Interaction between low-density lipoprotein-cholesterolaemia, serum uric level and incident hypertension: data from the Brisighella Heart Study

Serum uric acid, body mass index, and cardiovascular diseases: A multiple two-step Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

A number of health issues, including high serum uric acid (SUA) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), have been linked to obesity based on observational evidence, though it's currently unclear how these issues are causally related. In order to determine whether obesity mediates this association, we set out to investigate the causal relationship between SUA, obesity, and CVD.

METHODS AND RESULTS

From publicly available genome-wide association studies, we acquired instrumental variables that had a strong correlation to SUA and body mass index (BMI). We employed multiple two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, using genetic and clinical data from various publicly available biological databases. The mediating role of BMI was examined through mediation analysis. SUA was genetically correlated with BMI [OR = 1.080, 95% CI: 1.024-1.139, P = 0.005]. There was a positive causal effect of SUA on AF [OR = 0.892, 95% CI: 0.804-0.990, P = 0.032], CAD [OR = 0.942, 95% CI: 0.890-0.997, P = 0.037], and EHT [OR = 1.080, 95% CI: 1.024-1.139, P = 0.005]. Among them, BMI mediated the effects of SUA on AF (42.2%; 95% CI, 35.3%-51.9%), CAD (76.3%; 95% CI, 63.4%-92.0%), and EHT (10.0%; 95% CI, 0%-20.0%).

CONCLUSION

Our research revealed a causal relationship between high SUA exposure and an increased risk of obesity. Additionally, a high SUA level was linked to an increased risk of various CVDs. Given that individuals with high SUA are more likely to be susceptible to AF, CAD, and EHT, attention must be given to their weight status.

Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Metabolically Healthy Overweight or Obese Adults: Role of LDL-Cholesterol in the Stratification of Risk

The objective of this study was to investigate the longitudinal association of metabolically healthy overweight/obese adults with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and the effect of LDL-cholesterol levels on this association. This study was conducted with 15,904 participants from the URRAH study grouped according to BMI and metabolic status. Healthy metabolic status was identified with and without including LDL-cholesterol. The risk of MACE during 11.8 years of follow-up was evaluated with multivariable Cox regressions. Among the participants aged <70 years, high BMI was associated with an increased risk of MACE, whereas among the older subjects it was associated with lower risk. Compared to the group with normal weight/healthy metabolic status, the metabolically healthy participants aged <70 years who were overweight/obese had an increased risk of MACE with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.81 (95% CI, 1.34-10.85, p = 0.012). However, when LDL-cholesterol < 130 mg/dL was included in the definition of healthy metabolic status, no increase in risk was found in the overweight/obese adults compared to the normal weight individuals (hazard ratio 0.70 (0.07-6.71, p = 0.75). The present data show that the risk of MACE is increased in metabolically healthy overweight/obese individuals identified according to standard criteria. However, when LDL-cholesterol is included in the definition, metabolically healthy individuals who are overweight/obese have no increase in risk.

Uric acid to HDL ratio: A marker for predicting incidence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type II diabetes

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to existence of a set of risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Recently, uric acid to HDL ratio has attracted attention in predicting development of diabetes and incidence of metabolic syndrome in diabetic individuals. This study was performed to investigate UHR in patients with type II diabetes as a predicting factor for metabolic syndrome.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This descriptive-analytical study examined 300 patients with type II diabetes referring to diabetes clinic of Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib hospital, Rafsanjan city in 2021, selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected by a research-made checklist (including demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters) and analyzed by SPSS 24 and chi-square, Fisher exact test, independent paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). The findings revealed that 74.33 % (95 % CI: 69 to 79.18 %) of the patients had metabolic syndrome. Further, patients with metabolic syndrome demonstrated a significantly higher mean UHR ratio and triglyceride levels compared to their counterparts without the syndrome (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). The ROC analysis identified a UHR threshold of 8.118 % with a sensitivity of 70.32 % and specificity of 55.08 % for diagnosing metabolic syndrome development in type II diabetes (AUC: 0.621, P = 0.001, 95%CI: 0.549-0.694).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study revealed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high in diabetic patients. UHR showed good sensitivity in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in type II diabetes. Thus, regular monitoring of laboratory tests is recommended in patients with diabetes.

Relationship between hyperuricemia and the risk of cardiovascular events and chronic kidney disease in both the general population and hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

To explore the relationships between hyperuricemia and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in both the general population and hypertensive patients through meta-analysis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from January 2012. The eligibility criteria were predefined, and quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Stata 15.1 was used for meta-analysis, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis. Subgroup analysis was used to explore heterogeneity, funnel plots and Egger tests were used to assesse publication bias and applicability. A total of 10,662 studies were retrieved, 45 of which were included in this meta-analysis utilizing a random effects model. Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension (RR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.16-1.59; I2 = 98.8%), total CVD (RR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.23-1.89; I2 = 93.7%), stroke (RR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.71-2.26, I2 = 0.0%), coronary heart disease (CHD) (RR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.06-2.30, I2 = 93.3%), and CKD (RR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.56-1.87; I2 = 87.3%). However, subgroup analysis showed no significant associations between hyperuricemia and hypertension in non-Asian populations (RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.59-1.33), or between hyperuricemia and CVD with a follow-up duration <5 years (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.97-1.63). Among hypertensive patients, hyperuricemia was significantly associated with total CVD (RR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.31-4.12, I2 = 90.2%), but not with stroke (RR = 1.48, 95% CI 0.86-2.55; I2 = 90.7%) or CHD (RR = 1.51, 95% CI 0.98-2.33; I2 = 71.7%).

CONCLUSION

Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension, total CVD, stroke, CHD, and CKD in the general population. Among hypertensive patients, hyperuricemia was associated with an increased risk of CVD but not stroke or CHD alone.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42022370692.

Association between hyperuricemia and long-term mortality in patients with hypertension: results from the NHANES 2001-2018

Objective

The prevalence of hyperuricemia and hypertension is steadily increasing, and these conditions often share common risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the association among hyperuricemia, hypertension, and all-cause mortality in a nationally representative U.S. population.

Methods

Data for 38,644 participants were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2018. Hyperuricemia was defined as a serum urate concentration >420 μmol/L in men and >360 μmol/L in women. Information regarding death outcomes was obtained through the National Death Index (NDI). Multivariate logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards models, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were used to evaluate the association between hyperuricemia and hypertension in all included participants, as well as long-term mortality in patients with hypertension.

Results

Among all participants, 6,956 (18.0%) had hyperuricemia, while 31,688 (82.0%) had nonhyperuricemia. According to the adjusted models, hyperuricemia was more strongly associated with hypertension (OR 2.04) than was non-hyperuricemia. During the median follow-up period of 78 months, both hyperuricemia (HR 1.48, 1.95) and hypertension (HR 1.42, 1.69) independently associated with the increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, respectively, with the highest risk observed in those with both conditions (HR 1.87, 2.82). RCS analyses revealed nonlinear J-shaped (for hypertension) and U-shaped (for both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality) relationships with serum urate levels.

Conclusions

Hyperuricemia is associated with an elevated risk of developing hypertension compared to non-hyperuricemia. Among patients with hypertension, those with hyperuricemia are more likely to experience all-cause and cardiovascular mortality during long-term follow-up.

Hyperuricemia is associated with heart failure readmission in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction-an observational study in Chinese

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

This study aimed to explore the association between hyperuricemia and heart failure (HF) readmission in HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) because the impact of hyperuricemia on the prognosis of these patients has not been fully understood.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This retrospective observational study included 538 hospitalized patients diagnosed with HFpEF. A total of 57.6 % of patients with HFpEF suffered from hyperuricemia (serum uric acid (SUA) was >7 mg/dL in men and >6 mg/dL in women). Compared to those without hyperuricemia, patients with hyperuricemia were more likely to be female (62.6 % vs. 53.9 %, p = 0.044) and older (78.0 ± 8.4 vs. 75.9 ± 9.0 years, p = 0.008). Our Cox analysis revealed that SUA level (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.158, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.087-1.234, p<0.001) and hyperuricemia (HR = 1.846, 95 % CI: 1.308-2.606, p<0.001) were associated with HF readmission in patients with HFpEF, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with hyperuricemia had a significantly worse prognosis (p<0.001). The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the area under the ROC curve of SUA for predicting HF readmission was 0.6276 (95 % CI: 0.5763-0.6790) and a designated cut-off value of 7.53 mg/dL.

CONCLUSIONS

Hyperuricemia is a common comorbidity among patients with HFpEF. Moreover, SUA level and hyperuricemia have been shown to be associated with HF readmission. Therefore, it is meaningful to monitor SUA levels in patients with HFpEF during the whole treatment period of HF. Whereas, whether intervention of hyperuricemia could benefit patients with HFpEF needs further studies.

Bisdemethoxycurcumin suppresses the progression of atherosclerosis and VSMC-derived foam cell formation by promoting lipophagy

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are one of the sources of foam cells in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism of VSMC-derived foam cell formation remain largely unknown. Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is considered to possess diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. However, the effects of BDMC on atherosclerosis remain unclear. Here, we established an in vitro foam cell model by culturing VSMCs with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The results show that BDMC reduced lipid droplets in ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs. In addition, BDMC promotes autophagy by suppressing PDK1/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In vivo, BDMC alleviates inflammatory responses and lipid accumulation in in apoe-/- mice. Above all, the results from the present study suggested that BDMC may be used as a therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Which Comes First, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease or Arterial Hypertension?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and arterial hypertension (AH) are widespread noncommunicable diseases in the global population. Since hypertension and NAFLD are diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, they are often comorbid. In fact, many contemporary published studies confirm the association of these diseases with each other, regardless of whether other metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellites, are present. This narrative review considers the features of the association between NAFLD and AH, as well as possible pathophysiological mechanisms.

Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential

Purines, such as adenine and guanine, perform several important functions in the cell. They are found in nucleic acids; are structural components of some coenzymes, including NADH and coenzyme A; and have a crucial role in the modulation of energy metabolism and signal transduction. Moreover, purines have been shown to play an important role in the physiology of platelets, muscles, and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced number of purines for growth, proliferation, and survival. Under physiological conditions, enzymes involved in purines metabolism maintain a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation in the cell. In humans, the final product of purine catabolism is uric acid, while most other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin, which can be easily eliminated with urine. During the last decades, hyperuricemia has been associated with a number of human extra-articular diseases (in particular, the cardiovascular ones) and their clinical severity. In this review, we go through the methods of investigation of purine metabolism dysfunctions, looking at the functionality of xanthine oxidoreductase and the formation of catabolites in urine and saliva. Finally, we discuss how these molecules can be used as markers of oxidative stress.

Treatment with PCSK9 Inhibitor Evolocumab Improves Vascular Oxidative Stress and Arterial Stiffness in Hypercholesterolemic Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk

Atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic-related cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are characterized by high serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) that can promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To answer the need for better LDL-C control in individuals at high and very high risk for CVD, a new injectable innovative family of lipid-lowering (LL) monoclonal antibodies against the protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been approved. However, the effect of these drugs on vascular function, such as ROS generation and arterial stiffness, has not already been extensively described. In this report, we present data from 18 males with high to very high CV risk undergoing LL treatment (LLT) with either statin and ezetimibe or ezetimibe monotherapy, who experienced, after a 2-month treatment with Evolocumab, a significant improvement in blood pressure (BP)-adjusted carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) (p-value = 0.0005 in the whole cohort, p-value = 0.0046 in the sub-cohort undergoing background LLT with statin and ezetimibe, p-value = 0.015 in the sub-cohort undergoing background LLT with ezetimibe monotherapy), which was significantly associated with a decrease in freshly isolated leukocytes (PBMCS)-derived H2O2 production (p-value = 0.004, p-value = 0.02 and p-value = 0.05, respectively, in the whole cohort, in the statin + ezetimibe sub-cohort, and the ezetimibe sub-cohort). Our observations support the role of systemic oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and give a further rationale for using Evolocumab also for its effect in vascular disorders linked to oxidative processes.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Are Associated with New-Onset Hyperuricemia in a Large Taiwanese Population Follow-Up Study

The prevalence rate of hyperuricemia remains high in Taiwan, at 21.6% in men and 9.57% in women. Both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hyperuricemia can cause many complications; however, few studies have evaluated the correlation between MetS and hyperuricemia. Therefore, in this observational cohort study, we explored associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components and new-onset hyperuricemia. Of 27,033 individuals in the Taiwan Biobank who had complete follow-up data, we excluded those with hyperuricemia at baseline (n = 4871), those with gout at baseline (n = 1043), those with no data on baseline uric acid (n = 18), and those with no data on follow-up uric acid (n = 71). The remaining 21,030 participants (mean age 50.8 ± 10.3 years) were enrolled. We found a significant association between new-onset hyperuricemia with MetS and the components of MetS (hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperglycemia, and high blood pressure). Furthermore, compared to those without any MetS components, those with one MetS component (OR = 1.816), two MetS components (OR = 2.727), three MetS components (OR = 3.208), four MetS components (OR = 4.256), and five MetS components (OR = 5.282) were significantly associated with new-onset hyperuricemia (all p < 0.001). MetS and its five components were associated with new-onset hyperuricemia in the enrolled participants. Further, an increase in the number of MetS components was associated with an increase in the incidence rate of new-onset hyperuricemia.

Self-Reported Coffee Consumption and Central and Peripheral Blood Pressure in the Cohort of the Brisighella Heart Study

Even though coffee consumption has been clearly related to a number of benefits to the cardiovascular system, its effect on blood pressure (BP) has not been fully elucidated. In this sub-analysis of the Brisighella Heart Study (BHS), we compared central and peripheral BP values in a sub-cohort of 720 men (47.9%) and 783 women (52.1%) reporting the drinking of different amounts of coffee each day, for whom a full set of clinical, laboratory and hemodynamic parameters was available. According to our observations, moderate coffee drinking was associated to either higher levels of systolic BP (SBP) compared to those with heavy coffee consumption or lower SBP than that in the non-coffee drinking group (p-value for trend <0.05). In particular, people who drank 2 cups of coffee per day and people who drank >3 cups per day had lower SBP than non-coffee drinkers by 5.2 ± 1.6 mmHg (p = 0.010) and 9.7 ± 3.2 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.007). Similar trends were also observed for peripheral pulse pressure (PP), aortic BP and aortic PP. In the age-adjusted multiple linear regression model, negative predictors of SBP, PP, aortic BP and aortic PP were the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), female sex and coffee consumption. Positive predictors included body mass index (BMI) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Then, our findings show that regular coffee drinking is associated with lower SBP, PP, aortic BP and aortic PP, but with similar arterial stiffness.

Use of the Vascular Overload Index to Predict Cardiovascular Disease in a Rural Population of China

Objective

To explore the relationship between vascular overload index (VOI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural population and find effective ways to prevent cardiovascular disease in rural low-income populations.

Methods

The data for this study was obtained from a large cohort study called the Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study (NCRCHS) conducted in 2013 and followed up during 2015-2018. 10,174 subjects completed at least one follow-up visit. Cox regression equation was used to explore whether VOI and cardiovascular disease were independently related. The Kaplan-Meier curves were used to calculate the cumulative incidence of any adverse outcome, and the log-rank test and restrict mean survival analysis were used to compare group differences. Reclassification and discrimination statistics were used to determine whether VOI could strengthen the ability of the model to predict CVD events.

Results

The prevalence of CVD in the VOI quartiles was 1.92%, 3.96%, 5.42%, and 11.34% for Q1-Q4, respectively (P for trend <0.001). After adjusting for multiple confounders, there was a 2.466-fold increased risk of CVD when comparing the highest and lowest groups. Besides, this study found that for every standard deviation increase, the results still exist. The risk of cardiovascular disease increased by 1.358-fold in this model. The restrict mean survival analysis results show that with the increase of VOI, the restrict mean survival time (RMST) within 5 years gradually became shorter. Reclassification and discrimination statistics indicated that VOI significantly enhanced the ability to estimate CVD events within 4 years.

Conclusion

Analyses showed that VOI was significantly associated with CVD. VOI is a simple and accurate prognostic marker of CVD risk, which has the potential ability to improve the risk stratification of CVD.

High Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and Associated Factors among Zhuang Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Ethnic Minority Population Cohort in the Southwestern China

The highest prevalence of hyperuricemia was found in Zhuang minority adults in two national surveys in China, with only 1% Zhuang study subjects. However, the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the associated factors in Zhuang adults have not been well-addressed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the common comorbidities, and the associated factors in Zhuang adults based on the Guangxi Ethnic Minority Population Cohort. Among 11,175 Zhuang adults aged 35-74 years, the age- and sex-standardized prevalence rate was 18.1% for hyperuricemia and 1.1% for gout. The standardized prevalence rate and awareness rate were 31.6% and 32.3%, respectively, for hypertension, and were 5.1% and 48.2%, respectively, for diabetes. High education level, history of coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, being a current drinker, high body mass index (BMI), central obesity, hyper-triglyceride (hyper-TG), hyper-total cholesterol (hyper-TC), hypo-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (hypo-HDL-C), and abnormal aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were risk factors, while smoking and diabetes were protective factors of hyperuricemia in males. Older age, being single/divorced, having a high education level, hypertension, drinking tea, high BMI, central obesity, hyper-TG, hyper-TC, hypo-HDL-C, and abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were risk factors in females. The high prevalence of hyperuricemia but low prevalence of gout and common comorbidities in Zhuang adults may be due to a lag effect of lifestyle changes. Health education and health management should be strengthened to prevent the progression of comorbidities, considering the lag effect and low awareness rate.

Associations of Liver Function Parameters with New-Onset Hyperuricemia in a Large Taiwanese Population Study

Hyperuricemia is the chief cause of gout and has been linked with hypertension, cardiovascular and renal disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Liver with the highest protein expression of xanthine oxidase, the main enzyme responsible for uric acid formation, is the primary site of uric acid biosynthesis. However, there are few studies that examine the association between liver function and new-onset hyperuricemia. Hence, using the Taiwan Biobank dataset, we aimed to explore the capability of liver function parameters, including gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in association with the subsequent development of hyperuricemia. We analyzed 21,030 participants without hyperuricemia at baseline. Hyperuricemia was defined as a uric acid concentration > 6.0 mg/dL in women or >7.0 mg/dL in men. New-onset hyperuricemia was defined as participants without baseline hyperuricemia having developed hyperuricemia upon subsequent exam. Overall, 1804 (8.6%) of the study subjects developed new-onset hyperuricemia. After multivariable analysis, significant associations were found between the male sex (odds ratio [OR], 4.412; p < 0.001), high values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (OR, 1.006; p = 0.012), body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.064; p < 0.001), fasting glucose (OR, 1.005; p < 0.001), triglycerides (OR, 1.001; p = 0.003), uric acid (OR, 5.120; p < 0.001), low values of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) (OR, 0.995; p < 0.001), total bilirubin (OR, 0.616; p < 0.001) and new-onset hyperuricemia. The cutoff level of total bilirubin, according to the Youden index, of receiver operating characteristic curve for identifying new-onset hyperuricemia was 0.65 mg/dL. Low total bilirubin was defined as ≤0.65 mg/dL. After multivariable analysis, we found a significant association between low total bilirubin level (≤0.65 mg/dL) (OR = 0.806; p < 0.001) and new-onset hyperuricemia. Our present study demonstrated that in addition to male sex, high SBP, BMI, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and uric acid and low eGFR, the serum’s total bilirubin levels were negatively associated with new-onset hyperuricemia in a large Taiwanese cohort.

Impact of simultaneous management of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia with ACE inhibitors and statins on cardiovascular outcomes in the Brisighella Heart Study: A 8-year follow-up

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

To evaluate the long-term effect of simultaneous treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and statins on the incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) and other clinical outcomes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We considered data from a subset of Brisighella Heart Study (BHS) participants who were consecutively evaluated in three epidemiological surveys between 2012 and 2020. We excluded normotensive subjects and individuals with a low calculated 10-year CVD risk, hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive drugs different from ACE inhibitors and patients who changed antihypertensive medications during follow-up. The remaining participants were divided into four groups depending on whether they were treated with (I) perindopril ± amlodipine without statin treatment (N. 132), (II) perindopril ± amlodipine and atorvastatin (N. 132), (III) an ACE inhibitor other than perindopril ± a calcium-channel blocker without statin therapy (N. 133), (IV) an ACE inhibitor other than perindopril ± a calcium-channel blocker and statin therapy (N. 145). The long-term (8 years) effects of the different combined treatment were compared among the pre-defined groups. Over the follow-up period of 8 years, the proportion of subjects who developed MACE, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia, and the proportion of subjects needing for the intensification of antihypertensive treatment to improve blood pressure control were statistically different among the predefined groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Combined treatment with ACE inhibitors and statins (especially atorvastatin) in hypertensive patients seems to significantly reduce the risk of developing CVD in comparison with treatment with ACE inhibitors alone.

Sugar-Sweeten Beverage Consumption Is Associated With More Obesity and Higher Serum Uric Acid in Chinese Male Gout Patients With Early Onset

Background

Early onset gout has received increasing interest from researchers. Previous studies have reported that serum urate (sUA) levels and prevalence of obesity are higher in early onset gout patients than in later-onset gout patients. We explored the dietary habits of early onset and later-onset gout patients and their association with clinical features.

Materials and Methods

Gout patients completed a 10-item food frequency questionnaire. Early onset gout patients were defined as gout onset before the age of 40, and onset after age 40 was classified as later-onset. Associations between dietary factors, obesity, and sUA level of ≥600 μmol/L were assessed using logistic regression.

Results

Among the 655 gout patients, 94.6% were males, and 59.1% presented with early onset gout. All early onset patients were males. sUA level was significantly higher in the early onset group than in the later-onset group (550.7 vs. 513.4 μmol/L). The proportion of patients with a sUA level of ≥ 600 μmol/L (40.3 vs. 26.2%) and obesity (27.6 vs. 10.7%) was higher in the early onset group than in the later-onset group (all p &lt; 0.05). The early onset group consumed more red meat (101–200 g/day: 43.6 vs. 26.0%), sugar-sweetened beverages (&gt;4 times/week: 27.9 vs. 7.7%), and milk and milk products (1–2 times/week: 28.5 vs. 16.6%), but less alcohol (&gt;84 g/day: 8.5 vs. 21.5%) and tea (&gt;4 times/week: 35.7 vs. 52.4%; all p &lt; 0.05). Sugar-sweetened beverage intake was positively correlated with sUA level of ≥600 μmol/L (compared with &lt;once/week [reference], &gt;4 times/week: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 3.7) and obesity (compared with &lt;once/week [reference], &gt;4 times/week: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 3.7). These correlations remained significant for early onset gout patients.

Conclusion

Sugar-sweetened beverage intake replaced alcohol as the main dietary risk factor for gout in early onset patients, and this change was associated with a greater prevalence of obesity and higher sUA level. Clinicians should provide specific dietary education for different generations of gout patients. The epidemic of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption should be considered for the development of public health policies for the prevention of gout.

Association of Sleep Duration with Hyperuricemia in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Little is known about the association of sleep duration with hyperuricemia. Especially lacking is evidence from longitudinal studies. Based on the MJ Health Examination Database in Beijing, China, a prospective study was designed. Participants were classed into short, normal, and long groups by sleep duration. The Cox regression model was used to estimate the hazard risk of hyperuricemia for short or long sleep duration compared with the normal group after adjusting for potential confounders. During a median 3.08 years follow-up, 4868 (14.31%) incident hyperuricemia events were documented among 34,025 participants with a crude incidence rate of 39.49 per 1000 persons. Years after adjusting for potential confounders, a 7% higher risk of hyperuricemia in the short sleep duration group (<7 h, 95% confidence interval: 1.01−1.14) and a 15% lower risk in the long sleep duration group (≥8 h, 95%CI: 0.74−0.97) were found compared with the normal group (7−8 h) (p for trend < 0.001). Nevertheless, the association of the short sleep duration group was marginally significant after further adjustment of the count of white blood cells (hazard ratio: 1.07, 95%CI: 1.00−1.13). Sleep duration was inversely associated with hyperuricemia, which highlights the public health significance of sufficient sleep duration for preventing hyperuricemia.

Interplay of Obesity, Ethanol, and Contaminant Mixture on Clinical Profiles of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: Evidence from an Animal Study

Obesity, ethanol, and contaminants are known risk factors of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CMD). However, their interplay on clinical profiles of these diseases remains unclear, and thus were investigated in this study. Male lean or obese JCR rats were given water or 10% ethanol and orally treated with or without a contaminant mixture (CM) dissolved in corn oil and loaded on two cookies at 0, 1.6, or 16 mg/kg BW/day dose levels for 4 weeks. The CM consisted 22 environmental contaminants found in human blood or serum of Northern populations. Over 60 parameters related to CMD were examined. The results revealed that obesity in JCR rats resembles the clinical profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. Obesity was also associated with increased serum and organ retention of mercury, one of the chemical components of CM. Exposure to ethanol lightened hyperlipidemia, increased liver retention of mercury, and increased risk for hypertension in the obese rats. CM lessened hyperlipidemia and hyperenzymemia, worsened systemic inflammation and increased the risk for hypertension in the obese rats. CM markedly increased serum ethanol levels with or without ethanol exposure. Tissue total mercury contents significantly correlated with clinical parameters with altered profiles by both ethanol and obesity. These results suggest that obese individuals may be more prone to contaminant accumulation. Ethanol and CM exposure can alter clinical profiles associated with obesity, which may lead to misdiagnosis of CMD associated with obesity. CM can alter endogenous production and/or metabolism of ethanol, further complicating disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment.

The Impact of an Elevated Uric Acid Level on the Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease in Pancreas Transplant Candidates with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross Sectional Study

Pancreas transplantation is considered a high-risk surgery with cardiovascular complications. Early detection of all potential cardiovascular risk factors can decrease the perioperative risk and improve the pancreas recipients' outcome. The present study aims to evaluate the association between serum uric acid (UA) levels and the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients eligible for pancreas transplantation. We prospectively enrolled 63 consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who underwent cardiological evaluation before pancreas transplantation in our center. Participants underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory assays, and coronary angiography. The median concentration of UA in patients with CAD was significantly higher than in participants without CAD (6.43 (4.93-7.26) vs. 4.41 (3.64-5.49) mg/dL, p = 0.0002). We showed the positive correlation between UA concentration and systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure (PP) and triglycerides (r = 0.271, p = 0.032; r = 0.327, p = 0.009; r = 0.354, p = 0.004, respectively). In a multivariate analysis, the concentration of UA (OR 2.044; 95% CI: 1.261-3.311, p = 0.004) was independently associated with the prevalence of CAD in pancreas transplant candidates with T1D. We demonstrated that elevated UA levels were strongly associated with the high prevalence of CAD in pancreas transplant candidates with T1D. To stratify cardiovascular risk, the measurement of the UA concentration should be considered in all T1D patients qualified for pancreas transplantation.

Lipoprotein(a) Serum Levels Predict Pulse Wave Velocity in Subjects in Primary Prevention for Cardiovascular Disease with Large Apo(a) Isoforms: Data from the Brisighella Heart Study

In the last decades, high serum levels of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) have been associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, in particular among individuals with smaller apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) isoforms than those with larger sizes. The aim of our analysis was to evaluate whether Lp(a) levels could predict early vascular aging, and whether smaller apo(a) isoforms had a predictive value for vascular aging different than larger apo(a) isoforms in a cohort of subjects free from CVD. We considered the data of a subset of Brisighella Heart Study (BHS) participants free from CVD (462 men and 516 women) who were clinically evaluated during the 2012 BHS population survey. Predictors of arterial stiffness, measured as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) were estimated by the application of a step-wise linear regression model. In our cohort, there were 511 subjects with small apo(a) size and 467 subjects with large apo(a) isoforms. Subjects with larger apo(a) isoform sizes had significantly lower serum levels of Lp(a). In the BHS subpopulation sample, cfPWV was predicted by age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and sex, higher HDL-C serum levels and female sex associated with lower values of cfPWV. In subjects with smaller apo(a) isoform sizes, predictors of cfPWV were age, SBP, sex and serum levels of HDL-C, being higher HDL-C serum levels and female sex associated to lower values of cfPWV. In subjects with larger apo(a) isoform sizes, cfPWV was predicted by age, SBP, serum levels of Lp(a) and sex, with female sex associated with lower values of cfPWV. In our subpopulation sample, Lp(a) did not predict cfPWV. However, in subjects with large apo(a) isoform sizes, Lp(a) was a significant predictor of arterial stiffness.

Relationship Between Four Non-Insulin-Based Indexes of Insulin Resistance and Serum Uric Acid in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and four insulin resistance surrogates in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The four non-insulin-based indexes of insulin resistance (IR) include the glucose and triglycerides index (TyG), TyG index with body mass index (TyG-BMI), ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR).

METHODS

A total of 687 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the current study. Patients were stratified into three groups according to their levels of SUA. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between SUA and clinical variables. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between SUA and the four insulin resistance surrogates. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were then used to assess the ability of TyG, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-c, and METS-IR to discriminate hyperuricemia (HUA) in T2DM.

RESULTS

SUA in T2DM was significantly positively correlated with TyG (r 0.406 P < 0.01), TyG-BMI (r 0.272 P < 0.01), TG/HDL-c (r 0.493 P < 0.01), and METS-IR (r 0.238 P < 0.01). Furthermore, higher values of the four insulin resistance surrogates were independently correlated with higher SUA levels in T2DM patients (P < 0.01 for all) after adjusting for confounding factors. TyG, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-c, and METS-IR all had a significant discriminative ability for HUA in patients with T2DM. The AUC values were 0.693 (95% CI 0.645-0.741), 0.649 (95% CI 0.599-0.699), 0.768 (95% CI 0.726-0.811), and 0.660 (95% CI 0.609-0.710), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that TyG, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-c and METS-IR had a significant correlation with SUA in T2DM. TG/HDL-c was the best marker among the four insulin resistance surrogates for the identification of HUA in T2DM.

Long-Term Impact of Different Triple Combination Antihypertensive Medications on Blood Pressure Control, Metabolic Pattern and Incident Events: Data from the Brisighella Heart Study

The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate clinical, laboratory and hemodynamic effects on the long term of different triple combination antihypertensive medications in a well-characterized Italian cohort. We considered the data of a subset of Brisighella Heart Study (BHS) participants who were consecutively evaluated in three epidemiological surveys between 2012 and 2020. For the current analysis, we excluded normotensive subjects, patients treated with <3 or ≥3 antihypertensive drugs without taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium-channel blockers (CCB) and/or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics. The remaining participants were divided into three groups depending on whether they were treated with Perindopril/Amlodipine/Indapamide, ACE-inhibitors (other than perindopril)/CCBs/Thiazide or ARBs/CCBs/Thiazide, either with separate drugs or fixed pill combinations. A further group of age- and sex-matched volunteers was selected as control and included patients receiving other antihypertensive treatments. The long-term (12 years) effects of the different antihypertensive treatments were compared among the pre-defined groups. During the observation period, there was a trend towards increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) in all the investigated subgroups (p for trend <0.05), but in the subgroup of patients treated with Perindopril/Amlodipine/Indapamide, such increase was significantly lower than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The combination treatment with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) modulators, CCBs and thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics was associated with significantly lower diastolic BP (p < 0.05) and more strictly controlled lipid pattern than other triple combination of anti-hypertensive medications. Patients treated with Perindopril/Amlodipine/Indapamide did not experience any age-related increase in serum levels of total cholesterol. Moreover, during the follow up none of them developed type 2 diabetes, nor had a need for a greater number of antihypertensive drugs to improve BP control, mainly because of a more stable BP control. Based on our observations, combination treatment with RAS modulators, amlodipine and thiazides/thiazide-like diuretics is more effective than other triple antihypertensive medications for lowering the diastolic BP and has a better impact on serum lipids. Perindopril/Amlodipine/Indapamide is associated with more protective metabolic profile than any other considered combination antihypertensive medications.

Arterial Hypertension and Serum Uric Acid in Elderly- SEPHAR III Study

BACKGROUND

Hyperuricemia is a frequent finding in patients with arterial hypertension, and there is increasing evidence that this entity is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE

In the context of an aging population, this study aims to evaluate serum uric acid levels and arterial hypertension prevalence and control in a subgroup of Romanian adults (>65 years), concerning the influence of age on these parameters.

METHOD

The study sample consists of 1,920 adults included in SEPHAR III survey, of whom 447 were elderly patients (>65 years of age). During the two study visits, three blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed at 1-min intervals and serum uric acid levels, kidney function by estimated glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, and intima media thickness measurements were conducted. Hypertension and controls were defined according to the current guidelines. Intima-media thickness evaluation was assessed by B-mode Doppler ultrasound evaluation. A significance level p < 0.05 was adopted for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Adult patients had a significant lower serum uric acid levels, compared to elderly patients, regardless of glomerular filtration rate levels. Adult patients showed a significantly lower intima-media thickness levels, when compared to elderly patients.

CONCLUSION

Similar to previous studies, in the present study, age represented one of the factors contributing to the increased level of serum uric acid. An increasing prevalence of arterial hypertension with age, together with a poor control of blood pressure, was also obtained.

U-Shaped Association of Body Mass Index with the Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Chinese Hypertensive Population

Background

High body mass index (BMI) is a well-recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. But its role in peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains perplexing. Our study aims to evaluate the association of BMI with PAD in the Chinese hypertensive population.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study with enrollment data from the Chinese H-type Hypertension Registry.10896 hypertensive patients aged ≥18 years were included in the final analysis.

Results

The prevalence of PAD diagnosed by ABI in this study was 3.2% (n=351). A U-shaped association between BMI and PAD was found. Per SD increment (3.6 kg/m²) on the left side of the BMI threshold (BMI < 25.7 kg/m²) was associated with a 27% decrease in the adjusted risk of PAD [OR, 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60, 0.89; P=0.002]; BMI was significantly positively associated with the risk of PAD (OR, 1.52; 95% CI 1.52, 1.93; P=0.001) in those with BMI ≥25.7 kg/m².

Conclusion

In summary, a U-shaped association between BMI and the risk of PAD in the Chinese hypertensive population was found. BMI with the lowest risk of PAD was estimated to be 25.7 kg/m².

Association between Serum Uric Acid and Pre-hypertension and Hypertension among Chinese Adults

Fundamento

O ácido úrico (AU), produto final do metabolismo dos nucleotídeos das purinas, participa dos processos de doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Evidências experimentais sugerem que o ácido úrico é um mediador importante na resposta fisiológica ao aumento da pressão arterial.

Objetivo

Avaliar a associação entre os níveis séricos de AU e pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em uma população chinesa.

Métodos

Conduziu-se um estudo transversal entre março e setembro de 2017, e 1.138 participantes com idades entre 35 e 75 anos foram incluídos neste estudo, onde 223 normotensos, 316 pré-hipertensos e 599 hipertensos foram selecionados para avaliar a associação entre níveis séricos de AU e hipertensão. Considerou-se um valor de p<0,05 estatisticamente significativo.

Resultados

Os níveis séricos de AU foram significativamente maiores no grupo pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em comparação com o grupo controle em toda a população (p<0,05 para todos). A análise quantitativa das características indicou níveis séricos de AU (2,92±0,81, 3,06±0,85, 3,22±0,98 mg/d) linearmente aumentados em mulheres normotensas, pré-hipertensas e hipertensas, com um valor de p de 0,008. Os níveis séricos de AU nos quartis correlacionaram-se positivamente com a PAD (p<0,05), principalmente em mulheres. Após o ajuste para idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal (IMC), glicose (GLI), colesterol total (CT), triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol HDL (lipoproteína de alta densidade), as razões de chances ( odds ratios — ORs) e intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% da pré-hipertensão, dos níveis séricos de AU mais baixos (referentes) aos mais altos foram 1,718 (1,028–2,872), 1,018 (0,627–1,654) e 1,738 (1,003–3,010). Além disso, o segundo quartil dos níveis séricos de AU esteve significativamente associado à hipertensão, com uma OR (IC 95%) de 2,036 (1,256–3,298).

Conclusões

O presente estudo sugere que níveis séricos mais elevados de AU estão positivamente associados à pré-hipertensão e hipertensão entre adultos chineses.

Incidence and risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension: a 12-year Korean Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension among middle-aged and elderly Korean adults.

METHODS

A total of 115 456 participants with prehypertension in 2003-2004 were selected from the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) Program. All participants were followed until 2015. Potential risk factors for progression to hypertension were evaluated using the chi-squared test or t-test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to predict the risk of progression to hypertension according to sex. The incidence of hypertension in the prehypertension group was evaluated by calculating the incidence density during the entire follow-up period.

RESULTS

During the follow-up period, 48 919 participants experienced progression to hypertension, which corresponded to incidence densities of 45.82/1000 person-years among men and 53.57/1000 person-years among women. Among both men and women, progression to hypertension was predicted by an elevated BMI, family history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, and older age. Among men, progression to hypertension was associated with frequent drinking and high alanine aminotransferase levels. Among women, progression to hypertension was associated with high hemoglobin levels and low household income.

CONCLUSION

This study identified various risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension among middle-aged and elderly Korean adults. This information may help researchers develop comprehensive and effective strategies for managing prehypertension.

From classical to innovative clinical epidemiology: the 50 years' experience of the Brisighella Heart Study

INTRODUCTION

The Brisighella Heart Study (BHS) is a long-term, prospective, population-based longitudinal study on 2939 randomly selected residents of the town of Brisighella, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

At the enrollment time in 1972 no participant had any cardiovascular disease, 1491 participants were men and 1448 women, and the age span was 14 to 84 years.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

The observational phase of the study contributed to the evidence of a strong pathophysiological association between hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. The interventional phase was one of the first examples of successful cardiovascular risk reduction obtained through a population-based educational intervention. Currently, the BHS staff is planning its 11th four-yearly population survey in 2022. Today, the study is moving from an epidemiological perspective to a translational approach, involving advanced biomolecular analyses, genetic tests, and functional vascular investigations.

CONCLUSIONS

This review aims to summarize the main findings of the first 50 years of BHS research and spot the latest developments and future perspectives of this remarkable Italian cardiovascular study.

Age and sex dependent association of uric acid and incident hypertension

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

A previous meta-analysis suggested that the relationship between hyperuricemia and hypertension may be stronger in younger individuals and women. We aimed to investigate the age and sex dependent association of uric acid (UA) and incident hypertension.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We analyzed data from the Health Examinees Study, a community-based prospective cohort study conducted in Korea from 2004 to 2013. It included 29,088 non-hypertensive subjects aged 40-79 (age, 52.5 ± 7.8 years; men, 31.4%) who had serum UA measurement and participated in the follow-up survey. The risk factors of hypertension were assessed using Cox regression. Over a mean 3.8 years of follow-up, 1388 men (15.2%) and 1942 women (9.7%) were newly diagnosed with hypertension. Upon age- and sex-based stratification, the risk of hypertension was highest in hyperuricemic subjects aged 40-49 years (HR: women, 2.16; men, 1.30). Across the entire cohort, the risk of incident hypertension was higher in groups with higher serum UA levels, and highest in women aged 40-49 years (HR, 1.44; P < 0.001). On multivariable linear regression analysis, the higher the baseline serum UA level, the greater the increase in blood pressure during follow-up, and this effect was strongest in women aged 40-49 years (β = 0.87 and P < 0.01 for systolic blood pressure).

CONCLUSIONS

The relationship between uric acid and incident hypertension tended to be dependent on age and sex. Younger women are at highest risk of UA-related incident hypertension.

Relationship between casual serum triglyceride levels and the development of hypertension in Japanese

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of serum triglyceride levels on the risk of new-onset hypertension in Japanese.

METHODS

Five thousand nine hundred and thirty-three Japanese workers without hypertension at baseline, who participated in medical check-ups from 2006 to 2018, were followed retrospectively. The participants were divided into quartiles of casual serum triglyceride levels and were followed from the first to last visit of the study period. The outcome was development of hypertension. Risk estimates were computed using Cox's proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

During the follow-up period (average: 6.7 years), 946 individuals developed hypertension. The crude incidence rates of hypertension (per 1000 person-years) increased with rising serum triglyceride levels: 10.1 for quartile 1 (<0.76 mmol/l), 19.6 for quartile 2 (0.76-1.17 mmol/l), 26.0 for quartile 3 (1.18-1.84 mmol/l), and 36.5 for quartile 4 (>1.84 mmol/l) (P < 0.0001 for trend). These associations remained significant even after adjustment for other risk factors: the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio was 1.29 (1.01-1.66) for the second quartile, 1.27 (0.99-1.63) for the third quartile, and 1.39 (1.09-1.77) for the highest quartile compared with the lowest. There were comparable effects of serum triglyceride levels for incidence of hypertension between subgroups defined by sex, obesity, and diabetes (all P > 0.1 for interaction), whereas stronger associations were observed for participants under 40 years of age than for those aged 40 or above (P = 0.002 for interaction).

CONCLUSION

Serum triglyceride levels were significantly associated with development of hypertension in a Japanese worksite population.

Laboratory and Instrumental Risk Factors Associated with a Sudden Cardiac Death Prone ECG Pattern in the General Population: Data from the Brisighella Heart Study

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a daunting problem and a major public health issue. We applied the validated Electrocardiogram (ECG) score to the Brisighella Heart Study (BHS) cohort, in order to verify if there were also other recognized laboratory and instrumental risk factors for cardiovascular disease associated with a sudden death risk-prone pattern. We examined the ECG traces of 1377 participants of the 2016 BHS survey and identified 33 subjects at high risk for SCD (while 1344 subjects had no cumulative ECG abnormalities). Serum uric acid (SUA) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) values were significantly higher in the high-risk cohort (p < 0.05) and were both independently associated with the presence of ECG abnormalities [Odd ratio (OR) = 2.14, p < 0.05–OR = 1.23, p < 0.05, respectively]. A similar independent correlation was found with long-term non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use, more widespread among high-risk subjects (OR = 1.19, p < 0.05). Conversely, the analysis did not show any significant association with impaired renal function (p = 0.09). This study showed that long-term NSAID use and high SUA and cfPWV values are independent risk factors for ECG abnormalities predictive of SCD. These findings herald the need for further prospective research to identify the optimal combination of SCD risk markers in order to prevent fatal events.

Predictive Value of Thyroid Hormones for Incident Hyperuricemia in Euthyroid Subjects: The Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

Thyroid hormones (THs) play an important role in both serum uric acid (SUA) excretion and purine nucleotide metabolism. Past research mainly focused on the relationships between thyroid dysfunction and hyperuricemia. Although most subjects at risk for hyperuricemia are euthyroid, few studies have investigated the predictive values of THs on incident hyperuricemia in euthyroid adults. This study aimed to examine how free triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone are related to incident hyperuricemia in euthyroid subjects.

METHODS

Participants without baseline hyperuricemia were recruited from Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study and followed up for ∼6 years. Thyroid function was determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay methods. Hyperuricemia was defined as SUA ≥416.5 μmol/L for males and ≥357.0 μmol/L for females. Thyroid function and SUA were assessed yearly during follow-up. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the relationship between thyroid function and hyperuricemia.

RESULTS

The incidence rates of hyperuricemia were 109 and 50 per 1000 person-years in males and females, respectively. In males, compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariable-adjusted hazards ratios for hyperuricemia in the highest quartiles of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone were 0.57 (0.50-0.66), 0.63 (0.54-0.73), and 1.03 (0.90-1.19) (P for trend < .0001, < .0001, and .51), respectively. However, no statistically significant correlations between thyroid function and incident hyperuricemia in females were found.

CONCLUSION

This cohort study is the first to demonstrate that higher THs are related to lower risk of incident hyperuricemia in a male population with euthyroid status.

Uric Acid and Hypertension: Prognostic Role and Guide for Treatment

The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and hypertension has been a subject of increasing interest since the 1870 discovery by Frederick Akbar Mahomed. Several epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between high SUA levels and the presence or the development of hypertension. Genetic analyses have found that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) genetic polymorphisms are associated with hypertension. However, genetic studies on urate transporters and Mendelian randomization studies failed to demonstrate a causal relationship between SUA and hypertension. Results from clinical trials on the role of urate-lowering therapy in the management of patients with hypertension are not uniform. Our study sought to analyze the prognostic and therapeutic role of SUA in the hypertensive disease, from uric acid (UA) biology to clinical trials on urate-lowering therapies.

USP10 deletion inhibits macrophage-derived foam cell formation and cellular-oxidized low density lipoprotein uptake by promoting the degradation of CD36

Foam cell formation process is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Activation of this biological process depends on lipid uptake by scavenger receptors, such as CD36, SR-A and SR-B1. Among these receptors, CD36 is the principal one because it dominates roughly 50% lipid uptake in monocytes. In this study, our western blotting and RT-qPCR assays revealed that USP10 inhibition promotes the degradation of CD36 protein but does not change its mRNA level. In addition, Co-IP results showed that USP10 interacts with CD36 and stabilizes CD36 protein by cleaving poly-ubiquitin on CD36. Significantly, USP10 promotes foam cell formation. Immunofluorescence and Oil red O staining assays show that inhibition or knockdown of USP10 suppresses lipid uptake and foam cell formation by macrophages. In conclusion, USP10 promotes the development and progression of atherosclerosis through stabilizing CD36 protein expression. The regulation of USP10-CD36 may provide a significant therapeutic scheme in atherosclerosis.

Clematichinenoside AR Alleviates Foam Cell Formation and the Inflammatory Response in Ox-LDL-Induced RAW264.7 Cells by Activating Autophagy

Foam cell formation and inflammation in macrophages contribute to the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Clematichinenoside AR (AR) is a major active ingredient extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Clematis chinensis and has potent pharmacological effects on various diseases, including AS. However, little is known about the exact role and mechanism of AR in AS. RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to induce AS in vitro. Cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. Foam cell formation was detected by Oil Red staining. Cholesterol levels were determined by corresponding commercial kits. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was detected by ELISA. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were employed to detect the expression of corresponding genes. The results indicated that AR treatment inhibited the formation of foam cells and cholesterol accumulation but promoted cholesterol efflux by upregulating ABCA1/ABCG1 in ox-LDL-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, AR decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines by blunting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and inducing autophagy. However, these effects of AR were weakened by the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 but were similar to those produced by the autophagy activator rapamycin. Collectively, our study provides novel insights into the beneficial effects of AR on promoting cholesterol efflux as well as inhibiting foam cell formation and inflammation by regulating autophagy, thus identifying AR as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of AS.

Α higher ratio of serum uric acid to serum creatinine could predict the risk of total and cause specific mortality- insight from a US national survey

INTRODUCTION

The link between serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio (SUA/SCr) and mortality has not been studied yet.

METHODS

We prospectively evaluated the association between SUA/SCr and risk of total and cause specific [cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer] mortality by applying on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES, 1999-2010). Vital status through December 31, 2011 was ascertained. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to determine the links between SUA/SCr and mortality.

RESULTS

Overall, 20,209 individuals were included (mean age = 47.5 years, 48.9% men) and 3523 deaths occurred during the 76.4 months of follow-up. In a fully adjusted model, individuals in the fourth (Q4) and third (Q3) quartile of SUA/SCr had a 44 and 35% greater risk of total mortality [risk ratio (RR): 1.44 (95% confidence interval, 95%CI: 1.05-1.98) and 1.35 (1.10-1.66), respectively], as well as a 69 and 47% higher risk of CVD death [RR: 1.69 (1.09-2.62) and 1.47 (1.14-1.89), respectively] compared with the lowest (Q1) quartile. With regard to SUA/SCr and cancer mortality, a significant association was found only between participants in Q4 and those in Q1 [RR: 1.12 (1.06-1.19)] in the partially adjusted model, whereas this relationship became non-significant after further adjustments [RR: 1.15 (0.96-1.39)].

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first time that SUA/SCr has been associated with total and cause specific mortality in a large, representative sample of US adults. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish their clinical implications.

Awareness of major cardiovascular risk factors and its relationship with markers of vascular aging: Data from the Brisighella Heart Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

General population awareness about cardiovascular risk factors is usually low. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vascular aging of subjects aware and not aware to be hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic or diabetics in a general population sample.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We interviewed 1652 subjects without atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (M: 46.6%, F: 53.4%) about their awareness of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or type 2 diabetes. Then we compared the augmentation index and pulse wave velocity of subjects aware and not aware of the investigated cardiovascular risk factors. 1049 participants declared not to be hypertensive, while 32 were not sure. Among them, respectively, 23.5% and 50% were hypertensive. Subjects not aware of their hypertension had significantly higher aortic blood pressure than aware ones (p < 0.001). 841 participants declared not to be hypercholesterolemic, while 60 were not sure. Among them, respectively, 18.1% and 40% were hypercholesterolemic. Subjects not aware of their hypercholesterolemia had significantly higher augmentation index than the aware ones (p < 0.05). 1226 participants declared not to be hypertriglyceridemic, while 200 were not sure. Among them, respectively, 19.2% and 44% were hypertriglyceridemic. Subjects not aware of their hypertriglyceridemia had significantly higher TG levels aware ones (p < 0.05), although this seemed to not related to increased arterial stiffness. 1472 participants declared not to be diabetic, while 20 were not sure. Among them, respectively, 2.0% and 25.0% were diabetics. Subjects not aware of their diabetes had significantly higher augmentation index than the aware ones (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the lack of awareness of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia is relatively frequent in the general population and is associated to significantly higher arterial stiffness.

Apolipoprotein B and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reveal a high atherogenicity in individuals with type 2 diabetes and controlled low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol

Background

Lipid-lowering therapy is guided by Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, although the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk could be better reflected by other lipid parameters. This study aimed at comparing a comprehensive lipid profile between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with LDL-c concentration within and above target.

Methods

A comprehensive lipid profile was characterized in 96 T2DM patients. The European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) 2016 and 2019 Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemias were used to define LDL-c targets.

Results

In this population, only 28.1 and 16.7% of patients had mean LDL-c levels within target, as defined by the 2016 and 2019 guidelines, respectively. Applying the 2016 guidelines criteria, in patients with LDL-c within target, 22, 25 and 44% presented non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and oxidized LDL-c levels above the recommended range, respectively, whereas according to the 2019 guidelines criteria, 50, 39 and 44% of the patients with LDL-c within target had elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), ApoB and oxidized LDL-c levels, respectively. LDL-c was strongly correlated with non-HDL-c (r = 0.850), ApoB (r = 0.656) and oxidized LDL-c (r = 0.508). Similarly, there was a strong correlation between non-HDL-c with both ApoB (r = 0.808) and oxidized LDL-c (r = 0.588).

Conclusions

These findings emphasize the limitations of only considering LDL-c concentration for cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment. Targeting only LDL-c could result in missed opportunities for CV risk reduction in T2DM patients. These data suggest that non-HDL-c, ApoB and oxidized LDL-c levels could be considered as an important part of these patients’ evaluation allowing for a more accurate estimation of CV risk and hopefully better management of these high-risk patients.

Hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic syndrome in the community very elderly in Chengdu

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular metabolic diseases. However, in the very elderly, the relationship between hyperuricemia and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not yet clear. This study was aimed to investigate the potential association between hyperuricemia and MetS in community very elderly in Chengdu. In this cross-sectional study, 1056 very elderly in the community were enrolled. Serum uric acid (SUA), fast plasma glucose, triglycerides and high–density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured, and then MetS components were calculated. Logistic regression models were used to explore risk factors for MetS in the very elderly. Finally, 1035 participants were included in analysis whose ages ranged between 80 and 100 with a mean age of 83.6 ± 3.4 years. The mean SUA level was 356.2 ± 95.0 µmol/L. The estimated prevalence of MetS in the very elderly was 25.0% vs. 21.6% (international diabetes federation (IDF) criteria vs. Chinese guideline), which was significantly higher for women (IDF criteria:17.3% in men vs 33.6% in women, p < 0.001). Logistic regression has found that participants with hyperuricemia (SUA level > 416 µmol/L in men and > 357 µmol/L in women) had a higher risk (IDF criteria: odds ratio (OR): 2.136, 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.525–2.993, p < 0.001. Chinese guideline: OR: 1.769, 95%CI: 1.249–2.503, p = 0.001) of MetS in very elderly Chinese. MetS is common in the community of very elderly Chinese in Chengdu. Hyperuricemia is associated with MetS in general very elderly and lifestyle changing should also be considered in the very elderly.

The Role of Adipokines in the Development of Arterial Stiffness and Hypertension

The study aimed to assess the role and the relationship of adipokines as well as parameters of arterial stiffness in newly diagnosed hypertension. Forty-nine newly diagnosed hypertensive cases (median age 47 ± 6 years) and 48 normotensive patients (median age 47 ± 6 years) were enrolled to this study. Patients underwent echocardiography, noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic parameters using SphygmoCor tonometer (Atcor Med). The levels of the adipokines-leptin, adiponectin, and resistin-were investigated. The augmentation pressure, augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were higher in patients with hypertension compared with controls (Ps < .05). Patients with hypertension had higher E/E' ratio, higher diameter of left atrium, and lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion compared with the control group (Ps < .05). Patients with hypertension had significant higher levels of leptin (ng/mL) and lower levels of adiponectin (μg/mL) compared with normotensive patients. The multivariate analysis showed that PWV (odds ratio [OR] 1.95, 95% CI, 1.2-2.9; P = .002) and leptin level (OR 1.01, 95% CI, 1.004-1.031; P = .01) were significantly associated with hypertension. Arterial stiffness as determined by PWV and leptin are associated with newly diagnosed hypertension. Elevated serum leptin level may influence the potential mechanism leading to sympathetic activation.

Association between serum uric acid level and endothelial dysfunction in elderly individuals with untreated mild hypertension

Background

Endothelial dysfunction is the initial stage in atherosclerotic formation and progression and is associated with high serum uric acid (SUA) level. We hypothesized that reactive hyperemia index (RHI), which reflects endothelial function, is associated with SUA levels in elderly individuals with untreated mild hypertension.

Methods

We recruited 123 patients ≥ 60 years with untreated mild hypertension. The association between SUA level and RHI was analyzed using univariate correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to validate the cutoff value of SUA that can be used to predict endothelial dysfunction.

Results

The serum uric acid level significantly increased in the RHI < 1.67 group, and this result was still observed in the subgroup of men. RHI was inversely associated with SUA level (P = 0.006) and the association was still observed after adjusting for factors, such as age, sex, smoking status, and creatinine level (P = 0.014). In the subgroup analysis, a positive association was observed only in men. In the ROC curve analysis, the optimal cutoff values of SUA for predicting endothelial dysfunction was 293.5 µmol/L in elderly mild hypertension patients and 287.0 µmol/L in men.

Conclusion

A high SUA level was considered an independent predictor of endothelial dysfunction among elderly individuals, particularly men with untreated mild hypertension.

Antithrombotics in intracerebral hemorrhage in the era of novel agents and antidotes: A review

BACKGROUND

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)1 is characterized by the pathological accumulation of blood within the brain parenchyma, most commonly associated with hypertension, arteriovenous malformations, or trauma. However, it can also present in patients receiving antithrombotic drugs, either anticoagulants such as acenocoumarol/warfarin-novel oral anticoagulants or antiplatelets, for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disease.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this review is to present current bibliographic data regarding ICH irrespective of the cause, as well as post-hemorrhage use of antithrombotic agents. Moreover, this review attempts to provide guidelines concerning the termination, inversion, and of course resumption of antithrombotic therapy.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We reviewed the most recently presented available data for patients who dealt with intracerebral hemorrhagic events while on antithrombotic agents (due to atrial fibrillation, prosthetic mechanical valves or recent/recurrent deep vein thrombosis). Furthermore, we examined and compared the thromboembolic risk, the bleeding risk, as well as the re-bleeding risk in two groups: patients receiving antithrombotic therapy versus patients not on antithrombotic therapy.

CONCLUSION

Antithrombotic therapy is of great importance when indicated, though it does not come without crucial side-effects, such as ICH. Optimal timing of withdrawal, reversal, and resumption of antithrombotic treatment should be determined by a multidisciplinary team consisting of a stroke specialist, a cardiologist, and a neurosurgeon, who will individually approach the needs and risks of each patient.

Association between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid levels in Korean adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2017

Objectives

Despite the growing pieces of evidence linking hyperuricemia with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, the relationship between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid has not yet been established. This study aimed to investigate the association between individual components of dyslipidemia and serum uric acid by using the nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017.

Methods

A total of 8,722 participants (age ≥ 19 years) without missing values were analyzed for this study. Serum uric acid levels according to the presence of individual dyslipidemia components were calculated using multivariable-adjusted general linear models (GLM). Odds ratios of individual dyslipidemia components to hyperuricemia were calculated using unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 1,061 participants were identified as having hyperuricemia, with a prevalence of 12.2%. Multivariable-adjusted GLM demonstrated a significant trend between individual dyslipidemia components and serum uric acid levels (P < 0.05). A positive association between the numbers of dyslipidemia components and the increments of serum uric acid levels was also observed (P < 0.001). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of all dyslipidemia components to hyperuricemia were shown to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). When further adjusted for the combined components themselves, each 10 mg/dL increments of total cholesterol (OR 1.053; 95% CI 1.028–1.079), triglycerides (OR 1.017; 95% CI 1.009–1.026) and HDL-C (OR 0.804; 95% CI 0.729–0.887), retained significant correlation with hyperuricemia.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that the dyslipidemia components of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C levels are positively associated with serum uric acid levels, whereas serum HDL-C levels are inversely related. Further complementary studies regarding other lipid parameters are needed to confirm the accurate association between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid levels.

Effects of obesity on cholesterol metabolism and its implications for healthy ageing

The last few decades have witnessed a global rise in the number of older individuals. Despite this demographic shift, morbidity within this population group is high. Many factors influence healthspan; however, an obesity pandemic is emerging as a significant determinant of older people's health. It is well established that obesity adversely affects several metabolic systems. However, due to its close association with overall cardiometabolic health, the impact that obesity has on cholesterol metabolism needs to be recognised. The aim of the present review is to critically discuss the effects that obesity has on cholesterol metabolism and to reveal its significance for healthy ageing.

WITHDRAWN: Α higher ratio of serum uric acid to serum creatinine could predict the risk of total and cause specific mortality - Insight from a US national survey

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Quercetin Suppresses the Progression of Atherosclerosis by Regulating MST1-Mediated Autophagy in ox-LDL-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Foam Cells

Objective: To investigate the process by which quercetin suppresses atherosclerosis by upregulating MST1-mediated autophagy in RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: An in vitro foam cell model was established by culturing RAW264.7 macrophages with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The cells were treated with quercetin alone or in combination with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, and autophagy agonist, rapamycin. Cell viability was detected with a CCK-8 kit. Lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O staining, senescence was detected by SA-β-gal (senescence-associated β-galactosidase) staining, reactive oxygen species were detected by ROS assay kit. Autophagosomes and mitochondria were detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM), and expression of MST1, LC3-II/I, Beclin1, Bcl-2, P21, and P16 were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Results: Ox-LDL induced RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cell formation, reduced survival, aggravated cell lipid accumulation, and induced a senescence phenotype. This was accompanied by decreased formation of autophagosome; increased expression of P53, P21, and P16; and decreased expression of LC3-II/I and Beclin1. After intervention with quercetin, the cell survival rate was increased, and lipid accumulation and senescence phenotype were reduced. Furthermore, the expression of LC3-II/I and Beclin1 were increased, which was consistent with the ability of quercetin to promote autophagy. Ox-LDL also increased the expression of MST1, and this increase was blocked by quercetin, which provided a potential mechanism by which quercetin may protect foam cells against age-related detrimental effects. Conclusion: Quercetin can inhibit the formation of foam cells induced by ox-LDL and delay senescence. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of MST1-mediated autophagy of RAW264.7 cells.

Arterial Stiffness, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Fruits Intake in a Rural Population Sample: Data from the Brisighella Heart Study

Introduction: There is conflicting information linking fruit and fructose intake with cardiometabolic disorders. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the association between intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), a non-invasive marker of arterial aging, in a large population sample. Methods: For this study, we selected four age and sex-matched subgroups from the last Brisighella Heart Study population survey, after exclusion of those in secondary prevention for cardiovascular diseases, affected by gout and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min), and/or actively treated with direct vasodilating drugs (calcium-antagonists, alpha-blockers, nitrates). The remaining subjects were classified into four groups: (1) low fruit and low sugar-sweetened beverage intake (LFLB), (2) high fruit and low sugar-sweetened beverage intake (HFLB), (3) low fruit and high sugar-sweetened beverage intake (LFHB), (4) high fruit and high sugar-sweetened beverage intake (HFHB). Results: CfPWV was significantly elevated in subjects consuming a higher fructose load, particularly when it was derived from industrially sweetened beverages (pooled LFHB & HFHB: 9.6 ± 2.3 m/s; pooled LFLB & HFLB: 8.6 ± 2.3 m/s, p < 0.001). Moreover, the main predictors of cfPWV values were serum uric acid (B = 0.391, 95%CI 0.321–0.486, p = 0.001), fructose load from both fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages (B = 0.310, 95%CI 0.099–0.522, p = 0.004), triglycerides (B = 0.228, 95%CI 0.117–0.389, p = 0.018), fasting plasma glucose (B = 0.015, 95%CI 0.008–0.022, p < 0.001) and estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (B = −0.043, 95%CI −0.052–−0.035, p < 0.001). Conclusion: our data suggest that increased intake of fructose derived from industrial sweetened beverages, though not from fruits, is associated with higher pulse wave velocity.

Age-related and gender-stratified differences in the association between high triglyceride and risk of hyperuricemia

Background

Elevated serum uric acid is commonly associated with high triglyceride. However, the relation of triglyceride and hyperuricemia in different gender and age groups is currently not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate age- and gender-related association of high triglyceride with hyperuricemia in a subgroup of Chinese population.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed physical examination data of 24,438 subjects (12,557 men and 11,881 women) in Kaifeng, China. The alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and serum uric acid were measured in all subjects. The triglyceride was categorized into < 1.21, 1.21 ~, 1.7 ~, 2.83 ~ and >  5.6 mmol/L subgroups, and odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of hyperuricemia were calculated by logistic regression analysis.

Results

Univariate and age-adjusted analyses showed that high triglyceride was positively associated with hyperuricemia (p <  0.01). Further age-stratified analysis showed that the positive association was significant in the 20 ~, 30 ~, 40 ~, 50 ~, 60 ~ and 80 ~ age groups in men. In women, no statistically significant was found in 60 ~ and 70 ~ age groups.

Conclusion

High triglyceride is positively associated with hyperuricemia in both men and women, and this association is age-related, especially in women.

Mediation of the effect of serum uric acid on the risk of developing hypertension: a population-based cohort study

Background

Serum uric acid (SUA) had been associated with incident hypertension, but it is uncertain whether and to what extent the effect of SUA is mediated by other metabolic factors.

Methods

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) during 2011 to 2015 was employed for this study. A total of 7639 participants aged between 35 and 96 years without hypertension was included. Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the association between elevated SUA and hypertension. A mediation model was used to separately explore mediating effects (MEs) of metabolic factors on the association between SUA and incident hypertension.

Results

During a median 4.0 years of follow-up, 2348 individuals were diagnosed with hypertension. After adjustment for metabolic confounders, participants with the highest SUA quartile had a hazard ratio of 1.16 (1.02–1.33) compared with the lowest category for incident hypertension. The association between SUA and incident hypertension were partially mediated by waist circumference (WC; ME = 0.034), body mass index (BMI; ME = 0.016), triglycerides (TG; ME = 0.024), total cholesterol (TC; ME = 0.009), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; ME = 0.009), fasting plasma glucose (FPG; ME = 0.005), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; ME = − 0.002). Additionally, proportional mediation was 32.7% by WC and 15.4% by BMI for obesity indicators; 23.1% by TG, 8.7% by TC, and 8.7% by HDL-C for blood lipid; and 4.8% by FPG and − 1.9% by HbA1c for blood glucose.

Conclusions

The positive association between elevated SUA concentration and hypertension was reconfirmed in a Chinese population. Obesity indicators, blood lipids, and blood glucose may play important mediating roles in the pathways.