPU) on the expression of villin, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2J2, and sEH in undifferentiated and in vitro differentiated HT-29 and Caco2 cell lines. The administration of 10 μM TPPU on differentiated HT-29 and Caco2 cells resulted in a significant decrease in expression of villin, a marker for intestinal cell differentiation. It was accompanied by a disruption of the brush border when microvilli appeared sparse and short in atomic force microscope scans of HT-29 cells. Although inhibition of sEH in differentiated HT-29 and Caco2 cells led to an increase in sEH expression in both cell lines, this treatment had an opposite effect on CYP2J2 expression in HT-29 and Caco2 cells. In addition, tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues from 45 patients were immunostained for sEH and villin. We detected a significant decrease in the expression of both proteins in colorectal carcinoma in comparison to adjacent normal tissue, and the decrease in both sEH and villin expression revealed a moderate positive association. Taken together, our results showed that sEH is an important player in intestinal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Cizkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Katerina Koubova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tereza Foltynkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jana Jiravova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Tauber
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia,
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Dual soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor/PPAR-γ agonist attenuates renal fibrosis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 150:106472. [PMID: 32569747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a contributor to chronic kidney disease and an important predictor of long-term prognosis. We developed a dual soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor-PPAR-γ agonist (sEHi/PPAR-γ), RB394, and investigated its ability to attenuate renal fibrosis in a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. RB394 efficacy was compared to an sEH inhibitor (sEHi), a PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone (Rosi), or their combination (sEHi + Rosi). All interventional treatments were administrated in drinking water 3 days after UUO induction surgery and continued for 7 days. UUO mice developed renal fibrosis with higher collagen formation and RB394 significantly attenuated fibrosis (P < 0.05). Renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was elevated in UUO mice and all treatments except sEHi significantly attenuated renal α-SMA expression. Renal mRNA expression fibrotic and fibrosis regulators were higher in UUO mice and RB394 and sEHi + Rosi treatments attenuated their expression. Renal inflammation was evident in UUO mice with increased infiltration of CD45 and F4/80 positive cells. RB394 and sEHi + Rosi treatments attenuated renal inflammation in UUO mice. UUO mice had renal tubular and vascular injury. Renal tubular and vascular injuries were attenuated to a greater extent by RB394 and sEHi + Rosi than sEHi or Rosi treatment alone. Renal mRNA expression of oxidative stress markers were significantly higher in UUO mice (P < 0.05). RB394 and sEHi + Rosi attenuated expression of oxidative stress markers to a greater extent than other interventional treatments (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that RB394 can attenuate renal fibrosis by reducing renal inflammation, oxidative stress, tubular injury, and vascular injury. In conclusion, RB394 demonstrates exciting potential as a therapeutic for renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease.
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Combined treatment with epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analog and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid antagonist provides substantial hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1802-1810. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Stavniichuk A, Savchuk O, Khan AH, Jankiewicz WK, Imig JD, Merk D. THE EFFECT OF COMPOUND DM509 ON KIDNEY FIBROSIS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 80:10-15. [PMID: 33437972 DOI: 10.17721/1728_2748.2020.80.10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a critical event in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Unfortunately, there are few options to target renal fibrosis in order to develop novel anti-fibrotic agents that could prevent CKD progression to ESRD. We evaluated the efficacy of a novel dual-acting molecule, DM509, in preventing renal fibrosis using the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) renal fibrosis mouse model. DM509 acts simultaneously as a farnesoid X receptor agonist (FXRA) and a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHi). In this study, groups of 8-12 weeks old C57BL/6J male mice went through either UUO or sham surgery (n=6/group). Mice were pre-treated with DM509 (10mg/kg/d) or vehicle administered in drinking water one day prior to the UUO surgery. Sham, vehicle and DM509 treatments continued until day 10 and blood and kidney tissue were collected for biochemical, histological, and gene expression analysis at the end of the treatment protocol. The UUO group exhibited kidney dysfunction with elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) compared to the sham group (63±7 vs. 34±6 mg/dL). DM509 treatment prevented renal dysfunction as evident from 36% lower BUN level in the DM509 treated UUO mice compared to UUO mice treated with vehicle. Vehicle treated UUO mice demonstrated renal fibrosis with elevated kidney hydroxyproline content (213±11 vs. 49±9 μg/mg protein) and kidney collagen positive area (13±2% vs. 1.1±0.1%) compared to the sham group. We found that DM509 treatment prevented renal fibrosis and DM509 treated mice had 34-66% lower levels of kidney hydroxyproline and collagen positive renal area compared to vehicle-treated UUO mice. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that the novel dual-acting FXRA and a sEHi, DM509, prevented renal dysfunction and renal fibrosis in UUO mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stavniichuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine», Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O Savchuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine», Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wojciech K Jankiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Two pharmacological epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-enhancing therapies are effectively antihypertensive and reduce the severity of ischemic arrhythmias in rats with angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. J Hypertens 2019; 36:1326-1341. [PMID: 29570510 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of treatment with soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHi) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) analogue (EET-A), given alone or combined, on blood pressure (BP) and ischemia/reperfusion myocardial injury in rats with angiotensin II (ANG II)-dependent hypertension. METHODS Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGR) were used as a model of ANG II-dependent hypertension and Hannover Sprague-Dawley rats served as controls. Rats were treated for 14 days with sEHi or EET-A and BP was measured by radiotelemetry. Albuminuria, cardiac hypertrophy and concentrations of ANG II and EETs were determined. Separate groups were subjected to acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and the infarct size and ventricular arrhythmias were determined. RESULTS Treatment of TGR with sEHi and EET-A, given alone or combined, decreased BP to a similar degree, reduced albuminuria and cardiac hypertrophy to similar extent; only treatment regimens including sEHi increased myocardial and renal tissue concentrations of EETs. sEHi and EET-A, given alone or combined, suppressed kidney ANG II levels in TGR. Remarkably, infarct size did not significantly differ between TGR and Hannover Sprague-Dawley rats, but the incidence of ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillations was higher in TGR. Application of sEHi and EET-A given alone and combined sEHi and EET-A treatment were all equally effective in reducing life-threatening ventricular fibrillation in TGR. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that chronic treatment with either sEHi or EET-A exerts distinct antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic actions in our ANG II-dependent model of hypertension whereas combined administration of sEHi and EET-A does not provide additive antihypertensive or cardioprotective effects.
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Hye Khan MA, Kolb L, Skibba M, Hartmann M, Blöcher R, Proschak E, Imig JD. A novel dual PPAR-γ agonist/sEH inhibitor treats diabetic complications in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2235-2246. [PMID: 30032428 PMCID: PMC6563928 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk correlates that can progress to type 2 diabetes. The present study aims to evaluate a novel molecule with a dual action against the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. METHODS We developed and tested a novel dual modulator, RB394, which acts as a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist in rat models of the metabolic syndrome-the obese spontaneously hypertensive (SHROB) rat and the obese diabetic Zucker fatty/spontaneously hypertensive heart failure F1 hybrid (ZSF1) rat. In SHROB rats we studied the ability of RB394 to prevent metabolic syndrome phenotypes, while in ZSF1 obese diabetic rats we compared RB394 with the ACE inhibitor enalapril in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated comorbid conditions. RB394 (10 mg/kg daily) and enalapril (10 mg/kg daily) were administered orally for 8 weeks. RESULTS RB394 blunted the development of hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia and kidney injury in SHROB rats and reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, improved glucose tolerance, reduced blood pressure and improved lipid profiles in obese ZSF1 rats. A reduction in liver fibrosis and hepatosteatosis was evident in RB394-treated obese ZSF1 rats. Unlike RB394, enalapril did not demonstrate any positive effects in relation to diabetes, hyperlipidaemia or liver dysfunction in obese ZSF1 rats. RB394 ameliorated diabetic nephropathy by reducing renal interstitial fibrosis and renal tubular and glomerular injury in obese diabetic ZSF1 rats. Intriguingly, enalapril demonstrated a weaker action against diabetic nephropathy in obese ZSF1 rats. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings demonstrate that a novel sHE inhibitor/PPAR-γ agonist molecule targets multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and is a glucose-lowering agent with a strong ability to treat diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Lauren Kolb
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Melissa Skibba
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Markus Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - René Blöcher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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13
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Araújo AC, Wheelock CE, Haeggström JZ. The Eicosanoids, Redox-Regulated Lipid Mediators in Immunometabolic Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:275-296. [PMID: 28978222 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The oxidation of arachidonic acid via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity to produce eicosanoids during inflammation is a well-known biosynthetic pathway. These lipid mediators are involved in fever, pain, and thrombosis and are produced from multiple cells as well as cell/cell interactions, for example, immune cells and epithelial/endothelial cells. Metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes, are linked with chronic low-grade inflammation, impacting the immune system and promoting a variety of chronic diseases. Recent Advances: Multiple studies have corroborated the important function of eicosanoids and their receptors in (non)-inflammatory cells in immunometabolic disorders (e.g., insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases). In this context, LOX and COX products are involved in both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, recent work has elucidated the potent function of specialized proresolving mediators (i.e., lipoxins and resolvins) in resolving inflammation, protecting organs, and stimulating tissue repair and remodeling. CRITICAL ISSUES Inhibiting/stimulating selected eicosanoid pathways may result in anti-inflammatory and proresolution responses leading to multiple beneficial effects, including the abrogation of reactive oxygen species production, increased speed of resolution, and overall improvement of diseases related to immunometabolic perturbations. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite many achievements, it is crucial to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying immunological/metabolic cross talk to offer substantial therapeutic promise. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 275-296.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Araújo
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Abraham C, Speth RC. The relationship between omega‐3 fatty acids and blood pressure. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christy Abraham
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
- College of Psychology Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FLUSA
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Robert C. Speth
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
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15
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Wei Y, Yang L, Zhang X, Sui D, Wang C, Wang K, Shan M, Guo D, Wang H. Generation and Characterization of a CYP2C11-Null Rat Model by Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Method. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:525-531. [PMID: 29444903 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2C11 is involved in the metabolism of many drugs in rats. To assess the roles of CYP2C11 in physiology and drug metabolism, a CYP2C11-null rat model was generated using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9method. A 2-base pair insertion was added to exon 6 of CYP2C11 in Sprague-Dawley rats. CYP2C11 was not detected by western blotting in liver microsomes of CYP2C11-null rats. No off-target effects were found at 11 predicted sites of the knockout model. The CYP2C11-null rats were viable and had no obvious abnormalities, with the exception of reduced fertility. Puberty in CYP2C11-null rats appeared to be delayed by ∼20 days, and the average litter size fell by 43%. Tolbutamide was used as a probe in this drug metabolism study. In the liver microsomes of CYP2C11-null rats, the Vmax and intrinsicclearance values decreased by 22% and 47%, respectively, compared with those of wild-type rats. The Km values increased by 47% compared with that of wild types. However, our pharmacokinetics study showed no major differences in any parameters between the two strains, in both males and females. In conclusion, a CYP2C11-null rat model was successfully generated and is a valuable tool to study the in vivo function of CYP2C11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Danjuan Sui
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Changsuo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Mangting Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Dayong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
| | - Hongyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (Y.W., L.Y., X.Z., D.S., C.W., K.W.); MtC BioPharma Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.S.); and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (D.G., H.W.)
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16
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Maternal High Fructose Intake Increases the Vulnerability to Post-Weaning High-Fat Diet-Induced Programmed Hypertension in Male Offspring. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010056. [PMID: 29315230 PMCID: PMC5793284 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread consumption of high-fructose and high-fat diets relates to the global epidemic of hypertension. Hypertension may originate from early life by a combination of prenatal and postnatal nutritional insults. We examined whether maternal high-fructose diet increases vulnerability to post-weaning high-fructose or high-fat diets induced hypertension in adult offspring and determined the underlying mechanisms. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received regular chow (ND) or chow supplemented with 60% fructose (HFR) during the entire pregnancy and lactation periods. Male offspring were onto either the regular chow, 60% fructose, or high-fat diet (HFA) from weaning to 12 weeks of age and assigned to four groups: ND/ND, HFR/ND, HFR/HFR, and HFR/HFA. Maternal high-fructose diet exacerbates post-weaning high-fat diet-induced programmed hypertension. Post-weaning high-fructose and high-fat diets similarly reduced Sirt4, Prkaa2, Prkag2, Ppara, Pparb, and Ppargc1a mRNA expression in offspring kidneys exposed to maternal high-fructose intake. Additionally, post-weaning high-fat diet significantly reduced renal mRNA levels of Ulk1, Atg5, and Nrf2 and induced greater oxidative stress than did high-fructose diet. Although maternal high-fructose intake increases soluble epoxide hydrolase (SEH) expression in the kidney, which was restored by post-weaning high-fructose and high-fat diets. Maternal high-fructose diet programs differential vulnerability to developing hypertension in male offspring in response to post-weaning high-fructose and high-fat diets. Our data implicated that specific therapy targeting on nutrient sensing signals, oxidative stress, and SEH may be a promising approach to prevent hypertension in children and mothers exposed to high-fructose and high-fat consumption.
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Qu Y, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Chen L, Sun W, Zhu Y. Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Inhibits the Apoptosis of Cerebral Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Oxygen Glucose Deprivation via Targeting the JNK/c-Jun and mTOR Signaling Pathways. Mol Cells 2017; 40:837-846. [PMID: 29081082 PMCID: PMC5712513 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a component of the neurovascular unit, cerebral smooth muscle cells (CSMCs) are an important mediator in the development of cerebral vascular diseases such as stroke. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are the products of arachidonic acid catalyzed by cytochrome P450 epoxygenase. EETs are shown to exert neuroprotective effects. In this article, the role of EET in the growth and apoptosis of CSMCs and the underlying mechanisms under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions were addressed. The viability of CMSCs was decreased significantly in the OGD group, while different subtypes of EETs, especially 14,15-EET, could increase the viability of CSMCs under OGD conditions. RAPA (serine/threonine kinase Mammalian Target of Rapamycin), a specific mTOR inhibitor, could elevate the level of oxygen free radicals in CSMCs as well as the anti-apoptotic effects of 14,15-EET under OGD conditions. However, SP600125, a specific JNK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase) pathway inhibitor, could attenuate oxygen free radicals levels in CSMCs as well as the anti-apoptotic effects of 14,15-EET under OGD conditions. These results strongly suggest that EETs exert protective functions during the growth and apoptosis of CSMCs, via the JNK/c-Jun and mTOR signaling pathways in vitro. We are the first to disclose the beneficial roles and underlying mechanism of 14,15-EET in CSMC under OGD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyang Qu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R.
China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R.
China
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R.
China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R.
China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R.
China
| | - Yulan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R.
China
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18
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Skibba M, Hye Khan MA, Kolb LL, Yeboah MM, Falck JR, Amaradhi R, Imig JD. Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Analog Decreases Renal Fibrosis by Reducing Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:406. [PMID: 28713267 PMCID: PMC5491687 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis, which is a critical pathophysiological event in chronic kidney diseases, is associated with renal epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are Cyp epoxygenase arachidonic acid metabolites that demonstrate biological actions that result in kidney protection. Herein, we investigated the ability of 14,15-EET and its synthetic analog, EET-A, to reduce kidney fibrosis induced by unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). C57/BL6 male mice underwent sham or UUO surgical procedures and were treated with 14,15-EET or EET-A in osmotic pump (i.p.) for 10 days following UUO surgery. UUO mice demonstrated renal fibrosis with an 80% higher kidney-collagen positive area and 70% higher α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) positive renal areas compared to the sham group. As a measure of collagen content, kidney hydroxyproline content was also higher in UUO (6.4 ± 0.5 μg/10 mg) compared to sham group (2.5 ± 0.1 μg/10 mg). Along with marked renal fibrosis, UUO mice had reduced renal expression of EET producing Cyp epoxygenase enzymes. Endogenous 14,15-EET or EET-A demonstrated anti-fibrotic action in UUO by reducing kidney-collagen positive area (50–60%), hydroxyproline content (50%), and renal α-SMA positive area (85%). In UUO mice, renal expression of EMT inducers, Snail1 and ZEB1 were higher compared to sham group. Accordingly, renal epithelial marker E-cadherin expression was reduced and mesenchymal marker expression was elevated in the UUO compared to sham mice. Interestingly, EET-A reduced EMT in UUO mice by deceasing renal Snail1 and ZEB1 expression. EET-A treatment also opposed the decrease in renal E-cadherin expression and markedly reduced several prominent renal mesenchymal/myofibroblast markers in UUO mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that EET-A is a novel anti-fibrotic agent that reduces renal fibrosis by decreasing renal EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Skibba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, United States
| | - Md Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, United States
| | - Lauren L Kolb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, United States
| | - Michael M Yeboah
- Department of Medicine, The Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, United States
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, DallasTX, United States
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, DallasTX, United States
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, United States
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19
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Lu PC, Sheen JM, Yu HR, Lin YJ, Chen CC, Tiao MM, Tsai CC, Huang LT, Tain YL. Early postnatal treatment with soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor or 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostagandin J2 prevents prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal high saturated fat diet induced programmed hypertension in adult rat offspring. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 124:1-8. [PMID: 27210044 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) exposure, postnatal high-fat (HF) intake, and arachidonic acid pathway are closely related to hypertension. We tested whether a soluble epoxide hydrolase (SEH) inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA) or 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostagandin J2 (15dPGJ2) therapy can rescue programmed hypertension in the DEX+HF two-hit model. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were studied: control, DEX+HF, AUDA, and 15dPGJ2. Dexamethasone (0.1mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to pregnant rats from gestational day 16-22. Male offspring received high-fat diet (D12331, Research Diets) from weaning to 4 months of age. In AUDA group, mother rats received 25mg/L in drinking water during lactation. In the 15dPGJ2 group, male offspring received 15dPGJ2 1.5mg/kg BW by subcutaneous injection once daily for 1 week after birth. We found postnatal HF diet aggravated prenatal DEX-induced programmed hypertension, which was similarly prevented by early treatment with AUDA or 15dPGJ2. The beneficial effects of AUDA and 15d-PGJ2 therapy include inhibition of SEH, increases of renal angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) protein levels, and restoration of nitric oxide bioavailability. Better understanding of the impact of arachidonic acid pathway in the two-hit model will help prevent programmed hypertension in children exposed to corticosteroids and postnatal HF intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Meng Tiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analogue mitigates kidney injury in a rat model of radiation nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:587-99. [PMID: 26772189 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid is metabolized to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by CYP epoxygenases, and EETs are kidney protective in multiple pathologies. We determined the ability of an EET analogue, EET-A, to mitigate experimental radiation nephropathy. The kidney expression of the EET producing enzyme CYP2C11 was lower in rats that received total body irradiation (TBI rat) compared with non-irradiated control. At 12 weeks after TBI, the rats had higher systolic blood pressure and impaired renal afferent arteriolar function compared with control, and EET-A or captopril mitigated these abnormalities. The TBI rats had 3-fold higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) compared with control, and EET-A or captopril decreased BUN by 40-60%. The urine albumin/creatinine ratio was increased 94-fold in TBI rats, and EET-A or captopril attenuated that increase by 60-90%. In TBI rats, nephrinuria was elevated 30-fold and EET-A or captopril decreased it by 50-90%. Renal interstitial fibrosis, tubular and glomerular injury were present in the TBI rats, and each was decreased by EET-A or captopril. We further demonstrated elevated renal parenchymal apoptosis in TBI rats, which was mitigated by EET-A or captopril. Additional studies revealed that captopril or EET-A mitigated renal apoptosis by acting on the p53/Fas/FasL (Fas ligand) apoptotic pathway. The present study demonstrates a novel EET analogue-based strategy for mitigation of experimental radiation nephropathy by improving renal afferent arteriolar function and by decreasing renal apoptosis.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
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22
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Mukai Y, Toda T, Takeuchi S, Senda A, Yamashita M, Eliasson E, Rane A, Inotsume N. Simultaneous Determination Method of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids and Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic Acids by LC-MS/MS System. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1673-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mukai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Takaki Toda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Satoya Takeuchi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Asuna Senda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Miki Yamashita
- Division of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Erik Eliasson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Nobuo Inotsume
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
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23
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Guan H, Zhao L, Cao H, Chen A, Xiao J. Epoxyeicosanoids suppress osteoclastogenesis and prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss. FASEB J 2014; 29:1092-101. [PMID: 25466887 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are products of arachidonic acid metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. These small molecules are autocrine and paracrine lipid mediators with important roles in inflammation, cardiovascular function, and angiogenesis. Recent evidence has highlighted EETs as potent promoters of organ regeneration and malignant metastasis. We speculated that EETs might impact osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. Using both in vitro and in vivo studies, we observed that EETs significantly attenuated bone loss and inhibited osteoclast formation and activity, which were associated with a decreased receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL):osteoprotegerin ratio and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. At the molecular level, EETs abrogated RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and MAPKs, including ERK and JNK, but not p38, during osteoclast formation. EETs also prevented the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following RANKL stimulation. As a result, EETs suppressed osteoclast-specific gene expression, including tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CK), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that EETs inhibit osteoclastogenesis through modulation of multiple pathways both upstream and downstream of RANKL signaling. The administration or stabilized endogenous levels of EETs could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for osteoclast-related disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Guan
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; and Translational Medicine Research & Development Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; and Translational Medicine Research & Development Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; and Translational Medicine Research & Development Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Anmin Chen
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; and Translational Medicine Research & Development Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; and Translational Medicine Research & Development Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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24
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The protective effect of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with PI3K/Akt pathway and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:1-14. [PMID: 25366463 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, have been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effect. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are thought to be important factors that mediate neuroprotection. However, little is known about the role of PI3K/Akt and KATP channels in brain after EETs administration. In vitro experiment, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was performed in cultured rat cerebral microvascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for 4 h. The effect of 14,15-EET on OGD induced cell apoptosis was examined after reoxygenation. Western blot and real-time PCR were used to analyze the expression of Kir6.1, SUR2B (two subunits of KATP channels) and p-Akt on cerebral microvascular SMCs. In vivo experiments, we use 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid [AUDA, a specific soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor] to confirm the effect of EETs indirectly. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with AUDA before being subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We detected the apoptosis and the expression of p-Akt, Kir6.1 and SUR2B in ischemic penumbra. The results showed that EETs protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and upregulated the expression of p-Akt and Kir6.1 in both of ischemic penumbra and OGD induced cerebral microvascular SMCs. The protective effect was inhibited by Wortmannin (a specific PI3K inhibitor) and Glib (a specific KATP inhibitor) respectively in vitro experiment. In conclusion, these results suggested that the protective effect of EETs on cerebral I/R injury is associated with PI3K/Akt pathway and KATP channels. Furthermore, the PI3K pathway may contribute to mediating KATP channels on cerebral microvascular SMCs.
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Hye Khan MA, Pavlov TS, Christain SV, Neckář J, Staruschenko A, Gauthier KM, Capdevila JH, Falck JR, Campbell WB, Imig JD. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analogue lowers blood pressure through vasodilation and sodium channel inhibition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:463-74. [PMID: 24707975 PMCID: PMC4167712 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) contribute to haemodynamics, electrolyte homoeostasis and blood pressure regulation, leading to the concept that EETs can be therapeutically targeted for hypertension. In the present study, multiple structural EET analogues were synthesized based on the EET pharmacophore and vasodilator structure-activity studies. Four EET analogues with 91-119% vasodilatory activity in the isolated bovine coronary artery (EC50: 0.18-1.6 μM) were identified and studied for blood-pressure-lowering in hypertension. Two EET analogues in which the COOH group at carbon 1 of the EET pharmacophore was replaced with either an aspartic acid (EET-A) or a heterocyclic surrogate (EET-X) were administered for 14 days [10 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally (i.p.)]. Both EET-A and EET-X lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and in angiotensin II (AngII) hypertension. On day 14, the mean arterial pressures in EET analogue-treated AngII-hypertensive and SHRs were 30-50 mmHg (EET-A) and 15-20 mmHg (EET-X) lower than those in vehicle-treated controls. These EET analogues (10 mg/kg per day) were further tested in AngII hypertension by administering orally in drinking water for 14 days and EET-A lowered blood pressure. Additional experiments demonstrated that EET-A inhibits epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity in cultured cortical collecting duct cells and reduced renal expression of ENaC subunits in AngII hypertension. In conclusion, we have characterized EET-A as an orally active antihypertensive EET analogue that protects vascular endothelial function and has ENaC inhibitory activity in AngII hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Hye Khan
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A
| | - Tengis S Pavlov
- †Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A
| | - Sarah V Christain
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Kathryn M Gauthier
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A
| | - Jorge H Capdevila
- §Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
| | - John R Falck
- ∥Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
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Khan AH, Falck JR, Manthati VL, Campbell WB, Imig JD. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analog attenuates angiotensin II hypertension and kidney injury. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:216. [PMID: 25295006 PMCID: PMC4172029 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) contribute to blood pressure regulation leading to the concept that EETs can be therapeutically targeted for hypertension and the associated end organ damage. In the present study, we investigated anti-hypertensive and kidney protective actions of an EET analog, EET-B in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension. EET-B was administered in drinking water for 14 days (10 mg/kg/d) and resulted in a decreased blood pressure elevation in ANG II hypertension. At the end of the two-week period, blood pressure was 30 mmHg lower in EET analog-treated ANG II hypertensive rats. The vasodilation of mesenteric resistance arteries to acetylcholine was impaired in ANG II hypertension; however, it was improved with EET-B treatment. Further, EET-B protected the kidney in ANG II hypertension as evidenced by a marked 90% decrease in albuminuria and 54% decrease in nephrinuria. Kidney histology demonstrated a decrease in renal tubular cast formation in EET analog-treated hypertensive rats. In ANG II hypertension, EET-B treatment markedly lowered renal inflammation. Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 excretion was decreased by 55% and kidney macrophage infiltration was reduced by 52% with EET-B treatment. Overall, our results demonstrate that EET-B has anti-hypertensive properties, improves vascular function, and decreases renal inflammation and injury in ANG II hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vijaya L Manthati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William B Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Fleming I. The Pharmacology of the Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase/Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Axis in the Vasculature and Cardiovascular Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:1106-40. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Stabilized epoxygenated fatty acids regulate inflammation, pain, angiogenesis and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 53:108-23. [PMID: 24345640 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxygenated fatty acids (EpFAs), which are lipid mediators produced by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases from polyunsaturated fatty acids, are important signaling molecules known to regulate various biological processes including inflammation, pain and angiogenesis. The EpFAs are further metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to form fatty acid diols which are usually less-active. Pharmacological inhibitors of sEH that stabilize endogenous EpFAs are being considered for human clinical uses. Here we review the biology of ω-3 and ω-6 EpFAs on inflammation, pain, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Hye Khan MA, Neckár J, Manthati V, Errabelli R, Pavlov TS, Staruschenko A, Falck JR, Imig JD. Orally active epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analog attenuates kidney injury in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rat. Hypertension 2013; 62:905-13. [PMID: 23980070 PMCID: PMC3872985 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension leads to kidney injury. The Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rat (Dahl SS) is a model of salt-sensitive hypertension and progressive kidney injury. The current set of experimental studies evaluated the kidney protective potential of a novel epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analog (EET-B) in Dahl SS hypertension. Dahl SS rats receiving high-salt diet were treated with EET-B (10 mg/kg per day) or vehicle in drinking water for 14 days. Urine, plasma, and tissue samples were collected at the end of the treatment protocol to assess kidney injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. EET-B treatment in Dahl SS rats markedly reduced urinary albumin and nephrin excretion by 60% to 75% along with 30% to 60% reductions in glomerular injury, intratubular cast formation, and kidney fibrosis without affecting blood pressure. In Dahl SS rats, EET-B treatment further caused marked reduction in oxidative stress with 25% to 30% decrease in kidney malondialdehyde content along with 42% increase of nitrate/nitrite and a 40% reduction of 8-isoprostane. EET-B treatment reduced urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by 50% along with a 40% reduction in macrophage infiltration in the kidney. Treatment with EET-B markedly reduced renal endoplasmic reticulum stress in Dahl SS rats with reduction in the kidney mRNA expressions and immunoreactivity of glucose regulatory protein 78 and C/EBP homologous protein. In summary, these experimental findings reveal that EET-B provides kidney protection in Dahl SS rats by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and this protection was independent of reducing blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Hye Khan
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226.
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Khan MAH, Liu J, Kumar G, Skapek SX, Falck JR, Imig JD. Novel orally active epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) analogs attenuate cisplatin nephrotoxicity. FASEB J 2013; 27:2946-56. [PMID: 23603837 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity severely limits the use of the anticancer drug cisplatin. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contribute to cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. We developed novel orally active epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) analogs and investigated their prophylactic effect in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was manifested by increases in blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, urinary N-acetyl-β-(d)-glucosaminidase activity, kidney injury molecule 1, and histopathology. EET analogs (10 mg/kg/d) attenuated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing these renal injury markers by 40-80% along with a 50-70% reduction in renal tubular cast formation. This attenuated renal injury is associated with reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress evident from reduction in related biomarkers and in the renal expression of genes involved in these pathways. Moreover, we demonstrated that the attenuated nephrotoxicity correlated with decreased apoptosis that is associated with 50-90% reduction in Bcl-2 protein family mediated proapoptotic signaling, reduced renal caspase-12 expression, and a 50% reduction in renal caspase-3 activity. We further demonstrated in vitro that the protective activity of EET analogs does not compromise the anticancer effects of cisplatin. Collectively, our data provide evidence that EET analogs attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis without affecting the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Imig JD. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and renal microvascular function. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:2-7. [PMID: 23333581 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical tools have allowed for detailed studies to determine the contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolites of arachidonic acid to renal microvascular function. Renal microvessels can generate CYP hydroxylase metabolites including 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and CYP epoxygenase metabolites, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). 20-HETE constricts afferent arterioles and contributes to renal blood flow autoregulation. EETs act as endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) on the renal microcirculation. 20-HETE inhibits whereas EETs activate renal microvascular smooth muscle cell large-conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels (KCa). Likewise, 20-HETE renal microvascular actions are pro-hypertensive and EET actions are anti-hypertensive. These findings in the renal microvasculature and those of others have provided impetus for the development of enzymatic inhibitors, agonists, and antagonists for 20-HETE and EETs to determine their potential therapeutic value. Initial genetic studies and experimental studies with soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors to increase EETs, EET analogs, and 20-HETE inhibitors have demonstrated improved renal microvascular function in hypertension. These findings have demonstrated the important contributions that 20-HETE and EETs play in the regulation of renal microvascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Wang Q, Pang W, Cui Z, Shi J, Liu Y, Liu B, Zhou Y, Guan Y, Hammock BD, Wang Y, Zhu Y. Upregulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase in proximal tubular cells mediated proteinuria-induced renal damage. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F168-76. [PMID: 23152298 PMCID: PMC3543623 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00129.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), have multiple biological functions, including the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, and being anti-inflammatory. Inhibitors of sEH have been demonstrated to be antihypertensive and renal protective. To elucidate the role of sEH in glomerulonephritis, we first determined the expression of sEH in human kidney by examining biopsies from 153 patients with a variety of glomerulonephritis, including minimal-change, membranous, and IgA nephropathy. Immunohistochemical staining of frozen kidney biopsy samples revealed sEH preferentially expressed in the renal proximal tubular cells, and its expression increased in all patients with glomerulonephritis. The level of sEH in the cortex was positively correlated with proteinuria and negatively with serum albumin level. To investigate the role of sEH in proteinuria-induced renal damage, we incubated purified urine protein from patients with rat renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. The level of sEH was elevated, as were monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and the process of tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, characterized with increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and decreased E-cadherin. These effects were attenuated by administration of a potent sEH inhibitor and mimicked with adenovirus-mediated sEH overexpression. In adriamycin-induced nephropathic mice, sEH inhibitor did not ameliorate proteinuria or level of serum albumin but reduced the long-term elevated serum creatinine level, interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, and α-SMA expression. Thus upregulation of sEH in proximal tubular cells in chronic proteinuric kidney diseases may mediate proteinuria-induced renal damage; sEH inhibition by increasing renal eicosanoid levels could prevent the progression of chronic proteinuric kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking Univ. Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Morisseau C, Sahdeo S, Cortopassi G, Hammock BD. Development of an HTS assay for EPHX2 phosphatase activity and screening of nontargeted libraries. Anal Biochem 2012; 434:105-11. [PMID: 23219563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The EPXH2 gene encodes soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which has two distinct enzyme activities: epoxide hydrolase (Cterm-EH) and phosphatase (Nterm-phos). The Cterm-EH is involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid epoxides that play important roles in blood pressure, cell growth, inflammation, and pain. While recent findings suggested complementary biological roles for Nterm-phos, research is limited by the lack of potent bioavailable inhibitors of this phosphatase activity. Also, a potent bioavailable inhibitor of this activity could be important in the development of therapy for cardiovascular diseases. We report herein the development of an HTS enzyme-based assay for Nterm-phos (Z'>0.9) using AttoPhos as the substrate. This assay was used to screen a wide variety of chemical entities, including a library of known drugs that have reached through clinical evaluation (Pharmakon 1600), as well as a library of pesticides and environmental toxins. We discovered that ebselen inhibits sEH phosphatase activity. Ebselen binds to the N-terminal domain of sEH (K(I)=550 nM) and chemically reacts with the enzyme to quickly and irreversibly inhibit Nterm-phos, and subsequently Cterm-EH, and thus represents a new class of sEH inhibitor.
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Kopkan L, Husková Z, Sporková A, Varcabová Š, Honetschlägerová Z, Hwang SH, Tsai HJ, Hammock BD, Imig JD, Kramer HJ, Bürgelová M, Vojtíšková A, Kujal P, Vernerová Z, Červenka L. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition exhibits antihypertensive actions independently of nitric oxide in mice with renovascular hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012; 35:595-607. [PMID: 22948718 PMCID: PMC3604982 DOI: 10.1159/000339883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was performed to examine whether the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertension are nitric oxide (NO) dependent. METHODS Mice lacking the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene (eNOS-/-) and their wild-type controls (eNOS+/+) underwent clipping of one renal artery. BP was monitored by radiotelemetry and the treatment with the sEH inhibitor cis-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)cyclohex-yloxy]-benzoic acid (c-AUCB) was initiated on day 25 after clipping and lasted for 14 days. Renal concentrations of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and their inactive metabolite dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) were measured in the nonclipped kidney. Renal NO synthase (NOS) activity was determined by measuring the rate of formation of L-[(14)C]citruline from L-[(14)C]arginine. RESULTS Treatment with the sEH inhibitor elicited similar BP decreases that were associated with increases in daily sodium excretion in 2K1C eNOS+/+ as well as 2K1C eNOS-/- mice. In addition, treatment with the sEH inhibitor increased the ratio of EETs/DHETs in the nonclipped kidney of 2K1C eNOS+/+ as well as 2K1C eNOS-/- mice. Treatment with the sEH inhibitor did not alter renal NOS activity in any of the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our present data suggest that the BP-lowering effects of chronic sEH inhibition in 2K1C mice are mainly associated with normalization of the reduced availability of biologically active EETs in the nonclipped kidney and their direct natriuretic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Kopkan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Husková
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Sporková
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Varcabová
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Honetschlägerová
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8584, USA
| | - Hsing-Ju Tsai
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8584, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8584, USA
| | - John D. Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Herbert J. Kramer
- Section of Nephrology, Medical Policlinic, Department of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcela Bürgelová
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Vojtíšková
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kujal
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology, 3 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Vernerová
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology, 3 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Červenka
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hypertension, cardiovascular risk and polymorphisms in genes controlling the cytochrome P450 pathway of arachidonic acid: A sex-specific relation? Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 98:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase by cis-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)cyclohexyl-oxy]benzoic acid exhibits antihypertensive and cardioprotective actions in transgenic rats with angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 122:513-25. [PMID: 22324471 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of chronic treatment with c-AUCB {cis-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)cyclohexyl-oxy]benzoic acid}, a novel inhibitor of sEH (soluble epoxide hydrolase), which is responsible for the conversion of biologically active EETs (epoxyeicosatrienoic acids) into biologically inactive DHETEs (dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids), on BP (blood pressure) and myocardial infarct size in male heterozygous TGR (Ren-2 renin transgenic rats) with established hypertension. Normotensive HanSD (Hannover Sprague-Dawley) rats served as controls. Myocardial ischaemia was induced by coronary artery occlusion. Systolic BP was measured in conscious animals by tail plethysmography. c-AUCB was administrated in drinking water. Renal and myocardial concentrations of EETs and DHETEs served as markers of internal production of epoxygenase metabolites. Chronic treatment with c-AUCB, which resulted in significant increases in the availability of biologically active epoxygenase metabolites in TGR (assessed as the ratio of EETs to DHETEs), was accompanied by a significant reduction in BP and a significantly reduced infarct size in TGR as compared with untreated TGR. The cardioprotective action of c-AUCB treatment was completely prevented by acute administration of a selective EETs antagonist [14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid], supporting the notion that the improved cardiac ischaemic tolerance conferred by sEH inhibition is mediated by EETs actions at the cellular level. These findings indicate that chronic inhibition of sEH exhibits antihypertensive and cardioprotective actions in this transgenic model of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension.
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Imig JD. Epoxides and soluble epoxide hydrolase in cardiovascular physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:101-30. [PMID: 22298653 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are arachidonic acid metabolites that importantly contribute to vascular and cardiac physiology. The contribution of EETs to vascular and cardiac function is further influenced by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) that degrades EETs to diols. Vascular actions of EETs include dilation and angiogenesis. EETs also decrease inflammation and platelet aggregation and in general act to maintain vascular homeostasis. Myocyte contraction and increased coronary blood flow are the two primary EET actions in the heart. EET cell signaling mechanisms are tissue and organ specific and provide significant evidence for the existence of EET receptors. Additionally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations of EETs and sEH have demonstrated a contribution for this metabolic pathway to cardiovascular diseases. Given the impact of EETs to cardiovascular physiology, there is emerging evidence that development of EET-based therapeutics will be beneficial for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Morisseau C, Schebb NH, Dong H, Ulu A, Aronov PA, Hammock BD. Role of soluble epoxide hydrolase phosphatase activity in the metabolism of lysophosphatidic acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:796-800. [PMID: 22387545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The EPXH2 gene encodes for the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which has two distinct enzyme activities: epoxide hydrolase (Cterm-EH) and phosphatase (Nterm-phos). The Cterm-EH is involved in the metabolism of epoxides from arachidonic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids, endogenous chemical mediators that play important roles in blood pressure regulation, cell growth, inflammation and pain. While recent findings suggested complementary biological roles for Nterm-phos, its mode of action is not well understood. Herein, we demonstrate that lysophosphatidic acids are excellent substrates for Nterm-phos. We also showed that sEH phosphatase activity represents a significant (20-60%) part of LPA cellular hydrolysis, especially in the cytosol. This possible role of sEH on LPA hydrolysis could explain some of the biology previously associated with the Nterm-phos. These findings also underline possible cellular mechanisms by which both activities of sEH (EH and phosphatase) may have complementary or opposite roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase improves the impaired pressure-natriuresis relationship and attenuates the development of hypertension and hypertension-associated end-organ damage in Cyp1a1-Ren-2 transgenic rats. J Hypertens 2012; 29:1590-601. [PMID: 21720266 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328349062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we compared the effects of treatment with the novel soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor (c-AUCB) with those of the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan on blood pressure (BP), autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF) and on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the pressure-natriuresis relationship in response to stepwise reduction in renal arterial pressure (RAP) in Cyp1a1-Ren-2 transgenic rats. METHODS Hypertension was induced in Cyp1a1-Ren-2 rats through dietary administration for 11 days of the natural xenobiotic indole-3-carbinol (I3C) which activates the renin gene. Treatment with c-AUCB and losartan was started 48 h before initiating administration of the diet containing I3C. Rats were prepared for renal functional studies to evaluate in-vivo renal autoregulatory efficiency when RAP was gradually decreased by an aortic clamp. RESULTS I3C administration resulted in the development of severe hypertension which was associated with markedly lower basal RBF and GFR and substantially impaired autoregulatory efficiency as well as a suppression of the pressure-natriuresis relationship when compared with noninduced rats. Treatment with c-AUCB significantly decreased BP, improved autoregulatory efficiency of RBF and GFR and the slope of pressure-natriuresis relationship. Treatment with losartan completely prevented the impaired autoregulation and pressure-natriuresis relationship as well as the development of hypertension in I3C-induced rats. CONCLUSION Our present findings indicate that chronic treatment with the sEH inhibitor c-AUCB substantially attenuates the development of malignant hypertension in I3C-induced rats likely via improvement of the renal autoregulatory efficiency and the pressure-natriuresis relationship.
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Meenakshisundaram R, Babuvinish D, Grootveld M, Rajendiran C, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Status of end organs in newly detected rural essential hypertensives: a study from southern India. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 34:201-8. [PMID: 22150025 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2011.618201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is associated with end-organ damage (EOD). Since EOD is a risk factor for cardio- and cerebrovascular complications, it is a major requirement for these to be detected, prevented, and treated. OBJECTIVE The objectives of our study were to determine out the prevalence of EOD in newly detected rural essential hypertensives, identify the pattern of EOD involved, and also assess the interrelationship among them. METHODS A total of 147 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension and, attending the outpatient clinic, were included in this study based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients with comorbid illnesses were excluded from the investigation. The significance of a range of variables involved was evaluated using statistical software. RESULTS Amongst the cases, there were 79 males (M) and 68 females (F). Their mean and median ages were 55 (standard deviation (SD) = 9.90) and 54 years, respectively. Of these 86% (70 M and 56 F) had one or more EODs; an observation which was very close to statistically significant (P = .054). In our patients, microalbuminuria (35%), diastolic dysfunction (59%), increased left ventricular (LV) mass (68%) and retinopathy (69%) were particularly notable. Increased LV mass had a strong association with retinopathy, microalbuminuria, and diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSION The presence of one or more EODs in newly detected hypertension indicates widespread vascular damage that carries a high risk for cardio- and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Hence, there is an urgent requirement not only for complete evaluation but also to stimulate an increased awareness amongst physicians and the general public, regarding the control of blood pressure.
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Sun D, Jiang H, Wu H, Yang Y, Kaley G, Huang A. A novel vascular EET synthase: role of CYP2C7. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1723-30. [PMID: 21940400 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00382.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2C29 is the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) synthase responsible for the EET-mediated flow/shear stress-induced dilation of vessels of female nitric oxide (NO)-deficient mice (Sun D, Yang YM, Jiang H, Wu H, Ojami C, Kaley G, Huang A. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 298: R862-R869, 2010). In the present study, we aimed to identify which specific CYP isoform(s) is the source of the synthesis and release of EETs in response to stimulation by shear stress in vessels of rats. Cannulated mesenteric arteries isolated from both sexes of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated rats were perfused with 2 and 10 dyn/cm(2) shear stress, followed by collection of the perfusate to determine EET concentrations and isoforms. Shear stress stimulated release of EETs in the perfusate of female (but not male) NO-deficient vessels, associated with an EET-mediated vasodilation, in which 11,12- and 14,15-EET contributed predominantly to the responses. Rat CYP cDNA array screened a total of 32 CYP genes of mesenteric arteries, indicating a significant upregulation of CYP2C7 in female L-NAME-treated rats. Endothelial RNA and protein were extracted from intact single vessels. Expression of CYP2C7 mRNA and protein in pooled extractions of endothelial lysate was identified by PCR and Western blot analyses. Transfection of the vessels with CYP2C7 short interfering RNA eliminated the release of EETs, consequently abolishing the EET-mediated flow-induced dilation; these responses, however, were maintained in vessels transfected with nonsilencing short interfering RNA. Knockdown of endothelial CYP2C7 was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analyses. In conclusion, CYP2C7 is an endothelial EET synthase in the female rat vasculature, by which, in NO deficiency, shear stress stimulates the release of EETs to initiate vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Elmarakby AA, Faulkner J, Al-Shabrawey M, Wang MH, Maddipati KR, Imig JD. Deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase gene improves renal endothelial function and reduces renal inflammation and injury in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1307-17. [PMID: 21832210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00759.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition reduces end-organ damage in cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesize that sEH gene (Ephx2) knockout (KO) improves endothelial function and reduces renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. After 6 wk of diabetes, afferent arteriolar relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired in diabetic wild-type (WT) mice, as the maximum relaxation was 72% of baseline diameter in the WT but only 31% in the diabetic mice. Ephx2 KO improved afferent arteriolar relaxation to acetylcholine in diabetes as maximum relaxation was 58%. Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) excretion significantly increased in diabetic WT mice compared with control (868 ± 195 vs. 31.5 ± 7 pg/day), and this increase was attenuated in diabetic Ephx2 KO mice (420 ± 98 pg/day). The renal phospho-IKK-to-IKK ratio and nuclear factor-κB were significantly decreased, and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression increased in diabetic Ephx2 KO compared with diabetic WT mice. Renal NADPH oxidase and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances excretion were reduced in diabetic Ephx2 KO compared with diabetic WT mice. Albuminuria was also elevated in diabetic WT mice compared with control (170 ± 43 vs. 37 ± 13 μg/day), and Ephx2 KO reduced this elevation (50 ± 15 μg/day). Inhibition of sEH using trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (tAUCB) also reduced renal inflammation and injury in diabetic WT mice. Furthermore, inhibition of HO with stannous mesoporphyrin negated the reno-protective effects of tAUCB or Ephx2 KO during diabetes. These data demonstrate that Ephx2 KO improves endothelial function and reduces renal injury during diabetes. Additionally, our data also suggest that activation of HO-1 contributes to improved renal injury in diabetic Ephx2 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Elmarakby
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Félétou M. The Endothelium, Part I: Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells -- Focus on Endothelium-Derived Vasoactive Mediators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4199/c00031ed1v01y201105isp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators regulate gene and protein expression in the mesenteric arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:42-9. [PMID: 21658471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) exhibit partial estrogen agonist/antagonist activity in estrogen target tissues. Gene targets of estrogen and SERMs in the vasculature are not well-known. Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that estrogens (ethinyl estradiol, estradiol benzoate, and equilin) and SERMs (tamoxifen and raloxifene) cause differential gene and protein expression in the vasculature. DNA microarray and real-time RT-PCR were used to investigate gene expression in the mesenteric arteries of estrogen and SERM treated ovariectomized rats. The genes shown to be differentially expressed included stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), secreted frizzled related protein-4 (SFRP-4), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), phospholipase A2 group 1B (PLA2-G1B), and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Western blot further confirmed the differential expression of sEH, SFRP-4, FAS, and SCD protein. These results reveal that estrogens and SERMs cause differential gene and protein expression in the mesenteric artery. Consequently, the use of these agents may be associated with a unique profile of functional and structural changes in the mesenteric arterial circulation.
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Sporková A, Kopkan L, Varcabová S, Husková Z, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Imig JD, Kramer HJ, Cervenka L. Role of cytochrome P-450 metabolites in the regulation of renal function and blood pressure in 2-kidney 1-clip hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1468-75. [PMID: 21411763 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00215.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in renal function contribute to Goldblatt two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension. A previous study indicated that bioavailability of cytochrome P-450 metabolites epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) is decreased while that of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (20-HETE) is increased in this model. We utilized the inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase cis-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (c-AUCB) and HET-0016, the inhibitor of 20-HETE production, to study the role of EETs and 20-HETE in the regulation of renal function. Chronic c-AUCB treatment significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) (133 ± 1 vs. 163 ± 3 mmHg) and increased sodium excretion (1.23 ± 0.10 vs. 0.59 ± 0.03 mmol/day) in 2K1C rats. HET-0016 did not affect SBP and sodium excretion. In acute experiments, renal blood flow (RBF) was decreased in 2K1C rats (5.0 ± 0.2 vs. 6.9 ± 0.2 ml·min(-1)·g(-1)). c-AUCB normalized RBF in 2K1C rats (6.5 ± 0.6 ml·min(-1)·g(-1)). HET-0016 also increased RBF in 2K1C rats (5.8 ± 0.2 ml·min(-1)·g(-1)). Although RBF and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remained stable in normotensive rats during renal arterial pressure (RAP) reductions, both were significantly reduced at 100 mmHg RAP in 2K1C rats. c-AUCB did not improve autoregulation but increased RBF at all RAPs and shifted the pressure-natriuresis curve to the left. HET-0016-treated 2K1C rats exhibited impaired autoregulation of RBF and GFR. Our data indicate that c-AUCB displays antihypertensive properties in 2K1C hypertension that are mediated by an improvement of RBF and pressure natriuresis. While HET-0016 enhanced RBF, its anti-natriuretic effect likely prevented it from producing a blood pressure-lowering effect in the 2K1C model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sporková
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
The eicosanoids 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are generated from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, possess a wide array of biological actions, including the regulation of blood flow to organs. 20-HETE and EETs are generated in various cell types in the brain and cerebral blood vessels, and contribute significantly to cerebral blood flow autoregulation and the coupling of regional brain blood flow to neuronal activity (neurovascular coupling). Investigations are beginning to unravel the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which these CYP eicosanoids regulate cerebral vascular function and the changes that occur in pathological states. Intriguingly, 20-HETE and the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme that regulates EET levels have been explored as molecular therapeutic targets for cerebral vascular diseases. Inhibition of 20-HETE, or increasing EET levels by inhibiting the sEH enzyme, decreases cerebral damage following stroke. The improved outcome following cerebral ischaemia is a consequence of improving cerebral vascular structure or function and protecting neurons from cell death. Thus, the CYP eicosanoids are key regulators of cerebral vascular function and novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders.
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