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Toan NK, Kim SA, Ahn SG. Neuropeptides regulate embryonic salivary gland branching through the FGF/FGFR pathway in aging klotho-deficient mice. Aging Cell 2024:e14329. [PMID: 39239870 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland branching morphogenesis is regulated by the functional integration of neuronal signaling, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood in aging accelerated klotho-deficient (Kl-/-) mice. Here, we investigated whether the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) affect the branching morphogenesis of embryonic salivary glands in aging Kl-/- mice. In the salivary glands of embryonic Kl-/- mice, morphological analysis and immunostaining revealed that epithelial bud formation, neuronal cell proliferation/differentiation, and the expression of the salivary gland functional marker ZO-1 were decreased in embryonic ductal cells. Incubation with SP/NPY at E12-E13d promoted branching morphogenesis, parasympathetic innervation, and epithelial proliferation in salivary glands of embryonic Kl-/- mice. The ERK inhibitor U0126 specifically inhibited neuronal substance-induced epithelial bud formation in the embryonic salivary gland. RNA-seq profiling analysis revealed that the expression of fibroblast growth factors/fibroblast growth factors (FGFs/FGFRs) and their receptors was significantly regulated by SP/NPY treatment in the embryonic salivary gland (E15). The FGFR inhibitor BGJ389 inhibited new branching formation induced by SP and NPY treatment and ERK1/2 expression. These results showed that aging may affect virtually the development of salivary gland by neuronal dysfunction. The neuropeptides SP/NPY induced embryonic salivary gland development through FGF/FGFR/ERK1/2-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Khanh Toan
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-A Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Duarte M, Pedrosa SS, Khusial PR, Madureira AR. Exploring the interplay between stress mediators and skin microbiota in shaping age-related hallmarks: A review. Mech Ageing Dev 2024; 220:111956. [PMID: 38906383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2024.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major contributing factor to several health problems (e.g., depression, cardiovascular disease). Around 35 % of the world's population suffers from it, including younger generations. Physiologically, stress manifests through neuroendocrine pathways (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) system) which culminate in the production of stress mediators like cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stress and its mediators have been associated to body aging, through molecular mechanisms such as telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis, among others. Regarding its impact in the skin, stress impacts its structural integrity and physiological function. Despite this review focusing on several hallmarks of aging, emphasis was placed on skin microbiota dysbiosis. In this line, several studies, comprising different age groups, demographic contexts and body sites, have reported skin microbiota alterations associated with aging, and some effects of stress mediators on skin microbiota have also been reviewed in this paper. From a different perspective, since it is not a "traditional" stress mediator, oxytocin, a cortisol antagonist, has been related to glucorticoids inhibition and to display positive effects on cellular aging. This hormone dysregulation has been associated to psychological issues such as depression, whereas its upregulation has been linked to positive social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Duarte
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - P Raaj Khusial
- Amyris Biotech INC, 5885 Hollis St Ste 100, Emeryville, CA 94608-2405, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal.
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3
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Tang Y, Qu S, Ning Z, Wu H. Immunopeptides: immunomodulatory strategies and prospects for ocular immunity applications. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406762. [PMID: 39076973 PMCID: PMC11284077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunopeptides have low toxicity, low immunogenicity and targeting, and broad application prospects in drug delivery and assembly, which are diverse in application strategies and drug combinations. Immunopeptides are particularly important for regulating ocular immune homeostasis, as the eye is an immune-privileged organ. Immunopeptides have advantages in adaptive immunity and innate immunity, treating eye immune-related diseases by regulating T cells, B cells, immune checkpoints, and cytokines. This article summarizes the application strategies of immunopeptides in innate immunity and adaptive immunity, including autoimmunity, infection, vaccine strategies, and tumors. Furthermore, it focuses on the mechanisms of immunopeptides in mediating ocular immunity (autoimmune diseases, inflammatory storms, and tumors). Moreover, it reviews immunopeptides' application strategies and the therapeutic potential of immunopeptides in the eye. We expect the immune peptide to get attention in treating eye diseases and to provide a direction for eye disease immune peptide research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Wu
- Eye Center of Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Maximiano TKE, Carneiro JA, Fattori V, Verri WA. TRPV1: Receptor structure, activation, modulation and role in neuro-immune interactions and pain. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102870. [PMID: 38531262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In the 1990s, the identification of a non-selective ion channel, especially responsive to capsaicin, revolutionized the studies of somatosensation and pain that were to follow. The TRPV1 channel is expressed mainly in neuronal cells, more specifically, in sensory neurons responsible for the perception of noxious stimuli. However, its presence has also been detected in other non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, β- pancreatic cells, muscle cells and adipocytes. Activation of the channel occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli, such as noxious heat, low pH, gasses, toxins, endocannabinoids, lipid-derived endovanilloid, and chemical agents, such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin. This activation results in an influx of cations through the channel pore, especially calcium. Intracellular calcium triggers different responses in sensory neurons. Dephosphorylation of the TRPV1 channel leads to its desensitization, which disrupts its function, while its phosphorylation increases the channel's sensitization and contributes to the channel's rehabilitation after desensitization. Kinases, phosphoinositides, and calmodulin are the main signaling pathways responsible for the channel's regulation. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of TRPV1 discovery, its tissue expression as well as on the mechanisms by which TRPV1 activation (directly or indirectly) induces pain in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Kawane Euflazio Maximiano
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, 300 Longwood Ave, 02115, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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5
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Gupta N, Somayajulu M, Gurdziel K, LoGrasso G, Aziz H, Rosati R, McClellan S, Pitchaikannu A, Santra M, Shukkur MFA, Stemmer P, Hazlett LD, Xu S. The miR-183/96/182 cluster regulates sensory innervation, resident myeloid cells and functions of the cornea through cell type-specific target genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7676. [PMID: 38561433 PMCID: PMC10985120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The conserved miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183C) is expressed in both corneal resident myeloid cells (CRMCs) and sensory nerves (CSN) and modulates corneal immune/inflammatory responses. To uncover cell type-specific roles of miR-183C in CRMC and CSN and their contributions to corneal physiology, myeloid-specific miR-183C conditional knockout (MS-CKO), and sensory nerve-specific CKO (SNS-CKO) mice were produced and characterized in comparison to the conventional miR-183C KO. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy of flatmount corneas, corneal sensitivity, and tear volume assays were performed in young adult naïve mice; 3' RNA sequencing (Seq) and proteomics in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), cornea and CRMCs. Our results showed that, similar to conventional KO mice, the numbers of CRMCs were increased in both MS-CKO and SNS-CKO vs age- and sex-matched WT control littermates, suggesting intrinsic and extrinsic regulations of miR-183C on CRMCs. The number of CRMCs was increased in male vs female MS-CKO mice, suggesting sex-dependent regulation of miR-183C on CRMCs. In the miR-183C KO and SNS-CKO, but not the MS-CKO mice, CSN density was decreased in the epithelial layer of the cornea, but not the stromal layer. Functionally, corneal sensitivity and basal tear volume were reduced in the KO and SNS-CKO, but not the MS-CKO mice. Tear volume in males is consistently higher than female WT mice. Bioinformatic analyses of the transcriptomes revealed a series of cell-type specific target genes of miR-183C in TG sensory neurons and CRMCs. Our data elucidate that miR-183C imposes intrinsic and extrinsic regulation on the establishment and function of CSN and CRMCs by cell-specific target genes. miR-183C modulates corneal sensitivity and tear production through its regulation of corneal sensory innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naman Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mallika Somayajulu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | | | - Giovanni LoGrasso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Haidy Aziz
- School of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rita Rosati
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sharon McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ahalya Pitchaikannu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Manoranjan Santra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Muhammed Farooq Abdul Shukkur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Paul Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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6
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Luqman A. The orchestra of human bacteriome by hormones. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106125. [PMID: 37119938 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human microbiome interact reciprocally with the host. Recent findings showed the capability of microorganisms to response towards host signaling molecules, such as hormones. Studies confirmed the complex response of bacteria in response to hormones exposure. These hormones impact many aspects on bacteria, such as the growth, metabolism, and virulence. The effects of each hormone seem to be species-specific. The most studied hormones are cathecolamines also known as stress hormones that consists of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. These hormones affect the growth of bacteria either inhibit or enhance by acting like a siderophore. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have also been reported to activate QseBC, a quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria and eventually enhances the virulence of pathogens. Other hormones were also reported to play a role in shaping human microbiome composition and affect their behavior. Considering the complex response of bacteria on hormones, it highlights the necessity to take the impact of hormones on bacteria into account in studying human health in relation to human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Luqman
- Biology Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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7
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Kokabi F, Ebrahimi S, Mirzavi F, Ghiasi Nooghabi N, Hashemi SF, Hashemy SI. The neuropeptide substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor system and diabetes: From mechanism to therapy. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36651605 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a significant public health issue known as the world's fastest-growing disease condition. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and subsequent chronic complications leading to organ dysfunction and, ultimately, the failure of target organs. Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide that belongs to the family of tachykinin (TK) peptides. The SP-mediated activation of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) regulates many pathophysiological processes in the body. There is also a relation between the SP/NK1R system and diabetic processes. Importantly, deregulated expression of SP has been reported in diabetes and diabetes-associated chronic complications. SP can induce both diabetogenic and antidiabetogenic effects and thus affect the pathology of diabetes destructively or protectively. Here, we review the current knowledge of the functional relevance of the SP/NK1R system in diabetes pathogenesis and its exploitation for diabetes therapy. A comprehensive understanding of the role of the SP/NK1R system in diabetes is expected to shed further light on developing new therapeutic possibilities for diabetes and its associated chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Kokabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshad Mirzavi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Neuroimmune crosstalk in the cornea: The role of immune cells in corneal nerve maintenance during homeostasis and inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101105. [PMID: 35868985 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the cornea, resident immune cells are in close proximity to sensory nerves, consistent with their important roles in the maintenance of nerves in both homeostasis and inflammation. Using in vivo confocal microscopy in humans, and ex vivo immunostaining and fluorescent reporter mice to visualize corneal sensory nerves and immune cells, remarkable progress has been made to advance our understanding of the physical and functional interactions between corneal nerves and immune cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent studies relating to corneal immune cells and sensory nerves, and their interactions in health and disease. In particular, we consider how disrupted corneal nerve axons can induce immune cell activity, including in dendritic cells, macrophages and other infiltrating cells, directly and/or indirectly by releasing neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. We summarize growing evidence that the role of corneal intraepithelial immune cells is likely different in corneal wound healing versus other inflammatory-dominated conditions. The role of different types of macrophages is also discussed, including how stromal macrophages with anti-inflammatory phenotypes communicate with corneal nerves to provide neuroprotection, while macrophages with pro-inflammatory phenotypes, along with other infiltrating cells including neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, can be inhibitory to corneal re-innervation. Finally, this review considers the bidirectional interactions between corneal immune cells and corneal nerves, and how leveraging this interaction could represent a potential therapeutic approach for corneal neuropathy.
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9
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Modulating the tachykinin: Role of substance P and neurokinin receptor expression in ocular surface disorders. Ocul Surf 2022; 25:142-153. [PMID: 35779793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a tachykinin expressed by various cells in the nervous and immune systems. SP is predominantly released by neurons and exerts its biological and immunological effects through the neurokinin receptors, primarily the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). SP is essential for maintaining ocular surface homeostasis, and its reduced levels in disorders like diabetic neuropathy disrupt the corneal tissue. It also plays an essential role in promoting corneal wound healing by promoting the migration of keratocytes. In this review, we briefly discuss the structure, expression, and function of SP and its principal receptor NK1R. In addition, SP induces pro-inflammatory effects through autocrine or paracrine action on the immune cells in various ocular surface pathologies, including dry eye disease, herpes simplex virus keratitis, and Pseudomonas keratitis. We provide an in-depth review of the pathogenic role of SP in various ocular surface diseases and several new approaches developed to counter the immune-mediated effects of SP either through modulating its production or blocking its target receptor.
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10
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Tetramethylpyrazine Retards the Progression and Fibrogenesis of Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:1170-1187. [PMID: 35099777 PMCID: PMC8907108 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of more efficacious, non-hormonal therapeutics for endometriosis is still an unmet medical need begging to be fulfilled. Growing evidence indicates that endometriotic lesions are wounds undergoing repeated tissue injury and repair, and, as such, platelets play an important role in lesional progression. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a compound derived from a herb that has been used for thousands of years to combat “blood stasis” in traditional Chinese medicine, is a prescription drug in China for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. We tested the hypothesis that TMP can decelerate lesional progression through arresting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT), and fibrogenesis. We found in our in vitro experiments that TMP treatment suppresses platelet-induced EMT, FMT, cellular contractility, and collagen production in a concentration-dependent manner. We also showed that in a mouse model of endometriosis, treatment with TMP significantly reduced lesion weight and the extent of lesional fibrosis and improved hyperalgesia, mostly likely through the reduction of lesional aggregation of platelets and the lesional expression of markers of EMT, FMT, and fibrogenesis. In light of our results and in view of its excellent safety profiles, TMP appears to be a promising drug candidate for treating endometriosis.
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11
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Bonelli F, Rama P, Ferrari G. Immunity and pain in the eye: focus on the ocular surface. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 207:149-163. [PMID: 35020868 PMCID: PMC8982975 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most ocular diseases are associated with pain. While pain has been generally considered a mere (deleterious) additional symptom, it is now emerging that it is a key modulator of innate/adaptive immunity. Because the cornea receives the highest nerve density of the entire body, it is an ideal site to demonstrate interactions between pain and the immune response. Indeed, most neuropeptides involved in pain generation are also potent regulators of innate and adaptive leukocyte physiology. On the other hand, most inflammatory cells can modulate the generation of ocular pain through release of specific mediators (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and lipid mediators). This review will discuss the reciprocal role(s) of ocular surface (and specifically: corneal) pain on the immune response of the eye. Finally, we will discuss the clinical implications of such reciprocal interactions in the context of highly prevalent corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Bonelli
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,Correspondence: Giulio Ferrari, Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
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12
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Gross J, Wegener AR, Kronschläger M, Schönfeld CL, Holz FG, Meyer LM. UVR-B-induced NKR-1 Expression in Ocular Tissues is blocked by Substance P Receptor Antagonist Fosaprepitant in the Exposed as well as Unexposed Partner Eye. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 29:963-975. [PMID: 32058829 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1708414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of NKR-1 antagonists in an established UVR-B-induced cataract mouse model. Furthermore, to examine the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in mouse eyes following unilateral UVR-B exposure.Methods: Mice received intraperitoneally injections of Fosaprepitant and Spantide I, before and after unilateral exposure to UVR-B. After day 3 and 7 post-exposure, ocular tissues were extracted for the detection of NKR-1 protein level by ELISA.Results: Pretreatment with Fosaprepitant decreases NKR-1 expression in exposed ocular tissues as well as in the unexposed lens epithelium compared to the saline group. Spantide I treatment showed a tendency of NKR-1 overexpression in ocular tissues.Conclusion: The clinically approved NKR-1 receptor antagonist Fosaprepitant decreases NKR-1 protein expression effectively not only in the exposed but also in the unexposed partner eye in a UVR-B irradiation mouse model. No effect was seen on the protein concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in either eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Carl-Ludwig Schönfeld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, Munich, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda M Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, Munich, Germany
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13
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Niederkorn JY. "Corneal Nerves, CD11c + Dendritic Cells and Their Impact on Ocular Immune Privilege". Front Immunol 2021; 12:701935. [PMID: 34220866 PMCID: PMC8253307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye and the brain have limited capacities for regeneration and as such, immune-mediated inflammation can produce devastating consequences in the form of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system or blindness as a result of ocular inflammatory diseases such as uveitis. Accordingly, both the eye and the brain are designed to limit immune responses and inflammation - a condition known as "immune privilege". Immune privilege is sustained by physiological, anatomical, and regulatory processes that conspire to restrict both adaptive and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y. Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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14
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Rama P, Ferrari G. The two-faced effects of nerves and neuropeptides in corneal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100974. [PMID: 34098111 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal nerves are instrumental to maintain cornea integrity through regulation of key physiological functions such as tear secretion, blink reflex, and neuropeptide turnover. Corneal nerve injury/stimulation can follow many insults including mechanical/chemical trauma, infections and surgeries. Nerve disruption initiates a process named neurogenic inflammation which leads to edema, pain, and recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Interestingly, leukocyte influx in the cornea can further damage nerves by releasing inflammatory mediators-including neuropeptides. The clinical outcome of neuroinflammation can be beneficial or detrimental to corneal integrity. On one side, it ensures prompt wound healing and prevents infections. On the other, prolonged and/or deranged neuroinflammation can permanently disrupt corneal integrity and impair vision. The cornea is an ideal site to study peripheral neuroinflammation and neurogenic inflammation since it receives the highest density of sensory nerves of the entire body. We will review the corneal nerve anatomy and neurochemistry, discuss the beneficial and detrimental effects of neurogenic inflammation in corneal wound healing, inflammatory processes, and pain. We will also examine the emerging remote impact of corneal nerve disruption on the trigeminal ganglion and the brain, highlighting the key role of neuropeptide Substance P. Finally, we will discuss the clinical relevance of such neuroinflammatory network in the context of severe and highly prevalent ocular diseases, including potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Augustyniak D, Kramarska E, Mackiewicz P, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M, Lundy FT. Mammalian Neuropeptides as Modulators of Microbial Infections: Their Dual Role in Defense versus Virulence and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073658. [PMID: 33915818 PMCID: PMC8036953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of infection and inflammation by a variety of host peptides may represent an evolutionary failsafe in terms of functional degeneracy and it emphasizes the significance of host defense in survival. Neuropeptides have been demonstrated to have similar antimicrobial activities to conventional antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum action against a variety of microorganisms. Neuropeptides display indirect anti-infective capacity via enhancement of the host’s innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms. However, more recently concerns have been raised that some neuropeptides may have the potential to augment microbial virulence. In this review we discuss the dual role of neuropeptides, perceived as a double-edged sword, with antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa but also capable of enhancing virulence and pathogenicity. We review the different ways by which neuropeptides modulate crucial stages of microbial pathogenesis such as adhesion, biofilm formation, invasion, intracellular lifestyle, dissemination, etc., including their anti-infective properties but also detrimental effects. Finally, we provide an overview of the efficacy and therapeutic potential of neuropeptides in murine models of infectious diseases and outline the intrinsic host factors as well as factors related to pathogen adaptation that may influence efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Augustyniak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-375-6296
| | - Eliza Kramarska
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Fionnuala T. Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
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16
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Fattori V, Ferraz CR, Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Verri WA. Neuroimmune communication in infection and pain: Friends or foes? Immunol Lett 2020; 229:32-43. [PMID: 33248166 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, a variety of micro-organisms cause painful infections. Before seen as bystanders in the context of infections, recent studies have demonstrated that, as immune cells, nociceptors can sense pathogen-derived products. Nociceptors and immune cells, therefore, have evolved to communicate with each other to control inflammatory and host responses against pathogens in a complementary way. This interaction is named as neuroimmune communication (or axon-axon immune reflex) and initiates after the release of neuropeptides, such as CGRP and VIP by neurons. By this neurogenic response, nociceptors orchestrate the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we focus on how nociceptors sense pathogen-derived products to shape the host response. We also highlight the new concept involving the resolution of inflammation, which is related to an active and time-dependent biosynthetic shift from pro-inflammatory to pro-resolution mediators, the so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). At very low doses, SPMs act on specific receptors to silence nociceptors, limit pain and neurogenic responses, and resolve infections. Furthermore, stimulation of the vagus nerve induces SPMs production to regulate immune responses in infections. Therefore, harnessing the current understanding of neuro-immune communication and neurogenic responses might provide the bases for reprogramming host responses against infections through well balanced and effective immune response and inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Fattori
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Camila R Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Rasquel-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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17
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Gong X, Ren Y, Fang X, Cai J, Song E. Substance P induces sympathetic immune response in the contralateral eye after the first eye cataract surgery in type 2 diabetic patients. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:339. [PMID: 32811461 PMCID: PMC7437040 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance P (SP) is a nociceptive tachykinin which regulates the immune inflammatory reactions including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) production. Sequential second-eye cataract surgery patients often suffer more pain than the first one partly because of the MCP-1 increase in aqueous humor (AH). This study aims to illustrate whether SP is involved in sympathetic inflammatory responses in the contralateral eye in patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Methods This prospective randomized clinical study included 51 cataract patients (22 with diabetes and 29 without). Bilateral sequential cataract surgeries were conducted with 1-day or 1-week interval randomly. More than 100 μl of AH were obtained before surgery and stored for later analysis using magnetic Luminex assays to detect interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1ra,IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, spinal macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1a), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), as well as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for SP. Results Among the 4 groups, no significant differences were found in age, sex distribution, the R/L ration of the first surgery eye, or the lens nucleus hardness (P ≥ 0.802). Over 100 μl of AH samples were collected safely in all cases without intraoperative complications. SP and MCP-1 levels were both increased significantly in the second eye of the diabetic patients with 1-day and 1-week interval (P ≤ 0.040). The SP increase in the second eye of the diabetic patients were significantly higher than that of the patients without diabetes (P ≤ 0.030) both in the groups with 1-day and 1-week interval. Similarly, the MCP-1 increase was significantly higher in the diabetic patients in the group with 1-week interval (P = 0.042). Conclusions Substance P and MCP-1 productions elevated in the AH of the contralateral eye after the first-eye cataract surgery in diabetic patients, indicating that SP and MCP-1 were involved in the sympathetic inflammatory responses. Diabetic patients are susceptible to noninfectious inflammation after cataract surgery, and perceive more pain in the second-eye phacoemulsification. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900028374, retrospectively registered on 20th December, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Gong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueping Ren
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Fang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyong Cai
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - E Song
- Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Luo M, Cai X, Yan D, Liu X, Guo SW. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate restrains fibrogenesis through induction of senescence in mice with induced deep endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:373-384. [PMID: 32651107 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) induce cellular senescence in endometriotic lesions and thus restrict lesional development and fibrogenesis in a recently established mouse model of deep endometriosis? DESIGN Prospective randomized animal experiment in which deep endometriosis was induced in female Balb/C mice, which were then randomly divided into three groups (low-dose STS, high-dose STS and inert vehicle control) and received treatment for 2 weeks. All mice were then sacrificed and their lesions excised and harvested. Lesion weight was quantified and all lesion samples were subjected to histochemical analysis of the extent of lesional fibrosis by Masson trichrome staining, and of cellular senescence by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), along with immunohistochemistry analyses of p53, CCN1, activate Salvador 1 (Sav1), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), survivin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CD163-positive M2 macrophages. Plasma P-selectin and hyaluronic acid levels were also quantified. Hotplate testing was also administered before the induction, then before and after treatment. RESULTS STS treatment resulted in significantly reduced lesion weight, stalled lesional fibrogenesis and improved hyperalgesia, seemingly through the induction of cellular senescence by activating p53, Sav1 and CCN1 while suppressing HAS2, survivin and GM-CSF, resulting in increased apoptosis and reduced lesional infiltration of alternatively activated macrophages. In addition, STS treatment significantly reduced the plasma concentration of P-selectin and hyaluronic acid, possibly leading to reduced lesional platelet aggregation. CONCLUSIONS STS appears to be a promising compound for treating endometriosis. The results suggest that senescence may restrict lesional progression and fibrogenesis, and targeting the senescence pathway may have desirable therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo Zhejiang 315200, China; These three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xianjun Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo Zhejiang 315200, China; These three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dingmin Yan
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200090, China; These three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai, China.
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19
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Yan D, Liu X, Guo SW. The establishment of a mouse model of deep endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:235-247. [PMID: 30561644 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is it possible to establish a mouse model of deep endometriosis (DE)? SUMMARY ANSWER A mouse DE model that is macroscopically and microscopically similar to nodular lesions in humans can be constructed in as short as 3 weeks by intraperitoneal injection of uterine fragments along with the infusion of substance P (SP) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although a baboon DE model was reported 5 years ago, its prohibitive cost and demand for facilities and expertise associated with the use of non-human primates put its use out of reach for most laboratories. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A total of 48 female Balb/C mice were used for this study. Among them, 16 were randomly selected as donors that contributed uterine fragments, and the remaining 32 were recipient mice. The mice with induced endometriosis were followed up for 3-4 weeks. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS One day before the induction of endometriosis by intraperitoneal injection of uterine fragments, osmotic pumps were inserted into equal groups of recipient mice to infuse either sterile saline, SP, CGRP, or both SP and CGRP. The hotplate test was administrated to all mice at the baseline and before and after induction of endometriosis. Four (3 for the SP+CGRP group) weeks after induction, all mice were sacrificed. Their endometriotic lesions were excised, weighed and processed for histopathologic examination, and histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses of markers of proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT), smooth muscle metaplasia (SMM), mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT) and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) were done. The extent of lesional fibrosis was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining. To further evaluate surrounding organ/tissue invasion, the peritoneal areas adhesive to the lesions were excised for immunohistochemical analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Endometriotic lesions in mice treated with SP and/or CGRP satisfied all requirements for DE, i.e. presence of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, abundance of fibromuscular content, and encapsulation in surrounding tissues or organs. The lesion weight in the CGRP, SP and SP+CGRP groups was 1.62, 2.14 and 2.18-fold, respectively, heavier than that of control group. Concomitantly, the SP, CGRP and SP+CGRP groups had significantly shorter hotplate latency than that of control group. Lesions in mice treated with SP and/or CGRP, especially with SP+CGRP, exhibited characteristics consistent with EMT, FMT, SMM and extensive fibrosis, along with signs of MMT and EndoMT. Lesional invasion into surrounding tissues/organs was found to be 25.0, 75.0 and 87.5% in mice treated with CGRP, SP and SP+CGRP, but none in control mice. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is limited by the use of histologic and immunohistochemistry analyses only and lacks molecular data. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The establishment of a mouse DE model supports the idea that endometriotic lesions are wounds undergoing repeated tissue injury and repair and underscores the importance of microenvironments in shaping the lesions' destiny. In addition, signs consistent with MMT and EndoMT indicate that there may be more culpable factors that still remain unidentified and should be pursued in the future. Moreover, the close correlation between the extent of lesional fibrosis and markers of EMT, MMT, EndoMT, FMT and SMM as shown here should facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the DE pathophysiology. Since this DE model is based on a biologically plausible and evidence-backed theory, it should shed much needed insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of DE. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was supported by Grants 81471434 (S.W.G.), 81530040 (S.W.G.), 81771553 (S.W.G.), 81671436 (X.S.L.) and 81871144 (X.S.L.) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. None of the authors has any conflict of interest to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingmin Yan
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Neelam S, Niederkorn JY. Corneal Nerve Ablation Abolishes Ocular Immune Privilege by Downregulating CD103 on T Regulatory Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:25. [PMID: 32305043 PMCID: PMC7401639 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Severing corneal nerves during orthotopic corneal transplantation elicits the elaboration of the neuropeptide substance P (SP), which induces the generation of CD11c+ contrasuppressor (CS) cells. CS cells disable T regulatory cells (Tregs) that are induced when antigens enter the anterior chamber (AC), either by direct injection or by orthotopic corneal transplantation. This study examined the crucial cell surface molecules on Tregs that are adversely affected by CS cells that are generated by severing corneal nerves. Methods CS cells were induced by producing shallow 2.0-mm circular incisions in the corneal epithelium in BALB/c mice. CD8+ Tregs were generated by injecting ovalbumin into the AC. The effects of CS cells and SP on the expression and function of two cell surface molecules (CD103 and the receptor of interferon-γ) that are crucial for the induction and function of CD8+ Tregs were analyzed. Results SP converted CD11c+, but not CD11c- , dendritic cells (DCs) to CS cells. Severing corneal nerves resulted in a 66% reduction in the expression of CD103 on CD8+ AC-associated immune deviation (ACAID) Tregs, and a 50% reduction in the interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR). These effects could be mimicked in vitro by coculturing CS cells with CD8+ ACAID Tregs. Conclusions The elaboration of SP in response to corneal nerve ablation converts CD11c+ DCs to CS cells. CS cells disable CD8+ ACAID Tregs by downregulating two crucial cell surface molecules, CD103 and IFN-γR, by an SP-dependent pathway. Blocking this pathway may provide a means of restoring ocular immune privilege in corneas subjected to corneal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Neelam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Jerry Y. Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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21
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Khorasani S, Boroumand N, Lavi Arab F, Hashemy SI. The immunomodulatory effects of tachykinins and their receptors. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3031-3041. [PMID: 32115751 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) are a family of neuropeptides mainly expressed by neuronal and non-neuronal cell types, especially immune cells. Expression of TKs receptors on immune cell surfaces, their involvement in immune-related disorders, and therefore, understanding their immunomodulatory roles have become of particular interest to researchers. In fact, the precise understanding of TKs intervention in the immune system would help to design novel therapeutic approaches for patients suffering from immune disorders. The present review summarizes studies on TKs function as modulators of the immune system by reviewing their roles in generation, activation, development, and migration of immune cells. Also, it discusses TKs involvement in three main cellular mechanisms including inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Khorasani
- Ferdows Paramedical School, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Nadia Boroumand
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Tummanapalli SS, Willcox MD, Issar T, Yan A, Pisarcikova J, Kwai N, Poynten AM, Krishnan AV, Markoulli M. Tear film substance P: A potential biomarker for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:690-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Niederkorn JY. The Eye Sees Eye to Eye With the Immune System: The 2019 Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4489-4495. [PMID: 31661549 PMCID: PMC6819053 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-28632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y. Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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24
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Gross J, Willimsky E, Wegener AR, Kronschläger M, Schönfeld CL, Holz FG, Meyer LM. Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure of One Eye Stimulates Sympathizing Expression of Neurokinin-1 Receptor but Not Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in the Partner Eye. Ophthalmic Res 2019; 63:59-71. [PMID: 31408874 DOI: 10.1159/000501320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of unilateral ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure on the unexposed, partner eye in vivo. To characterize the immunological cross-talk between the eyes and verify a sympathizing reaction of the partner eye via a neurokinin-dependent signaling pathway of substance P and its neurokinin-1 receptor (NKR-1) and/or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). METHODS C57BL/6 mice were unilaterally exposed in vivo to UVR-B to a 5-fold cataract threshold equivalent dose of 14.5 kJ/m2 with a UV irradiation Bio-Spectra system. The unexposed contralateral eye was completely shielded during irradiation. After 3 and 7 days post exposure, eyes were stained with fluorescence-coupled antibody for substance P NKR-1. The same was performed in control animals receiving only anesthesia but no UVR-B exposure. NKR-1 and MCP-1 levels in ocular tissue lysates were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS UVR-B induces NKR-1 upregulation after 3 and 7 days in the exposed and in the unexposed, contralateral mouse eye. NKR-1 protein level was upregulated in the exposed and contralateral iris/ciliary body complex, choroidea and in the contralateral retina as well as in the exposed cornea. MCP-1 levels were elevated in the exposed cornea, iris/ciliary body complex, and aqueous humor but not in contralateral ocular tissues. CONCLUSIONS UVR-B exposure triggers NKR-1 upregulation not only in the exposed but also in the unexposed, partner eye in various ocular tissues. Following UVR-B exposure, MCP-1 protein levels are upregulated in the exposed eye, but the contralateral side remains unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,
| | - Eva Willimsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Carl-Ludwig Schönfeld
- Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, Munich, Germany.,Department of Ophthalomology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda M Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, Munich, Germany
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25
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Liu X, Yan D, Guo SW. Sensory nerve-derived neuropeptides accelerate the development and fibrogenesis of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:452-468. [PMID: 30689856 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingmin Yan
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Abstract
Corneal epithelial cells (CECs) play an important role in the function of the cornea, and are maintained by corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs). Recent studies have shown that neuronal growth factors affect the proliferation and migration of CESCs. Neuregulin-1 (NR-1) is a neuronal growth factor that is expressed in the early stages of brain development. The aim of this study was to determine whether NR-1 activates corneal wound healing. We observed that NR-1 activated both proliferation and migration of CECs. In addition, the colony-forming efficacy of CESCs was enhanced. In mice, NR-1 treatment improved corneal wound healing. Furthermore, the expression of markers of corneal epithelium maintenance (ΔNp63) and CESC proliferation (Bmi-1 and Abcg2) was increased. These effects were mediated by intracellular signalling pathways (Stat3, Erk1/2 and p38). Taken together, our results suggest that NR-1 accelerates the recovery of corneal wounds, and may represent a novel treatment for corneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Yong Jeong
- a Department of Biotechnology, BK21 Plus Program, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hye-Young Yoo
- a Department of Biotechnology, BK21 Plus Program, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- a Department of Biotechnology, BK21 Plus Program, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
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Suvas S. Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1543-1552. [PMID: 28827386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide present in the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. SP released from the peripheral nerves exerts its biological and immunological activity via high-affinity neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). SP is also produced by immune cells and acts as an autocrine or paracrine fashion to regulate the function of immune cells. In addition to its proinflammatory role, SP and its metabolites in combination with insulin-like growth factor-1 are shown to promote the corneal epithelial wound healing. Recently, we showed an altered ocular surface homeostasis in unmanipulated NK1R-/- mice, suggesting the role of SP-NK1R signaling in ocular surface homeostasis under steady-state. This review summarizes the immunobiology of SP and its effect on immune cells and immunity to microbial infection. In addition, the effect of SP in inflammation, wound healing, and corneal epithelial homeostasis in the eye is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; and .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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28
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Mo J, Neelam S, Mellon J, Brown JR, Niederkorn JY. Effect of Corneal Nerve Ablation on Immune Tolerance Induced by Corneal Allografts, Oral Immunization, or Anterior Chamber Injection of Antigens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:137-148. [PMID: 28114571 PMCID: PMC5231905 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Severing corneal nerves during corneal transplantation does not affect first corneal transplants, but abolishes immune privilege of subsequent corneal allografts. This abrogation of immune privilege is attributable to the disabling of T regulatory cells (T regs) induced by corneal transplantation. The goal of this study was to determine if severing corneal nerves induces the development of contrasuppressor (CS) cells, which disable T regs that impair other forms of immune tolerance. Methods Effect of corneal nerve ablation on immune tolerance was assessed in four forms of immune tolerance: anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID); oral tolerance; corneal transplantation, and intravenously (IV) induced immune tolerance. T regulatory cell activity was assessed by adoptive transfer and by local adoptive transfer (LAT) of suppression assays. Results Corneal nerve ablation prevented ACAID and oral tolerance, but did not affect IV-induced immune tolerance. Contrasuppressor cells blocked the action of T regs that were generated by anterior chamber injection, oral tolerance, or orthotopic corneal transplantation. The neuropeptide substance P (SP) was crucial for contrasuppressor activity as CS cells could not be induced in SP-/- mice and the SP receptor inhibitor, Spantide II, prevented the expression of CS cell activity in vivo. Contrasuppressor cells expressed CD11c surface marker that identifies dendritic cells (DC). Conclusions The loss of immune privilege produced by corneal nerve ablation following corneal transplantation extends beyond the eye and also affects immune tolerance induced through mucosal surfaces and appears to be mediated by a novel cell population of CD11c+ CS cells that disables T regs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Sudha Neelam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Jessamee Mellon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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The Intriguing Role of Neuropeptides at the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Zhou Q, Chen P, Di G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Qi X, Duan H, Xie L. Ciliary neurotrophic factor promotes the activation of corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1566-76. [PMID: 25546438 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a well-known neuroprotective cytokine, has been found to play an important role in neurogenesis and functional regulations of neural stem cells. As one of the most innervated tissue, however, the role of CNTF in cornea epithelium remains unclear. This study was to explore the roles and mechanisms of CNTF in the activation of corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and wound healing of both normal and diabetic mouse corneal epithelium. In mice subjecting to mechanical removal of corneal epithelium, the corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cell activation and wound healing were promoted by exogenous CNTF application, while delayed by CNTF neutralizing antibody. In cultured corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells, CNTF enhanced the colony-forming efficiency, stimulated the mitogenic proliferation, and upregulated the expression levels of corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cell-associated transcription factors. Furthermore, the promotion of CNTF on the corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cell activation and wound healing was mediated by the activation of STAT3. Moreover, in diabetic mice, the content of CNTF in corneal epithelium decreased significantly when compared with that of normal mice, and the supplement of CNTF promoted the diabetic corneal epithelial wound healing, accompanied with the advanced activation of corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and the regeneration of corneal nerve fibers. Thus, the capability of expanding corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and promoting corneal epithelial wound healing and nerve regeneration indicates the potential application of CNTF in ameliorating limbal stem cell deficiency and treating diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Chen GL, Zhang JJ, Kao X, Wei LW, Liu ZY. Emodin ameliorates lipopolysaccharides-induced corneal inflammation in rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:665-9. [PMID: 26308161 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of emodin on pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced corneal inflammation in rats. METHODS Corneal infection was induced by pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS in Wistar rats. The inflammation induced by LPS were examined by slit lamp microscope and cytological checkup of aqueous humor. Corneal tissue structure was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) was determined by Western blot. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in LPS-challenged rat corneas were measured with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Typical manifestations of acute corneal inflammation were observed in LPS-induce rat model, and the corneal inflammatory response and structure were improved in rats pretreated with emodin. Treatment with emodin could improve corneal structure, reduce corneal injure by reducing corneal inflammatory response. Emodin could inhibit the decreasing lever of inhibitor of kappaB alpha (IкBα) express, and the mRNA expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1 in corneal tissues was also inhibited by emodin. The differences were statistically significant between groups treated with emodin and those without treatment (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Emodin could ameliorate LPS-induced corneal inflammation, which might via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Third People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu-Wan Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong Univeristy School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong Univeristy School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Chen G, Zhang J, Zhang H, Xiao Y, Kao X, Liu Y, Liu Z. Anti-inflammatory effect of emodin on lipopolysaccharide-induced keratitis in Wistar rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:12382-12389. [PMID: 26550148 PMCID: PMC4612833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emodin, a major bioactive extract of several Chinese herbs, has been shown to have a number of biological activities including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-fibrosis etc. In the present study, we investigated the effects of emodin as an anti-inflammatory agent on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced keratitis in Wistar rats. Clinical score, slit-lamp microscope were used to determine corneal inflammatory response. Corneal structure was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Messenger ribonucleic acid levels of tight junction protein and cytokines were determined by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. The activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was detected with Western blot. We found that disorganized corneal tissue and cellular structures were observed in keratitis rats and emodin could deduce inflammatory response and improve corneal structure. Pretreated with emodin could up-regulate and down-regulate the mRNA expression of occludin and Interleukin-6. The activation of NF-κB could be inhibited partly after emodin treatment. In conclusion, emodin reduced corneal inflammation in LPS-induced keratitis in Wistar rats due to its capability of inhibition in NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of JinanJinan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Xin Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China
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Hazlett LD, Jiang X, McClellan SA. IL-10 function, regulation, and in bacterial keratitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:373-80. [PMID: 24738920 PMCID: PMC4043257 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects the host from pathogenic microbes, but tight regulation of the evoked response is requisite to limit bystander damage. The interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines, composed of 9 members: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and 3 distantly related members, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29, plays a central role in this regulation. IL-10 family cytokines emerged before the adaptive immune response and elicit diverse host defense mechanisms, especially from epithelial cells during an infection. IL-10 family cytokines are also essential for maintenance and integrity of tissue epithelial layers. These cytokines promote innate immune responses from tissue epithelia that limit the damage caused by both viral and bacterial infections. They also facilitate tissue healing after infection/inflammation. In this regard, IL-10 suppresses pro-inflammatory responses, limiting tissue disruption resulting from an inflammatory response. Thus, a central functional theme of IL-10 family cytokines is their role in tissue protection. This review focuses on IL-10, the founding member of this family of cytokines, and integrates recent data on the function and regulation of IL-10 during bacterial infections. Emphasis is placed on the role of IL-10 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and the subsequent infectious/inflammatory processes evoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan
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Shaheen BS, Bakir M, Jain S. Corneal nerves in health and disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 59:263-85. [PMID: 24461367 PMCID: PMC4004679 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Corneal nerves are responsible for the sensations of touch, pain, and temperature and play an important role in the blink reflex, wound healing, and tear production and secretion. Corneal nerve dysfunction is a frequent feature of diseases that cause opacities and result in corneal blindness. Corneal opacities rank as the second most frequent cause of blindness. Technological advances in in vivo corneal nerve imaging, such as optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning, have generated new knowledge regarding the phenomenological events that occur during reinnervation of the cornea following disease, injury, or surgery. The recent availability of transgenic neurofluorescent murine models has stimulated the search for molecular modulators of corneal nerve regeneration. New evidence suggests that neuroregenerative and inflammatory pathways in the cornea are intertwined. Evidence-based treatment of neurotrophic corneal diseases includes using neuroregenerative (blood component-based and neurotrophic factors), neuroprotective, and ensconcing (bandage contact lens and amniotic membrane) strategies and avoiding anti-inflammatory therapies, such as cyclosporine and corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Simmons Shaheen
- Corneal Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - May Bakir
- Corneal Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Corneal Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Jiang X, McClellan SA, Barrett R, Foldenauer M, Hazlett LD. HGF signaling impacts severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2180-90. [PMID: 24618323 PMCID: PMC3985408 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether rapamycin altered corneal growth factor levels to impact severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. METHODS BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with rapamycin or PBS and infected with P. aeruginosa. Corneas were harvested and mRNA levels of growth factors (EGF, HGF, FGF-7/KGF), receptors (EGFR, c-met, FGFR-2), and signaling molecules (PI3K, Akt, S6K1, and IGF-1R) tested. ELISA determined HGF/c-met, IGF-1, and Substance P (SP) protein levels. Corneal application of recombinant (r)HGF was assessed by clinical score, photography with a slit lamp, real-time RT-PCR (mRNA for mT0R, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, PI3KCα, Akt), and ELISA (total and phosphorylated [p]c-met); rIGF-1 effects also were tested by ELISA. In vitro, RAW cells and peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with LPS ± rHGF ± c-met inhibitor (CI) and mTOR mRNA levels tested. RESULTS Rapamycin disparately regulated infected corneal mRNA levels of EGF/EGFR and FGF-7/FGFR-2, but HGF/c-met mRNA levels both increased. ELISA confirmed elevated HGF protein. Rapamycin did not change PI3KCα or Akt signaling molecule expression, downregulated S6K1, but upregulated IGF-1R mRNA levels; IGF-1 and SP proteins also were upregulated. After infection, topical rHGF versus PBS increased mRNA levels of IL-12p40, IL-18, PI3KCα, and Akt; mTOR and IL-10 mRNA were downregulated; rIGF-1 increased HGF protein. In vitro, rHGF and LPS lowered RAW cell and macrophage mTOR levels; CI addition restored them. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data provide evidence that enhanced corneal HGF levels increase signaling through the c-met receptor, decrease mTOR levels, and enhance proinflammatory cytokines, while decreasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, and that HGF signaling is central to disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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