1
|
Suzuki K, Tsuruoka C, Morioka T, Seo H, Ogawa M, Kambe R, Imaoka T, Kakinuma S, Takahashi A. Combined effects of radiation and simulated microgravity on intestinal tumorigenesis in C3B6F1 Apc Min/+ mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 41:202-209. [PMID: 38670648 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Explorations of the Moon and Mars are planned as future manned space missions, during which humans will be exposed to both radiation and microgravity. We do not, however, know the health effects for such combined exposures. In a ground-based experiment, we evaluated the combined effects of radiation and simulated microgravity on tumorigenesis by performing X-irradiation and tail suspension in C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice, a well-established model for intestinal tumorigenesis. Mice were irradiated at 2 weeks of age and underwent tail suspension for 3 or 11 weeks using a special device that avoids damage to the tail. The tail suspension treatment significantly reduced the thymus weight after 3 weeks but not 11 weeks, suggesting a transient stress response. The combination of irradiation and tail suspension significantly increased the number of small intestinal tumors less than 2 mm in diameter as compared with either treatment alone. The combined treatment also increased the fraction of malignant tumors among all small intestinal tumors as compared with the radiation-only treatment. Thus, the C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mouse is a useful model for assessing cancer risk in a simulated space environment, in which simulated microgravity accelerates tumor progression when combined with radiation exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenshi Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Seo
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kambe
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Porada C, Kuhlman B, Diaz J, Simon T, Reaves K, Walker S, Atala A, Almeida-Porada G. Simulated Microgravity Impairs Human NK Cell Cytotoxic Activity Against Space Radiation-Relevant Leukemic Cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3972868. [PMID: 38746365 PMCID: PMC11092860 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3972868/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors of the innate immune system. Unlike T cells, NK cells do not require antigen-priming, making them an important first-line of defense against malignant cells. Because of the potential for increased cancer risk as a result of astronaut exposure to space radiation, we performed studies to determine whether conditions of microgravity present during spaceflight affects the body's natural defenses against leukemogenesis. Human NK cells were cultured for 48 hours under normal gravity and simulated microgravity (sµG), and cytotoxicity against K-562 (CML) and MOLT-4 (T-ALL) cell lines was measured using standard methodology or under continuous conditions of sµG. Even this brief exposure to sµG markedly reduced NK cytotoxicity against both leukemic cells using standard assay procedures, and these deleterious effects were even more pronounced in continuous sµG. RNA-seq performed on NK cells from two healthy donors provided insight into the mechanism(s) by which sµG reduced cytotoxicity. Given our prior report that human HSC exposed to simulated space radiation gave rise to T-ALL in vivo , the reduced cytotoxicity against MOLT-4 is striking and raises the possibility that µG may add to astronaut risk of leukemogenesis during prolonged missions beyond LEO.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rea DJ, Miller RS, Crucian BE, Valentine RW, Cristoforetti S, Bearg SB, Sipic Z, Cheng J, Yu R, Calaway KM, Eames D, Nelson ES, Lewandowski BE, Perusek GP, Chan EY. Single drop cytometry onboard the International Space Station. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2634. [PMID: 38528030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-time lab analysis is needed to support clinical decision making and research on human missions to the Moon and Mars. Powerful laboratory instruments, such as flow cytometers, are generally too cumbersome for spaceflight. Here, we show that scant test samples can be measured in microgravity, by a trained astronaut, using a miniature cytometry-based analyzer, the rHEALTH ONE, modified specifically for spaceflight. The base device addresses critical spaceflight requirements including minimal resource utilization and alignment-free optics for surviving rocket launch. To fully enable reduced gravity operation onboard the space station, we incorporated bubble-free fluidics, electromagnetic shielding, and gravity-independent sample introduction. We show microvolume flow cytometry from 10 μL sample drops, with data from five simultaneous channels using 10 μs bin intervals during each sample run, yielding an average of 72 million raw data points in approximately 2 min. We demonstrate the device measures each test sample repeatably, including correct identification of a sample that degraded in transit to the International Space Station. This approach can be utilized to further our understanding of spaceflight biology and provide immediate, actionable diagnostic information for management of astronaut health without the need for Earth-dependent analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rea
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | | | - Brian E Crucian
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel B Bearg
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Zlatko Sipic
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Cheng
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Yu
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugene Y Chan
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA.
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lang A, Binneboessel S, Nienhaus F, Bruno RR, Wolff G, Piayda K, Pfeiler S, Ezzahoini H, Oehler D, Kelm M, Winkels H, Gerdes N, Jung C. Acute and short-term fluctuations in gravity are associated with changes in circulatory plasma protein levels. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:25. [PMID: 38438462 PMCID: PMC10912449 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Gravitational changes between micro- and hypergravity cause several adaptations and alterations in the human body. Besides muscular atrophy and immune system impairment, effects on the circulatory system have been described, which can be associated with a wide range of blood biomarker changes. This study examined nine individuals (seven males, two females) during a parabolic flight campaign (PFC). Thirty-one parabolas were performed in one flight day, resulting in ~22 s of microgravity during each parabola. Each participant was subjected to a single flight day with a total of 31 parabolas, totaling 11 min of microgravity during one parabolic flight. Before and after (1 hour (h) and 24 h), the flights blood was sampled to examine potential gravity-induced changes of circulating plasma proteins. Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) offers a proteomic solution, enabling the simultaneous analysis of a wide variety of plasma proteins. From 2925 unique proteins analyzed, 251 (8.58%) proteins demonstrated a differential regulation between baseline, 1 h and 24 h post flight. Pathway analysis indicated that parabolic flights led to altered levels of proteins associated with vesicle organization and apoptosis up to 24 h post microgravity exposure. Varying gravity conditions are associated with poorly understood physiological changes, including stress responses and fluid shifts. We provide a publicly available library of gravity-modulated circulating protein levels illustrating numerous changes in cellular pathways relevant for inter-organ function and communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lang
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Binneboessel
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Nienhaus
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphael Romano Bruno
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Wolff
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Piayda
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Pfeiler
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hakima Ezzahoini
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Oehler
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toto E, Lambertini L, Laurenzi S, Santonicola MG. Recent Advances and Challenges in Polymer-Based Materials for Space Radiation Shielding. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:382. [PMID: 38337271 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Space exploration requires the use of suitable materials to protect astronauts and structures from the hazardous effects of radiation, in particular, ionizing radiation, which is ubiquitous in the hostile space environment. In this scenario, polymer-based materials and composites play a crucial role in achieving effective radiation shielding while providing low-weight and tailored mechanical properties to spacecraft components. This work provides an overview of the latest developments and challenges in polymer-based materials designed for radiation-shielding applications in space. Recent advances in terms of both experimental and numerical studies are discussed. Different approaches to enhancing the radiation-shielding performance are reported, such as integrating various types of nanofillers within polymer matrices and optimizing the materials design. Furthermore, this review explores the challenges in developing multifunctional materials that are able to provide radiation protection. By summarizing the state-of-the-art research and identifying emerging trends, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to identify polymer materials and composites that are most useful to protect human health and spacecraft performance in the harsh radiation conditions that are typically found during missions in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Toto
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Lambertini
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Laurenzi
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Santonicola
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Edwards S, Adams J, Tchernikov A, Edwards JG. Low-dose X-ray radiation induces an adaptive response: A potential countermeasure to galactic cosmic radiation exposure. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38180298 DOI: 10.1113/ep091350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Space exploration involves many dangers including galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). This class of radiation includes high-energy protons and heavy ionizing ions. NASA has defined GCR as a carcinogenic risk for long-duration space missions. To date, no clear strategy has been developed to counter chronic GCR exposure. We hypothesize that preconditioning cells with low levels of radiation will be protective from subsequent higher radiation exposures. H9C2 cells were pretreated with 0.1 to 1.0 Gy X-rays. The challenge radiation exposure consisted of either 8 Gy X-rays or 75 cGy of GCR, using a five-ion GCRsim protocol. A cell doubling time assay was used to determine cell viability. An 8 Gy X-ray challenge alone significantly (P < 0.05) increased cell doubling time compared to the no-radiation control group. Low-dose radiation pre-treatment ameliorated the 8 Gy X-ray-induced increases in cell doubling time. A 75 cGy GCR challenge alone significantly increased cell doubling time compared to the no-radiation group. Following the 75 cGy challenge, only the 0.5 and 1.0 Gy pre-treatment ameliorated the 75 cGy-induced increases in cell doubling time. DNA damage or pathological oxidant stress will delay replicative functions and increase cell doubling time. Our results suggested that pretreatment with low-dose X-rays induced an adaptive response which offered a small but significant protection against a following higher radiation challenge. Although perhaps not a practical countermeasure, these findings may serve to offer insight into cell signalling pathways activated in response to low-dose irradiation and targeted for countermeasure development.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Z, Li Y, Rasheed M, Wang H, Lei R, Zhao T, Deng Y, Ma H. Altered expression of inflammation-associated molecules in striatum: an implication for sensitivity to heavy ion radiations. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1252958. [PMID: 38107411 PMCID: PMC10725200 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1252958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Heavy ion radiation is one of the major hazards astronauts face during space expeditions, adversely affecting the central nervous system. Radiation causes severe damage to sensitive brain regions, especially the striatum, resulting in cognitive impairment and other physiological issues in astronauts. However, the intensity of brain damage and associated underlying molecular pathological mechanisms mediated by heavy ion radiation are still unknown. The present study is aimed to identify the damaging effect of heavy ion radiation on the striatum and associated underlying pathological mechanisms. Materials and methods Two parallel cohorts of rats were exposed to radiation in multiple doses and times. Cohort I was exposed to 15 Gy of 12C6+ ions radiation, whereas cohort II was exposed to 3.4 Gy and 8 Gy with 56Fe26+ ions irradiation. Physiological and behavioural tests were performed, followed by 18F-FDG-PET scans, transcriptomics analysis of the striatum, and in-vitro studies to verify the interconnection between immune cells and neurons. Results Both cohorts revealed more persistent striatum dysfunction than other brain regions under heavy ion radiation at multiple doses and time, exposed by physiological, behavioural, and 18F-FDG-PET scans. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that striatum dysfunction is linked with an abnormal immune system. In vitro studies demonstrated that radiation mediated diversified effects on different immune cells and sustained monocyte viability but inhibited its differentiation and migration, leading to chronic neuroinflammation in the striatum and might affect other associated brain regions. Conclusion Our findings suggest that striatum dysfunction under heavy ion radiation activates abnormal immune systems, leading to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Runhong Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zaccardi F, Toto E, Rastogi S, La Saponara V, Santonicola MG, Laurenzi S. Impact of Proton Irradiation on Medium Density Polyethylene/Carbon Nanocomposites for Space Shielding Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1288. [PMID: 37049381 PMCID: PMC10097310 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel materials with improved radiation shielding capability is a fundamental step towards the optimization of passive radiation countermeasures. Polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) can be a good compromise for maintaining the radiation shielding properties of the hydrogen-rich polymer while endowing the material with multifunctional properties. In this work, nanocomposite materials based on medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) loaded with different amounts of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), GNPs, and hybrid MWCNT/GNP nanofillers were fabricated, and their properties were examined before and after proton exposure. The effects of irradiation were evaluated in terms of modifications in the chemical and physical structure, wettability, and surface morphology of the nanocomposites. The aim of this work was to define and compare the MDPE-based nanocomposite behavior under proton irradiation in order to establish the best system for applications as space shielding materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zaccardi
- Department of Astronautical Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Toto
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Shreya Rastogi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA (V.L.S.)
| | - Valeria La Saponara
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA (V.L.S.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Santonicola
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Susanna Laurenzi
- Department of Astronautical Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Putt KS, Du Y, Fu H, Zhang ZY. High-throughput screening strategies for space-based radiation countermeasure discovery. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:88-104. [PMID: 36336374 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As humanity begins to venture further into space, approaches to better protect astronauts from the hazards found in space need to be developed. One particular hazard of concern is the complex radiation that is ever present in deep space. Currently, it is unlikely enough spacecraft shielding could be launched that would provide adequate protection to astronauts during long-duration missions such as a journey to Mars and back. In an effort to identify other means of protection, prophylactic radioprotective drugs have been proposed as a potential means to reduce the biological damage caused by this radiation. Unfortunately, few radioprotectors have been approved by the FDA for usage and for those that have been developed, they protect normal cells/tissues from acute, high levels of radiation exposure such as that from oncology radiation treatments. To date, essentially no radioprotectors have been developed that specifically counteract the effects of chronic low-dose rate space radiation. This review highlights how high-throughput screening (HTS) methodologies could be implemented to identify such a radioprotective agent. Several potential target, pathway, and phenotypic assays are discussed along with potential challenges towards screening for radioprotectors. Utilizing HTS strategies such as the ones proposed here have the potential to identify new chemical scaffolds that can be developed into efficacious radioprotectors that are specifically designed to protect astronauts during deep space journeys. The overarching goal of this review is to elicit broader interest in applying drug discovery techniques, specifically HTS towards the identification of radiation countermeasures designed to be efficacious towards the biological insults likely to be encountered by astronauts on long duration voyages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jirak P, Mirna M, Rezar R, Motloch LJ, Lichtenauer M, Jordan J, Binneboessel S, Tank J, Limper U, Jung C. How spaceflight challenges human cardiovascular health. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:1399-1411. [PMID: 35148376 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The harsh environmental conditions in space, particularly weightlessness and radiation exposure, can negatively affect cardiovascular function and structure. In the future, preventive cardiology will be crucial in enabling safe space travel. Indeed, future space missions destined to the Moon and from there to Mars will create new challenges to cardiovascular health while limiting medical management. Moreover, commercial spaceflight evolves rapidly such that older persons with cardiovascular risk factors will be exposed to space conditions. This review provides an overview on studies conducted in space and in terrestrial models, particularly head-down bedrest studies. These studies showed that weightlessness elicits a fluid shift towards the head, which likely predisposes to the spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome, neck vein thrombosis, and orthostatic intolerance after return to Earth. Moreover, cardiovascular unloading produces cardiopulmonary deconditioning which may be associated with cardiac atrophy. In addition to limiting physical performance, the mechanism further worsens orthostatic tolerance after return to Earth. Finally, space conditions may directly affect vascular health, however, the clinical relevance of these findings in terms of morbidity and mortality is unknown. Targeted preventive measures, which are referred to as countermeasures in aerospace medicine, and technologies to identify vascular risks early on will be required to maintain cardiovascular performance and health during future space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jirak
- Clinic II for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Moritz Mirna
- Clinic II for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Rezar
- Clinic II for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas J Motloch
- Clinic II for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Clinic II for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Binneboessel
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Tank
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Limper
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020342. [PMID: 35203551 PMCID: PMC8961781 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissociation of bone formation and resorption is an important physiological process during spaceflight. It also occurs during local skeletal unloading or immobilization, such as in people with neuromuscular disorders or those who are on bed rest. Under these conditions, the physiological systems of the human body are perturbed down to the cellular level. Through the absence of mechanical stimuli, the musculoskeletal system and, predominantly, the postural skeletal muscles are largely affected. Despite in-flight exercise countermeasures, muscle wasting and bone loss occur, which are associated with spaceflight duration. Nevertheless, countermeasures can be effective, especially by preventing muscle wasting to rescue both postural and dynamic as well as muscle performance. Thus far, it is largely unknown how changes in bone microarchitecture evolve over the long term in the absence of a gravity vector and whether bone loss incurred in space or following the return to the Earth fully recovers or partly persists. In this review, we highlight the different mechanisms and factors that regulate the humoral crosstalk between the muscle and the bone. Further we focus on the interplay between currently known myokines and osteokines and their mutual regulation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shuryak I, Slaba TC, Plante I, Poignant F, Blattnig SR, Brenner DJ. A practical approach for continuous in situ characterization of radiation quality factors in space. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1453. [PMID: 35087104 PMCID: PMC8795169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The space radiation environment is qualitatively different from Earth, and its radiation hazard is generally quantified relative to photons using quality factors that allow assessment of biologically-effective dose. Two approaches exist for estimating radiation quality factors in complex low/intermediate-dose radiation environments: one is a fluence-based risk cross-section approach, which requires very detailed in silico characterization of the radiation field and biological cross sections, and thus cannot realistically be used for in situ monitoring. By contrast, the microdosimetric approach, using measured (or calculated) distributions of microdosimetric energy deposition together with empirical biological weighting functions, is conceptually and practically simpler. To demonstrate feasibility of the microdosimetric approach, we estimated a biological weighting function for one specific endpoint, heavy-ion-induced tumorigenesis in APC1638N/+ mice, which was unfolded from experimental results after a variety of heavy ion exposures together with corresponding calculated heavy ion microdosimetric energy deposition spectra. Separate biological weighting functions were unfolded for targeted and non-targeted effects, and these differed substantially. We folded these biological weighting functions with microdosimetric energy deposition spectra for different space radiation environments, and conclude that the microdosimetric approach is indeed practical and, in conjunction with in-situ measurements of microdosimetric spectra, can allow continuous readout of biologically-effective dose during space flight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Tony C Slaba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
| | | | | | | | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reindl J, Kundrat P, Girst S, Sammer M, Schwarz B, Dollinger G. Dosimetry of heavy ion exposure to human cells using nanoscopic imaging of double strand break repair protein clusters. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1305. [PMID: 35079078 PMCID: PMC8789836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is constantly exposed to ionizing radiation of different qualities. Especially the exposure to high-LET (linear energy transfer) particles increases due to new tumor therapy methods using e.g. carbon ions. Furthermore, upon radiation accidents, a mixture of radiation of different quality is adding up to human radiation exposure. Finally, long-term space missions such as the mission to mars pose great challenges to the dose assessment an astronaut was exposed to. Currently, DSB counting using γH2AX foci is used as an exact dosimetric measure for individuals. Due to the size of the γH2AX IRIF of ~ 0.6 µm, it is only possible to count DSB when they are separated by this distance. For high-LET particle exposure, the distance of the DSB is too small to be separated and the dose will be underestimated. In this study, we developed a method where it is possible to count DSB which are separated by a distance of ~ 140 nm. We counted the number of ionizing radiation-induced pDNA-PKcs (DNA-PKcs phosphorylated at T2609) foci (size = 140 nm ± 20 nm) in human HeLa cells using STED super-resolution microscopy that has an intrinsic resolution of 100 nm. Irradiation was performed at the ion microprobe SNAKE using high-LET 20 MeV lithium (LET = 116 keV/µm) and 27 MeV carbon ions (LET = 500 keV/µm). pDNA-PKcs foci label all DSB as proven by counterstaining with 53BP1 after low-LET γ-irradiation where separation of individual DSB is in most cases larger than the 53BP1 gross size of about 0.6 µm. Lithium ions produce (1.5 ± 0.1) IRIF/µm track length, for carbon ions (2.2 ± 0.2) IRIF/µm are counted. These values are enhanced by a factor of 2–3 compared to conventional foci counting of high-LET tracks. Comparison of the measurements to PARTRAC simulation data proof the consistency of results. We used these data to develop a measure for dosimetry of high-LET or mixed particle radiation exposure directly in the biological sample. We show that proper dosimetry for radiation up to a LET of 240 keV/µm is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Reindl
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität Der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - P Kundrat
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität Der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Girst
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität Der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - M Sammer
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität Der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - B Schwarz
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität Der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - G Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität Der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tang H, Rising HH, Majji M, Brown RD. Long-Term Space Nutrition: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010194. [PMID: 35011072 PMCID: PMC8747021 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to identify current evidence and gaps in the field of long-term space nutrition. Specifically, the review targeted critical nutritional needs during long-term manned missions in outer space in addition to the essential components of a sustainable space nutrition system for meeting these needs. The search phrase "space food and the survival of astronauts in long-term missions" was used to collect the initial 5432 articles from seven Chinese and seven English databases. From these articles, two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts to identify 218 articles for full-text reviews based on three themes and 18 keyword combinations as eligibility criteria. The results suggest that it is possible to address short-term adverse environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies by adopting effective dietary measures, selecting the right types of foods and supplements, and engaging in specific sustainable food production and eating practices. However, to support self-sufficiency during long-term space exploration, the most optimal and sustainable space nutrition systems are likely to be supported primarily by fresh food production, natural unprocessed foods as diets, nutrient recycling of food scraps and cultivation systems, and the establishment of closed-loop biospheres or landscape-based space habitats as long-term life support systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Hope Hui Rising
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Manoranjan Majji
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Robert D. Brown
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim H, Shin Y, Kim DH. Mechanobiological Implications of Cancer Progression in Space. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740009. [PMID: 34957091 PMCID: PMC8692837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is normally adapted to maintain homeostasis in a terrestrial environment. The novel conditions of a space environment introduce challenges that changes the cellular response to its surroundings. Such an alteration causes physical changes in the extracellular microenvironment, inducing the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) from cancer cells to enhance cancer malignancy. Cancer is one of the most prominent cell types to be affected by mechanical cues via active interaction with the tumor microenvironment. However, the mechanism by which cancer cells mechanotransduce in the space environment, as well as the influence of this process on human health, have not been fully elucidated. Due to the growing interest in space biology, this article reviews cancer cell responses to the representative conditions altered in space: microgravity, decompression, and irradiation. Interestingly, cytokine and gene expression that assist in tumor survival, invasive phenotypic transformation, and cancer cell proliferation are upregulated when exposed to both simulated and actual space conditions. The necessity of further research on space mechanobiology such as simulating more complex in vivo experiments or finding other mechanical cues that may be encountered during spaceflight are emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyondeog Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sihver L, Mortazavi SMJ. Biological Protection in Deep Space Missions. J Biomed Phys Eng 2021; 11:663-674. [PMID: 34904063 PMCID: PMC8649166 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During deep space missions, astronauts are exposed to highly ionizing radiation, incl. neutrons, protons and heavy ions from galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar wind (SW) and solar energetic particles
(SEP). This increase the risks for cancerogenisis, damages in central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular diseases, etc. Large SEP events can even cause acute radiation syndrome (ARS).
Long term manned deep space missions will therefor require unique radiation protection strategies. Since it has been shown that physical shielding alone is not sufficient, this paper
propose pre-flight screening of the aspirants for evaluation of their level of adaptive responses. Methods for boosting their immune system, should also be further investigated,
and the possibility of using radiation effect modulators are discussed. In this paper, especially, the use of vitamin C as a promising non-toxic, cost-effective, easily available
radiation mitigator (which can be used hours after irradiation), is described. Although it has previously been shown that vitamin C can decrease radiation-induced chromosomal damage in rodents,
it must be further investigated before any conclusions about its radiation mitigating properties in humans can be concluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lembit Sihver
- PhD, Department of Radiation Physics, Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- PhD, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Strigari L, Strolin S, Morganti AG, Bartoloni A. Dose-Effects Models for Space Radiobiology: An Overview on Dose-Effect Relationships. Front Public Health 2021; 9:733337. [PMID: 34820349 PMCID: PMC8606590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.733337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiobiology is an interdisciplinary science that examines the biological effects of ionizing radiation on humans involved in aerospace missions. The dose-effect models are one of the relevant topics of space radiobiology. Their knowledge is crucial for optimizing radioprotection strategies (e.g., spaceship and lunar space station-shielding and lunar/Mars village design), the risk assessment of the health hazard related to human space exploration, and reducing damages induced to astronauts from galactic cosmic radiation. Dose-effect relationships describe the observed damages to normal tissues or cancer induction during and after space flights. They are developed for the various dose ranges and radiation qualities characterizing the actual and the forecast space missions [International Space Station (ISS) and solar system exploration]. Based on a Pubmed search including 53 papers reporting the collected dose-effect relationships after space missions or in ground simulations, 7 significant dose-effect relationships (e.g., eye flashes, cataract, central nervous systems, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chromosomal aberrations, and biomarkers) have been identified. For each considered effect, the absorbed dose thresholds and the uncertainties/limitations of the developed relationships are summarized and discussed. The current knowledge on this topic can benefit from further in vitro and in vivo radiobiological studies, an accurate characterization of the quality of space radiation, and the numerous experimental dose-effects data derived from the experience in the clinical use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic or treatments with doses similar to those foreseen for the future space missions. The growing number of pooled studies could improve the prediction ability of dose-effect relationships for space exposure and reduce their uncertainty level. Novel research in the field is of paramount importance to reduce damages to astronauts from cosmic radiation before Beyond Low Earth Orbit exploration in the next future. The study aims at providing an overview of the published dose-effect relationships and illustrates novel perspectives to inspire future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Strigari
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Strolin
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Radiation Oncology Center, School of Medicine, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Naito M, Kitamura H, Koike M, Kusano H, Kusumoto T, Uchihori Y, Endo T, Hagiwara Y, Kiyono N, Kodama H, Matsuo S, Mikoshiba R, Takami Y, Yamanaka M, Akiyama H, Nishimura W, Kodaira S. Applicability of composite materials for space radiation shielding of spacecraft. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 31:71-79. [PMID: 34689952 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Energetic ion beam experiments with major space radiation elements, 1H, 4He, 16O, 28Si and 56Fe, have been conducted to investigate the radiation shielding properties of composite materials. These materials are expected to be used for parts and fixtures of space vehicles due to both their mechanical strength and their space radiation shielding capabilities. Low Z materials containing hydrogen are effective for shielding protons and heavy ions due to their high stopping power and large fragmentation cross section per unit mass. The stopping power of the composite materials used in this work is intermediate between that of aluminum and polyethylene, which are typical structural and shielding materials used in space. The total charge-changing cross sections per unit mass, σUM, of the composite materials are 1.3-1.8 times larger than that of aluminum. By replacing conventional aluminum used for spacecraft with commercially available composite (carbon fiber / polyether ether ketone), it is expected that the shielding effect is increased by ∼17%. The utilization of composite materials will help mitigate the space radiation hazard on future deep space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Naito
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kitamura
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masamune Koike
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kusano
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tamon Kusumoto
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Uchihori
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Endo
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hagiwara
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Naoki Kiyono
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kodama
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Shinobu Matsuo
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Ryo Mikoshiba
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takami
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamanaka
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Akiyama
- Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishimura
- Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soler I, Yun S, Reynolds RP, Whoolery CW, Tran FH, Kumar PL, Rong Y, DeSalle MJ, Gibson AD, Stowe AM, Kiffer FC, Eisch AJ. Multi-Domain Touchscreen-Based Cognitive Assessment of C57BL/6J Female Mice Shows Whole-Body Exposure to 56Fe Particle Space Radiation in Maturity Improves Discrimination Learning Yet Impairs Stimulus-Response Rule-Based Habit Learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:722780. [PMID: 34707486 PMCID: PMC8543003 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.722780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts during interplanetary missions will be exposed to galactic cosmic radiation, including charged particles like 56Fe. Most preclinical studies with mature, "astronaut-aged" rodents suggest space radiation diminishes performance in classical hippocampal- and prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks. However, a rodent cognitive touchscreen battery unexpectedly revealed 56Fe radiation improves the performance of C57BL/6J male mice in a hippocampal-dependent task (discrimination learning) without changing performance in a striatal-dependent task (rule-based learning). As there are conflicting results on whether the female rodent brain is preferentially injured by or resistant to charged particle exposure, and as the proportion of female vs. male astronauts is increasing, further study on how charged particles influence the touchscreen cognitive performance of female mice is warranted. We hypothesized that, similar to mature male mice, mature female C57BL/6J mice exposed to fractionated whole-body 56Fe irradiation (3 × 6.7cGy 56Fe over 5 days, 600 MeV/n) would improve performance vs. Sham conditions in touchscreen tasks relevant to hippocampal and prefrontal cortical function [e.g., location discrimination reversal (LDR) and extinction, respectively]. In LDR, 56Fe female mice more accurately discriminated two discrete conditioned stimuli relative to Sham mice, suggesting improved hippocampal function. However, 56Fe and Sham female mice acquired a new simple stimulus-response behavior and extinguished this acquired behavior at similar rates, suggesting similar prefrontal cortical function. Based on prior work on multiple memory systems, we next tested whether improved hippocampal-dependent function (discrimination learning) came at the expense of striatal stimulus-response rule-based habit learning (visuomotor conditional learning). Interestingly, 56Fe female mice took more days to reach criteria in this striatal-dependent rule-based test relative to Sham mice. Together, our data support the idea of competition between memory systems, as an 56Fe-induced decrease in striatal-based learning is associated with enhanced hippocampal-based learning. These data emphasize the power of using a touchscreen-based battery to advance our understanding of the effects of space radiation on mission critical cognitive function in females, and underscore the importance of preclinical space radiation risk studies measuring multiple cognitive processes, thereby preventing NASA's risk assessments from being based on a single cognitive domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Soler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan P. Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cody W. Whoolery
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Fionya H. Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Priya L. Kumar
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuying Rong
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J. DeSalle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam D. Gibson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ann M. Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Frederico C. Kiffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amelia J. Eisch
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu AE, French B, Sakata R, Bhatti P, Bockwoldt B, Grant EJ, Phipps AI. The possible impact of passive smoke exposure on radiation-related risk estimates for lung cancer among women: the life span study of atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1548-1554. [PMID: 34473600 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1976863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analyses of the Life Span Study cohort of atomic bomb survivors have shown a statistically significant sex difference in the excess risk of incident lung cancer due to radiation exposure, with the radiation-related excess relative risk per gray (ERR/Gy) for women approximately 4 times that for men, after accounting for active smoking. We sought to determine the extent to which this risk difference could be explained by adjustment for passive smoke exposure, which is a known risk factor for lung cancer that was not measured among Life Span Study participants, and which could be particularly influential among female never-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Life Span Study includes survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and city residents who were not in either city at the time of the bombings, matched to survivors on city, sex, and age. First primary lung cancers were identified from population-based cancer registries between 1958 and 2009. Data on active smoking were obtained from mailed surveys and in-person questionnaires (1965-1991). We calculated passive smoke exposure for female never-smokers by attributing smoking pack-years at various intensities (5-50%) based on smoking patterns among men, stratified by city, birth year, radiation dose, and lung cancer status. Poisson regression models with additive and multiplicative interactions between radiation dose and smoking were used to estimate sex-specific radiation-related excess relative risks for lung cancer. RESULTS During the study period, 2,446 first primary lung cancers were identified among 105,444 study participants. On average, male smokers started smoking 19.5 cigarettes per day at 21.5 years old. Partially attributing male smoking patterns to female never-smokers-to approximate passive smoke exposure-yielded lower radiation-related ERR/Gy estimates for women under a multiplicative radiation-smoking interaction model, leading to a lower female-to-male ratio of ERR/Gy estimates; however, this difference was evident only at very high passive smoke intensities. Under an additive radiation-smoking interaction model, the results were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the possibility that failure to account for passive smoke might contribute, in small part, to the higher radiation risk estimates for lung cancer among women compared to men in the Life Span Study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin French
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ritsu Sakata
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brandie Bockwoldt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric J Grant
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Amanda I Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McCarron RA, Barnard SGR, Babini G, Dalke C, Graw J, Leonardi S, Mancuso M, Moquet JE, Pawliczek D, Pazzaglia S, De Stefano I, Ainsbury EA. Radiation-Induced Lens Opacity and Cataractogenesis: A Lifetime Study Using Mice of Varying Genetic Backgrounds. Radiat Res 2021; 197:57-66. [PMID: 33984859 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00266.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological findings and reanalysis of historical data suggest lens opacities resulting from ionizing radiation exposures are likely induced at lower doses than previously thought. These observations have led to ICRP recommendations for a reduction in the occupational dose limits for the eye lens, as well as subsequent implementation in EU member states. The EU CONCERT LDLensRad project was initiated to further understand the effects of ionizing radiation on the lens and identify the mechanism(s) involved in radiation-induced cataract, as well as the impact of dose and dose-rate. Here, we present the results of a long-term study of changes to lens opacity in male and female adult mice from a variety of different genetic (radiosensitive or radioresistant) backgrounds, including mutant strains Ercc2 and Ptch1, which were assumed to be susceptible to radiation-induced lens opacities. Mice received 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy 60Co gamma-ray irradiation at dose rates of 0.063 and 0.3 Gy min-1. Scheimpflug imaging was used to quantify lens opacification as an early indicator of cataract, with monthly observations taken postirradiation for an 18-month period in all strains apart from 129S2, which were observed for 12 months. Opacification of the lens was found to increase with time postirradiation (with age) for most mouse models, with ionizing radiation exposure increasing opacities further. Sex, dose, dose rate and genetic background were all found to be significant contributors to opacification; however, significant interactions were identified, which meant that the impact of these factors was strain dependent. Mean lens density increased with higher dose and dose rate in the presence of Ercc2 and Ptch1 mutations. This project was the first to focus on low (<1 Gy) dose, multiple dose rate, sex and strain effects in lens opacification, and clearly demonstrates the importance of these experimental factors in radiobiological investigations on the lens. The results provide insight into the effects of ionizing radiation on the lens as well as the need for further work in this area to underpin appropriate radiation protection legislation and guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A McCarron
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - S G R Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom.,Durham University, School of Biosciences, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - G Babini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - C Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Graw
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - S Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - M Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - J E Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - D Pawliczek
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - S Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - I De Stefano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - E A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Romanella SM, Sprugnoli G, Ruffini G, Seyedmadani K, Rossi S, Santarnecchi E. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation & Space Exploration: Opportunities and Challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:294-319. [PMID: 32937115 PMCID: PMC8361862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As NASA prepares for longer space missions aiming for the Moon and Mars, astronauts' health and performance are becoming a central concern due to the threats associated with galactic cosmic radiation, unnatural gravity fields, and life in extreme environments. In space, the human brain undergoes functional and structural changes related to fluid shift and changes in intracranial pressure. Behavioral abnormalities, such as cognitive deficits, sleep disruption, and visuomotor difficulties, as well as psychological effects, are also an issue. We discuss opportunities and challenges of noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) methods - including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) - to support space exploration in several ways. NiBS includes safe and portable techniques already applied in a wide range of cognitive and motor domains, as well as therapeutically. NiBS could be used to enhance in-flight performance, supporting astronauts during pre-flight Earth-based training, as well as to identify biomarkers of post-flight brain changes for optimization of rehabilitation/compensatory strategies. We review these NiBS techniques and their effects on brain physiology, psychology, and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Romanella
- Siena Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - G Sprugnoli
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Radiology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Ruffini
- Neuroelectrics Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Seyedmadani
- University Space Research Association NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - E Santarnecchi
- Siena Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zea L, McLean RJ, Rook TA, Angle G, Carter DL, Delegard A, Denvir A, Gerlach R, Gorti S, McIlwaine D, Nur M, Peyton BM, Stewart PS, Sturman P, Velez Justiniano YA. Potential biofilm control strategies for extended spaceflight missions. Biofilm 2020; 2:100026. [PMID: 33447811 PMCID: PMC7798464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2020.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms, surface-adherent microbial communities, are associated with microbial fouling and corrosion in terrestrial water-distribution systems. Biofilms are also present in human spaceflight, particularly in the Water Recovery System (WRS) on the International Space Station (ISS). The WRS is comprised of the Urine Processor Assembly (UPA) and the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) which together recycles wastewater from human urine and recovered humidity from the ISS atmosphere. These wastewaters and various process streams are continually inoculated with microorganisms primarily arising from the space crew microbiome. Biofilm-related fouling has been encountered and addressed in spacecraft in low Earth orbit, including ISS and the Russian Mir Space Station. However, planned future missions beyond low Earth orbit to the Moon and Mars present additional challenges, as resupplying spare parts or support materials would be impractical and the mission timeline would be in the order of years in the case of a mission to Mars. In addition, future missions are expected to include a period of dormancy in which the WRS would be unused for an extended duration. The concepts developed in this review arose from a workshop including NASA personnel and representatives with biofilm expertise from a wide range of industrial and academic backgrounds. Here, we address current strategies that are employed on Earth for biofilm control, including antifouling coatings and biocides and mechanisms for mitigating biofilm growth and damage. These ideas are presented in the context of their applicability to spaceflight and identify proposed new topics of biofilm control that need to be addressed in order to facilitate future extended, crewed, spaceflight missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Zea
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robin Gerlach
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Sridhar Gorti
- NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Mononita Nur
- NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Brent M. Peyton
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Philip S. Stewart
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Paul Sturman
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rikhi R, Samra G, Arustamyan M, Patel J, Zhou L, Bungo B, Moudgil R. Radiation induced cardiovascular disease: An odyssey of bedside-bench-bedside approach. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 27:49-55. [PMID: 34756229 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The journey to Mars will be an ambitious, yet arduous task as it will entail culmination of all the information we have gathered over many decades. While the mission is of utmost importance, preservation of astronaut's well-being is paramount also. To that end, mitigation of radiation risk especially afflicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) is of great interest and challenge. Current data from astronauts on low earth orbit and Apollo missions provides insight on the risk of CVD from radiation exposure. However, data is limited given the small cohort size of astronauts who embarked on just nine prolonged missions. Therefore, a cerebral approach to understanding and mitigating risks are essential. This paper discusses the need for a predictive preclinical model to help understand and mitigate the effects of radiation on astronauts. We will discuss strengths and limitations of preclinical models and the methods of validating and constructing a model to predict human clinical outcomes. Our bedside-bench-bedside approach focuses on adapting the preclinical model through common investigative tools used between humans and animals. The result will be an optimization of preclinical model to a point of being a surrogate clinical model capable of predicting CVD outcomes in astronauts exposed to radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Rikhi
- Section of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gursharan Samra
- Section of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Arustamyan
- Section of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Section of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Leon Zhou
- Section of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Brandon Bungo
- Section of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rohit Moudgil
- Section of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Naito M, Hasebe N, Shikishima M, Amano Y, Haruyama J, Matias-Lopes JA, Kim KJ, Kodaira S. Radiation dose and its protection in the Moon from galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles: at the lunar surface and in a lava tube. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:947-961. [PMID: 32964860 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abb120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The lunar surface is directly and continuously exposed to Galactic Cosmic ray (GCR) particles and Solar energetic particles (SEPs) due to the lack of atmosphere and lunar magnetic field. These charged particles interact with the lunar surface materials producing secondary radiations such as neutrons and gamma rays. In a departure from precise GCR and SEP data, we estimated the effective dose equivalent at the lunar surface and in a lunar lava tube in this paper by using PHITS, a Monte Carlo simulation tool. The effective dose equivalent due to GCR particles at the lunar surface reached 416.0 mSv yr-1 and that due to SEPs reached 2190 mSv/event. On the other hand, the vertical hole of the lava tube provides significant radiation protection. The exposure by GCR particles at the bottom of the vertical hole with a depth of 43 m was found to be below 30 mSv yr-1 while inside a horizontal lava tube, the value was less than 1 mSv yr-1 which is the reference value for human exposure on the Earth. We expect that the lunar holes will be useful components in the practical design of a lunar base to reduce radiation risk and to expand mission terms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Naito
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang S, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF, Yu J, Wang C, Fu Q, Zou Y, Sun Y, Wang C, Hou D, Böttcher SI, Burmeister S, Seimetz L, Schuster B, Knierim V, Shen G, Yuan B, Lohf H, Guo J, Xu Z, Freiherr von Forstner JL, Kulkarni SR, Xu H, Xue C, Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Berger T, Matthiä D, Hellweg CE, Hou X, Cao J, Chang Z, Zhang B, Chen Y, Geng H, Quan Z. First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1334. [PMID: 32978156 PMCID: PMC7518862 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human exploration of the Moon is associated with substantial risks to astronauts from space radiation. On the surface of the Moon, this consists of the chronic exposure to galactic cosmic rays and sporadic solar particle events. The interaction of this radiation field with the lunar soil leads to a third component that consists of neutral particles, i.e., neutrons and gamma radiation. The Lunar Lander Neutrons and Dosimetry experiment aboard China's Chang'E 4 lander has made the first ever measurements of the radiation exposure to both charged and neutral particles on the lunar surface. We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour and a neutral particle dose rate of 3.1 ± 0.5 μGy/hour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenyi Zhang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Robert F Wimmer-Schweingruber
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chi Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongliao Zou
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yueqiang Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunqin Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Donghui Hou
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Stephan I Böttcher
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sönke Burmeister
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Seimetz
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Schuster
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Violetta Knierim
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Guohong Shen
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Yuan
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Henning Lohf
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jingnan Guo
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zigong Xu
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Shrinivasrao R Kulkarni
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Haitao Xu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changbin Xue
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Thomas Berger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Matthiä
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine E Hellweg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xufeng Hou
- 18th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Tianjin, PR China
| | | | - Zhen Chang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Binquan Zhang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuesong Chen
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Geng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zida Quan
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The Effect of Low Temperatures on Environmental Radiation Damage in Living Systems: Does Hypothermia Show Promise for Space Travel? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176349. [PMID: 32882991 PMCID: PMC7504535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature treatments (i.e., hypothermia) may be one way of regulating environmental radiation damage in living systems. With this in mind, hibernation under hypothermic conditions has been proposed as a useful approach for long-term human space flight. However, the underlying mechanisms of hypothermia-induced radioresistance are as yet undetermined, and the conventional risk assessment of radiation exposure during hibernation remains insufficient for estimating the effects of chronic exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). To promote scientific discussions on the application of hibernation in space travel, this literature review provides an overview of the progress to date in the interdisciplinary research field of radiation biology and hypothermia and addresses possible issues related to hypothermic treatments as countermeasures against GCRs. At present, there are concerns about the potential effects of chronic radiation exposure on neurological disorders, carcinogenesis, ischemia heat failures, and infertility in astronauts; these require further study. These concerns may be resolved by comparing and integrating data gleaned from experimental and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Naito M, Kodaira S, Ogawara R, Tobita K, Someya Y, Kusumoto T, Kusano H, Kitamura H, Koike M, Uchihori Y, Yamanaka M, Mikoshiba R, Endo T, Kiyono N, Hagiwara Y, Kodama H, Matsuo S, Takami Y, Sato T, Orimo SI. Investigation of shielding material properties for effective space radiation protection. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 26:69-76. [PMID: 32718689 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to investigate the possible shielding materials of aluminum, polyethylene, hydrides, complex hydrides and composite materials for radiation protection in spacecraft by considering two physical parameters, stopping power and fragmentation cross section. The dose reduction with shielding materials was investigated for Fe ions with energies of 500 MeV/n, 1 GeV/n and 2 GeV/n which are around the peak of the GCR energy spectrum. Fe ions easily stop in materials such as polyethylene and hydrides as opposed to materials such as aluminum and complex hydrides including high Z metals with contain little or no hydrogen. Attenuation of the primary particles in the shielding and fragmentation into more lightly charged and therefore more penetrating secondary particles are competing factors: attenuation acts to reduce the dose behind shielding while fragmentation increases it. Among hydrogenous materials, 6Li10BH4 was one of the more effective shielding materials as a function of mass providing a 20% greater dose reduction compared to polyethylene. Composite materials such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic and SiC composite plastic offer 1.9 times the dose reduction compared to aluminum as well as high mechanical strength. Composite materials have been found to be promising for spacecraft shielding, where both mass and volume are constrained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Naito
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Ryo Ogawara
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Tobita
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoji Someya
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tamon Kusumoto
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kusano
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kitamura
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masamune Koike
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Uchihori
- Space Quantum Research Group, QST Advanced Study Laboratory, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamanaka
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Ryo Mikoshiba
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Endo
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Naoki Kiyono
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hagiwara
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kodama
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Shinobu Matsuo
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takami
- Space Systems Division, Integrated Defense & Space Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Aichi 455-8515, Japan
| | - Toyoto Sato
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Orimo
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; WPI-Advanced Institute for Material Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Squire T, Ryan A, Bernard S. Radioprotective effects of induced astronaut torpor and advanced propulsion systems during deep space travel. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 26:105-113. [PMID: 32718676 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metabolic suppression is not a new concept, with 1950s scientific literature and movies demonstrating its potential use for deep space travel (Hock, 1960). An artificially induced state of metabolic suppression in the form of torpor would improve the amount of supplies required and therefore lessen weight and fuel required for missions to Mars and beyond (Choukèr et al., 2019). Transfer habitats for human stasis to Mars have been conceived (Bradford et al., 2018). Evidence suggests that animals, when hibernating, demonstrate relative radioprotection compared to their awake state. Experiments have also demonstrated relative radioprotection in conditions of hypothermia as well as during sleep (Bellesi et al., 2016 and Andersen et al., 2009). Circadian rhythm disrupted cells also appear to be more susceptible to radiation damage compared to those that are under a rhythmic control (Dakup et al., 2018). An induced torpor state for astronauts on deep space missions may provide a biological radioprotective state due to a decreased metabolism and hypothermic conditions. A regular enforced circadian rhythm might further limit DNA damage from radiation. The As Low As Reasonably Achievable (A.L.A.R.A.) radiation protection concept defines time, distance and shielding as ways to decrease radiation exposure. Whilst distance cannot be altered in space and shielding either passively or actively may be beneficial, time of exposure may be drastically decreased with improved propulsion systems. Whilst chemical propulsion systems have superior thrust to other systems, they lack high changes in velocity and fuel efficiency which can be achieved with nuclear or electric based propulsion systems. Radiation toxicity could be limited by reduced transit times, combined with the radioprotective effects of enforced circadian rhythms during a state of torpor or hibernation. OBJECTIVES 1. Investigate how the circadian clock and body temperature may contribute to radioprotection during human torpor on deep space missions. 2. Estimate radiation dose received by astronauts during a transit to Mars with varying propulsion systems. METHODS We simulated three types of conditions to investigate the potential radioprotective effect of the circadian clock and decreased temperature on cells being exposed to radiation such that may be the case during astronaut torpor. These conditions were: - Circadian clock strength: strong vs weak. - Light exposure: dark-dark vs light-dark cycle - Body temperature: 37C vs hypothermia vs torpor. We estimated transit times for a mission to Mars from Earth utilizing chemical, nuclear and electrical propulsion systems. Transit times were generated using the General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT) and Matlab. These times were then input into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Online Tool for the Assessment of Radiation In Space (OLTARIS) computer simulator to estimate doses received by an astronaut for the three propulsion methods. RESULTS Our simulation demonstrated an increase in radioprotection with decreasing temperature. The greatest degree of radioprotection was shown in cells that maintained a strong circadian clock during torpor. This was in contrast to relatively lower radioprotection in cells with a weak clock during normothermia. We were also able to demonstrate that if torpor weakened the circadian clock, a protective effect could be partially restored by an external drive such as lighting schedules to aid entrainment i.e.: Blue light exposure for periods of awake and no light for rest times For the propulsion simulation, estimated transit times from Earth to Mars were 258 days for chemical propulsion with 165.9mSv received, 209 days for nuclear propulsion with 134.4mSv received and 80 days for electrical propulsion with 51.4mSv received. CONCLUSION A state of torpor for astronauts on deep space missions may not only improve weight, fuel and storage requirements but also provide a potential biological radiation protection strategy. Moreover, maintaining a controlled circadian rhythm during torpor conditions may aid radioprotection. In the not too distant future, propulsion techniques will be improved to limit transit time and hence decrease radiation dose to astronauts. Limiting exposure time and enhancing physiological radioprotection during transit could provide superior radioprotection benefits compared with active and passive radiation shielding strategies alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Squire
- The Canberra Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology. Garran. Australian Capital Territory, Australia; University of Notre Dame Australia, School of Medicine. Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - A Ryan
- University of Sydney, Applied and Plasma Physics Research Group. School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Camperdown, NSW 2006. Australia
| | - S Bernard
- Université de Lyon. CNRS UMR5208 Institut Camille Jordan. Villeurbanne, France & Inria Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Steczina S, Tahimic CGT, Pendleton M, M'Saad O, Lowe M, Alwood JS, Halloran BP, Globus RK, Schreurs AS. Dietary countermeasure mitigates simulated spaceflight-induced osteopenia in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6484. [PMID: 32300161 PMCID: PMC7162976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight is a unique environment that includes at least two factors which can negatively impact skeletal health: microgravity and ionizing radiation. We have previously shown that a diet supplemented with dried plum powder (DP) prevented radiation-induced bone loss in mice. In this study, we investigated the capacity of the DP diet to prevent bone loss in mice following exposure to simulated spaceflight, combining microgravity (by hindlimb unloading) and radiation exposure. The DP diet was effective at preventing most decrements in bone micro-architectural and mechanical properties due to hindlimb unloading alone and simulated spaceflight. Furthermore, we show that the DP diet can protect osteoprogenitors from impairments resulting from simulated microgravity. Based on our findings, a dietary supplementation with DP could be an effective countermeasure against the skeletal deficits observed in astronauts during spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonette Steczina
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.,KBR, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Megan Pendleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ons M'Saad
- Space Life Sciences Training Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Bernard P Halloran
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Ann-Sofie Schreurs
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA. .,Universities Space Research Association, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yan B, Liu H, Liu B, Lin W, Liu J, Zhang H, Li C, Li X, Wang Y. Noise suppression of erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier through annealing effects. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:8719-8725. [PMID: 31873648 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.008719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, although annealing effects have been widely used to restore the power features of fiber amplifiers, their noise feature has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Thanks to the recovery of partial color centers (especially the ${{\rm Yb}^{2 + }}$Yb2+ center) through photobleaching, the absorption of seed signal light due to the presence of color centers is weakened, and the sensitized path of the irradiated erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier (EYDFA) is partially restored, which helps to suppress amplified spontaneous emission as well as increases the gain of the EYDFA. The thermal annealing process is performed by the first amplification stage of the EYDFA, and the increase in the optical signal-to-noise ratio of the signal light indicates that our proposed scheme could be also exploited to further improve the output performance of the EYDFA. This work is anticipated to open up new prospects for future optical communications systems based on pre-amplification technology.
Collapse
|
32
|
Walsh L, Schneider U, Fogtman A, Kausch C, McKenna-Lawlor S, Narici L, Ngo-Anh J, Reitz G, Sabatier L, Santin G, Sihver L, Straube U, Weber U, Durante M. Research plans in Europe for radiation health hazard assessment in exploratory space missions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 21:73-82. [PMID: 31101157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently expanding its efforts in identifying requirements and promoting research towards optimizing radiation protection of astronauts. Space agencies use common limits for tissue (deterministic) effects on the International Space Station. However, the agencies have in place different career radiation exposure limits (for stochastic effects) for astronauts in low-Earth orbit missions. Moreover, no specific limits for interplanetary missions are issued. Harmonization of risk models and dose limits for exploratory-class missions are now operational priorities, in view of the short-term plans for international exploratory-class human missions. The purpose of this paper is to report on the activity of the ESA Topical Team on space radiation research, whose task was to identify the most pertinent research requirements for improved space radiation protection and to develop a European space radiation risk model, to contribute to the efforts to reach international consensus on dose limits for deep space. The Topical Team recommended ESA to promote the development of a space radiation risk model based on European-specific expertise in: transport codes, radiobiological modelling, risk assessment, and uncertainty analysis. The model should provide cancer and non-cancer radiation risks for crews implementing exploratory missions. ESA should then support the International Commission on Radiological Protection to harmonize international models and dose limits in deep space, and guarantee continuous support in Europe for accelerator-based research configured to improve the models and develop risk mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U Schneider
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - C Kausch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - L Narici
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, and INFN, Roma-2 Section, Rome, Italy
| | - J Ngo-Anh
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - G Reitz
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Radiation Biology, Institue for Aerospace Medicine, DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Sabatier
- Fundamental Research Division, D3P, CEA, Paris-Saclay, France
| | - G Santin
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - L Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; MedAustron, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Boice JD. NCRP Vision for the Future and Program Area Committee Activities in 2018. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:282-294. [PMID: 30585977 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements' (NCRP) congressional charter aligns with our vision for the future: to improve radiation protection for the public and workers. This vision is embodied within NCRP's ongoing initiatives: preparedness for nuclear terrorism, increasing the number of radiation professionals critically needed for the nation, providing new guidance for comprehensive radiation protection in the United States, addressing the protection issues surrounding the ever-increasing use of ionizing radiation in medicine (the focus of this year's annual meeting), assessing radiation doses to aircrew related to higher altitude and longer flights, providing guidance on emerging radiation issues such as the radioactive waste from hydraulic fracturing, focusing on difficult issues such as high-level waste management, and providing better estimates of radiation risks at low doses within the framework of the Million Person Study of Low-Dose Radiation Health Effects. Cutting-edge initiatives included a reevaluation of the science behind recommendations for lens of the eye dose, recommendations for emergency responders on dosimetry after a major radiological incident, guidance to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration with regard to possible central nervous system effects from galactic cosmic rays (the high-energy, high-mass ions bounding through space), reevaluating the population exposure to medical radiation, and addressing whether the linear no-threshold model is still the best available for purposes of radiation protection (not for risk assessment). To address these initiatives and goals, NCRP has seven program area committees on biology and epidemiology, operational concerns, emergency response and preparedness, medicine, environmental issues and waste management, dosimetry, and communications. The NCRP vision for the future will continue and increase under the leadership of President-Elect Dr. Kathryn D. Held (Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and current NCRP executive director and chief science officer). The NCRP quest to improve radiation protection for the public is hindered only by limited resources, both human capital and financial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hada M, Ikeda H, Rhone JR, Beitman AJ, Plante I, Souda H, Yoshida Y, Held KD, Fujiwara K, Saganti PB, Takahashi A. Increased Chromosome Aberrations in Cells Exposed Simultaneously to Simulated Microgravity and Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E43. [PMID: 30583489 PMCID: PMC6337712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation and microgravity (μG) are two major environmental stressors for humans in space travel. One of the fundamental questions in space biology research is whether the combined effects of μG and exposure to cosmic radiation are interactive. While studies addressing this question have been carried out for half a century in space or using simulated μG on the ground, the reported results are ambiguous. For the assessment and management of human health risks in future Moon and Mars missions, it is necessary to obtain more basic data on the molecular and cellular responses to the combined effects of radiation and µG. Recently we incorporated a μG⁻irradiation system consisting of a 3D clinostat synchronized to a carbon-ion or X-ray irradiation system. Our new experimental setup allows us to avoid stopping clinostat rotation during irradiation, which was required in all other previous experiments. Using this system, human fibroblasts were exposed to X-rays or carbon ions under the simulated μG condition, and chromosomes were collected with the premature chromosome condensation method in the first mitosis. Chromosome aberrations (CA) were quantified by the 3-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method. Cells exposed to irradiation under the simulated μG condition showed a higher frequency of both simple and complex types of CA compared to cells irradiated under the static condition by either X-rays or carbon ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hada
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA.
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Jordan R Rhone
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA.
| | - Andrew J Beitman
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA.
| | - Ianik Plante
- KBRwyle, 2400 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77508, USA.
| | - Hikaru Souda
- Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Kathryn D Held
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cadiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Premkumar B Saganti
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA.
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Takahashi A, Wakihata S, Ma L, Adachi T, Hirose H, Yoshida Y, Ohira Y. Temporary Loading Prevents Cancer Progression and Immune Organ Atrophy Induced by Hind-Limb Unloading in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123959. [PMID: 30544854 PMCID: PMC6321260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the body's immune system is altered during spaceflight, the effects of microgravity (μG) on tumor growth and carcinogenesis are, as yet, unknown. To assess tumor proliferation and its effects on the immune system, we used a hind-limb unloading (HU) murine model to simulate μG during spaceflight. HU mice demonstrated significantly increased tumor growth, metastasis to the lung, and greater splenic and thymic atrophy compared with mice in constant orthostatic suspension and standard housing controls. In addition, mice undergoing temporary loading during HU (2 h per day) demonstrated no difference in cancer progression and immune organ atrophy compared with controls. Our findings suggest that temporary loading can prevent cancer progression and immune organ atrophy induced by HU. Further space experiment studies are warranted to elucidate the precise effects of μG on systemic immunity and cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Shoto Wakihata
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Liqiu Ma
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Takuya Adachi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Hirose
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Faculty and Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Fylaktakidou K, Sivridis E, Zois CE, Kalamida D, Mitrakas A, Pouliliou S, Karagounis IV, Simopoulos K, Ferguson DJP, Harris AL. SMER28 is a mTOR-independent small molecule enhancer of autophagy that protects mouse bone marrow and liver against radiotherapy. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:773-781. [PMID: 29387992 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective cytoprotectors that are selective for normal tissues could decrease radiotherapy and chemotherapy sequelae and facilitate the safe administration of higher radiation doses. This could improve the cure rates of radiotherapy for cancer patients. Autophagy is a cytoplasmic cellular process that is necessary for the clearance of damaged or aged proteins and organelles. It is a strong determinant of post-irradiation cell fate. In this study, we investigated the effect of the mTOR-independent small molecule enhancer of autophagy (SMER28) on mouse liver autophagy and post-irradiation recovery of mouse bone marrow and liver. SMER28 enhanced the autophagy flux and improved the survival of normal hepatocytes. This effect was specific for normal cells because SMER28 had no protective effect on hepatoma or other cancer cell line survival in vitro. In vivo subcutaneous administration of SMER28 protected mouse liver and bone marrow against radiation damage and facilitated survival of mice after lethal whole body or abdominal irradiation. These findings open a new field of research on autophagy-targeting radioprotectors with clinical applications in oncology, occupational, and space medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantina Fylaktakidou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Efthimios Sivridis
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos E Zois
- CR UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Dimitra Kalamida
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Achilleas Mitrakas
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stamatia Pouliliou
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ilias V Karagounis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Simopoulos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - David J P Ferguson
- CR UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- CR UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Panesar SS, Ashkan K. Surgery in space. Br J Surg 2018; 105:1234-1243. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There has been renewed public interest in manned space exploration owing to novel initiatives by private and governmental bodies. Long-term goals include manned missions to, and potential colonization of, nearby planets. Travel distances and mission length required for these would render Earth-based treatment and telemedical solutions unfeasible. These issues present an anticipatory challenge to planners, and novel or adaptive medical technologies must therefore be devised to diagnose and treat the range of medical issues that future space travellers will encounter.
Methods
The aim was to conduct a search of the literature pertaining to human physiology, pathology, trauma and surgery in space.
Results
Known physiological alterations include fluid redistribution, cardiovascular changes, bone and muscle atrophy, and effects of ionizing radiation. Potential pathological mechanisms identified include trauma, cancer and common surgical conditions, such as appendicitis.
Conclusion
Potential surgical treatment modalities must consist of self-sufficient and adaptive technology, especially in the face of uncertain pathophysiological mechanisms and logistical concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Panesar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Detrimental Effects of Helium Ion Irradiation on Cognitive Performance and Cortical Levels of MAP-2 in B6D2F1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041247. [PMID: 29677125 PMCID: PMC5979430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The space radiation environment includes helium (⁴He) ions that may impact brain function. As little is known about the effects of exposures to ⁴He ions on the brain, we assessed the behavioral and cognitive performance of C57BL/6J × DBA2/J F1 (B6D2F1) mice three months following irradiation with ⁴He ions (250 MeV/n; linear energy transfer (LET) = 1.6 keV/μm; 0, 21, 42 or 168 cGy). Sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 21 or 168 cGy showed novel object recognition, but mice irradiated with 42 cGy did not. In the passive avoidance test, mice received a slight foot shock in a dark compartment, and latency to re-enter that compartment was assessed 24 h later. Sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 21 or 42 cGy showed a higher latency on Day 2 than Day 1, but the latency to enter the dark compartment in mice irradiated with 168 cGy was comparable on both days. ⁴He ion irradiation, at 42 and 168 cGy, reduced the levels of the dendritic marker microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in the cortex. There was an effect of radiation on apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels in the hippocampus and cortex, with higher apoE levels in mice irradiated at 42 cGy than 168 cGy and a trend towards higher apoE levels in mice irradiated at 21 than 168 cGy. In addition, in the hippocampus, there was a trend towards a negative correlation between MAP-2 and apoE levels. While reduced levels of MAP-2 in the cortex might have contributed to the altered performance in the passive avoidance test, it does not seem sufficient to do so. The higher hippocampal and cortical apoE levels in mice irradiated at 42 than 168 cGy might have served as a compensatory protective response preserving their passive avoidance memory. Thus, there were no alterations in behavioral performance in the open filed or depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test, while cognitive impairments were seen in the object recognition and passive avoidance tests, but not in the contextual or cued fear conditioning tests. Taken together, the results indicate that some aspects of cognitive performance are altered in male mice exposed to ⁴He ions, but that the response is task-dependent. Furthermore, the sensitive doses can vary within each task in a non-linear fashion. This highlights the importance of assessing the cognitive and behavioral effects of charged particle exposure with a variety of assays and at multiple doses, given the possibility that lower doses may be more damaging due to the absence of induced compensatory mechanisms at higher doses.
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Binglin Song
- Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | | | | | - Rainer K. Sachs
- Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hodkinson P, Anderton R, Posselt B, Fong K. An overview of space medicine. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:i143-i153. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
|
42
|
Rudobeck E, Bellone JA, Szücs A, Bonnick K, Mehrotra-Carter S, Badaut J, Nelson GA, Hartman RE, Vlkolinský R. Low-dose proton radiation effects in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease - Implications for space travel. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186168. [PMID: 29186131 PMCID: PMC5706673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation represents a significant health risk for astronauts. Ground-based animal studies indicate that space radiation affects neuronal functions such as excitability, synaptic transmission, and plasticity, and it may accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although protons represent the main constituent in the space radiation spectrum, their effects on AD-related pathology have not been tested. We irradiated 3 month-old APP/PSEN1 transgenic (TG) and wild type (WT) mice with protons (150 MeV; 0.1-1.0 Gy; whole body) and evaluated functional and biochemical hallmarks of AD. We performed behavioral tests in the water maze (WM) before irradiation and in the WM and Barnes maze at 3 and 6 months post-irradiation to evaluate spatial learning and memory. We also performed electrophysiological recordings in vitro in hippocampal slices prepared 6 and 9 months post-irradiation to evaluate excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity. Next, we evaluated amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the contralateral hippocampus and adjacent cortex using immunohistochemistry. In cortical homogenates, we analyzed the levels of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin by Western blotting and measured pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL10 and CCL2) by bead-based multiplex assay. TG mice performed significantly worse than WT mice in the WM. Irradiation of TG mice did not affect their behavioral performance, but reduced the amplitudes of population spikes and inhibited paired-pulse facilitation in CA1 neurons. These electrophysiological alterations in the TG mice were qualitatively different from those observed in WT mice, in which irradiation increased excitability and synaptic efficacy. Irradiation increased Aβ deposition in the cortex of TG mice without affecting cytokine levels and increased synaptophysin expression in WT mice (but not in the TG mice). Although irradiation with protons increased Aβ deposition, the complex functional and biochemical results indicate that irradiation effects are not synergistic to AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudobeck
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - John A. Bellone
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Attila Szücs
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristine Bonnick
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Shalini Mehrotra-Carter
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Hartman
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Roman Vlkolinský
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Space radiobiology needs realistic hypotheses and relevant methodology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6733. [PMID: 28765377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710545114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
44
|
Effect of Oxidative Stress on Cardiovascular System in Response to Gravity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071426. [PMID: 28677649 PMCID: PMC5535917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term habitation in space leads to physiological alterations such as bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular deconditioning. Two predominant factors—namely space radiation and microgravity—have a crucial impact on oxidative stress in living organisms. Oxidative stress is also involved in the aging process, and plays important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction. Here, we discuss the effects of space radiation, microgravity, and a combination of these two factors on oxidative stress. Future research may facilitate safer living in space by reducing the adverse effects of oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
45
|
Shuryak I, Fornace AJ, Datta K, Suman S, Kumar S, Sachs RK, Brenner DJ. Scaling Human Cancer Risks from Low LET to High LET when Dose-Effect Relationships are Complex. Radiat Res 2017; 187:476-482. [DOI: 10.1667/rr009cc.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - Rainer K. Sachs
- Departments of Mathematics and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Moeller R, Raguse M, Leuko S, Berger T, Hellweg CE, Fujimori A, Okayasu R, Horneck G. STARLIFE-An International Campaign to Study the Role of Galactic Cosmic Radiation in Astrobiological Model Systems. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:101-109. [PMID: 28151691 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In-depth knowledge regarding the biological effects of the radiation field in space is required for assessing the radiation risks in space. To obtain this knowledge, a set of different astrobiological model systems has been studied within the STARLIFE radiation campaign during six irradiation campaigns (2013-2015). The STARLIFE group is an international consortium with the aim to investigate the responses of different astrobiological model systems to the different types of ionizing radiation (X-rays, γ rays, heavy ions) representing major parts of the galactic cosmic radiation spectrum. Low- and high-energy charged particle radiation experiments have been conducted at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) facility at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) in Chiba, Japan. X-rays or γ rays were used as reference radiation at the German Aerospace Center (DLR, Cologne, Germany) or Beta-Gamma-Service GmbH (BGS, Wiehl, Germany) to derive the biological efficiency of different radiation qualities. All samples were exposed under identical conditions to the same dose and qualities of ionizing radiation (i) allowing a direct comparison between the tested specimens and (ii) providing information on the impact of the space radiation environment on currently used astrobiological model organisms. Key Words: Space radiation environment-Sparsely ionizing radiation-Densely ionizing radiation-Heavy ions-Gamma radiation-Astrobiological model systems. Astrobiology 17, 101-109.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Moeller
- 1 Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Raguse
- 1 Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Leuko
- 1 Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- 1 Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Elisabeth Hellweg
- 1 Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Akira Fujimori
- 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) , Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) , Chiba, Japan
| | - Gerda Horneck
- 1 Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hanu AR, Barberiz J, Bonneville D, Byun SH, Chen L, Ciambella C, Dao E, Deshpande V, Garnett R, Hunter SD, Jhirad A, Johnston EM, Kordic M, Kurnell M, Lopera L, McFadden M, Melnichuk A, Nguyen J, Otto A, Scott R, Wagner DL, Wiendels M. NEUDOSE: A CubeSat Mission for Dosimetry of Charged Particles and Neutrons in Low-Earth Orbit. Radiat Res 2016; 187:42-49. [PMID: 28001909 DOI: 10.1667/rr14491.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During space missions, astronauts are exposed to a stream of energetic and highly ionizing radiation particles that can suppress immune system function, increase cancer risks and even induce acute radiation syndrome if the exposure is large enough. As human exploration goals shift from missions in low-Earth orbit (LEO) to long-duration interplanetary missions, radiation protection remains one of the key technological issues that must be resolved. In this work, we introduce the NEUtron DOSimetry & Exploration (NEUDOSE) CubeSat mission, which will provide new measurements of dose and space radiation quality factors to improve the accuracy of cancer risk projections for current and future space missions. The primary objective of the NEUDOSE CubeSat is to map the in situ lineal energy spectra produced by charged particles and neutrons in LEO where most of the preparatory activities for future interplanetary missions are currently taking place. To perform these measurements, the NEUDOSE CubeSat is equipped with the Charged & Neutral Particle Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (CNP-TEPC), an advanced radiation monitoring instrument that uses active coincidence techniques to separate the interactions of charged particles and neutrons in real time. The NEUDOSE CubeSat, currently under development at McMaster University, provides a modern approach to test the CNP-TEPC instrument directly in the unique environment of outer space while simultaneously collecting new georeferenced lineal energy spectra of the radiation environment in LEO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Hanu
- a NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
| | - J Barberiz
- Department of bElectrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - D Bonneville
- c Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - S H Byun
- d Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - L Chen
- c Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - C Ciambella
- f Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - E Dao
- d Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - V Deshpande
- e Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - R Garnett
- d Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - S D Hunter
- a NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
| | - A Jhirad
- Department of bElectrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - E M Johnston
- d Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M Kordic
- Department of bElectrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M Kurnell
- c Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - L Lopera
- f Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M McFadden
- d Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - A Melnichuk
- Department of bElectrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - J Nguyen
- Department of bElectrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - A Otto
- e Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - R Scott
- e Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - D L Wagner
- c Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M Wiendels
- Department of bElectrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sweet TB, Hurley SD, Wu MD, Olschowka JA, Williams JP, O'Banion MK. Neurogenic Effects of Low-Dose Whole-Body HZE (Fe) Ion and Gamma Irradiation. Radiat Res 2016; 186:614-623. [PMID: 27905869 DOI: 10.1667/rr14530.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the dose-toxicity profile of radiation is critical when evaluating potential health risks associated with natural and man-made sources in our environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-dose whole-body high-energy charged (HZE) iron (Fe) ions and low-energy gamma exposure on proliferation and differentiation of adult-born neurons within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, cells deemed to play a critical role in memory regulation. To determine the dose-response characteristics of the brain to whole-body Fe-ion vs. gamma-radiation exposure, C57BL/6J mice were irradiated with 1 GeV/n Fe ions or a static 137Cs source (0.662 MeV) at doses ranging from 0 to 300 cGy. The neurogenesis was analyzed at 48 h and one month postirradiation. These experiments revealed that whole-body exposure to either Fe ions or gamma radiation leads to: 1. An acute decrease in cell division within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, detected at doses as low as 30 and 100 cGy for Fe ions and gamma radiation, respectively; and 2. A reduction in newly differentiated neurons (DCX immunoreactivity) at one month postirradiation, with significant decreases detected at doses as low as 100 cGy for both Fe ions and gamma rays. The data presented here contribute to our understanding of brain responses to whole-body Fe ions and gamma rays and may help inform health-risk evaluations related to systemic exposure during a medical or radiologic/nuclear event or as a result of prolonged space travel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara B Sweet
- aDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sean D Hurley
- aDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Michael D Wu
- aDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - John A Olschowka
- aDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- b Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642.,c Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- aDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642.,d Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
In vitro and in vivo assessment of direct effects of simulated solar and galactic cosmic radiation on human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Leukemia 2016; 31:1398-1407. [PMID: 27881872 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Future deep space missions to Mars and near-Earth asteroids will expose astronauts to chronic solar energetic particles (SEP) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) radiation, and likely one or more solar particle events (SPEs). Given the inherent radiosensitivity of hematopoietic cells and short latency period of leukemias, space radiation-induced hematopoietic damage poses a particular threat to astronauts on extended missions. We show that exposing human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC) to extended mission-relevant doses of accelerated high-energy protons and iron ions leads to the following: (1) introduces mutations that are frequently located within genes involved in hematopoiesis and are distinct from those induced by γ-radiation; (2) markedly reduces in vitro colony formation; (3) markedly alters engraftment and lineage commitment in vivo; and (4) leads to the development, in vivo, of what appears to be T-ALL. Sequential exposure to protons and iron ions (as typically occurs in deep space) proved far more deleterious to HSC genome integrity and function than either particle species alone. Our results represent a critical step for more accurately estimating risks to the human hematopoietic system from space radiation, identifying and better defining molecular mechanisms by which space radiation impairs hematopoiesis and induces leukemogenesis, as well as for developing appropriately targeted countermeasures.
Collapse
|
50
|
Siranart N, Blakely EA, Cheng A, Handa N, Sachs RK. Mixed Beam Murine Harderian Gland Tumorigenesis: Predicted Dose-Effect Relationships if neither Synergism nor Antagonism Occurs. Radiat Res 2016; 186:577-591. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14411.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nopphon Siranart
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Eleanor A. Blakely
- Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Alden Cheng
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Naval Handa
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Rainer K. Sachs
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| |
Collapse
|