1
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Dolan K, Liao SM, Crowley M, Xiang C, Adams CM, Brown A, Vo N, Chen A, Delgado O, Buchanan N, Guo C, Prasanna G. Complement Factor B Inhibition or Deletion Is Not Sufficient to Prevent Neurodegeneration in a Murine Model of Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38976487 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2024.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Activation of the classical complement pathway is thought to contribute to the development and progression of glaucoma. The role of alternative complement or amplification pathways in glaucoma is not well understood. We evaluated complement factor B (FB) expression in postmortem human ocular tissues with or without glaucoma and the effect of FB inhibition and deletion in a mouse ocular hypertensive model of glaucoma induced by photopolymerized hyaluronic acid glycidyl methacrylate (HAGM). Methods: Human CFB mRNA in human eyes was assessed by RNAscope and TaqMan. HAGM model was performed on C57BL6/J mice. The effect of FB in HAGM model was evaluated with an oral FB inhibitor and Cfb-/- mice. Complement mRNA and proteins in mouse eyes were assessed by TaqMan and western blot, respectively. Results: CFB mRNA in human glaucomatous macular neural retina and optic nerve head was upregulated. Cfb mRNA is also upregulated in the HAGM model. Oral FB inhibitor, ED-79-GX17, dosed daily at 200 mg/kg for 3 days after intraocular pressure (IOP) induction in wild-type mice showed complement inhibition in ocular tissues and significantly inhibited systemic complement levels. Daily dosing of ED-79-GX17 for 30 days or Cfb deletion was also unable to prevent retinal ganglion cell or axon loss 30 days after IOP induction in mice. Conclusion: The alternative complement component FB may not substantially contribute to RGC loss in the HAGM mouse glaucoma model despite upregulation of Cfb expression and activation of the alternative pathway. The relevance of these findings to human glaucoma remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Dolan
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Maura Crowley
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research NBR, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ann Brown
- Discovery/Bioanalytics, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research NBR, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nhi Vo
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Chen
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Omar Delgado
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Natasha Buchanan
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chenying Guo
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ganesh Prasanna
- Ophthalmology, Novartis BioMedical Research (NBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Iorga RE, Moraru AD, Costin D, Munteanu-Dănulescu RS, Brănișteanu DC. Current trends in targeting the oxidative stress in glaucoma (Review). Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:328-337. [PMID: 37974458 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231214297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterised by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and visual field loss. Glaucoma is considered to be the leading cause of blindness in the industrialised countries. Oxidative damage is an important pathogenic factor in glaucoma, which triggers trabecular meshwork (TM) degeneration, which then leads to intraocular hypertension. Neurodegenerative insults during glaucomatous neurodegeneration initiate an immune response to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the oxidative stress (OS) that develops during the pathogenic processes of glaucoma, along with the agerelated OS, plays a critical role in shifting the physiological equilibrium. In the TM from glaucoma donors, proinflammatory markers were found, which were induced by the activation of a stress response. Chronic changes in the composition of antioxidants found in aqueous humour may induce alterations in TM as well as in the optic nerve head cells. Highlighting the pathogenic role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in glaucoma has implications in preventing this disease. Various clinical trials are available to test the efficacy of antioxidant drugs in glaucoma management. In this review, we discuss the OS as a therapeutic target, suggesting that the modulation of a pro-oxidant/antioxidant status might be a relevant target for glaucoma prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Eugenia Iorga
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Dana Moraru
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Dănuț Costin
- Department of Ophthalmology, "N. Oblu" Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania
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4
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Liu HH, Cullen PF, Sivak JM, Gronert K, Flanagan JG. Protective Effects of Lipoxin A 4 and B 4 Signaling on the Inner Retina in a Mouse Model of Experimental Glaucoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.575414. [PMID: 38293224 PMCID: PMC10827219 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.575414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), resulting in a gradual decline of vision. A recent study by our groups indicated that the levels of lipoxins A4 (LXA4) and B4 (LXB4) in the retina and optic nerve decrease following acute injury, and that restoring their function is neuroprotective. Lipoxins are members of the specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) family and play key roles to mitigate and resolve chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Yet, knowledge about lipoxin neuroprotective activity remains limited. Here we investigate the in vivo efficacy of exogenous LXA4 and LXB4 administration on the inner retina in a mouse model of chronic experimental glaucoma. To investigate the contribution of LXA4 signaling we used transgenic knockout (KO) mice lacking the two mouse LXA4 receptors (Fpr2/Fpr3-/-). Functional and structural changes of inner retinal neurons were assessed longitudinally using electroretinogram (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). At the end of the experiment, retinal samples were harvested for immunohistological assessment. While both lipoxins generated protective trends, only LXB4 treatment was significant, and consistently more efficacious than LXA4 in all endpoints. Both lipoxins also appeared to dramatically reduce Müller glial reactivity following injury. In comparison, Fpr2/Fpr3 deletion significantly worsened inner retinal injury and function, consistent with an essential protective role for endogenous LXA4. Together, these results support further exploration of lipoxin signaling as a treatment for glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Liu
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Paul F. Cullen
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Sivak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - John G. Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
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5
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Alhagaa AA, Mahmoud Badawi N, Abd Allah El-Morsy O. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Diagnosis Using Pattern Electroretinogram Parameters. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:3281-3293. [PMID: 37933330 PMCID: PMC10625753 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s424323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is the most typical cause of permanent blindness. POAG, or primary open angle glaucoma, is the most common type. The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) has become a promising technique for detecting glaucoma early-on. The goal of this study was to assess the ability of PERG to diagnose POAG, especially in early, difficult-to-diagnose cases in comparison with other already established diagnostic methods. Methods 150 participants (300 eyes) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at ophthalmology department at Menoufia University Hospital in August 2022 to February 2023. All recruited participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmological and PERG exams. The studied eyes were divided into three groups as 100 normal eyes (Group I), 100 eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (Group II), and 100 eyes with established perimetric glaucoma (Group III). Results OCT-RNFL average thickness had a significant positive correlation with P50 latency (r=0.289, p=0.041) or P50 amplitude (r=0.302, p=0.018) and N95 amplitude (r=0.640, p=0.001) among group (II). Also, RNFL thickness had negative correlation with P50 amplitude (r= -0.268, p=0.043) among group (III). RNFL thickness and P50 and N95 amplitude showed highest AUC values in detecting preperimetric glaucomatous eyes vs normal eyes (AUC=0.927, 0.952, 904), and for detecting established perimetric glaucomatous eyes vs normal eyes (AUC=1.00, 0.957, 0.983 respectively) compared with VF MD which showed AUC (0.458 and 0.901 respectively). Conclusion Glaucoma patients exhibit PERG alterations (comparable to RNFL thickness changes) so, it could be used as an accurate diagnostic method in POAG. Because PERG alterations occur before visual field abnormalities, it could be relied on as an early diagnostic tool in preperimetric glaucoma. We can use both RNFL thickness assessment by OCT with PERG parameters as complementary tests for accurate diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma which represents the most difficult diagnostic challenge in glaucoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Alhagaa
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Menoufia, 6132415, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Mahmoud Badawi
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Menoufia, 6132415, Egypt
| | - Osama Abd Allah El-Morsy
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Menoufia, 6132415, Egypt
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6
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Erb C, Reinehr S, Theiss C, Dick HB, Joachim SC. HSP27 induced glaucomatous damage in mice of young and advanced age. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1257297. [PMID: 37744880 PMCID: PMC10513106 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1257297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Age-related diseases such as glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, are having an upward trend due to an aging society. In glaucoma, some patients display altered antibody profiles and increased antibody titers, for example against heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). An intravitreal injection of HSP27 leads to glaucoma-like damage in rats. We now aimed to investigate if aged mice are more prone to this damage than younger ones. Methods We intravitreally injected HSP27 into young (1-2 months) and aged (7-8 months) mice to compare glaucomatous damage. Respective age-matched controls received PBS. Not injected eyes served as naive controls. Results Optical coherence tomography 4 weeks after injection showed no changes in retinal thickness in all groups at both ages. Cell counts and RT-qPCR revealed a significant reduction in RGC numbers in HSP27 mice at both ages. Comparing aged and young HSP27 mice, no differences in Rbpms and Pou4f1 (RGCs) expression was detected, while the Tubb3 expression (neuronal cells) was significantly upregulated in aged HSP27 animals. Neither microglia/macrophages nor (resident) microglia counts revealed significant differences in HSP27 mice at both ages. Nevertheless, increased relative Iba1 and Tmem119 expression was detected in young and aged HSP27 mice. Aged HSP27 mice displayed a significantly lower Iba1 expression than young ones, whereas Cd68 levels were upregulated. A larger GFAP+ area and an upregulation of GFAP expression in HSP27 animals of both ages indicated a macrogliosis. Also, elevated Il1b and Nos2 expression levels were observed in young and aged HSP27 mice. However, only Il1b levels were upregulated when comparing 7-8 months to 1-2 months old animals. A larger HSP25+ area was seen in aged HSP27 animals, while Hspb2 expression levels were downregulated in both HSP27 groups. The aged HSP27 group displayed an upregulated Hspb2 expression compared to young mice. Furthermore, a higher optic nerve degeneration score was noted in young and aged HSP27 groups. Discussion These findings indicate that an intravitreal injection of HSP27 led to RGC loss accompanied by inflammation. Age-dependent effects (7-8 months vs. 1-2 months) were not very prominent. The results suggest a potential role of extracellular HSP27 in the development of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clivia Erb
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H. Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Kumar S, Akopian A, Bloomfield SA. Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells Suppresses Microglia Activation in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:24. [PMID: 37318444 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.7.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microglial activation has been implicated in many neurodegenerative eye diseases, but the interrelationship between cell loss and microglia activation remains unclear. In glaucoma, there is no consensus yet whether microglial activation precedes or is a consequence of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. We therefore investigated the temporal and spatial appearance of activated microglia in retina and their correspondence to RGC degeneration in glaucoma. Methods We used an established microbead occlusion model of glaucoma in mouse whereby intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated. Specific antibodies were used to immunolabel microglia in resting and activated states. To block retinal gap junction (GJ) communication, which has been shown previously to provide significant neuroprotection of RGCs, the GJ blocker meclofenamic acid was administered or connexin36 (Cx36) GJ subunits were ablated genetically. We then studied microglial activation at different time points after microbead injection in control and neuroprotected retinas. Results Histochemical analysis of flatmount retinas revealed major changes in microglia morphology, density, and immunoreactivity in microbead-injected eyes. An early stage of microglial activation followed IOP elevation, as indicated by changes in morphology and cell density, but preceded RGC death. In contrast, the later stage of microglia activation, associated with upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression, corresponded temporally to the initial loss of RGCs. However, we found that protection of RGCs afforded by GJ blockade or genetic ablation largely suppressed microglial changes at all stages of activation in glaucomatous retinas. Conclusions Together, our data strongly suggest that microglia activation in glaucoma is a consequence, rather than a cause, of initial RGC degeneration and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Abram Akopian
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stewart A Bloomfield
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
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8
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Kong JH, Park SP, Na KI. Differences in optic nerve head structure between acute angle-closure glaucoma and open-angle glaucoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7935. [PMID: 37193817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the optic nerve head (ONH) structure in acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) to investigate the differences in glaucomatous damage. The AACG and OAG eyes were matched with regard to global retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT). AACG eyes were divided into two subgroups based on the presence of ONH swelling at the onset of AACG. RNFLT, Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim area (BMO-MRA) were analyzed. Global RNFLT values were similar in AACG and OAG groups, but lower than in the healthy group (P < 0.001). The global BMO-MRW and total BMO-MRA were significantly higher in AACG than in OAG group (P < 0.001, respectively). AACG showed similar global BMO-MRW and total BMO-MRA, irrespective of the presence or absence of ONH swelling, while AACG with ONH swelling was associated with significantly thinner global RNFLT compared to AACG without ONH swelling (P < 0.006). The result of differences in ONH structure between the OAG and AACG, especially the AACG with ONH swelling at the onset of AACG, suggests that the mechanisms of optic nerve damage in the two diseases are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Han Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, 150, Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05355, South Korea
| | - Sung Pyo Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, 150, Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05355, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Ik Na
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, 150, Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05355, South Korea.
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Chen C, Fan P, Zhang L, Xue K, Hu J, Huang J, Lu W, Xu J, Xu S, Qiu G, Ran J, Gan S. Bumetanide Rescues Aquaporin-4 Depolarization via Suppressing β-Dystroglycan Cleavage and Provides Neuroprotection in Rat Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neuroscience 2023; 510:95-108. [PMID: 36493910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) regulates retinal water homeostasis and participates in retinal oedema pathophysiology. β-dystroglycan (β-DG) is responsible for AQP4 polarization and can be cleaved by matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). Retinal oedema induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an early complication. Bumetanide (BU) has potential efficacy against cytotoxic oedema. Our study investigated the effects of β-DG cleavage on AQP4 and the roles of BU in a rat retinal I/R injury model. The model was induced by applying 110 mm Hg intraocular pressure to the anterior eye chamber. BU and U0126 (a selective ERK inhibitor) were intraperitoneally administered 15 and 30 min, respectively, before I/R induction. Rhodamine isothiocyanate extravasation detection, quantitative real-time PCR, transmission electron microscopy, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and TUNEL staining were performed. AQP4 lost its polarization in the retinal perivascular domain as a result of β-DG cleavage. BU rescued AQP4 depolarization, suppressed AQP4 protein expression, attenuated retinal cytotoxic oedema, and downregulated β-DG and AQP4 mRNA expression. BU suppressed glial responses and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic protein expression, including that of Caspase-3 and Cyto C, raised the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and lowered the number of apoptotic cells in the retina. Both BU and U0126 downregulated p-ERK and MMP9 expression. Thus, BU treatment suppressed β-DG cleavage, recovered AQP4 polarization partially via inhibiting ERK/MMP9 signaling pathway, and possess potential neuroprotective efficacy in the rat retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kaige Xue
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jiaheng Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Weitian Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shiye Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Guoping Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jianhua Ran
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shengwei Gan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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10
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Garner MA, Strickland RG, Girkin CA, Gross AK. Mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell injury following acute increases in intraocular pressure. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:1007103. [PMID: 38983517 PMCID: PMC11182138 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.1007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of intraocular pressure (IOP) is critical to preserving the pristine optics required for vision. Disturbances in IOP can directly impact the optic nerve and retina, and inner retinal injury can occur following acute and chronic IOP elevation. There are a variety of animal models that have been developed to study the effects of acute and chronic elevation of IOP on the retina, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) morphology, intracellular signaling, gene expression changes, and survival. Acute IOP models induce injury that allows for the study of RGC response to well characterized injury and potential recovery. This review will focus on the initial impact of acute IOP elevation on RGC injury and recovery as these early responses may be the best targets for potential therapeutic interventions to promote RGC survival in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Garner
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ryan G. Strickland
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher A. Girkin
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alecia K. Gross
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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11
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Martínez-Gil N, Maneu V, Kutsyr O, Fernández-Sánchez L, Sánchez-Sáez X, Sánchez-Castillo C, Campello L, Lax P, Pinilla I, Cuenca N. Cellular and molecular alterations in neurons and glial cells in inherited retinal degeneration. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:984052. [PMID: 36225228 PMCID: PMC9548552 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.984052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple gene mutations have been associated with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs). Despite the spectrum of phenotypes caused by the distinct mutations, IRDs display common physiopathology features. Cell death is accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress. The vertebrate retina has several attributes that make this tissue vulnerable to oxidative and nitrosative imbalance. The high energy demands and active metabolism in retinal cells, as well as their continuous exposure to high oxygen levels and light-induced stress, reveal the importance of tightly regulated homeostatic processes to maintain retinal function, which are compromised in pathological conditions. In addition, the subsequent microglial activation and gliosis, which triggers the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, trophic factors, and other molecules, further worsen the degenerative process. As the disease evolves, retinal cells change their morphology and function. In disease stages where photoreceptors are lost, the remaining neurons of the retina to preserve their function seek out for new synaptic partners, which leads to a cascade of morphological alterations in retinal cells that results in a complete remodeling of the tissue. In this review, we describe important molecular and morphological changes in retinal cells that occur in response to oxidative stress and the inflammatory processes underlying IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Isabel Pinilla,
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Institute Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Nicolás Cuenca,
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Mavlyutov TA, Myrah JJ, Chauhan AK, Liu Y, McDowell CM. Fibronectin extra domain A (FN-EDA) causes glaucomatous trabecular meshwork, retina, and optic nerve damage in mice. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:72. [PMID: 35619185 PMCID: PMC9137085 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the development and progression of primary open angle glaucoma and is due to trabecular meshwork (TM) damage. Here, we investigate the role of an endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, FN-EDA, in the development of glaucoma utilizing a transgenic mouse strain (B6.EDA+/+) that constitutively expresses only FN containing the EDA isoform. Methods Eyes from C57BL6/J (wild-type), B6.EDA+/+ (constitutively active EDA), B6.EDA-/- (EDA null) mice were processed for electron microscopy and consecutive images of the entire length of the TM and Schlemm’s canal (SC) from anterior to posterior were collected and montaged into a single image. ECM accumulation, basement membrane length, and size and number of giant vacuoles were quantified by ImageJ analysis. Tlr4 and Iba1 expression in the TM and ONH cells was conducted using RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry protocols. IOP was measured using a rebound tonometer, ON damage assessed by PPD stain, and RGC loss quantified in RBPMS labeled retina flat mounts. Results Ultrastructure analyses show the TM of B6.EDA+/+ mice have significantly increased accumulation of ECM between TM beams with few empty spaces compared to C57BL/6 J mice (p < 0.05). SC basement membrane is thicker and more continuous in B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J. No significant structural differences are detected in the TM of EDA null mice. Tlr4 and Iba1 expression is increased in the TM of B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J eyes (p < 0.05). IOP is significantly higher in B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J eyes (p < 0.001), and significant ON damage (p < 0.001) and RGC loss (p < 0.05) detected at 1 year of age. Tlr4 mRNA is expressed in mouse ONH cells, and is present in ganglion cell axons, microglia, and astrocytes. There is a significant increase in the area occupied by Iba-1 positive microglia cells in the ONH of B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J control eyes (p < 0.01). Conclusions B6.EDA+/+ mice have increased ECM accumulation in the TM, elevated IOP, enhanced proinflammatory changes in the ONH, loss of RGCs, and ONH damage. These data suggest B6.EDA+/+ mice recapitulate many aspects of glaucomatous damage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00800-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur A Mavlyutov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin J Myrah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Colleen M McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Statins Inhibit the Gliosis of MIO-M1, a Müller Glial Cell Line Induced by TRPV4 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095190. [PMID: 35563594 PMCID: PMC9100994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized Müller cell gliosis induced by the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (TRPV4) and assessed whether statins could modulate the gliosis. The human Müller cell line, MIO-M1, was used to analyze the gliosis caused by glaucomatous stimulation. To induce Müller gliosis in MIO-M1 cells, GSK101 was used to activate TRPV4, and Müller gliosis was evaluated by analyzing vimentin, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. The expression level of TNF-α was determined by ELISA. To evaluate the GSK101 activation of the NF-κB pathway, p65 phosphorylation was measured by Western blotting, and the nuclear translocation of p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were assessed by immunostaining. To assess the effect of statins on MIO-M1 gliosis, cells were pretreated for 24 h with statins before GSK101 treatment. Vimentin, nestin, and GFAP expression were upregulated by GSK101, while statins effectively inhibited them. The expression of TNF-α was increased by GSK101. The phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 and IκBα phosphorylation, which occurs prior to p65 activation, were induced. Statins suppressed the GSK101-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 translocation. Statins can mitigate gliosis in the human Müller cell line. Because TRPV4 activation in Müller cells reflects glaucoma pathophysiology, statins may have the potential to prevent RGC death.
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14
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Combined drug triads for synergic neuroprotection in retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Fernández-Albarral JA, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Chen L, López-Cuenca I, Salobrar-García E, Sánchez-Puebla L, Ramírez JM, Triviño A, Salazar JJ, Ramírez AI. Retinal Changes in Astrocytes and Müller Glia in a Mouse Model of Laser-Induced Glaucoma: A Time-Course Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050939. [PMID: 35625676 PMCID: PMC9138377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroglia (astrocytes and Müller glia) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. In a glaucoma mouse model, we studied the effects of unilateral laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) on macroglia in OHT and contralateral eyes at different time points after laser treatment (1, 3, 5, 8 and 15 days) using anti-GFAP and anti-MHC-II, analyzing the morphological changes, GFAP-labelled retinal area (GFAP-PA), and GFAP and MHC-II immunoreactivity intensities ((GFAP-IRI and MHC-II-IRI)). In OHT and contralateral eyes, with respect to naïve eyes, at all the time points, we found the following: (i) astrocytes with thicker somas and more secondary processes, mainly in the intermediate (IR) and peripheral retina (PR); (ii) astrocytes with low GFAP-IRI and only primary processes near the optic disc (OD); (iii) an increase in total GFAP-RA, which was higher at 3 and 5 days, except for at 15 days; (iv) an increase in GFAP-IRI in the IR and especially in the PR; (v) a decrease in GFAP-IRI near the OD, especially at 1 and 5 days; (vi) a significant increase in MHC-II-IRI, which was higher in the IR and PR; and (vii) the Müller glia were GFAP+ and MHC-II+. In conclusion, in this model of glaucoma, there is a bilateral macroglial activation maintained over time involved in the inflammatory glaucoma process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Lejing Chen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.S.); (A.I.R.)
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (J.A.M.); (L.C.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (A.T.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.S.); (A.I.R.)
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Zhao J, Gonsalvez GB, Mysona BA, Smith SB, Bollinger KE. Sigma 1 Receptor Contributes to Astrocyte-Mediated Retinal Ganglion Cell Protection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:1. [PMID: 35103752 PMCID: PMC8819349 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sigma 1 receptor (S1R) is expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and astrocytes, and its activation is neuroprotective. We evaluated the contribution of S1R within optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs) to growth and survival of RGCs in vitro. Methods Wild-type (WT) RGCs and WT or S1R knockout (S1R KO) ONHAs were cocultured for 2, 4, or 7 days. Total and maximal neurite length, neurite root, and extremity counts were measured. Cell death was measured using a TUNEL assay. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation levels were evaluated in ONHA-derived lysates by immunoblotting. Results The coculture of WT RGCs with WT or S1R KO ONHAs increased the total and maximal neurite length. Neurite root and extremity counts increased at 4 and 7 days when WT RGCs were cocultured with WT or S1R KO ONHAs. At all timepoints, the total and maximal neurite length decreased for WT RGCs in coculture with S1R KO ONHAs compared with WT ONHAs. Root and extremity counts decreased for WT RGCs in coculture with S1R KO ONHAs compared with WT ONHAs at 2 and 7, but not 4 days. RGC apoptosis increased in S1R KO ONHA coculture and S1R KO-conditioned medium, compared with WT ONHA coculture or WT-conditioned medium. S1R KO ONHA-derived lysates showed decreased phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 levels compared with WT ONHA-derived lysates. Conclusions The absence of S1R within ONHAs has a deleterious effect on RGC neurite growth and RGC survival, reflected in analysis of WT RGC + S1R KO ONHA indirect cocultures. The data suggest that S1R may enhance ganglion cell survival via glia-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Barbara A. Mysona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Bollinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Lazzara F, Amato R, Platania CBM, Conti F, Chou TH, Porciatti V, Drago F, Bucolo C. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucomatous mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:206. [PMID: 34530842 PMCID: PMC8444391 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by loss of function and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible vision loss. Neuroinflammation is recognized as one of the causes of glaucoma, and currently no treatment is addressing this mechanism. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcitriol), in a genetic model of age-related glaucomatous neurodegeneration (DBA/2J mice). METHODS DBA/2J mice were randomized to 1,25(OH)2D3 or vehicle treatment groups. Pattern electroretinogram, flash electroretinogram, and intraocular pressure were recorded weekly. Immunostaining for RBPMS, Iba-1, and GFAP was carried out on retinal flat mounts to assess retinal ganglion cell density and quantify microglial and astrocyte activation, respectively. Molecular biology analyses were carried out to evaluate retinal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pNFκB-p65, and neuroprotective factors. Investigators that analysed the data were blind to experimental groups, which were unveiled after graph design and statistical analysis, that were carried out with GraphPad Prism. Several statistical tests and approaches were used: the generalized estimated equations (GEE) analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS DBA/2J mice treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 5 weeks showed improved PERG and FERG amplitudes and reduced RGCs death, compared to vehicle-treated age-matched controls. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment decreased microglial and astrocyte activation, as well as expression of inflammatory cytokines and pNF-κB-p65 (p < 0.05). Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3-treated DBA/2J mice displayed increased mRNA levels of neuroprotective factors (p < 0.05), such as BDNF. CONCLUSIONS 1,25(OH)2D3 protected RGCs preserving retinal function, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and increasing expression of neuroprotective factors. Therefore, 1,25(OH)2D3 could attenuate the retinal damage in glaucomatous patients and warrants further clinical evaluation for the treatment of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lazzara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rosario Amato
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Bianca Maria Platania
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Federica Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tsung-Han Chou
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Zhao J, Gonsalvez G, Bartoli M, Mysona BA, Smith SB, Bollinger KE. Sigma 1 Receptor Modulates Optic Nerve Head Astrocyte Reactivity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:5. [PMID: 34086045 PMCID: PMC8185400 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Stimulation of Sigma 1 Receptor (S1R) is neuroprotective in retina and optic nerve. S1R is expressed in both neurons and glia. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the ability of S1R to modulate reactivity responses of optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs) by investigating the extent to which S1R activation alters ONHA reactivity under conditions of ischemic cellular stress. Methods Wild type (WT) and S1R knockout (KO) ONHAs were derived and treated with vehicle or S1R agonist, (+)-pentazocine ((+)-PTZ). Cells were subjected to six hours of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 18 hours of re-oxygenation (OGD/R). Astrocyte reactivity responses were measured. Molecules that regulate ONHA reactivity, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), were evaluated. Results Baseline glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels were increased in nonstressed KO ONHAs compared with WT cultures. Baseline cellular migration was also increased in nonstressed KO ONHAs compared with WT. Treatment with (+)-PTZ increased cellular migration in nonstressed WT ONHAs but not in KO ONHAs. Exposure of both WT and KO ONHAs to ischemia (OGD/R), increased GFAP levels and cellular proliferation. However, (+)-PTZ treatment of OGD/R-exposed ONHAs enhanced GFAP levels, cellular proliferation, and cellular migration in WT but not KO cultures. The (+)-PTZ treatment of WT ONHAs also enhanced the OGD/R-induced increase in cellular pSTAT3 levels. However, treatment of WT ONHAs with (+)-PTZ abrogated the OGD/R-induced rise in NF-kB(p65) activation. Conclusions Under ischemic stress conditions, S1R activation enhanced ONHA reactivity characteristics. Future studies should address effects of these responses on RGC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Graydon Gonsalvez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Barbara A. Mysona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Bollinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:4581909. [PMID: 33953963 PMCID: PMC8064803 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4581909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanism of retinal ganglion cell loss in the pathogenesis of glaucoma is yet to be understood. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction have been linked to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and autosomal dominant optic atrophy, as well as to brain neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence shows that, in conditions where mitochondria are damaged, a sustained inflammatory response and downstream pathological inflammation may ensue. Mitochondrial damage has been linked to the accumulation of age-related mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction, possibly through aberrant reactive oxygen species production and defective mitophagy. The present review focuses on how mitochondrial dysfunction may overwhelm the ability of neurons and glial cells to adequately maintain homeostasis and how mitochondria-derived DAMPs trigger the immune system and induce neurodegeneration.
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García-Bermúdez MY, Freude KK, Mouhammad ZA, van Wijngaarden P, Martin KK, Kolko M. Glial Cells in Glaucoma: Friends, Foes, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Neurol 2021; 12:624983. [PMID: 33796062 PMCID: PMC8007906 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.624983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting ~80 million people by 2020 (1, 2). The condition is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons accompanied by visual field loss. The underlying pathophysiology of glaucoma remains elusive. Glaucoma is recognized as a multifactorial disease, and lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only treatment that has been shown to slow the progression of the condition. However, a significant number of glaucoma patients continue to go blind despite intraocular pressure-lowering treatment (2). Thus, the need for alternative treatment strategies is indisputable. Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells play a significant role in supporting RGC function and that glial dysfunction may contribute to optic nerve disease. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the role of glial cells in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. A particular focus is on the dynamic and essential interactions between glial cells and RGCs and potential therapeutic approaches to glaucoma by targeting glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Department for Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zaynab A Mouhammad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith K Martin
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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21
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Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Wiemann S, Reinhard J, Reinehr S, Cibir Z, Joachim SC, Faissner A. Loss of the Extracellular Matrix Molecule Tenascin-C Leads to Absence of Reactive Gliosis and Promotes Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in an Autoimmune Glaucoma Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566279. [PMID: 33162981 PMCID: PMC7581917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that retinal damage correlates with a massive remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and reactive gliosis. However, the functional significance of the ECM in retinal neurodegeneration is still unknown. In the present study, we used an intraocular pressure (IOP) independent experimental autoimmune glaucoma (EAG) mouse model to examine the role of the ECM glycoprotein tenascin-C (Tnc). Wild type (WT ONA) and Tnc knockout (KO ONA) mice were immunized with an optic nerve antigen (ONA) homogenate and control groups (CO) obtained sodium chloride (WT CO, KO CO). IOP was measured weekly and electroretinographies were recorded at the end of the study. Ten weeks after immunization, we analyzed retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), glial cells, and the expression of different cytokines in retina and optic nerve tissue in all four groups. IOP and retinal function were comparable in all groups. Although RGC loss was less severe in KO ONA, WT as well as KO mice displayed a significant cell loss after immunization. Compared to KO ONA, less βIII-tubulin+ axons, and downregulated oligodendrocyte markers were noted in WT ONA optic nerves. In retina and optic nerve, we found an enhanced GFAP+ staining area of astrocytes in immunized WT. A significantly higher number of retinal Iba1+ microglia was found in WT ONA, while a lower number of Iba1+ cells was observed in KO ONA. Furthermore, an increased expression of the glial markers Gfap, Iba1, Nos2, and Cd68 was detected in retinal and optic nerve tissue of WT ONA, whereas comparable levels were observed in KO ONA. In addition, pro-inflammatory Tnfa expression was upregulated in WT ONA, but downregulated in KO ONA. Vice versa, a significantly increased anti-inflammatory Tgfb1 expression was measured in KO ONA animals. We conclude that Tnc plays an important role in glial and inflammatory response during retinal neurodegeneration. Our results provide evidence that Tnc is involved in glaucomatous damage by regulating retinal glial activation and cytokine release. Thus, this transgenic EAG mouse model for the first time offers the possibility to investigate IOP-independent glaucomatous damage in direct relation to ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wiemann
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Zülal Cibir
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Rodrigo MJ, Cardiel MJ, Fraile JM, Mendez-Martinez S, Martinez-Rincon T, Subias M, Polo V, Ruberte J, Ramirez T, Vispe E, Luna C, Mayoral JA, Garcia-Martin E. Brimonidine-LAPONITE® intravitreal formulation has an ocular hypotensive and neuroprotective effect throughout 6 months of follow-up in a glaucoma animal model. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6246-6260. [PMID: 33016285 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01013h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreal administration is widely used in ophthalmological practice to maintain therapeutic drug levels near the neuroretina and because drug delivery systems are necessary to avoid reinjections and sight-threatening side effects. However, currently there is no intravitreal treatment for glaucoma. The brimonidine-LAPONITE® formulation was created with the aim of treating glaucoma for extended periods with a single intravitreal injection. Glaucoma was induced by producing ocular hypertension in two rat cohorts: [BRI-LAP] and [non-bri], with and without treatment, respectively. Eyes treated with brimonidine-LAPONITE® showed lower ocular pressure levels up to week 8 (p < 0.001), functional neuroprotection explored by scotopic and photopic negative response electroretinography (p = 0.042), and structural protection of the retina, retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer (p = 0.038), especially on the superior-inferior axis explored by optical coherence tomography, which was corroborated by a higher retinal ganglion cell count (p = 0.040) using immunohistochemistry (Brn3a antibody) up to the end of the study (week 24). Furthermore, delayed neuroprotection was detected in the contralateral eye. Brimonidine was detected in treated rat eyes for up to 6 months. Brimonidine-LAPONITE® seems to be a potential sustained-delivery intravitreal drug for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Cimaglia G, Votruba M, Morgan JE, André H, Williams PA. Potential Therapeutic Benefit of NAD + Supplementation for Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092871. [PMID: 32961812 PMCID: PMC7551676 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration are leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide with significant health and societal burdens. To date, no clinical cures are available and treatments target only the manageable symptoms and risk factors (but do not remediate the underlying pathology of the disease). Both diseases are neurodegenerative in their pathology of the retina and as such many of the events that trigger cell dysfunction, degeneration, and eventual loss are due to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Here, we critically review how a decreased bioavailability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD; a crucial metabolite in healthy and disease states) may underpin many of these aberrant mechanisms. We propose how exogenous sources of NAD may become a therapeutic standard for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cimaglia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden;
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (M.V.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (M.V.); (J.E.M.)
- Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, Wales, UK
| | - James E. Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (M.V.); (J.E.M.)
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4YS, Wales, UK
| | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (P.A.W.)
| | - Pete A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (P.A.W.)
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Gassel CJ, Reinehr S, Gomes SC, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Preservation of optic nerve structure by complement inhibition in experimental glaucoma. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:293-306. [PMID: 32676862 PMCID: PMC8285355 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive damage of the retina and the optic nerve. Despite a huge research interest, the exact pathomechanisms are still unknown. In the experimental autoimmune glaucoma model, rats develop glaucoma-like damage of the retina and the optic nerve after immunization with an optic nerve antigen homogenate (ONA). An early activation of the complement system, even before optic nerve degeneration, was reported in this model. Here, we investigated the effects of a monoclonal antibody against complement factor C5 on optic nerves. Rats were immunized with ONA and compared to controls. In one eye of some ONA animals, the antibody against C5 was intravitreally injected (15 μmol: ONA + C5-I or 25 μmol: ONA + C5-II) before immunization and then every 2 weeks. After 6 weeks, optic nerves were processed for histology (n = 6/group). These analyses demonstrated that the intravitreal therapy reduced the depositions of the membrane attack complex compared to ONA animals (ONA + C5-I: p = 0.005; ONA + C5-II: p = 0.002). Cellular infiltration was significantly reduced in the ONA + C5-I group (p = 0.003), but not in ONA + C5-II tissues (p = 0.41). Furthermore, SMI-32 staining revealed that neurofilament was preserved in both treatment groups compared to ONA optic nerves (both p = 0.002). A decreased amount of microglia was found in treated animals in comparison to the ONA group (ONA + C5-I: p = 0.03; ONA + C5-II: p = 0.009). We observed, for the first time, that a complement system inhibition could prevent optic nerve damage in an autoimmune glaucoma model. Therefore, complement inhibition could serve as a new therapeutic tool for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Gassel
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sara C Gomes
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
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Hydrogen Sulfide and β-Synuclein Are Involved and Interlinked in the Aging Glaucomatous Retina. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:8642135. [PMID: 32351728 PMCID: PMC7178476 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8642135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, is a group of disorders characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Synucleins, a family of small proteins, have been of interest in studies of neurodegeneration and CNS. However, their roles and functions in glaucoma are still not completely understood and remain to be explored. Our previous studies showed that α-synuclein and H2S play a pivotal role in glaucoma. This study aims to (1) elucidate the potential roles and functions of synucleins in glaucoma throughout aging, (2) investigate the interaction between the synucleins and H2S, and better understand the mechanism of H2S in neuroprotection. Methods The chronic IOP elevation model was carried out in 12 animals at different ages (3 months and 14 months), and RGCs were quantified by Brn3a staining. Mass spectrometric-assisted proteomics analysis was employed to measure synuclein levels and H2S producing proteins in retina. Secondly, the acute IOP elevation model was carried out in 12 juvenile animals, with or without intravitreal injection of GYY4137 (a H2S donor). RGCs were quantified along with the abundancy of synucleins. Results RGCs and β-synuclein (SNCB) are significantly changed in old animals. Under chronic IOP elevation, there is a significant RGC loss in old animals, whereas no significant change in young animals; SNCB is significantly downregulated and 3MST is significantly upregulated in young animals due to IOP, while no significant changes in old ones are notable. Under acute IOP elevation (approx. 55 mmHg), a significant RGC loss is observed; exogenous H2S significantly reduced RGC loss and downregulated SNCB levels. Conclusion The present study indicates a strong link between ageing and SNCB regulation. In young animals SNCB is downregulated going along with less RGC loss. Furthermore, increasing endogenous H2S is effective to downregulate SNCB and is neuroprotective against acute IOP elevation.
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Glaucoma: A Degenerative Optic Neuropathy Related to Neuroinflammation? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030535. [PMID: 32106630 PMCID: PMC7140467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and remains a major public health problem. To date, incomplete knowledge of this disease’s pathophysiology has resulted in current therapies (pharmaceutical or surgical) unfortunately having only a slowing effect on disease progression. Recent research suggests that glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a disease that shares common neuroinflammatory mechanisms with “classical” neurodegenerative pathologies. In addition to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neuroinflammation appears to be a key element in the progression and spread of this disease. Indeed, early reactivity of glial cells has been observed in the retina, but also in the central visual pathways of glaucoma patients and in preclinical models of ocular hypertension. Moreover, neuronal lesions are not limited to retinal structure, but also occur in central visual pathways. This review summarizes and puts into perspective the experimental and clinical data obtained to date to highlight the need to develop neuroprotective and immunomodulatory therapies to prevent blindness in glaucoma patients.
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Huang S, Huang P, Yu H, Lin Z, Liu X, Shen X, Guo L, Zhong Y. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Pathway Is Insufficiently Involved in the Neuroprotective Effect by Hydrogen Sulfide Supplement in Experimental Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4346-4359. [PMID: 31626691 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease characterized by gradually impaired visual field and irreversible blindness due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Our previous studies have confirmed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) takes part in the glaucomatous process and contributes to RGC protection. The present study aimed to further investigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) pathway underlying the impact of H2S, to better understand the mechanism through which H2S exerts neuroprotection in glaucoma. Methods An established rat glaucoma model was used and 168 rats were qualified to undergo sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor)/PD98059 (an ERK inhibitor) treatment. Then the survival and apoptosis of RGC were evaluated through retrograde labeling and TUNEL staining, along with activity evaluations of ERK 1/2 pathway, intrinsic apoptotic pathway, glial activation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, autophagy, and TNF-α production through immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and ELISA. Results The study demonstrated that NaHS suppressed ERK 1/2 pathway activity similarly to PD98059 in retinas of experimental glaucoma rats, while PD98059 also similarly suppressed glial activation, NF-κB pathway, NADPH oxidase, and TNF-α production. However, PD98059 did not affect RGC survival, apoptotic regulation, or autophagy as NaHS did. Conclusions Our study indicated that inhibition of ERK 1/2 pathway might partly contribute to the neuroprotection by H2S in experimental glaucoma; however, it was insufficient to initiate the therapeutic effect on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyue Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Inhibition of cAMP/PKA Pathway Protects Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes against Oxidative Stress by Akt/Bax Phosphorylation-Mediated Mfn1/2 Oligomerization. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8060962. [PMID: 31781352 PMCID: PMC6875302 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8060962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive optic nerve degeneration and retinal ganglion cell loss, but the underlying biological basis for the accompanying neurodegeneration is not known. Accumulating evidence indicates that structural and functional abnormalities of astrocytes within the optic nerve head (ONH) have a role in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Here, we investigate the impact of activation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway on mitochondrial dynamics of ONH astrocytes exposed to oxidative stress. ONH astrocytes showed a significant loss of astrocytic processes in the glial lamina of glaucomatous DBA/2J mice, accompanied by basement membrane thickening and collagen deposition in blood vessels and axonal degeneration. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy data analysis demonstrated that numbers of total and branched mitochondria were significantly increased in ONH astrocytes, while mitochondrial length and volume density were significantly decreased. We found that hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced oxidative stress compromised not only mitochondrial bioenergetics by reducing the basal and maximal respiration but also balance of mitochondrial dynamics by decreasing dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) protein expression in rat ONH astrocytes. In contrast, elevated cAMP by dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP) or isobutylmethylxanthine treatment significantly increased Drp1 protein expression in ONH astrocytes. Elevated cAMP exacerbated the impairment of mitochondrial dynamics and reduction of cell viability to oxidative stress in ONH astrocytes by decreasing optic atrophy type 1 (OPA1), and mitofusin (Mfn)1/2 protein expression. Following combined treatment with H2O2 and dbcAMP, PKA inhibition restored mitochondrial dynamics by increasing mitochondrial length and decreasing mitochondrial number, and this promoted cell viability in ONH astrocytes. Also, PKA inhibition significantly promoted Akt/Bax phosphorylation and Mfn1/2 oligomerization in ONH astrocytes. These results suggest that modulation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway may have therapeutic potential by activating Akt/Bax phosphorylation and promoting Mfn1/2 oligomerization in glaucomatous ONH astrocytes.
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30
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Abstract
Inflammation of the blood vessels that serve the central nervous system has been increasingly identified as an early and possibly initiating event among neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. However, the causal relevance of vascular inflammation to major retinal degenerative diseases is unresolved. Here, we describe how genetics, aging-associated changes, and environmental factors contribute to vascular inflammation in age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. We highlight the importance of mouse models in studying the underlying mechanisms and possible treatments for these diseases. We conclude that data support vascular inflammation playing a central if not primary role in retinal degenerative diseases, and this association should be a focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Soto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA;
| | - Mark P Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA;
| | | | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA; .,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
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31
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Choi KJ, Na YJ, Jung WH, Park SB, Kang S, Nam HJ, Ahn JH, Kim KY. Protective effect of a novel selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor on eye ischemia-reperfusion induced glaucoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113632. [PMID: 31494147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness, affecting > 2 million people in the United States. Recently, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors were found to exert preventive effects against glaucoma. However, there is no evidence for the role of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors against glaucoma. Here, we developed a novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, (1R,2S,3S,5R,6S,7S)-6-(2-(6-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-methyl-1,1-dioxido-1,2,6-thiadiazinan-2-yl)acetamido)-adamantane-2-carboxamide (KR-67607) and showed its protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion-induced eye injury. We demonstrate that KR-67607 effectively reduced cortisol levels in mouse eyes and maintained the trabecular meshwork (TM) structure in the presence of transient ischemic stress. Furthermore, KR-67607 reversed the elevation of intra-ocular pressure (IOP), suggesting that the TM structure maintained by KR-67607 prevented the excessive rise in IOP that exacerbates glaucoma. KR-67607 was shown to have a higher specificity for 11β-HSD1 than carbenoxolone (CBX) in vitro. Moreover, KR-67607 reduced apoptosis and the structural disruption of TM cells. Antioxidation was the major protective pathway of KR-67607 against chemically-induced ischemia-reperfusion in TM cells and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was closely associated with this pathway. When TM cells undergo ischemic stress, GR is activated and then translocates to the cell nucleus where it interferes with Nrf-2-mediated antioxidant gene expression. However, when KR-67607 inhibited GR translocation, Nrf-2 was able to induce antioxidant gene transcription, which consequently, enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the cells. In conclusion, our current work describes a novel selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor for glaucoma treatment and provides evidence of its physiological role in anti-oxidative pathways in the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Choi
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Ju Na
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hoon Jung
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bum Park
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sein Kang
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Nam
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Syc-Mazurek SB, Libby RT. Axon injury signaling and compartmentalized injury response in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73:100769. [PMID: 31301400 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is an active, highly controlled process that contributes to beneficial processes, such as developmental pruning, but also to neurodegeneration. In glaucoma, ocular hypertension leads to vision loss by killing the output neurons of the retina, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Multiple processes have been proposed to contribute to and/or mediate axonal injury in glaucoma, including: neuroinflammation, loss of neurotrophic factors, dysregulation of the neurovascular unit, and disruption of the axonal cytoskeleton. While the inciting injury to RGCs in glaucoma is complex and potentially heterogeneous, axonal injury is ultimately thought to be the key insult that drives glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Glaucomatous neurodegeneration is a complex process, with multiple molecular signals contributing to RGC somal loss and axonal degeneration. Furthermore, the propagation of the axonal injury signal is complex, with injury triggering programs of degeneration in both the somal and axonal compartment. Further complicating this process is the involvement of multiple cell types that are known to participate in the process of axonal and neuronal degeneration after glaucomatous injury. Here, we review the axonal signaling that occurs after injury and the molecular signaling programs currently known to be important for somal and axonal degeneration after glaucoma-relevant axonal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Syc-Mazurek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard T Libby
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Tehrani S, Davis L, Cepurna WO, Delf RK, Lozano DC, Choe TE, Johnson EC, Morrison JC. Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes Display Axon-Dependent and -Independent Reactivity in Response to Acutely Elevated Intraocular Pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:312-321. [PMID: 30665231 PMCID: PMC6343680 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes provide support for axons, but exhibit structural and functional changes (termed reactivity) in a number of glaucoma models. The purpose of this study was to determine if ONH astrocyte structural reactivity is axon-dependent. Methods Using rats, we combine retrobulbar optic nerve transection (ONT) with acute controlled elevation of intraocular pressure (CEI), to induce total optic nerve axon loss and ONH astrocyte reactivity, respectively. Animals were euthanized immediately or 1 day post CEI, in the presence or absence of ONT. ONH sections were labeled with fluorescent-tagged phalloidin and antibodies against β3 tubulin, phosphorylated cortactin, phosphorylated paxillin, or complement C3. ONH label intensities were quantified after confocal microscopy. Retrobulbar nerves were assessed for axon injury by light microscopy. Results While ONT alone had no effect on ONH astrocyte structural orientation, astrocytes demonstrated significant reorganization of cellular extensions within hours after CEI, even when combined with ONT. However, ONH astrocytes displayed differential intensities of actin (phosphorylated cortactin) and focal adhesion (phosphorylated paxillin) mediators in response to CEI alone, ONT alone, or the combination of CEI and ONT. Lastly, label intensities of complement C3 within the ONH were unchanged in eyes subjected to CEI alone, ONT alone, or the combination of CEI and ONT, relative to controls. Conclusions Early ONH astrocyte structural reactivity to elevated IOP is multifaceted, displaying both axon dependent and independent responses. These findings have important implications for pursuing astrocytes as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders with fluctuating levels of axon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandiz Tehrani
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Lauren Davis
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - William O Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - R Katherine Delf
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Diana C Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Tiffany E Choe
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Elaine C Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John C Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Reinhard J, Wiemann S, Joachim SC, Palmhof M, Woestmann J, Denecke B, Wang Y, Downey GP, Faissner A. Heterozygous Meg2 Ablation Causes Intraocular Pressure Elevation and Progressive Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:4322-4345. [PMID: 30315478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucomatous neurodegeneration represents one of the major causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Yet, the detailed molecular mechanisms that initiate optic nerve damage and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss are not fully understood. Members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily are key players in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In order to investigate the potential functional relevance of the PTP megakaryocyte 2 (Meg2) in retinal neurodegeneration, we analyzed Meg2 knockout (KO) and heterozygous (HET)-synonym protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 9 (Ptpn9)-mice. Interestingly, via global microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses of Meg2 KO and HET retinae, we observed a dysregulation of several candidate genes that are highly associated with retinal degeneration and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, the main risk factor for glaucoma. Subsequent IOP measurements in Meg2 HET mice verified progressive age-dependent IOP elevation. Ultrastructural analyses and immunohistochemistry showed severe optic nerve degeneration accompanied by a dramatic loss of RGCs. Additionally, HET mice displayed reactive micro-/macrogliosis and early activation of the classical complement cascade with pronounced deposition of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the retina and optic nerve. When treated with latanoprost, significant IOP lowering prevented RGC loss and microglial invasion in HET mice. Finally, electroretinogram (ERG) recordings revealed reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes, indicating impaired retinal functionality in Meg2 HET mice. Collectively, our findings indicate that the heterozygous loss of Meg2 in mice is sufficient to cause IOP elevation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Thus, Meg2 HET mice may serve as a novel animal model to study the pathomechanism involved in the onset and progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Wiemann
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marina Palmhof
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Woestmann
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute of the University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics and Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Luo H, Zhuang J, Hu P, Ye W, Chen S, Pang Y, Li N, Deng C, Zhang X. Resveratrol Delays Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss and Attenuates Gliosis-Related Inflammation From Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3879-3888. [PMID: 30073348 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Resveratrol has been shown to enhance the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury for glaucoma. However, the precise mechanisms for resveratrol's protective effects are still unclear. The aim of this study is to determine whether resveratrol can inhibit RGC apoptosis, retinal gliosis, and inflammation, all of which are critical events in retinal degeneration following I/R injury. Methods Right retinal ischemia was induced in adult male Sprague Dawley rats by increasing intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 60 minutes, and the left eyes maintained at normal pressure serve as the control. Intraperitoneal injection of resveratrol or control buffer was performed continuously for 3 days from pre- to post-I/R injury and the protective effects were evaluated and compared. RGCs were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold by injection into superior colliculi. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. Western blotting and immunostaining for Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were used to explore the Bax-associated apoptotic pathway. Gliosis was assessed by western blotting and immunostaining of retinal cross sections with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies. Results In this study, resveratrol treatment significantly reduced retinal damage and RGC loss as demonstrated by the relatively intact tissue structure in hematoxylin and eosin staining at day 7 and increased Fluoro-Gold labeling of RGCs at day 14, respectively. We found that resveratrol exhibited an anti-apoptotic effect as assessed by reduced TUNEL staining, inhibition of the early upregulated expression of the apoptosis-related protein Bax, and decreased subsequently cleaved caspase-3. However, it did not affect Bcl-2 levels. Moreover, in our I/R injury model, the combined response of reactive gliosis and related inflammation, which were demonstrated by an early induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and subsequently increased GFAP level, were significantly attenuated after resveratrol treatment. Conclusions These results demonstrate that resveratrol can prevent RGC death by blocking the Bax-caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppressed gliosis-related inflammation in the retina after I/R injury. Together these results support the use of resveratrol as a possible therapeutic strategy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdou Luo
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiejie Zhuang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Piaopiao Hu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yulian Pang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ningfeng Li
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Lozano DC, Choe TE, Cepurna WO, Morrison JC, Johnson EC. Early Optic Nerve Head Glial Proliferation and Jak-Stat Pathway Activation in Chronic Experimental Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:921-932. [PMID: 30835784 PMCID: PMC6402265 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported increased expression of cell proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway-related genes in chronic experimental glaucoma model optic nerve heads (ONH) with early, mild injury. Here, we confirm these observations by localizing, identifying, and quantifying ONH cellular proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway activation in this model. METHODS Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was achieved via outflow pathway sclerosis. After 5 weeks, ONH longitudinal sections were immunolabeled with proliferation and cell-type markers to determine nuclear densities in the anterior (unmyelinated) and transition (partially myelinated) ONH. Nuclear pStat3 labeling was used to detect Jak-Stat pathway activation. Nuclear density differences between control ONH (uninjected) and ONH with either early or advanced injury (determined by optic nerve injury grading) were identified by ANOVA. RESULTS Advanced injury ONH had twice the nuclear density (P < 0.0001) of controls and significantly greater astrocyte density in anterior (P = 0.0001) and transition (P = 0.006) ONH regions. An increased optic nerve injury grade positively correlated with increased microglia/macrophage density in anterior and transition ONH (P < 0.0001, both). Oligodendroglial density was unaffected. In glaucoma model ONH, 80% of anterior and 66% of transition region proliferating cells were astrocytes. Nuclear pStat3 labeling significantly increased in early injury anterior ONH, and 95% colocalized with astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytes account for the majority of proliferating cells, contributing to a doubled nuclear density in advanced injury ONH. Jak-Stat pathway activation is apparent in the early injury glaucoma model ONH. These data confirm dramatic astrocyte cell proliferation and early Jak-Stat pathway activation in ONH injured by elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Tiffany E. Choe
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - William O. Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John C. Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Elaine C. Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Hassankarimi H, Noori SMR, Jafarzadehpour E, Yazdani S, Radinmehr F. Analysis of pattern electroretinogram signals of early primary open-angle glaucoma in discrete wavelet transform coefficients domain. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 39:2373-2383. [PMID: 30725244 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate discrete wavelet transform coefficients and identify descriptors of pattern electroretinogram (PERG) waveforms in order to determine PERG characteristics for optimizing the diagnosis of early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS Pattern electroretinogram was performed in 30 normal eyes and 30 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma according to the ISCEV protocol. The check size was 0.8° and 16°, and the color was black/white in both groups. The results were analyzed in time domain (TD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using the MATLAB software. The mean value, standard deviation, and relative energy of level 6 and 7 detail coefficients (d6, d7) and level 7 approximation coefficients (a7) of Daubechies 4 (db4), Daubechies 8 (db8), Symlet 5 (sym5), Symlet 7 (sym7), and Coiflet 5 (coif5) wavelets were calculated. In all the mentioned wavelets, DWT descriptors were extracted. Signals were reconstructed by inverse DWT. All data obtained by TD and DWT analyses were compared between the two groups. RESULTS In both check sizes, a significant attenuation of N95 amplitude was seen in the patient group. The relative energy of a7 of db8 increased significantly in the POAG group in the 0.8° check size. In larger check stimuli, the relative energy of d7 of coif5 decreased significantly and the standard deviation of d7 of sym7 increased markedly in glaucomatous patients (P < 0.05). In small stimuli, N95 descriptor (7N) of db8 had the highest value and showed a significant increase as compared to the POAG group. In the 16° check size, there was no significant difference. A strong correlation was seen between reconstructed signals and originals (r = 0.99). CONCLUSION The DWT can quantify PERG responses more accurately. In agreement with TD and wavelet coefficients domain results, 7N of db8 decomposition can be used as a good indicator for early detection of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Hassankarimi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Noori
- Departments of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Jafarzadehpour
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Optometry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahnazary St., Mohseni Sq., Mirdamad Blvd., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahin Yazdani
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Radinmehr
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cyanin Chloride Inhibits Hyperbaric Pressure-Induced Decrease of Intracellular Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter in Rat Retinal Müller Cells. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:6128470. [PMID: 30515320 PMCID: PMC6234450 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6128470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness throughout the world. The pathogenesis of glaucoma is complex, and neuroprotection is a crucial aspect of therapy. High concentrations of extracellular glutamate are toxic to the optic nerve. The glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) in retinal Müller cells is involved in the development of glaucoma. Anthocyanin has been reported to protect retinal neurons. We hypothesize that cyanin chloride, a type of anthocyanin, can inhibit hyperbaric pressure-induced GLAST decreases in cultured rat retinal Müller cells and may serve as a potential neuroprotective agent in glaucoma treatment. Materials and Methods Sprague Dawley rat Müller cells were cultured in a hyperbaric pressure device at 60 mmHg additional pressure and treated with cyanin chloride (10 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L, or 50 μmol/L) or vehicle for 2 hours. Cell survival rates (SRs) were evaluated by an MTT assay. GLAST mRNA and protein expression were determined by western blot and RT-PCR analyses, respectively. Results Cell SR was significantly decreased in the 60 mmHg additional hyperbaric pressure group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Cyanin chloride treatment significantly improved SR under 60 mmHg additional pressure (P < 0.01). GLAST mRNA and protein expression levels in Müller cells were significantly reduced in the 60 mmHg hyperbaric pressure group compared to the control group (P < 0.01), but cyanin chloride significantly inhibited hyperbaric pressure-induced decreases in GLAST expression (P < 0.01). Conclusion Our results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that cyanin chloride can protect rat retinal Müller cells from hyperbaric pressure-induced decreases of GLAST.
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Poon LYC, Antar H, Tsikata E, Guo R, Papadogeorgou G, Freeman M, Khoueir Z, Lee R, Shieh E, Simavli H, Que CJ, de Boer JF, Chen TC. Effects of Age, Race, and Ethnicity on the Optic Nerve and Peripapillary Region Using Spectral-Domain OCT 3D Volume Scans. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:12. [PMID: 30510856 PMCID: PMC6262887 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effects of age, race, and ethnicity on the optic nerve and peripapillary retina using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) three-dimensional (3D) volume scans in normal subjects. Methods This is a cross-sectional study performed at a single institution in Boston. All patients received retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) scans and an optic nerve 3D volume scan. The SD-OCT software calculated peripapillary RNFL thickness, retinal thickness (RT), and retinal volume (RV). Custom-designed software calculated neuroretinal rim minimum distance band (MDB) thickness and area. Results There were 272 normal subjects, including 175 whites, 40 blacks, 40 Asians, and 17 Hispanics. Rates of age-related decline were 2.3%, 2.0%, 1.7%, 3.3%, and 4.3% per decade for RNFL, RT, RV, MDB neuroretinal rim thickness, and MDB area, respectively. The RNFL was most affected by racial and ethnic variations, with Asians having thicker global, superior, and inferior RNFL, Hispanics having thicker inferior RNFL, and blacks having thinner temporal RNFL, compared to whites. For MDB thickness and area, Asians had smaller nasal values and blacks had smaller temporal values. Peripapillary RT and RV parameters were not influenced by race and ethnicity. Conclusions All of the parameters exhibited age-related declines. RNFL, MDB thickness, and MDB area demonstrated racial and ethnic variations, while peripapillary RT and RV did not. Translational Relevance This study demonstrates that both normal aging and ethnicity affect several novel 3D OCT parameters used to diagnose and monitor glaucoma (i.e., RT, RV, and MDB), and this should be factored in when making clinical decisions based on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yi-Chieh Poon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hussein Antar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Edem Tsikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georgia Papadogeorgou
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Madeline Freeman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - Ziad Khoueir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Beirut Eye and ENT Specialist Hospital, Université Saint-Joseph Medical School, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ramon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huseyin Simavli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Pamukkale University, School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Christian John Que
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Johannes F de Boer
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teresa C Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Alqawlaq S, Flanagan JG, Sivak JM. All roads lead to glaucoma: Induced retinal injury cascades contribute to a common neurodegenerative outcome. Exp Eye Res 2018; 183:88-97. [PMID: 30447198 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma describes a distinct optic neuropathy with complex etiology and a variety of associated risk factors, but with similar pathological endpoints. Risk factors such as age, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), low mean arterial pressure, and autoimmune disease, can all be associated with death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve head remodeling. Today, IOP management remains the standard of care, even though IOP elevation is not pathognomonic of glaucoma, and patients can continue to lose vision despite effective IOP control. A contemporary view of glaucoma as a complex, neurodegenerative disease has developed, along with the recognition of a need for new disease modifying retinal treatment strategies and improved outcomes. However, the distinction between risk factors triggering the disease process and retinal injury responses is not always clear. In this review, we attempt to distinguish between the various triggers, and their association with subsequent key RGC injury mechanisms. We propose that distinct glaucomatous risk factors result in similar retinal and optic nerve injury cascades, including oxidative and metabolic stress, glial reactivity, and altered inflammatory responses, which induce common molecular signals to induce RGC apoptosis. This organization forms a coherent disease framework and presents conserved targets for therapeutic intervention that are not limited to specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih Alqawlaq
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vision Science Research Program, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Flanagan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vision Science Research Program, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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41
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Ha A, Kim YK, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Ellipsoid Zone Change According to Glaucoma Stage Advancement. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 192:1-9. [PMID: 29750944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare retinal photoreceptor ellipsoid zone (EZ) intensity between normal eyes and those with different stages of glaucoma. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS The study included 37 normal, 38 preperimetric glaucoma, 39 mild-to-moderate glaucoma (visual field [VF] mean deviation [MD]: -7.7 ± 2.0 dB), and 36 severe glaucoma eyes (VF MD: -17.8 ± 3.2 dB). The subjects underwent high-resolution horizontal and vertical line scans through the fovea by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Image processing software was employed to quantify the intensity of the first and second hyperreflective bands corresponding with the external limiting membrane (ELM) and EZ. In order to account for the brightness variation among scans, the relative EZ intensity as the ratio of the second to first reflective band (EZ/ELM) was determined. RESULTS The relative EZ intensity in severe glaucoma eyes was significantly lower than in mild-to-moderate glaucoma eyes (2.46 ± 0.38 vs 3.15 ± 0.43, P < .001); also, it was lower in mild-to-moderate than in preperimetric glaucoma eyes (3.15 ± 0.43 vs 3.86 ± 0.44, P < .001). However, the comparison between preperimetric glaucoma and normal eyes showed no significant difference (3.86 ± 0.44 vs 4.06 ± 0.40, P = .751). In 75 glaucomatous eyes with VF defect, there was a significant correlation between relative EZ intensity and VF MD (r = 0.83 and P < .001). CONCLUSIONS According to SD-OCT, relative EZ intensity reduction occurs in the mild-to-moderate and severe glaucoma stages. These findings suggest, at least provisionally, that in the course of glaucoma progression, mitochondrial changes in the inner segments of photoreceptors occur. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the potential clinical significance of EZ intensity reduction in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahnul Ha
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Kook Kim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Wook Jeoung
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Ho Park
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Chen DW, Foldvari M. Retinal Multipotent Stem-Cell Derived “MiEye” Spheroid 3D Culture Model for Preclinical Screening of Non-viral Gene Delivery Systems. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.29016/180711.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-viral retinal gene therapy is a promising therapeutic approach towards the management of retinal degenerative diseases especially glaucoma. Current methods of in vitro preclinical screening of candidate nanoparticle systems in monolayer cell cultures are not reliable in predicting in vivo performance. In this paper, we describe the development of a multipotent stem-cell derived three-dimensional “mini-retina” culture model (MiEye) that aims to simulate an in vivo clinical model for more reliable gene delivery system screening. Through the utilization of multiplex gene expression profiling, we have shown that retinal stem cells can be differentiated in 3D culture to generate retinal neurospheres comprising of multiple retinal cell types. The 3D cell culture model combined with confocal microscopy imaging and fluorescence profiling techniques is a powerful tool as a retinal gene and drug delivery screening model.
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Fry LE, Fahy E, Chrysostomou V, Hui F, Tang J, van Wijngaarden P, Petrou S, Crowston JG. The coma in glaucoma: Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and recovery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:77-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Guo C, Qu X, Rangaswamy N, Leehy B, Xiang C, Rice D, Prasanna G. A murine glaucoma model induced by rapid in vivo photopolymerization of hyaluronic acid glycidyl methacrylate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196529. [PMID: 29949582 PMCID: PMC6021085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy commonly associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve degeneration, leading to blindness. New therapeutic approaches that better preserve the visual field by promoting survival and health of RGCs are highly needed since RGC death occurs despite good IOP control in glaucoma patients. We have developed a novel approach to reliably induce chronic IOP elevation in mouse using a photopolymerizable biomatrix, hyaluronic acid glycidyl methacrylate. This is achieved by rapid in vivo crosslinking of the biomatrix at the iridocorneal angle by a flash of ultraviolet A (UVA) light to impede the aqueous outflow pathway with a controllable manner. Sustained IOP elevation was induced after a single manipulation and was maintained at ~45% above baseline for >4 weeks. Significant thinning of the inner retina and ~35% reduction in RGCs and axons was noted within one month of IOP elevation. Optic nerve degeneration showed positive correlation with cumulative IOP elevation. Activation of astrocytes and microglia appeared to be an early event in response to IOP elevation preceding detectable RGC and axon loss. Attenuated glial reactivity was noted at later stage where significant RGC/axon loss had occurred suggesting astrocytes and microglia may play different roles over the course of glaucomatous degeneration. This novel murine glaucoma model is reproducible and displays cellular changes that recapitulate several pathophysiological features of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GP); (CG)
| | - Xin Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Nalini Rangaswamy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Barrett Leehy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Dennis Rice
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Prasanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GP); (CG)
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Abstract
Recent technological advances have extended the range of analytic tools to very small samples. It is now possible to assay the transcriptome, and in some cases even the proteome, of single cells reliably. This allows addressing novel questions, such as the genotype/phenotype relationships of single neurons, heterogeneity within individual cells of the same type, or the basis of differential vulnerability to injury. An important prerequisite for these kinds of studies is the ability to isolate well-defined individual cells without contamination by adjacent tissue. In the retina and optic nerve, cells of different types and functions are closely intermingled, limiting the use of standard methods such as laser capture microdissection. Here, we describe a simple method to isolate morphologically intact cells from the retina and the optic nerve and discuss considerations in recognizing and isolating different cell types after dissociation.
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Development of a Platform for Studying 3D Astrocyte Mechanobiology: Compression of Astrocytes in Collagen Gels. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 46:365-374. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ashimatey BS, King BJ, Swanson WH. Retinal putative glial alterations: implication for glaucoma care. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 38:56-65. [PMID: 29168194 PMCID: PMC5739949 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliosis-like retinal alterations, presumed to be activated retinal astrocytes and Müller cells (ARAM), have been reported to occur frequently in patients with glaucoma but rarely in controls. We investigated the association between glaucomatous abnormality and the presence, the extent of retinal region, and the spatial distribution, of hyperreflective retinal alterations on optical coherence tomography (OCT) en-face images, presumed to be ARAM. METHODS Findings of hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, in the central retinal ±24 degrees of OCT en-face images (acquired with the SPECTRALIS® OCT) were compared between 35 younger controls, 42 older controls and 38 patients with glaucoma. Presumed ARAM was defined as reflective structures on the en-face images other than retinal vasculature and retinal nerve fibre bundles. Chi-square tests were used to compare the proportion of younger controls vs older controls with presumed ARAM to investigate the effect of ageing, and the proportion of patients vs age-similar older controls with presumed ARAM to investigate the effect of disease. We also investigated the effect of glaucoma on the retinal area with presumed ARAM when it was present; we used an analysis of covariance (ancova) to compare the retinal area with hyperreflectivity in patients vs controls, adjusting for the effects of age and axial length. RESULTS The mean (S.D.) age of the younger controls, older controls, and patients with glaucoma was 26 (3), 62 (10) and 69 (8) years, respectively. The median (25th quartile, 75th quartile) of the retinal region with the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, was zero (0,0), 1 (0,6), and 11 (0,43) degrees square in the younger controls, older controls and patients with glaucoma respectively. The chi-square test investigating the effect of ageing found χ2 (1, N = 77) = 24.8, p < 0.001, and that investigating the effect of disease found χ2 (1, N = 80) = 2.3, p = 0.1. The ancova found F(1, 46) = 10.32, P = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS There was an effect of ageing on the presence of the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM, on OCT images. Compared to the presence of hyperreflective structures, the extent of retinal region with the hyperreflective structures has a greater potential of being an indicator of glaucomatous degeneration. Further study is needed to investigate the nature of the relation between glaucomatous abnormality and the extent of the retina with the hyperreflective structures, presumed to be ARAM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett J King
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
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Candidate proteins from predegenerated nerve exert time-specific protection of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14540. [PMID: 29109409 PMCID: PMC5673995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is thought to be the main cause of severe visual impairment or permanent loss of vision. Current therapeutic strategies are not sufficient to protect against glaucoma. Thus, new therapies and potential novel therapeutic targets must be developed to achieve progress in the treatment of this insidious disease. This study was undertaken to verify whether the time of administration of an extract from predegenerated rat sciatic nerves as well as exposure time of this extract onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) influences the survival of RGCs in a rat glaucoma model. We have demonstrated that extract obtained from the predegenerated sciatic nerves protects RGCs in a rat glaucoma model. The neuroprotective effect depends mostly on the time of administration of the extract and less clearly on the time of exposure to the extract and is associated with stimulation of endogenous BDNF expression both in RGCs and glial cells. The 14th day following glaucoma induction represents a therapeutic window for effective treatment in a glaucoma model. Mass Spectrometry analysis demonstrated that metallothionein 2 (MT2) may be a key molecule responsible for neuroprotective effects on RGC survival.
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Chidlow G, Ebneter A, Wood JPM, Casson RJ. Evidence Supporting an Association Between Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex II by Microglia and Optic Nerve Degeneration During Experimental Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2017; 25:681-91. [PMID: 27253969 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM We acquired age-matched and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley rats from 2 independent breeding establishments. Serendipitously, we observed that constitutive, and bacterial toxin-induced, expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II RT1B chain in the uveal tract was much lower in one of the cohorts. Activated microglia are known to upregulate MHC II RT1B expression during optic nerve (ON) degeneration induced by raised intraocular pressure (IOP). We investigated whether, in a model of experimental glaucoma, microglial upregulation of MHC II RT1B was less efficacious and ON degeneration correspondingly less severe in the cohort of rats with low MHC II RT1B expression. METHODS Experimental glaucoma was induced by lasering the trabecular meshwork using a standard protocol. After 2 weeks of elevated IOP, retinal ganglion cells (RGC) survival, ON degeneration, and microglial responses were determined in both cohorts of rats. RESULTS Raised IOP-induced expression of MHC II RT1B by microglia was muted in the "Low" cohort compared with the "High" cohort. Axonal degeneration, RGC loss, and microgliosis were all significantly lower in the cohort of rats with low basal and induced expression of MHC II RT1B, despite both cohorts displaying IOP responses that were indistinguishable in terms of peak IOP and IOP exposure. CONCLUSIONS Expression of MHC II RT1B by activated microglia in the ON during experimental glaucoma was associated with more severe RGC degeneration. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of MHC II during experimental glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Chidlow
- *Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases †Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Lee EJ, Han JC, Kee C. A novel hypothesis for the pathogenesis of glaucomatous disc hemorrhage. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:20-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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