1
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Scalabrino ML, Thapa M, Wang T, Sampath AP, Chen J, Field GD. Late gene therapy limits the restoration of retinal function in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8256. [PMID: 38086857 PMCID: PMC10716155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited photoreceptor degeneration that begins with rod loss followed by cone loss. This cell loss greatly diminishes vision, with most patients becoming legally blind. Gene therapies are being developed, but it is unknown how retinal function depends on the time of intervention. To uncover this dependence, we utilize a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa capable of artificial genetic rescue. This model enables a benchmark of best-case gene therapy by removing variables that complicate answering this question. Complete genetic rescue was performed at 25%, 50%, and 70% rod loss (early, mid and late, respectively). Early and mid treatment restore retinal output to near wild-type levels. Late treatment retinas exhibit continued, albeit slowed, loss of sensitivity and signal fidelity among retinal ganglion cells, as well as persistent gliosis. We conclude that gene replacement therapies delivered after 50% rod loss are unlikely to restore visual function to normal. This is critical information for administering gene therapies to rescue vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Scalabrino
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mishek Thapa
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alapakkam P Sampath
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Greg D Field
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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García-Arroyo R, Domènech EB, Herrera-Úbeda C, Asensi MA, Núñez de Arenas C, Cuezva JM, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Pallardó FV, Mirra S, Marfany G. Exacerbated response to oxidative stress in the Retinitis Pigmentosa Cerkl KD/KO mouse model triggers retinal degeneration pathways upon acute light stress. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102862. [PMID: 37660443 PMCID: PMC10491808 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is particularly vulnerable to genetic and environmental alterations that generate oxidative stress and cause cellular damage in photoreceptors and other retinal neurons, eventually leading to cell death. CERKL (CERamide Kinase-Like) mutations cause Retinitis Pigmentosa and Cone-Rod Dystrophy in humans, two disorders characterized by photoreceptor degeneration and progressive vision loss. CERKL is a resilience gene against oxidative stress, and its overexpression protects cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Besides, CERKL contributes to stress granule-formation and regulates mitochondrial dynamics in the retina. Using the CerklKD/KO albino mouse model, which recapitulates the human disease, we aimed to study the impact of Cerkl knockdown on stress response and activation of photoreceptor death mechanisms upon light/oxidative stress. After acute light injury, we assessed immediate or late retinal stress response, by combining both omic and non-omic approaches. Our results show that Cerkl knockdown increases ROS levels and causes a basal exacerbated stress state in the retina, through alterations in glutathione metabolism and stress granule production, overall compromising an adequate response to additional oxidative damage. As a consequence, several cell death mechanisms are triggered in CerklKD/KO retinas after acute light stress. Our studies indicate that Cerkl gene is a pivotal player in regulating light-challenged retinal homeostasis and shed light on how mutations in CERKL lead to blindness by dysregulation of the basal oxidative stress response in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Arroyo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena B Domènech
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Asensi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez de Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Serena Mirra
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Benítez-Fernández R, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Gómez-Sintes R, Boya P. Mitophagy in the retina: Viewing mitochondrial homeostasis through a new lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101205. [PMID: 37454969 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to photooxidative damage and external stressors. Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria within lysosomes, and can be triggered by distinct stimuli such as mitochondrial damage or hypoxia. Here, we review the importance of mitophagy in retinal physiology and pathology. In the developing retina, mitophagy is essential for metabolic reprogramming and differentiation of retina ganglion cells (RGCs). In basal conditions, mitophagy acts as a quality control mechanism, maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool to meet cellular demands. We summarize the different autophagy- and mitophagy-deficient mouse models described in the literature, and discuss the potential role of mitophagy dysregulation in retinal diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we provide an overview of methods used to monitor mitophagy in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This review highlights the important role of mitophagy in sustaining visual function, and its potential as a putative therapeutic target for retinal and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Benítez-Fernández
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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4
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Weh E, Goswami M, Chaudhury S, Fernando R, Miller N, Hager H, Sheskey S, Sharma V, Wubben TJ, Besirli CG. Metabolic Alterations Caused by Simultaneous Loss of HK2 and PKM2 Leads to Photoreceptor Dysfunction and Degeneration. Cells 2023; 12:2043. [PMID: 37626853 PMCID: PMC10453858 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HK2 and PKM2 are two main regulators of aerobic glycolysis. Photoreceptors (PRs) use aerobic glycolysis to produce the biomass necessary for the daily renewal of their outer segments. Previous work has shown that HK2 and PKM2 are important for the normal function and long-term survival of PRs but are dispensable for PR maturation, and their individual loss has opposing effects on PR survival during acute nutrient deprivation. We generated double conditional (dcKO) mice lacking HK2 and PKM2 expression in rod PRs. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, and electroretinography were used to characterize the phenotype of dcKO animals. Targeted and stable isotope tracing metabolomics, qRT-PCR, and retinal oxygen consumption were performed. We show that dcKO animals displayed early shortening of PR inner/outer segments, followed by loss of PRs with aging, much more rapidly than either knockout alone without functional loss as measured by ERG. Significant alterations to central glucose metabolism were observed without any apparent changes to mitochondrial function, prior to PR degeneration. Finally, PR survival following experimental retinal detachment was unchanged in dcKO animals as compared to wild-type animals. These data suggest that HK2 and PKM2 have differing roles in promoting PR neuroprotection and identifying them has important implications for developing therapeutic options for combating PR loss during retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Weh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (M.G.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (N.M.); (H.H.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (T.J.W.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cagri G. Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (M.G.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (N.M.); (H.H.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (T.J.W.)
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5
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Subramanya S, Fernando R, Goswami M, Besirli CG, Weh E, Wubben TJ. Flow cytometric method for the detection and quantification of retinal cell death and oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 2023; 233:109563. [PMID: 37393050 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal cell death is the major cause of vision loss in many forms of blinding retinal disease. A plethora of research is focused on understanding the mechanisms of retinal cell death to identify potential neuroprotective strategies that prevent vision loss in these diseases. Traditionally, histological techniques have been used to determine the type and extent of cell death in the retina. These techniques, such as TUNEL labeling and immunohistochemistry, are laborious and time consuming, resulting in low throughput and variable results depending on the experimenter. To increase throughput and reduce variability, we developed several flow cytometry-based assays to detect and quantify retinal cell death. The methods and accompanying data presented demonstrate that flow cytometry can readily detect both retinal cell death and oxidative stress and importantly, the efficacy of neuroprotective agents. These methods will be of interest to investigators looking to increase throughput and efficiency without compromising sensitivity as the methods herein reduce analysis time from several months to less than a week. As such, the flow cytometry methods presented have the potential to expedite research efforts focused on developing novel strategies for retinal cell neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Subramanya
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Roshini Fernando
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Moloy Goswami
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Thomas J Wubben
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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6
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Scalabrino ML, Thapa M, Wang T, Sampath AP, Chen J, Field GD. Late gene therapy limits the restoration of retinal function in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536035. [PMID: 37066264 PMCID: PMC10104154 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited photoreceptor degeneration that begins with rod loss followed by cone loss and eventual blindness. Gene therapies are being developed, but it is unknown how retinal function depends on the time of intervention. To uncover this dependence, we utilized a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa capable of artificial genetic rescue. This model enables a benchmark of best-case gene therapy by removing the variables that complicate the ability to answer this vital question. Complete genetic rescue was performed at 25%, 50%, and 70% rod loss (early, mid and late, respectively). Early and mid treatment restored retinal function to near wild-type levels, specifically the sensitivity and signal fidelity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the 'output' neurons of the retina. However, some anatomical defects persisted. Late treatment retinas exhibited continued, albeit slowed, loss of sensitivity and signal fidelity among RGCs, as well as persistent gliosis. We conclude that gene replacement therapies delivered after 50% rod loss are unlikely to restore visual function to normal. This is critical information for administering gene therapies to rescue vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Scalabrino
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles CA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC
| | - Mishek Thapa
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles CA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC
| | - Tian Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA
| | - Alapakkam P Sampath
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles CA
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA
| | - Greg D Field
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles CA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC
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7
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Liton PB, Boesze-Battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. AUTOPHAGY IN THE EYE: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO PATHOPHYSOLOGY. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2178996. [PMID: 37034386 PMCID: PMC10078619 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic self-degradative pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of intracellular material through the lysosomal compartment. Although first believed to function in conditions of nutritional stress, autophagy is emerging as a critical cellular pathway, involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of diseases, including ocular diseases. On one hand, mutations in autophagy-related genes have been linked to cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy; on the other hand, alterations in autophagy and lysosomal pathways are a common finding in essentially all diseases of the eye. Moreover, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a form of non-canonical autophagy, is critical in promoting visual cycle function. This review collects the latest understanding of autophagy in the context of the eye. We will review and discuss the respective roles of autophagy in the physiology and/or pathophysiology of each of the ocular tissues, its diurnal/circadian variation, as well as its involvement in diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science. Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Kauppinnen
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jaya Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Sun C, Chen S. Gene Augmentation for Autosomal Dominant CRX-Associated Retinopathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:135-141. [PMID: 37440026 PMCID: PMC11010719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The cone-rod homeobox (CRX) protein is a key transcription factor essential for photoreceptor function and survival. Mutations in human CRX gene are linked to a wide spectrum of blinding diseases ranging from mild macular dystrophy to severe Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), cone-rod dystrophy (CRD), and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). These diseases are still incurable and mostly inherited in an autosomal dominant form. Dysfunctional mutant CRX protein interferes with the function of wild-type CRX protein, demonstrating the dominant negative effect. At present, gene augmentation is the most promising treatment strategy for hereditary diseases. This study aims to review the pathogenic mechanisms of various CRX mutations and propose two therapeutic strategies to rescue sick photoreceptors in CRX-associated retinopathies, namely, Tet-On-hCRX system and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene augmentation. The outcome of proposed studies will guide future translational research and suggest guidelines for therapy evaluation in terms of treatment safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Ross BX, Jia L, Kong D, Wang T, Yao J, Hager HM, Abcouwer SF, Zacks DN. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Rods Is Neuroprotective Following Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:7. [PMID: 36223101 PMCID: PMC9583748 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.11.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Following retinal detachment (RD) photoreceptors (PRs) sustain hypoxic stress and eventually die. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays a central role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. The purpose of this study is to determine the necessity of HIF-1α on PR cell survival after RD. Methods Experimental RD was created in mice by injection of hyaluronic acid (1%) into the subretinal space. Mice with conditional HIF-1α knockout in rods (denoted as HIF-1αΔrod) were used. HIF-1α expression in retinas was measured real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. PR cell death after RD was evaluated using TUNEL assay. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histology were used to evaluate retinal layer thicknesses and PR cell densities. A hypoxia signaling pathway PCR array was used to examine the expression of HIF-1α target genes after RD. Results HIF-1α protein levels were significantly increased after RD, and depletion of HIF-1α in rods blunted this increase. A compensatory increase of HIF-2α protein was observed in HIF-1αΔrod mice. Conditional knockout (cKO) of HIF-1α in rods did not lead to any morphologic change in attached retinas but resulted in significantly increased PR cell loss after RD. HIF-1α cKO in rods altered the responses to retinal detachment for 25 out of 83 HIF-1α target genes that were highly enriched for genes involved in glycolysis. Conclusions Rod-derived HIF-1α plays a key role in the PR response to RD, mediating the transcriptional activity of a battery of genes to promote PR cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing X. Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Heather M. Hager
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F. Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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10
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Yao J, Wang T, Jia L, Qiu Y, Zacks DN. Loss of Fas Receptor Function Preserves Photoreceptor Structure and Function in Two Mouse Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 36083588 PMCID: PMC9469031 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The genetic heterogeneity of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) has limited the development of mutation-specific therapies, necessitating the development of therapeutic approaches targeting broadly shared pathophysiologic pathways. The Fas receptor has been reported as a contributor to retinal cell death and inflammation in a wide variety of ocular diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess targeting the Fas pathway as a novel mutation-independent approach to improve photoreceptor survival in IRD. Methods We examined the effects of genetic inactivation of the Fas receptor on retinal degeneration in two distinct IRD mouse models, P23H and rd10. The Fas-lpr mouse, which contains a functionally inactive Fas receptor, was crossed with the P23H and rd10 mice to generate P23H/Fas-lpr and rd10/Fas-lpr mice. Fas activation, photoreceptor survival and retinal function were assessed. Results We detected elevated levels of Fas receptor and microglial activation in the retinas of both P23H and rd10 mice. Inactivation of Fas in these two IRD models (P23H/Fas-lpr and rd10/Fas-lpr mice) resulted in reduced cell death, increased photoreceptor survival, improved retinal function, and reduced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Conclusions The protective effect of a nonfunctional Fas receptor in two different mouse models of retinal degeneration suggests that whereas the individual IRD mutation may be specific, the retina's response to the different stressors appears to be shared and driven by Fas. Reducing Fas activity might represent a potential mutation-independent therapeutic approach to preserve retinal structure and function in patients with IRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yaoyan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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11
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Peng WH, Liao ML, Huang WC, Liu PK, Levi SR, Tseng YJ, Lee CY, Yeh LK, Chen KJ, Chien CL, Wang NK. Conditional Deletion of Activating Rearranged During Transfection Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Leads to Impairment of Photoreceptor Ribbon Synapses and Disrupted Visual Function in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:728905. [PMID: 34803580 PMCID: PMC8602685 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.728905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase plays a key role in transducing signals related to cell growth and differentiation. Ret mutant mice show abnormal retinal activity and abnormal levels and morphology of bipolar cells, yet die on the 21st day after birth as a result of renal underdevelopment. To extend the observation period, we generated the Ret conditional knockout Chx10-Cre;C-Ret lx/lx mouse model and analyzed the retinal function and morphological changes in mature and aging Chx10-Cre;C-Ret lx/lx mice. Methods: Retina-specific depletion of Ret was achieved using mice with floxed alleles of the Ret gene with CHX10-driven Cre recombinase; floxed mice without Cre expression were used as controls. Retinal function was examined using electroretinography (ERG), and 2-, 4-, 12-, and 24-month-old mice were analyzed by hematoxylin staining and immunohistochemistry to evaluate retinal morphological alterations. The ultrastructure of photoreceptor synapses was evaluated using electron microscopy. Results: The results of the ERG testing showed that b-wave amplitudes were reduced in Chx10-Cre;C-Ret lx/lx mice, whereas a-waves were not affected. A histopathological analysis revealed a thinner and disorganized outer plexiform layer at the ages of 12 and 24 months in Chx10-Cre;C-Ret lx/lx mice. Moreover, the data provided by immunohistochemistry showed defects in the synapses of photoreceptor cells. This result was confirmed at the ultrastructural level, thus supporting the participation of Ret in the morphological changes of the synaptic ribbon. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence of the role of Ret in maintaining the function of the retina, which was essential for preserving the structure of the synaptic ribbon and supporting the integrity of the outer plexiform layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Peng
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Lin Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sarah R. Levi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yun-Ju Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Pesce NA, Canovai A, Plastino F, Lardner E, Kvanta A, Cammalleri M, André H, Dal Monte M. An imbalance in autophagy contributes to retinal damage in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10480-10493. [PMID: 34623024 PMCID: PMC8581343 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the abnormal retinal neovascularization is often accompanied by retinal neuronal dysfunction. Here, a rat model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR), which mimics the ROP disease, was used to investigate changes in the expression of key mediators of autophagy and markers of cell death in the rat retina. In addition, rats were treated from birth to postnatal day 14 and 18 with 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), an inhibitor of autophagy. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that autophagic mechanisms are dysregulated in the retina of OIR rats and indicated a possible correlation between autophagy and necroptosis, but not apoptosis. We found that 3‐MA acts predominantly by reducing autophagic and necroptotic markers in the OIR retinas, having no effects on apoptotic markers. However, 3‐MA does not ameliorate retinal function, which results compromised in this model. Taken together, these results revealed the crucial role of autophagy in retinal cells of OIR rats. Thus, inhibiting autophagy may be viewed as a putative strategy to counteract ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Anna Pesce
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Flavia Plastino
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emma Lardner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anders Kvanta
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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13
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Villarejo-Zori B, Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Zapata-Muñoz J, Bell K, Boya P. New insights into the role of autophagy in retinal and eye diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101038. [PMID: 34620506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental homeostatic pathway that mediates the degradation and recycling of intracellular components. It serves as a key quality control mechanism, especially in non-dividing cells such as neurons. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for elimination. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue located in the back of the eye that detects and processes visual images. Vision is a highly demanding process, making the eye one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body and photoreceptors display glycolytic metabolism, even in the presence of oxygen. The retina and eye are also exposed to other stressors that can impair their function, including genetic mutations and age-associated changes. Autophagy, among other pathways, is therefore a key process for the preservation of retinal homeostasis. Here, we review the roles of both canonical and non-canonical autophagy in normal retinal function. We discuss the most recent studies investigating the participation of autophagy in eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy and its role protecting photoreceptors in several forms of retinal degeneration. Finally, we consider the therapeutic potential of strategies that target autophagy pathways to treat prevalent retinal and eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharina Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Republic of Singapore
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Zhu RL, Fang Y, Yu HH, Chen DF, Yang L, Cho KS. Absence of ephrin-A2/A3 increases retinal regenerative potential for Müller cells in Rhodopsin knockout mice. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1317-1322. [PMID: 33318411 PMCID: PMC8284269 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller cells (MC) are considered dormant retinal progenitor cells in mammals. Previous studies demonstrated ephrin-As act as negative regulators of neural progenitor cells in the retina and brain. It remains unclear whether the lack of ephrin-A2/A3 is sufficient to promote the neurogenic potential of MC. Here we investigated whether the MC is the primary retinal cell type expressing ephrin-A2/A3 and their role on the neurogenic potential of Müller cells. In this study, we showed that ephrin-A2/A3 and their receptor EphA4 were expressed in retina and especially enriched in MC. The level of ephrinAs/EphA4 expression increased as the retina matured that is correlated with the reduced proliferative and progenitor cell potential of MC. Next, we investigated the proliferation in primary MC cultures isolated from wild-type and A2-/- A3-/- mice by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation. We detected a significant increase of EdU+ cells in MC derived from A2-/- A3-/- mice. Next, we investigated the role of ephrin-A2/A3 in mice undergoing photoreceptor degeneration such as Rhodopsin knockout (Rho-/-) mice. To further evaluate the role of ephrin-A2/A3 in MC proliferation in vivo, EdU was injected intraperitoneally to adult wild-type, A2-/- A3-/- , Rho-/- and Rho-/- A2-/- A3-/- mice and the numbers of EdU+ cells distributed among different layers of the retina. EphrinAs/EphA4 expression was upregulated in the retina of Rho-/- mice compared to the wild-type mice. In addition, cultured MC derived from ephrin-A2-/- A3-/- mice also expressed higher levels of progenitor cell markers and exhibited higher proliferation potential than those from wild-type mice. Interestingly, we detected a significant increase of EdU+ cells in the retinas of adult ephrin-A2-/- A3-/- mice mainly in the inner nuclear layer; and these EdU+ cells were co-localized with MC marker, cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein, suggesting some proliferating cells are from MC. In Rhodopsin knockout mice (Rho-/- A2-/- A3-/- mice), a significantly greater amount of EdU+ cells were located in the ciliary body, retina and RPE than that of Rho-/- mice. Comparing between 6 and 12 weeks old Rho-/- A2-/- A3-/- mice, we recorded more EdU+ cells in the outer nuclear layer in the 12-week-old mice undergoing severe retinal degeneration. Taken together, Ephrin-A2/A3 are negative regulators of the proliferative and neurogenic potentials of MC. Absence of ephrin-A2/A3 promotes the migration of proliferating cells into the outer nuclear layer and may lead to retinal cell regeneration. All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at Schepens Eye Research Institute, USA (approval No. S-353-0715) on October 24, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Hua Yu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong F. Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Yu HJ, Wykoff CC. Investigational Agents in Development for the Treatment of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. BioDrugs 2021; 35:303-323. [PMID: 33893984 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration, a late-onset, complex, genetic degenerative disease of the retina. Multiple environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in the development of GA, a pathology ultimately defined by loss of photoreceptors and the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. The personal burden of GA has been documented to have a substantial negative impact on quality of life, with progressive and cumulative loss of visual function each year. Currently, there are no treatments to prevent or slow the development or progression of GA. Multiple genetic and histopathologic studies have implicated dysregulation of the complement cascade in GA pathogenesis, leading to the development of several investigational pharmaceuticals targeting key factors in this inflammatory pathway. Several other biochemical pathways have also been implicated in GA development and progression, such as mitochondrial components, mediators of apoptosis and molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, many of which are also being investigated for their potential value as therapeutic targets for GA treatment. Recent advancements in our understanding of GA pathogenesis and the progression of multiple potential therapeutics into later-stage human clinical trials hold great promise for a clinically effective therapeutic for patients with GA to emerge within the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Yu
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Retina Consultants of America, 4460 Bissonnet St., Suite 200, Bellaire, Texas, 77401, United States
| | - Charles C Wykoff
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Retina Consultants of America, 4460 Bissonnet St., Suite 200, Bellaire, Texas, 77401, United States.
- Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Gong Q, Wang H, Yu P, Qian T, Xu X. Protective or Harmful: The Dual Roles of Autophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644121. [PMID: 33842506 PMCID: PMC8026897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative pathway involving intracellular substance degradation and recycling. Recently, this process has attracted a great deal of attention for its fundamental effect on physiological processes in cells, tissues, and the maintenance of organismal homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy occurs in some diseases, including immune disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), as a serious microvascular complication of diabetes, is the main cause of visual loss in working-age adults worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms of DR are thought to be associated with accumulation of oxidative stress, retinal cell apoptosis, inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and nutrient starvation. These factors are closely related to the regulation of autophagy under pathological conditions. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the potential role of autophagy in the progression of DR through different pathways. However, to date this role is not understood, and whether the altered level of autophagy flux protects DR, or instead aggravates the progression, needs to be explored. In this review, we explore the alterations and functions of autophagy in different retinal cells and tissues under DR conditions, and explain the mechanisms involved in DR progression. We aim to provide a basis on which DR associated stress-modulated autophagy may be understood, and to suggest novel targets for future therapeutic intervention in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
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17
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Lee SJ, Wang W, Jin L, Lu X, Gao L, Chen Y, Liu T, Emery D, Vukmanic E, Liu Y, Kaplan HJ, Dean DC. Rod photoreceptor clearance due to misfolded rhodopsin is linked to a DAMP-immune checkpoint switch. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100102. [PMID: 33214223 PMCID: PMC7949052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting from misfolding of the visual pigment rhodopsin (RHO) can lead to loss of rod photoreceptors, which initiates retinitis pigmentosa, characterized initially by diminished nighttime and peripheral vision. Cone photoreceptors depend on rods for glucose transport, which the neurons use for assembly of visual pigment-rich structures; as such, loss of rods also leads to a secondary loss of cone function, diminishing high-resolution color vision utilized for tasks including reading, driving, and facial recognition. If dysfunctional rods could be maintained to continue to serve this secondary cone preservation function, it might benefit patients with retinitis pigmentosa, but the mechanisms by which rods are removed are not fully established. Using pigs expressing mutant RHO, we find that induction of a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) "eat me" signal on the surface of mutant rods is correlated with targeting the live cells for (PrCR) by retinal myeloid cells. Glucocorticoid therapy leads to replacement of this DAMP with a "don't eat me" immune checkpoint on the rod surface and inhibition of PrCR. Surviving rods then continue to promote glucose transport to cones, maintaining their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, Korea
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Douglas Emery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eric Vukmanic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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18
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Kim HR, Kim S, Lee SW, Sin HS, Kim SY. Protective Effects of Fermented Paprika ( Capsicum annuum L.) on Sodium Iodate-Induced Retinal Damage. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010025. [PMID: 33374795 PMCID: PMC7824181 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the outer retina, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are major cause of permanent visual damage. The pathogenesis of AMD involves oxidative stress and damage of the retinal pigment epithelium. Capsicum annuum L. (paprika) fruits have been known as a source of vitamins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and metabolites with a well-known antioxidant activity, which have positive effects on human health and protection against AMD and cataracts. In this study, we investigated whether paprika (fermented (FP), yellow, and orange colored) fermented with Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum could increase the protective effect of retinal degeneration using in vitro and in vivo models. FP significantly increased cell survival and reduced levels of lactate dehydrogenase as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase in SI (sodium iodate, NaIO3)-treated human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. We developed a model of retinal damage in C57BL/6 mice using SI (30 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection. Seven days after SI administration, deformation and a decrease in thickness were observed in the outer nuclear layer, but improved by FP treatment. FP administration protected the SI-mediated reduction of superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in the serum and ocular tissues of mice. The overproduction of cleaved poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP)1, caspase-3 and -8 proteins were significantly protected by FP in SI-treated cells and ocular tissues. In addition, we evaluated the potentiating effects of FP on antioxidants and their underlying mechanisms in RAW 264.7 cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite increase was markedly blocked by FP treatment in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, FP reduced LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 activation. The FP also enhanced the inhibitory effects on mitogen activated kinase signaling protein activation in ARPE-19 and RAW 264.7 cells and ocular tissues. There was no significant difference in total phenol and flavonoid content in paprika by fermentation, but the vitamin C content was increased in orange colored paprika, and protective effect against oxidative stress-mediated retinal damage was enhanced after fermentation. These results suggest that FP may be a potential candidate to protect against retinal degenerative diseases through the regulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Rim Kim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Wonjangdong-gil 111-27, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54810, Korea; (H.-R.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sol Kim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Wonjangdong-gil 111-27, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54810, Korea; (H.-R.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sang-Wang Lee
- Chebigen Co., Ltd., Jeonju 54853, Korea; (S.-W.L.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Hong-Sig Sin
- Chebigen Co., Ltd., Jeonju 54853, Korea; (S.-W.L.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Wonjangdong-gil 111-27, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54810, Korea; (H.-R.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-711-1053
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19
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Cao L, Mu W. Necrostatin-1 and necroptosis inhibition: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105297. [PMID: 33181319 PMCID: PMC7962892 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a RIP1-targeted inhibitor of necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death discovered and investigated in recent years. There are already many studies demonstrating the essential role of necroptosis in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neurological diseases. However, the potential of Nec-1 in diseases has not received much attention. Nec-1 is able to inhibit necroptosis signaling pathway and thus ameliorate necroptotic cell death in disease development. Recent research findings indicate that Nec-1 could be applied in several types of diseases to alleviate disease development or improve prognosis. Moreover, we predict that Nec-1 has the potential to protect against the complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review summarized the effect of Nec-1 in disease models and the underlying molecular mechanism, providing research evidence for its future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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20
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Zhang E, Ryu J, Levi SR, Oh JK, Hsu CW, Cui X, Lee TT, Wang NK, Lima de Carvalho JR, Tsang SH. PKM2 ablation enhanced retinal function and survival in a preclinical model of retinitis pigmentosa. Mamm Genome 2020; 31:77-85. [PMID: 32342224 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible vision loss in over 1.5 million individuals world-wide. The genetic heterogeneity of RP necessitates a broad therapy that is able to provide treatment in a gene- and mutation- non-specific manner. In this study, we identify the therapeutic benefits of metabolic reprogramming by targeting pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in a Pde6β preclinical model of RP. The genetic contributions of PKM2 inhibition in retinal degeneration were evaluated through histology and electroretinogram (ERG) followed by a statistical analysis using a linear regression model. Notably, PKM2 ablation resulted in thicker retinal layers in Pde6β-mutated mice as compared to the controls, suggesting greater photoreceptor survival. Consistent with these anatomical findings, ERG analyses revealed that the maximum b-wave is on average greater in Pkm2 knockout mice than in mice with intact Pkm2, indicating enhanced photoreceptor function. These rescue phenotypes from Pkm2 ablation in a preclinical model of RP indicate that a metabolome reprogramming may be useful in treating RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Zhang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Ryu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah R Levi
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Kyun Oh
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- State University of New York At Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chun Wei Hsu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuan Cui
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- The College of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting-Ting Lee
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jose Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Empresa Brasileira de Servicos Hospitalares (EBSERH) - Hospital das Clinicas de Pernambuco (HCPE), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Jantas D, Chwastek J, Grygier B, Lasoń W. Neuroprotective Effects of Necrostatin-1 Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage: an Involvement of Cathepsin D Inhibition. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:525-542. [PMID: 31960265 PMCID: PMC7062871 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a recently discovered form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, can be implicated in many pathological conditions including neuronal cell death. Moreover, an inhibition of this process by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) has been shown to be neuroprotective in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. However, the involvement of this type of cell death in oxidative stress–induced neuronal cell damage is less recognized. Therefore, we tested the effects of Nec-1, an inhibitor of necroptosis, in the model of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell damage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and murine hippocampal HT-22 cell lines. The data showed that Nec-1 (10–40 μM) attenuated the cell death induced by H2O2 in undifferentiated (UN-) and neuronal differentiated (RA-) SH-SY5Y cells with a higher efficacy in the former cell type. Moreover, Nec-1 partially reduced cell damage induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in UN- and RA-SH-SY5Y cells. The protective effect of Nec-1 was of similar magnitude as the effect of a caspase-3 inhibitor in both cell phenotypes and this effect were not potentiated after combined treatment. Furthermore, the non-specific apoptosis and necroptosis inhibitor curcumin augmented the beneficial effect of Nec-1 against H2O2-evoked cell damage albeit only in RA-SH-SY5Y cells. Next, it was found that the mechanisms of neuroprotective effect of Nec-1 against H2O2-induced cell damage in SH-SY5Y cells involved the inhibition of lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, but not caspase-3 or calpain activities. In HT-22 cells, Nec-1 was protective in two models of oxidative stress (H2O2 and glutamate) and that effect was blocked by a caspase inhibitor. Our data showed neuroprotective effects of the necroptosis inhibitor, Nec-1, against oxidative stress–induced cell damage and pointed to involvement of cathepsin D inhibition in the mechanism of its action. Moreover, a cell type–specific interplay between necroptosis and apoptosis has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jakub Chwastek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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22
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Ma M, Li B, Zhang M, Zhou L, Yang F, Ma F, Shao H, Li Q, Li X, Zhang X. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2019; 191:107899. [PMID: 31866431 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) induces ischemia and oxygen deficiency in the retina and results in multiple pathological events; photoreceptor cell degeneration and death is the eventual cause of vision decline. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) in a rat retinal detachment (RD) model. The model was developed using a subretinal injection of 1% hyaluronic acid in male Sprague-Dawley rats. MSC-Exos were sub-retinally injected at the time of retinal separation to study their therapeutic function. The retinal expression levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 were detected by RT-PCR, the autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3) were detected by Western blot, and apoptosis was examined using TUNEL assays at 3 days following RD. Retinal structure was observed at 7 days post-RD. Proteomic analysis was also performed to detect proteins carried by MSC-Exos using iTRAQ-based technology combined with one-dimensional nano LC-nano-ESI- MS/MS. We found that expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly reduced, the LC3-II to LC3-I ratio was enhanced and cleavage of Atg5 was decreased after MSC-Exo treatment. Treatment with MSC-Exos also suppressed photoreceptor cell apoptosis and maintained normal retinal structure when compared to control groups. Proteomic analysis revealed that MSC-Exos contained proteins with anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects. These results suggest that MSC-Exos have therapeutic effects on RD-induced retinal injury and can be used to reduce effects of retinal detachment on photoreceptor cell degeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Bing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Qiutang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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23
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Qiu Y, Yao J, Jia L, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. Shifting the balance of autophagy and proteasome activation reduces proteotoxic cell death: a novel therapeutic approach for restoring photoreceptor homeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:547. [PMID: 31320609 PMCID: PMC6639359 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The P23H variant of rhodopsin results in misfolding of the protein, and is a common cause of the blinding disease autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). We have recently demonstrated that degeneration of photoreceptor cells in retinas of P23H mice is due to the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced activation of autophagy that leads to a secondary proteasome insufficiency and activation of cell death pathways. We propose that this increased level of autophagy flux relative to proteasome activity, which we term the A:P ratio, represents a marker of altered photoreceptor cell homeostasis, and that therapies aimed at normalizing this ratio will result in increased photoreceptor cell survival. To test this postulate, we treated P23H mice with a chemical chaperone (4-phenylbutyric acid) to improve rhodopsin folding, or with a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (rolipram) to increase proteasome activity. P23H mice treated with either of these agents exhibited reduced ERS, decreased autophagy flux, increased proteasome activity, and decreased activation of cell death pathways. In addition, rates of retinal degeneration were decreased, and photoreceptor morphology and visual function were preserved. These findings support the conclusion that normalizing the A:P ratio, either by reducing the ERS-induced activation of autophagy, or by increasing proteasome activity, improves photoreceptor survival, and suggest a potential new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of adRP caused by protein folding defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya School of medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Debra A Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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24
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Kim GH, Paik SS, Park YS, Kim HG, Kim IB. Amelioration of Mouse Retinal Degeneration After Blue LED Exposure by Glycyrrhizic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:319. [PMID: 31379505 PMCID: PMC6646422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a major component in the root and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which have been used as an herbal medicine, because of its anti-inflammatory activity. GA is known as an inhibitor of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases including inner retinal neuropathy. In this study, we examined the effect of GA in a mouse model of retinal degeneration (RD), the leading cause of blindness. RD was induced by exposure to a blue light-emitting diode (LED). In functional assessment, electroretinography showed that the amplitudes of both a- and b-waves were reduced in RD mice, whereas they were significantly increased in GA-treated RD mice (P < 0.05), compared to those in non-treated RD animals. In histological assessment, GA treatment preserved the outer nuclear layer where photoreceptors reside and reduced photoreceptor cell death. GA-treated retinas showed significantly reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2 and 6, iNOS, and COX-2 (P < 0.05), compared to that in non-treated retinas. Immunohistochemistry showed that Iba-1 and GFAP expression was markedly reduced in GA-treated retinas, indicating decreased glial response and inflammation. Interestingly, HMGB1 expression was reduced in non-treated RD retinas whereas GA paradoxically increased its expression. These results demonstrate that GA preserves retinal structure and function by inhibiting inflammation in blue LED-induced RD, suggesting a potential application of GA as a medication for RD. In addition, we propose a potential retinal protective function of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoun Geun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Wang L, Sun X, Zhu M, Du J, Xu J, Qin X, Xu X, Song E. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate stimulates autophagy and reduces apoptosis levels in retinal Müller cells under high-glucose conditions. Exp Cell Res 2019; 380:149-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Subirada PV, Paz MC, Ridano ME, Lorenc VE, Fader CM, Chiabrando GA, Sánchez MC. Effect of Autophagy Modulators on Vascular, Glial, and Neuronal Alterations in the Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mouse Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:279. [PMID: 31297049 PMCID: PMC6608561 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the main insults in proliferative retinopathies, leading to neovascularization and neurodegeneration. To maintain homeostasis, neurons require efficient degradation and recycling systems. Autophagy participates in retinal cell death, but it is also a cell survival mechanism. Here, we analyzed the role of autophagy at the three characteristic time periods in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model and determined if its modulation can improve vascular and non-vascular alterations. Experiments were performed with chloroquine (CQ) in order to monitor autophagosome accumulation by lysosomal blockade. Post natal day (P)17 OIR mouse retinas showed a significant increase in autophagy flux. In particular, an intense LC3B and p62 staining was observed in inner layers of the retina, mainly proliferating endothelial cells. After a single intraocular injection of Rapamycin at P12 OIR, a decreased neovascular area and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression were observed at P17 OIR. In addition, whereas the increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was reversed at P26 OIR, the functional alterations persisted. Using a similar therapeutic schedule, we analyzed the effect of anti-VEGF therapy on autophagy flux. Like Rapamycin, VEGF inhibitor treatment not only reduced the amount of neovascular tufts, but also activated autophagy flux at P17 OIR, mainly in ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. Finally, the effects of the disruption of autophagy by Spautin-1, were evaluated at vascular, glial, and neuronal levels. After a single dose of Spautin-1, Western blot analysis showed a significant decrease in LC3B II and p62 protein expression at P13 OIR, returning both autophagy markers to OIR control levels at P17. In addition, neither gliosis nor functional alterations were attenuated. In line with these results, TUNEL staining showed a slight increase in the number of positive cells in the outer nuclear layer at P17 OIR. Overall, our results demonstrate that all treatments of induction or inhibition of the autophagic flux reduced neovascular area but were unable to completely reverse the neuronal damage. Besides, compared to current treatments, rapamycin provides a more promising therapeutic strategy as it reduces both neovascular tufts and persistent gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Subirada
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Paz
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Magali E Ridano
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria E Lorenc
- Nanomedicine and Vision Group, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad Austral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Pilar, Argentina
| | - Claudio M Fader
- Facultad de Odontología Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Chiabrando
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
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27
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Kiang L, Ross BX, Yao J, Shanmugam S, Andrews CA, Hansen S, Besirli CG, Zacks DN, Abcouwer SF. Vitreous Cytokine Expression and a Murine Model Suggest a Key Role of Microglia in the Inflammatory Response to Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3767-3778. [PMID: 30046818 PMCID: PMC6059764 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) separates the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in a gradual degeneration of photoreceptor (PR) cells. It is known that RD also results in an inflammatory response, but its contribution to PR degeneration is unknown. In this study we examine the inflammatory responses to RD in patient vitreous and validate a mouse experimental RD as a model of this phenomenon. Methods Multiplex bead arrays were used to examine cytokine levels in vitreous samples from 24 patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) undergoing reattachment surgery and from 10 control patients undergoing vitrectomy for vitreous opacities or epiretinal membrane. Activation of the innate immune response was then examined in a mouse model of RD. Results Twenty-eight factors were significantly increased in vitreous from RD patients versus controls. Notable were the cytokines MCP-1 (CCL2), IP-10 (CXCL10), fractalkine (CX3CL1), GRO (CXCL1), MDC (CCL22), IL-6, and IL-8, which all exhibited relatively high concentrations and several-fold increases in the vitreous of RD patients. Concentrations of various analytes correlated with a range of clinical variables such as duration of detachment and visual acuity. Retinal detachment in the mouse resulted in cytokine mRNA expression changes consistent with human RD vitreous results, as well as microglial proliferation and migration toward the outer retina. Conclusions The findings suggest that an inflammatory response involving microglia is a component of the reaction to retinal detachment that may impact visual acuity after surgical repair and that mouse experimental RD can serve as a model to study this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Kiang
- Oregon Health and Science University, Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Bing X Ross
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jingyu Yao
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Sumathi Shanmugam
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Chris A Andrews
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Sean Hansen
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N Zacks
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F Abcouwer
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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28
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Chen H, Ji Y, Yan X, Su G, Chen L, Xiao J. Berberine attenuates apoptosis in rat retinal Müller cells stimulated with high glucose via enhancing autophagy and the AMPK/mTOR signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1201-1207. [PMID: 30372821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) has beneficial effects on diabetes and the multiple complications of diabetes due to its anti-apoptotic activity; however, the effect of BBR on diabetic retinopathy and its mechanism of action have not been clarified. The present study investigated the effect of BBR on Müller cells stimulated with high glucose (HG). Primary retinal Müller cells were incubated with high glucose to induce cell apoptosis; cells were pretreated with the AMPK inhibitor compound C and the AMPK activator AICAR to further explore the role of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in the anti-apoptotic action of BBR. Immunofluorescence was used to measure apoptosis and autophagy. Western blot analysis was employed to determine the levels of p-AMPK and p-mTOR, as well as apoptosis-related proteins and autophagy-related proteins in Müller cells. Our results showed that BBR attenuated apoptosis, up regulated Bcl-2 and down regulated Bax and caspase-3 expression; enhanced the formation of autophagy, elevated the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3II and activated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in Müller cells under high glucose conditions compared with the control group. The effect of BBR was partly blocked by compound C and strengthened by AICAR. BBR may have therapeutic potential to protect Müller cells from high-glucose-inducing apoptosis through enhancing autophagy and activating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yingshi Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; General Hospital of Fushun Mining Bureau, Fushun, 113008, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
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29
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Duncan JL, Pierce EA, Laster AM, Daiger SP, Birch DG, Ash JD, Iannaccone A, Flannery JG, Sahel JA, Zack DJ, Zarbin MA. Inherited Retinal Degenerations: Current Landscape and Knowledge Gaps. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:6. [PMID: 30034950 PMCID: PMC6052953 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy M Laster
- Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Stephen P Daiger
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, and Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David G Birch
- Rose-Silverthorne Retinal Degenerations Laboratory, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John D Ash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Center for Retinal Degenerations and Ophthalmic Genetic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John G Flannery
- Vision Science, the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - José A Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Institut de la Vision-Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS-Paris, France
| | - Donald J Zack
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco A Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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30
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Yao J, Qiu Y, Frontera E, Jia L, Khan NW, Klionsky DJ, Ferguson TA, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. Inhibiting autophagy reduces retinal degeneration caused by protein misfolding. Autophagy 2018; 14:1226-1238. [PMID: 29940785 PMCID: PMC6103695 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1463121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes necessary for the structure and function of vertebrate photoreceptor cells are associated with multiple forms of inherited retinal degeneration. Mutations in the gene encoding RHO (rhodopsin) are a common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), with the Pro23His variant of RHO resulting in a misfolded protein that activates endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response. Stimulating macroautophagy/autophagy has been proposed as a strategy for clearing misfolded RHO and reducing photoreceptor death. We found that retinas from mice heterozygous for the gene encoding the RHOP23H variant (hereafter called P23H) exhibited elevated levels of autophagy flux, and that pharmacological stimulation of autophagy accelerated retinal degeneration. In contrast, reducing autophagy flux pharmacologically or by rod-specific deletion of the autophagy-activating gene Atg5, improved photoreceptor structure and function. Furthermore, proteasome levels and activity were reduced in the P23H retina, and increased when Atg5 was deleted. Our findings suggest that autophagy contributes to photoreceptor cell death in P23H mice, and that decreasing autophagy shifts the degradation of misfolded RHO protein to the proteasome and is protective. These observations suggest that modulating the flux of misfolded proteins from autophagy to the proteasome may represent an important therapeutic strategy for reducing proteotoxicity in adRP and other diseases caused by protein folding defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yaoyan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya School of medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Eric Frontera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naheed W. Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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31
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Sánchez-Cruz A, Villarejo-Zori B, Marchena M, Zaldivar-Díez J, Palomo V, Gil C, Lizasoain I, de la Villa P, Martínez A, de la Rosa EJ, Hernández-Sánchez C. Modulation of GSK-3 provides cellular and functional neuroprotection in the rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:19. [PMID: 29661219 PMCID: PMC5902946 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of hereditary retinal neurodegenerative conditions characterized by primary dysfunction and death of photoreceptor cells, resulting in visual loss and, eventually, blindness. To date, no effective therapies have been transferred to clinic. Given the diverse genetic etiology of RP, targeting common cellular and molecular retinal alterations has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy. Methods Using the Pde6brd10/rd10 mouse model of RP, we investigated the effects of daily intraperitoneal administration of VP3.15, a small-molecule heterocyclic GSK-3 inhibitor. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR and protein expression and phosphorylation by Western blot. Photoreceptor preservation was evaluated by histological analysis and visual function was assessed by electroretinography. Results In rd10 retinas, increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers and reactive gliosis coincided with the early stages of retinal degeneration. Compared with wild-type controls, GSK-3β expression (mRNA and protein) remained unchanged during the retinal degeneration period. However, levels of GSK-3βSer9 and its regulator AktSer473 were increased in rd10 versus wild-type retinas. In vivo administration of VP3.15 reduced photoreceptor cell loss and preserved visual function. This neuroprotective effect was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of neuroinflammatory markers. Conclusions These results provide proof of concept of the therapeutic potential of VP3.15 for the treatment of retinal neurodegenerative conditions in general, and RP in particular. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0251-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Sánchez-Cruz
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.,Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Marchena
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Zaldivar-Díez
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique J de la Rosa
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Hernández-Sánchez
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine (3D Lab) and Structural and Chemical Biology (IPSBB Unit), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide aggravates inherited retinal dystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:350. [PMID: 29500424 PMCID: PMC5834451 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases involve a scenario of inflammation and cell death that leads to morphological alterations and visual impairment. Non-ocular inflammatory processes could affect neurodegenerative retinal disorders and their progression, at least in part by activating microglial cells and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our purpose was to study the consequences of a systemic inflammatory process in the progression of retinal degeneration in P23H rats, a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model. In order to induce a mild chronic systemic inflammation, we administered low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from age P20 to P60 to dystrophic P23H rats and healthy SD rats. Visual responsiveness was assessed by electroretinography (ERG). The morphological state of the retinas was analyzed by fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC), evaluating the number, morphology, and connectivity of different neuronal populations by means of cell type-specific markers. Microglia density, distribution, and degree of activation were evaluated by IHC and flow cytometry. The expression levels of inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR arrays. Low-dose LPS administration did not induce significant functional or morphological changes in the retina of SD rats, although at the molecular level, we detected expression changes in genes related to apoptosis. Otherwise, systemic injection of LPS into P23H rats induced a further deterioration in the ERG response, with greater loss of photoreceptors and worsening of synaptic connectivity, accompanied by increasing numbers of microglial cells, which also showed a more intense activation state. Several inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were upregulated. Our results indicate that chronic exacerbation of the inflammatory response in response to LPS accelerates neurodegeneration in dystrophic P23H rats, suggesting that in patients with ocular neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral damage, as a systemic infection or chronic inflammatory process, could accelerate disease progression, and should be taken into account in order to select an appropriate therapy to revert, block or slow-down the degenerative process.
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Cammalleri M, Locri F, Catalani E, Filippi L, Cervia D, Dal Monte M, Bagnoli P. The Beta Adrenergic Receptor Blocker Propranolol Counteracts Retinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Oxygen Induced Retinopathy: Restoring the Balance between Apoptosis and Autophagy. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:395. [PMID: 29375312 PMCID: PMC5770647 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a mouse model of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR), beta adrenergic receptor (BAR) blockade has been shown to recover hypoxia-associated retinal damages. Although the adrenergic signaling is an important regulator of apoptotic and autophagic processes, the role of BARs in retinal cell death remains to be elucidated. The present study was aimed at investigating whether ameliorative effects of BAR blockers may occur through their coordinated action on apoptosis and autophagy. To this aim, retinas from control and OIR mice untreated or treated with propranolol, a non-selective BAR1/2 blocker, were characterized in terms of expression and localization of apoptosis and autophagy markers. The effects of propranolol on autophagy signaling were also evaluated and specific autophagy modulators were used to get functional information on the autophagic effects of BAR antagonism. Finally, propranolol effects on neurodegenerative processes were associated to an electrophysiological investigation of retinal function by recording electroretinogram (ERG). We found that retinas of OIR mice are characterized by increased apoptosis and decreased autophagy, while propranolol reduces apoptosis and stimulates autophagy. In particular, propranolol triggers autophagosome formation in bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells that are committed to die by apoptosis in response to hypoxia. Also our data argue that propranolol, through the inhibition of the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, activates autophagy which decreases retinal cell death. At the functional level, propranolol recovers dysfunctional ERG by recovering the amplitude of a- and b-waves, and oscillatory potentials, thus indicating an efficient restoring of retinal transduction. Overall, our results demonstrate that BAR1/2 are key regulators of retinal apoptosis/autophagy, and that BAR1/2 blockade leads to autophagy-mediated neuroprotection. Reinstating the balance between apoptotic and autophagic machines may therefore be viewed as a future goal in the treatment of retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Locri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Filippi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Surgical Fetal-Neonatal Department, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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34
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Amato R, Catalani E, Dal Monte M, Cammalleri M, Di Renzo I, Perrotta C, Cervia D, Casini G. Autophagy-mediated neuroprotection induced by octreotide in an ex vivo model of early diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:167-178. [PMID: 28970178 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal injury plays a major role in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our hypothesis was that the balance between neuronal death and survival may depend on a similar equilibrium between apoptosis and autophagy and that a neuroprotectant may act by influencing this equilibrium. Ex vivo mouse retinal explants were treated with high glucose (HG) for 10days and the somatostatin analog octreotide (OCT) was used as a neuroprotectant. Chloroquine (CQ) was used as an autophagy inhibitor. Apoptotic and autophagic markers were evaluated using western blot and immunohistochemistry. HG-treated explants displayed a significant increase of apoptosis paralleled by a significant decrease of the autophagic flux, which was likely to be due to increased activity of the autophagy regulator mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Treatment with OCT rescued HG-treated retinal explants from apoptosis and determined an increase of autophagic activity with concomitant mTOR inhibition. Blocking the autophagic flux with CQ completely abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of OCT. Immunohistochemical observations showed that OCT-induced autophagy is localized to populations of bipolar and amacrine cells and to ganglion cells. These observations revealed the antithetic role of apoptosis and autophagy, highlighting their equilibrium from which neuronal survival is likely to depend. These data suggest the crucial role covered by autophagy, which could be considered as a molecular target for DR neuroprotective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Di Renzo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Casini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Platón-Corchado M, Barcelona PF, Jmaeff S, Marchena M, Hernández-Pinto AM, Hernández-Sánchez C, Saragovi HU, de la Rosa EJ. p75 NTR antagonists attenuate photoreceptor cell loss in murine models of retinitis pigmentosa. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2922. [PMID: 28703796 PMCID: PMC5550853 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ProNGF signaling through p75NTR has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) comprises a group of inherited retinal dystrophies that causes progressive photoreceptor cell degeneration and death, at a rate dependent on the genetic mutation. There are more than 300 mutations causing RP, and this is a challenge to therapy. Our study was designed to explore a common mechanism for p75NTR in the progression of RP, and assess its potential value as a therapeutic target. The proNGF/p75NTR system is present in the dystrophic retina of the rd10 RP mouse model. Compared with wild-type (WT) retina, the levels of unprocessed proNGF were increased in the rd10 retina at early degenerative stages, before the peak of photoreceptor cell death. Conversely, processed NGF levels were similar in rd10 and WT retinas. ProNGF remained elevated throughout the period of photoreceptor cell loss, correlating with increased expression of α2-macroglobulin, an inhibitor of proNGF processing. The neuroprotective effect of blocking p75NTR was assessed in organotypic retinal cultures from rd10 and RhoP mouse models. Retinal explants treated with p75NTR antagonists showed significantly reduced photoreceptor cell death, as determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and by preservation of the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), where photoreceptor nuclei are located. This effect was accompanied by decreased retinal-reactive gliosis and reduced TNFα secretion. Use of p75NTR antagonist THX-B (1,3-diisopropyl-1-[2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-purin-7-yl)-acetyl]-urea) in vivo in the rd10 and RhoP mouse models, by a single intravitreal or subconjunctival injection, afforded neuroprotection to photoreceptor cells, with preservation of the ONL. This study demonstrates a role of the p75NTR/proNGF axis in the progression of RP, and validates these proteins as therapeutic targets in two different RP models, suggesting utility irrespective of etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo F Barcelona
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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36
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Smith AJ, Carter SP, Kennedy BN. Genome editing: the breakthrough technology for inherited retinal disease? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1245-1254. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1347629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smith
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Stephen P. Carter
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Breandán N. Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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Xiao J, Yao J, Jia L, Lin C, Zacks DN. Protective Effect of Met12, a Small Peptide Inhibitor of Fas, on the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Photoreceptor After Sodium Iodate Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1801-1810. [PMID: 28346613 PMCID: PMC5374881 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A major problem in macular degeneration is the inability to reduce RPE and photoreceptor death. These cells die by necroptosis and apoptosis, respectively, but the upstream activator(s) of these death pathways is unknown. In this study, we use the sodium iodate (NaIO3) model of oxidative stress to test the hypothesis that activation of the Fas receptor contributes to the death of the RPE and photoreceptors. Methods Sodium iodate was injected in Brown-Norway rats via femoral vein injection. Both in vivo (fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography) and ex vivo (histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and RT-PCR) analyses of the RPE and retina were conducted at baseline, as well as at various times post NaIO3 injection. The ability of intravitreal injection of Met12, a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, to prevent RPE and photoreceptor cell death was assessed. Results Injection of NaIO3 led to Fas-mediated activation of both necroptosis and apoptosis in the RPE and photoreceptors, respectively. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of microglia/macrophages in the outer retina. Met12 significantly reduced the activation of the Fas-mediated death pathways, resulting in reduced RPE and photoreceptor death and a decreased immune response. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that NaIO3 activates Fas-mediated cell death, both in the RPE and photoreceptor, and that a small peptide antagonist of the Fas receptor, Met12, significantly reduces the extent of this cell death. These findings suggest a role for Fas inhibition to protect the RPE and photoreceptors from death due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Chengmao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Ischemic injury leads to extracellular matrix alterations in retina and optic nerve. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43470. [PMID: 28262779 PMCID: PMC5338032 DOI: 10.1038/srep43470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia occurs in a variety of eye diseases. Restrained blood flow induces retinal damage, which leads to progressive optic nerve degeneration and vision loss. Previous studies indicate that extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents play an important role in complex tissues, such as retina and optic nerve. They have great impact on de- and regeneration processes and represent major candidates of central nervous system glial scar formation. Nevertheless, the importance of the ECM during ischemic retina and optic nerve neurodegeneration is not fully understood yet. In this study, we analyzed remodeling of the extracellular glycoproteins fibronectin, laminin, tenascin-C and tenascin-R and the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) aggrecan, brevican and phosphacan/RPTPβ/ζ in retinae and optic nerves of an ischemia/reperfusion rat model via quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. A variety of ECM constituents were dysregulated in the retina and optic nerve after ischemia. Regarding fibronectin, significantly elevated mRNA and protein levels were observed in the retina following ischemia, while laminin and tenascin-C showed enhanced immunoreactivity in the optic nerve after ischemia. Interestingly, CSPGs displayed significantly increased expression levels in the optic nerve. Our study demonstrates a dynamic expression of ECM molecules following retinal ischemia, which strengthens their regulatory role during neurodegeneration.
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39
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Boya P, Esteban-Martínez L, Serrano-Puebla A, Gómez-Sintes R, Villarejo-Zori B. Autophagy in the eye: Development, degeneration, and aging. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:206-245. [PMID: 27566190 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of cellular components. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for elimination. In response to stress, autophagy mediates the degradation of cell components, which are recycled to generate the nutrients and building blocks required to sustain cellular homeostasis. Moreover, it plays an important role in cellular quality control, particularly in neurons, in which the total burden of altered proteins and damaged organelles cannot be reduced by redistribution to daughter cells through cell division. Research has only begun to examine the role of autophagy in the visual system. The retina, a light-sensitive tissue, detects and transmits electrical impulses through the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the brain. Both the retina and the eye are exposed to a variety of environmental insults and stressors, including genetic mutations and age-associated alterations that impair their function. Here, we review the main studies that have sought to explain autophagy's importance in visual function. We describe the role of autophagy in retinal development and cell differentiation, and discuss the implications of autophagy dysregulation both in physiological aging and in important diseases such as age-associated macular degeneration and glaucoma. We also address the putative role of autophagy in promoting photoreceptor survival and discuss how selective autophagy could provide alternative means of protecting retinal cells. The findings reviewed here underscore the important role of autophagy in maintaining proper retinal function and highlight novel therapeutic approaches for blindness and other diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Boya
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lorena Esteban-Martínez
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano-Puebla
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Over the last few years, huge progress has been made with regard to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases of the eye. Such knowledge has led to the development of gene therapy approaches to treat these devastating disorders. Challenges regarding the efficacy and efficiency of therapeutic gene delivery have driven the development of novel therapeutic approaches, which continue to evolve the field of ocular gene therapy. In this review article, we will discuss the evolution of preclinical and clinical strategies that have improved gene therapy in the eye, showing that treatment of vision loss has a bright future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Petit
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Hemant Khanna
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Claudio Punzo
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
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Roth S, Dreixler JC, Mathew B, Balyasnikova I, Mann JR, Boddapati V, Xue L, Lesniak MS. Hypoxic-Preconditioned Bone Marrow Stem Cell Medium Significantly Improves Outcome After Retinal Ischemia in Rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:3522-32. [PMID: 27367588 PMCID: PMC4961056 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated the protective effect of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC)-conditioned medium in retinal ischemic injury. We hypothesized here that hypoxic preconditioning of stem cells significantly enhances the neuroprotective effect of the conditioned medium and thereby augments the protective effect in ischemic retina. METHODS Rats were subjected to retinal ischemia by increasing intraocular pressure to 130 to 135 mm Hg for 55 minutes. Hypoxic-preconditioned, hypoxic unconditioned, or normoxic medium was injected into the vitreous 24 hours after ischemia ended. Recovery was assessed 7 days after injections by comparing electroretinography measurements, histologic examination, and apoptosis (TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay). To compare proteins secreted into the medium in the groups and the effect of hypoxic exposure, we used rat cytokine arrays. RESULTS Eyes injected with hypoxic BMSC-conditioned medium 24 hours after ischemia demonstrated significantly enhanced return of retinal function, decreased retinal ganglion cell layer loss, and attenuated apoptosis compared to those administered normoxic or hypoxic unconditioned medium. Hypoxic-preconditioned medium had 21 significantly increased protein levels compared to normoxic medium. CONCLUSIONS The medium from hypoxic-preconditioned BMSCs robustly restored retinal function and prevented cell loss after ischemia when injected 24 hours after ischemia. The protective effect was even more pronounced than in our previous studies of normoxic conditioned medium. Prosurvival signals triggered by the secretome may play a role in this neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Illinois, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - John C. Dreixler
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Biji Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Illinois, United States
| | - Irina Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jacob R. Mann
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Venkat Boddapati
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lai Xue
- Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Singh PK, Kumar A. Mitochondria mediates caspase-dependent and independent retinal cell death in Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16034. [PMID: 27551524 PMCID: PMC4979429 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endophthalmitis, a vision-threatening complication of ocular surgery or trauma, is characterized by increased intraocular inflammation and retinal tissue damage. Although significant vision loss in endophthalmitis has been linked to retinal cell death, the underlying mechanisms of cell death remain elusive. In this study, using a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis and cultured human retinal Müller glia (MIO-M1 cell line), we demonstrate that S. aureus caused significant apoptotic cell death in the mouse retina and Müller glia, as evidenced by increased number of terminal dUTP nick end labeling and Annexin V and propidium iodide-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry and western blot studies revealed the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 staining), release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, translocation of Bax to the mitochondria and the activation of caspase-9 and -3 in S. aureus-infected retina/retinal cells. In addition, the activation of PARP-1 and the release of apoptosis inducing factor from mitochondria was also observed in S. aureus-infected retinal cells. Inhibition studies using pan-caspase (Q-VD-OPH) and PARP-1 (DPQ) inhibitors showed significant reduction in S. aureus-induced retinal cell death both in vivo and in vitro. Together, our findings demonstrate that in bacterial endophthalmitis, retinal cells undergo apoptosis in the both caspase-dependent and independent manners, and mitochondria have a central role in this process. Hence, targeting the identified signaling pathways may provide the rationale to design therapeutic interventions to prevent bystander retinal tissue damage in bacterial endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Singh
- Kresge Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - A Kumar
- Kresge Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Yanai A, Viringipurampeer IA, Bashar E, Gregory-Evans K. Anti-ageing glycoprotein promotes long-term survival of transplanted neurosensory precursor cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2658-2662. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Ishaq A. Viringipurampeer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Emran Bashar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kevin Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Wubben TJ, Besirli CG, Zacks DN. Pharmacotherapies for Retinal Detachment. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:1553-62. [PMID: 27040150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment is an important cause of visual loss. Currently, surgical techniques, including vitrectomy, scleral buckle, and pneumatic retinopexy, are the only means to repair retinal detachment and restore vision. However, surgical failure rates may be as high as 20%, and visual outcomes continue to vary secondary to multiple processes, including postoperative cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane formation, macular folds, and, ultimately, photoreceptor death. Therefore, pharmacotherapies are being sought to aid the success rates of modern surgical techniques and reduce or slow the degeneration of photoreceptors during retinal detachment. This review discusses potential therapeutic avenues that aid in retinal reattachment, reduce the rate of retinal redetachment by limiting proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and protect against photoreceptor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wubben
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David N Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Lobo GP, Au A, Kiser PD, Hagstrom SA. Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in TULP1 Induced Retinal Degeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151806. [PMID: 26987071 PMCID: PMC4795779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal disorders (IRDs) result in severe visual impairments in children and adults. A challenge in the field of retinal degenerations is identifying mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death related to specific genetic mutations. Mutations in the gene TULP1 have been associated with two forms of IRDs, early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). TULP1 is a cytoplasmic, membrane-associated protein shown to be involved in transportation of newly synthesized proteins destined for the outer segment compartment of photoreceptor cells; however, how mutant TULP1 causes cell death is not understood. In this study, we provide evidence that common missense mutations in TULP1 express as misfolded protein products that accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causing prolonged ER stress. In an effort to maintain protein homeostasis, photoreceptor cells then activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) complex. Our results indicate that the two major apoptotic arms of the UPR pathway, PERK and IRE1, are activated. Additionally, we show that retinas expressing mutant TULP1 significantly upregulate the expression of CHOP, a UPR signaling protein promoting apoptosis, and undergo photoreceptor cell death. Our study demonstrates that the ER-UPR, a known mechanism of apoptosis secondary to an overwhelming accumulation of misfolded protein, is involved in photoreceptor degeneration caused by missense mutations in TULP1. These observations suggest that modulating the UPR pathways might be a strategy for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Adrian Au
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Philip D. Kiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shi H, Williams JAE, Guo L, Stampoulis D, Francesca Cordeiro M, Moss SE. Exposure to the complement C5b-9 complex sensitizes 661W photoreceptor cells to both apoptosis and necroptosis. Apoptosis 2016; 20:433-43. [PMID: 25735751 PMCID: PMC4348505 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The loss of photoreceptors is the defining characteristic of many retinal degenerative diseases, but the mechanisms that regulate photoreceptor cell death are not fully understood. Here we have used the 661W cone photoreceptor cell line to ask whether exposure to the terminal complement complex C5b-9 induces cell death and/or modulates the sensitivity of these cells to other cellular stressors. 661W cone photoreceptors were exposed to complete normal human serum following antibody blockade of CD59. Apoptosis induction was assessed morphologically, by flow cytometry, and on western blotting by probing for cleaved PARP and activated caspase-3. Necroptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and Sirtuin 2 inhibition using 2-cyano-3-[5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-furyl]-N-5-quinolinylacrylamide (AGK2). The sensitivity of 661W cells to ionomycin, staurosporine, peroxide and chelerythrine was also investigated, with or without prior formation of C5b-9. 661W cells underwent apoptotic cell death following exposure to C5b-9, as judged by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 cleavage and activation of caspase-3. We also observed apoptotic cell death in response to staurosporine, but 661W cells were resistant to both ionomycin and peroxide. Interestingly, C5b-9 significantly increased 661W sensitivity to staurosporine-induced apoptosis and necroptosis. These studies show that low levels of C5b-9 on 661W cells can induce apoptosis, and that C5b-9 specifically sensitizes 661W cells to certain apoptotic and necroptotic pathways. Our observations provide new insight into the potential role of the complement system in photoreceptor loss, with implications for the molecular aetiology of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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Andreeva K, Soliman MM, Cooper NGF. Regulatory networks in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. BMC Genet 2015; 16:43. [PMID: 25902940 PMCID: PMC4424502 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal function is ordered by interactions between transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators at the molecular level. These regulators include transcription factors (TFs) and posttranscriptional factors such as microRNAs (miRs). Some studies propose that miRs predominantly target the TFs rather than other types of protein coding genes and such studies suggest a possible interconnection of these two regulators in co-regulatory networks. RESULTS Our lab has generated mRNA and miRNA microarray expression data to investigate time-dependent changes in gene expression, following induction of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the rat retina. Data from different reperfusion time points following retinal IR-injury were analyzed. Paired expression data for miRNA-target gene (TG), TF-TG, miRNA-TF were used to identify regulatory loop motifs whose expressions were altered by the IR injury paradigm. These loops were subsequently integrated into larger regulatory networks and biological functions were assayed. Systematic analyses of the networks have provided new insights into retinal gene regulation in the early and late periods of IR. We found both overlapping and unique patterns of molecular expression at the two time points. These patterns can be defined by their characteristic molecular motifs as well as their associated biological processes. We highlighted the regulatory elements of miRs and TFs associated with biological processes in the early and late phases of ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS The etiology of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is orchestrated by complex and still not well understood gene networks. This work represents the first large network analysis to integrate miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in context of retinal ischemia. It is likely that an appreciation of such regulatory networks will have prognostic potential. In addition, the computational framework described in this study can be used to construct miRNA-TF interactive systems networks for various diseases/disorders of the retina and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Andreeva
- Department of Anatomical Science and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 500 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Maha M Soliman
- Department of Anatomical Science and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 500 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Nigel G F Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Science and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 500 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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NF-κB regulates caspase-4 expression and sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117953. [PMID: 25695505 PMCID: PMC4335045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Found in neurons and neuroblastoma cells, Fas-induced apoptosis and accompanied activation of NF-κB signaling were thought to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, the detailed functions of NF-κB activation in Fas killing and the effect of NF-κB activation on its downstream events remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that agonistic Fas antibody induces cell death in a dose-dependent way and NF-κB signaling is activated as well, in neuroblastoma cells SH-EP1. Unexpectedly, NF-κB activation was shown to be pro-apoptotic, as suggested by the reduction of Fas-induced cell death with either a dominant negative form of IκBα (DN-IκBα) or an IκB kinase-specific inhibitor. To our interest, when analyzing downstream events of NF-κB signaling, we found that DN-IκBα only suppressed the expression of caspase-4, but not other caspases. Vice versa, enhancement of NF-κB activity by p65 (RelA) overexpression increased the expression of caspase-4 at both mRNA and protein levels. More directly, results from dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated the regulation of caspase-4 promoter activity by NF-κB. When caspase-4 activity was blocked by its dominant negative (DN) form, Fas-induced cell death was substantially reduced. Consistently, the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3 induced by Fas was also reduced. In contrast, the cleavage of caspase-8 remained unaffected in caspase-4 DN cells, although caspase-8 inhibitor could rescue Fas-induced cell death. Collectively, these data suggest that caspase-4 activity is required for Fas-induced cell apoptosis and caspase-4 may act upstream of PARP and caspase-3 and downstream of caspase-8. Overall, we demonstrate that NF-κB can mediate Fas-induced apoptosis through caspase-4 protease, indicating that caspase-4 is a new mediator of NF-κB pro-apoptotic pathway in neuroblastoma cells.
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Chapter 6 - Restoring Vision to the Blind: Neuroprotection. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:8. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.7.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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