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Xiao M, Banu A, Jia Y, Chang M, Wang G, An J, Huang Y, Hu X, Tang C, Li Z, Niu Y, Tian X, Deng W, Tang C, Du J, Cui X, Chan JFW, Peng R, Yin F. Circulation pattern and genetic variation of rhinovirus infection among hospitalized children on Hainan Island, before and after the dynamic zero-COVID policy, from 2021 to 2023. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29755. [PMID: 38922896 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, rhinovirus (RV) remained notable persistence, maintaining its presence while other seasonal respiratory viruses were largely suppressed by pandemic restrictions during national lockdowns. This research explores the epidemiological dynamics of RV infections among pediatric populations on Hainan Island, China, specifically focusing on the impact before and after the zero-COVID policy was lifted. From January 2021 to December 2023, 19 680 samples were collected from pediatric patients hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) at the Hainan Maternal and Child Health Hospital. The infection of RV was detected by tNGS. RV species and subtypes were identified in 32 RV-positive samples representing diverse time points by analyzing the VP4/VP2 partial regions. Among the 19 680 pediatric inpatients with ARTIs analyzed, 21.55% were found to be positive for RV infection, with notable peaks observed in April 2021 and November 2022. A gradual annual decline in RV infections was observed, alongside a seasonal pattern of higher prevalence during the colder months. The highest proportion of RV infections was observed in the 0-1-year age group. Phylogenetic analysis on 32 samples indicated a trend from RV-A to RV-C in 2022. This observation suggests potential evolving dynamics within the RV species although further studies are needed due to the limited sample size. The research emphasizes the necessity for ongoing surveillance and targeted management, particularly for populations highly susceptible to severe illnesses caused by RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Afreen Banu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yibo Jia
- Medical Administration Division, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Meng Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Gaoyu Wang
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Hu
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Chuanning Tang
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Niu
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiuying Tian
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wanxin Deng
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuji Cui
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoyan Peng
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Naeem A, Alkadi HS, Manzoor MU, Yousaf I, Awadalla M, Alturaiki W, AlYami AS, Zafar A, Alosaimi B. Mutations at the conserved N-Terminal of the human Rhinovirus capsid gene VP4, and their impact on the immune response. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024; 45:271-291. [PMID: 38551181 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2024.2323460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) are the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are associated with exacerbation development as well as community-acquired pneumonia in children, leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and hospital admission. Here we have examined how changes at the amino terminal of the conserved VP4 epitope of different RV serotypes may affect pulmonary cytokine and chemokine responses and disease severity. Samples positive for rhinovirus were used for genetic characterization, followed by profiling gene expression of pulmonary Th1 and Th2 cytokines/chemokines by RT-PCR arrays. Genetic sequencing and homology 3D modeling revealed changes at the amino terminal of the conserved viral protein 4 (VP4) epitope in the RV-A101 serotype, especially serine at several positions that are important for interactive binding with the host immune cells. We found dysregulation of pulmonary gene expression of Th1- and Th2-related cytokines and chemokines in RV-A 101 and RV-C 8 pneumonia patients. These findings might contribute to a better understanding of RV immunity and the potential mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of severe RV infections, but further functional studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Naeem
- Department of Research Labs, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham S Alkadi
- Department of Research Labs, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad U Manzoor
- Department of Medical Imaging, Diagnostic & Interventional Neuroradiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Yousaf
- Department of Medical Imaging, Diagnostic & Interventional Neuroradiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maaweya Awadalla
- Department of Research Labs, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad S AlYami
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Zafar
- Pediatric Department, John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alosaimi
- Department of Research Labs, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Takashima MD, Grimwood K, Sly PD, Lambert SB, Ware RS. Association of rhinovirus and potentially pathogenic bacterial detections in the first 3 months of life with subsequent wheezing in childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:3428-3436. [PMID: 37671813 PMCID: PMC10947429 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Airway interactions between viruses, especially rhinoviruses, and potentially pathogenic bacteria (PPB; Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) in early infancy may increase the risk of subsequent wheezing and asthma. We evaluated the association between rhinovirus and PPB in the first 3 months of life and wheezing episodes before age 2 years and asthma at age 5-7 years. METHODS An Australian community-based birth cohort of healthy children involved parents collecting nasal swabs weekly and completing symptom diaries daily until age 2 years. In a follow-up subset, asthma diagnosis was assessed annually until age 7 years. Swabs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Children were included if they returned symptom diaries beyond age 3 months (wheeze) or were reviewed at age 5-7 years (asthma). RESULTS 1440 swabs were returned by 146 children in the first 3 months of life. Wheeze and asthma outcomes were recorded for 146 and 84 children, respectively. Each additional week of rhinovirus detection increased the incidence of wheezing before age 2 years by 1.16 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.35). There were no significant associations between bacteria and wheeze. Each additional week with H. influenzae increased the odds of asthma at age 5-7 years by 135% (odds ratio: 2.35, 95% CI: 0.99-5.58). No significant interaction was observed between rhinovirus and PPB for wheezing or asthma. CONCLUSION Early life rhinovirus infection was associated with wheezing before age 2 years and H. influenzae with asthma by age 5-7 years. Microbes may play an etiologic role in wheezing and asthma, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari D. Takashima
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and PaediatricsGold Coast HealthGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Stephen B. Lambert
- UQ Centre for Clinical ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable DiseasesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Robert S. Ware
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
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Metz JAJ, Boldin B. Immunity-driven evolution of virulence and diversity in respiratory diseases. Evolution 2023; 77:2392-2408. [PMID: 37592809 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The time-honored paradigm in the theory of virulence evolution assumes a positive relation between infectivity and harmfulness. However, the etiology of respiratory diseases yields a negative relation, with diseases of the lower respiratory tract being less infective and more harmful. We explore the evolutionary consequences in a simple model incorporating cross-immunity between disease strains that diminishes with their distance in the respiratory tract, assuming that docking rate follows the match between the local mix of cell surface types and the pathogen's surface and cross-immunity the similarity of the pathogens' surfaces. The assumed relation between fitness components causes virulent strains infecting the lower airways to evolve to milder more transmissible variants. Limited cross-immunity, generally, causes a readiness to diversify that increases with host population density. In respiratory diseases that diversity will be highest in the upper respiratory tract. More tentatively, emerging respiratory diseases are likely to start low and virulent, to evolve up, and become milder. Our results extend to a panoply of realistic generalizations of the disease's ecology to including additional epitope axes. These extensions allow us to apply our results quantitatively to elucidate the differences in diversification between rhino- and coronavirus caused common colds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan A J Metz
- Advancing Systems Analysis Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Complexity Science and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna, Japan
| | - Barbara Boldin
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
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Dam Larsen F, Larsen CS, Jespersen S. Late relapse of cutaneous larva migrans. IDCases 2023; 33:e01885. [PMID: 37663135 PMCID: PMC10474051 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous larva migrans is a common disease in the tropics and among travelers. The itchy, serpentigious rash often appears within days to weeks after transmission. There are only few reported cases of late relapses. Here, we present a case of a relapse of cutaneous larva migrans more than one year after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrikke Dam Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Schade Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sanne Jespersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Ai J, Zhu Y, Duan Y, Zhang M, Lu G, Sun Y, Jin R, Shang Y, Li C, Xu B, Chen X, Xie Z. A multicenter study on molecular epidemiology of rhinovirus isolated from children with community acquired pneumonia in China during 2017-2019. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 106:105384. [PMID: 36396029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major pathogen of community acquired pneumonia in children. To investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of RVs in China, we performed a molecular epidemiological study during 2017-2019 in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in pediatric patients. In this multicenter study, 109 RV-A, 20 RV-B and 80 RV-C were identified. Among them, RV-A12, RV-A101, RV-A78, RV-A49, RV-A22, RV-B52, RV-C2, RV-C53 and RV-C5 were the common genotypes in the study. A total of 23 complete genome of RVs including 4 RV-A, 1 RV-B and 18 RV-C were obtained. Furthermore, in the RV-C isolates, one RV-C5 and five RV-C53 genotypes were found, which have a limited number in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome showed that most of the RVs isolated in the study have high nucleotide sequence identities (>95%) compared with the corresponding reference sequence in the GenBank. In RV-A9, RV-A28, RV-A61 and RV-B52, amino acid mutations were found in the potential neutralizing immunogenic (Nim) sites (Nim-1a and Nim-1b) of the VP1. In RV-B52, one of RV-C2 and RV-C5 isolates, amino acid mutations were found in the P1a peptide of the VP1. However, no recombination events were found in the study. In conclusion, RV-A was the predominant specie of RVs followed by RV-C in the study. The complete genomes of one RV-C5 and five RV-C53 genotypes were obtained which have a limited number sequence in the GenBank. High nucleotide sequence identities (>95%) were found among the complete genome obtained in the study and the corresponding reference sequence in the GenBank. Amino acid mutations were found in the potential Nim-1a, Nim-1b sites and P1a peptide region of the VP1 in parts of RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yali Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Yunxiao Shang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Changchong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases I, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiangpeng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
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Kreger JE, Hershenson MB. Effects of COVID-19 and Social Distancing on Rhinovirus Infections and Asthma Exacerbations. Viruses 2022; 14:2340. [PMID: 36366439 PMCID: PMC9698629 DOI: 10.3390/v14112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1950s, rhinoviruses (RVs) have been recognized as a major causative agent of the "common cold" and cold-like illnesses, accounting for more than 50% of upper respiratory tract infections. However, more than that, respiratory viral infections are responsible for approximately 50% of asthma exacerbations in adults and 80% in children. In addition to causing exacerbations of asthma, COPD and other chronic lung diseases, RVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of lower respiratory tract infections including bronchiolitis and community acquired pneumonia. Finally, early life respiratory viral infections with RV have been associated with asthma development in children. Due to the vast genetic diversity of RVs (approximately 160 known serotypes), recurrent infection is common. RV infections are generally acquired in the community with transmission occurring via inhalation of aerosols, respiratory droplets or fomites. Following the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), exposure to RV and other respiratory viruses was significantly reduced due to social-distancing, restrictions on social gatherings, and increased hygiene protocols. In the present review, we summarize the impact of COVID-19 preventative measures on the incidence of RV infection and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Microarray-Based Analyses of Rhinovirus Species-Specific Antibody Responses in Exacerbated Pediatric Asthma in a German Pediatric Cohort. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091857. [PMID: 36146664 PMCID: PMC9502376 DOI: 10.3390/v14091857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) account for a significant number of asthma exacerbations, and RV species C may be associated with a severe course in vulnerable patient groups. Despite important evidence on the role of RV reported by clinicians and life scientists, there are still unanswered questions regarding their influence on asthma exacerbation in young patients. Thus, we measured the RVspecies-specific IgG titers in our German pediatric exacerbation cohort using a microarray-based technology. For this approach, human sera of patients with exacerbated asthma and wheeze, as well as healthy control subjects (n = 136) were included, and correlation analyses were performed. Concordantly with previously published results, we observed significantly higher cumulative levels of RV species A-specific IgG (p = 0.011) and RV-C-specific IgG (p = 0.051) in exacerbated asthma group compared to age-matched controls. Moreover, atopic wheezers had increased RV-specific IgG levels for species A (p = 0.0011) and species C (p = 0.0009) compared to non-atopic wheezers. Hypothesizing that bacterial infection positively correlates with immune memory against RV, we included nasopharyngeal swab results in our analyses and detected limited correlations. Interestingly, the eosinophil blood titer positively correlated with RV-specific IgG levels. With these observations, we add important observations to the existing data regarding exacerbation in pediatric and adolescent medicine. We propose that scientists and clinicians should pay more attention to the relevance of RV species in susceptible pediatric patients.
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Ouafi M, Dubos F, Engelmann I, Lazrek M, Guigon A, Bocket L, Hober D, Alidjinou EK. Rapid syndromic testing for respiratory viral infections in children attending the emergency department during COVID-19 pandemic in Lille, France, 2021-2022. J Clin Virol 2022; 153:105221. [PMID: 35777223 PMCID: PMC9233550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Viral respiratory infections are common in children, and usually associated with non-specific symptoms. Respiratory panel-based testing was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, for the rapid differentiation between SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections, in children attending the emergency department (ED) of the teaching hospital of Lille, northern France, between February 2021 and January 2022. METHODS Samples were collected using nasopharyngeal swabs. Syndromic respiratory testing was performed with two rapid multiplex molecular assays: the BioFire® Respiratory Panel 2.1 - plus (RP2.1 plus) or the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel. SARS-CoV-2 variant was screened using mutation-specific PCR-based assays and genome sequencing. RESULTS A total of 3517 children were included in the study. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in samples from 265 children (7.5%). SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were younger than those without SARS-CoV-2 infection (median age: 6 versus 12 months, p < 0.0001). The majority of infections (61.5%) were associated with the Omicron variant. The median weekly SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate ranged from 1.76% during the Alpha variant wave to 24.5% with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Most children (70.2%) were treated as outpatients, and seventeen patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. Other respiratory viruses were more frequently detected in SARS-CoV-2 negative children than in positive ones (82.1% versus 37.4%, p < 0.0001). Human rhinovirus/enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were the most prevalent in both groups. CONCLUSIONS We observed a low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children attending pediatric ED, despite the significant increase due to Delta and Omicron variants, and an important circulation of other respiratory viruses. Severe disease was overall rare in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ouafi
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Lille, F-59000 France
| | - François Dubos
- CHU Lille, Pediatric Emergency Unit and Infectious Diseases, Lille, F-59000 France
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Lille, F-59000 France
| | - Mouna Lazrek
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Lille, F-59000 France
| | - Aurélie Guigon
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Lille, F-59000 France
| | - Laurence Bocket
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Lille, F-59000 France
| | - Didier Hober
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Lille, F-59000 France
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10
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Larsson SB, Vracar D, Karlsson M, Ringlander J, Norder H. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of different enterovirus and rhinovirus types show EV‐D68 may still impact on severity of respiratory infections. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3829-3839. [PMID: 35403229 PMCID: PMC9321759 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are often caused by enteroviruses (EVs). The aim of this study was to identify whether certain types of EV were more likely to cause severe illness in 2016, when an increasing spread of upper respiratory infections was observed in Gothenburg, Sweden. The EV strain in 137 of 1341 nasopharyngeal samples reactive for EV by polymerase chain reaction could be typed by sequencing the viral 5′‐untranslated region and VP1 regions. Phylogenetic trees were constructed. Patient records were reviewed. Hospital care was needed for 46 of 74 patients with available medical records. The majority of the patients (83) were infected with the rhinovirus (RV). The remaining 54 were infected with EV A, B, C, and D strains of 13 different types, with EV‐D68 and CV‐A10 being the most common (17 vs. 14). Significantly more patients with EV‐D68 presented with dyspnea, both when compared with other EV types (p = 0.003) and compared to all other EV and RV infections (p = 0.04). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed the spread of both Asian and European CV‐A10 strains and 12 different RV C types. This study showed an abundance of different EV types spreading during a year with increased upper respiratory increased infections. EV‐D68 infections were associated with more severe disease manifestation. Other EV and RV types were more evenly distributed between hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients. The EV type CV‐A10 was also found in infected patients, which warrants further studies and surveillance, as this pathogen could cause more severe disease and outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B. Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Beroendekliniken, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Diana Vracar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Marie Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Johan Ringlander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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11
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Human rhinoviruses prevailed among children in the setting of wearing face masks in Shanghai, 2020. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:253. [PMID: 35287614 PMCID: PMC8919361 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant etiological agent of the common cold in children and adults. A recent study showed that the inhibitory effect of face masks on viral shedding of HRV was less prominent than that on other respiratory viruses. Considering that most Chinese people have worn face masks in public area since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, we aimed to find out whether HRV prevailed among children in 2020 and demonstrate the details of the epidemiological features of HRV under such a special circumstance. Methods We summarized the incidences of various respiratory virus infections in patients who visited the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University during 2018–2020, and genotyped HRV positive nasopharyngeal specimens collected from 316 inpatients and 72 outpatients that visited the hospital in 2020. Results There was a major prevalence of HRV among children in the latter half of 2020, with a clear seasonality that HRV-As prevailed in summer while HRV-Cs in autumn. HRV-As were more prone to cause severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), while HRV-Cs were closely associated with childhood wheezing. The predominant genotypes were A11, A28, A47, A82, A101, C40 and C43. Notably, A21, A82 and A101 took up larger proportions in severe cases than in non-severe cases. Conclusions Our findings described a major prevalence of HRVs among children in 2020, which highlight the unique transmitting pattern of HRV and help to narrow the targets for antiviral strategies.
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12
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Mikkola H, Honkila M, Tapiainen T, Jartti T. Susceptibility to rhinovirus-induced early wheezing as a risk factor for subsequent asthma development. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x18666220103113813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Rhinovirus is one of the two most common viral agents that cause bronchiolitis in young children. During the first 12 months, it is second to the respiratory syncytial virus, but after 12 months, it begins dominating the statistics. Wheezing and dry cough are typical clinical symptoms indicative of rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis, although overlap of symptoms with other virus infections is common. Several studies have shown that atopic predisposition and reduced interferon responses increase susceptibility to rhinovirus-induced wheezing. More recent studies have found that certain genetic variations at strong asthma loci also increase susceptibility. Rhinovirus-induced wheezing in the early years of life is known to increase the risk of subsequent asthma development and may be associated with airway remodeling. This risk is increased by aeroallergen sensitization. Currently, there are no clinically approved preventive treatments for asthma. However, studies show promising results indicating that children with rhinovirus-affected first-time wheezing respond to bronchodilators in terms of less short-term symptoms and that controlling airway inflammatory responses with anti-inflammatory medication may markedly decrease asthma development. Also, enhancing resistance to respiratory viruses has been a topic of discussion. Primary and secondary prevention strategies are being developed with the aim of decreasing the incidence of asthma. Here, we review the current knowledge on rhinovirus-induced early wheezing as a risk factor for subsequent asthma development and related asthma-prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Mikkola
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Honkila
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Tapiainen
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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Penela-Sánchez D, González-de-Audicana J, Armero G, Henares D, Esteva C, de-Sevilla MF, Ricart S, Jordan I, Brotons P, Cabrerizo M, Muñoz-Almagro C, Launes C. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Genus Enterovirus in Children Requiring Intensive Care: Clinical Manifestations and Impact of Viral Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2059. [PMID: 34696489 PMCID: PMC8541154 DOI: 10.3390/v13102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by rhinovirus (RV) and enterovirus (EV) in children ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). This cohort study evaluates the clinical impact of RV/EV species, alone or in codetection with other viruses, in young children with severe LRTI. Seventy-one patients aged less than 5 years and admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a reference children's hospital with RV or EV (RV/EV) LRTI were prospectively included from 1/2018 to 3/2020. A commercial PCR assay for multiple respiratory pathogens was performed in respiratory specimens. In 22/71, RV/EV + respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was found, and 18/71 had RV/EV + multiple viral detections. Patients with single RV/EV detection required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) as frequently as those with RSV codetection, whereas none of those with multiple viral codetections required IMV. Species were determined in 60 samples, 58 being RV. No EV-A, EV-C, or EV-D68 were detected. RV-B and EV-B were only found in patients with other respiratory virus codetections. There were not any associations between RV/EV species and severity outcomes. To conclude, RV/EV detection alone was observed in young children with severe disease, while multiple viral codetections may result in reduced clinical severity. Differences in pathogenicity between RV and EV species could not be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Penela-Sánchez
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Paediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jon González-de-Audicana
- Enterovirus and Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-d.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Georgina Armero
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Paediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Desiree Henares
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteva
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona-Fernández de-Sevilla
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ricart
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iolanda Jordan
- Paediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Brotons
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cabrerizo
- Enterovirus and Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-d.-A.); (M.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Launes
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Kuitunen I, Artama M, Haapanen M, Renko M. Rhinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions-A nationwide register study in Finland. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6063-6067. [PMID: 34228369 PMCID: PMC8426983 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Social restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic strongly affected the epidemiology of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). As rhinovirus seemed to spread despite the restrictions, we aimed to analyze rhinovirus epidemiology in children during the pandemic. This register‐based study used data from the Finnish Infectious Disease Register. Nationwide rhinovirus findings from July 2015 to March 2021 were included and stratified by age (0–4, 5–9, and 10–14). Cumulative 14‐day incidence per 100000 children was calculated. Four thousand five hundred and seventy six positive rhinovirus findings were included, of which 3788 (82.8%) were among children aged 0–4. The highest recorded incidence was 36.2 among children aged 0–4 in October 2017. The highest recorded incidence during the pandemic period was 13.6 in November 2020. The impact of the restrictions was mostly seen among children aged 0–4 years of age in weeks 14–22 in 2020. The incidence has since remained near reference levels in all age groups. Strict restrictions temporarily interrupted the circulation of rhinovirus in spring 2020. Rhinovirus incidence returned to normal levels soon after the harsh restrictions were lifted. These looser social restrictions prevented RSV and influenza seasons but failed to prevent the spread of rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilari Kuitunen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Miia Artama
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinations, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marjut Haapanen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T, Lukšić I, Mijač M, Vraneš J. Seasonal Coronaviruses and Other Neglected Respiratory Viruses: A Global Perspective and a Local Snapshot. Front Public Health 2021; 9:691163. [PMID: 34291031 PMCID: PMC8287126 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world; however, there are several groups of viruses that are insufficiently routinely sought for, and can thus be considered neglected from a diagnostic and clinical standpoint. Timely detection of seasonality of certain respiratory viruses (e.g., enveloped viruses such as seasonal coronaviruses) in the local context can aid substantially in targeted and cost-effective utilization of viral diagnostic approaches. For the other, non-enveloped and year-round viruses (i.e., rhinovirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus), a continuous virological diagnosis needs to be implemented in clinical laboratories to more effectively address the aetiology of respiratory infections, and assess the overall impact of these viruses on disease burden. While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still actively unfolding, we aimed to emphasize the persistent role of seasonal coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses in the aetiology of respiratory infections. Consequently, this paper concentrates on the burden and epidemiological trends of aforementioned viral groups on a global level, but also provides a snapshot of their prevalence patterns in Croatia in order to underscore the potential implications of viral seasonality. An overall global prevalence in respiratory tract infections was found to be between 0.5 and 18.4% for seasonal coronaviruses, between 13 and 59% for rhinoviruses, between 1 and 36% for human adenoviruses, and between 1 and 56.8% for human bocaviruses. A Croatian dataset on patients with respiratory tract infection and younger than 18 years of age has revealed a fairly high prevalence of rhinoviruses (33.4%), with much lower prevalence of adenoviruses (15.6%), seasonal coronaviruses (7.1%), and bocaviruses (5.3%). These insights represent a relevant discussion point in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic where the testing of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses has been limited in many settings, making the monitoring of disease burden associated with other respiratory viruses rather difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozić Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.,University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lukšić
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Mijač
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Vraneš
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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He W, Gao Y, Wen Y, Ke X, Ou Z, Li Y, He H, Chen Q. Detection of Virus-Related Sequences Associated With Potential Etiologies of Hepatitis in Liver Tissue Samples From Rats, Mice, Shrews, and Bats. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653873. [PMID: 34177835 PMCID: PMC8221242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is a major global health concern. However, the etiology of 10-20% hepatitis cases remains unclear. Some hepatitis-associated viruses, like the hepatitis E virus, are zoonotic pathogens. Rats, shrews, and bats are reservoirs for many zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, understanding the virome in the liver of these animals is important for the investigation of the etiologies of hepatitis and monitoring the emerging zoonotic viruses. In this study, viral metagenomics and PCR methods were used to investigate viral communities in rats, mice, house shrews, and bats livers. Viral metagenomic analysis showed a diverse set of sequences in liver samples, comprising: sequences related to herpesviruses, orthomyxoviruses, anelloviruses, hepeviruses, hepadnaviruses, flaviviruses, parvoviruses, and picornaviruses. Using PCR methods, we first detected hepatovirus sequences in Hipposideros larvatus (3.85%). We also reported the first detection of Zika virus-related sequences in rats and house shrews. Sequences related to influenza A virus and herpesviruses were detected in liver. Higher detection rates of pegivirus sequences were found in liver tissue and serum samples from rats (7.85% and 15.79%, respectively) than from house shrews. Torque teno virus sequences had higher detection rates in the serum samples of rats and house shrews (52.72% and 5.26%, respectively) than in the liver. Near-full length genomes of pegivirus and torque teno virus were amplified. This study is the first to compare the viral communities in the liver of bats, rats, mice, and house shrews. Its findings expand our understanding of the virome in the liver of these animals and provide an insight into hepatitis-related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiao He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Ke
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Zejin Ou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Johnston SL. A, B, and C Rhinoviruses: New Knowledge from an Impressive Consortium. A Step Forward for Rhinovirus Vaccine Efforts or a Step Back? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:786-788. [PMID: 33600736 PMCID: PMC8017583 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202102-0346ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London, United Kingdom and.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London, United Kingdom
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18
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Choi T, Devries M, Bacharier LB, Busse W, Camargo CA, Cohen R, Demuri GP, Evans MD, Fitzpatrick AM, Gergen PJ, Grindle K, Gruchalla R, Hartert T, Hasegawa K, Khurana Hershey GK, Holt P, Homil K, Jartti T, Kattan M, Kercsmar C, Kim H, Laing IA, LeBeau P, Lee KE, Le Souëf PN, Liu A, Mauger DT, Ober C, Pappas T, Patel SJ, Phipatanakul W, Pongracic J, Seroogy C, Sly PD, Tisler C, Wald ER, Wood R, Gangnon R, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Gern JE, Bochkov YA. Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rhinovirus C and Age-Dependent Patterns of Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:822-830. [PMID: 33357024 PMCID: PMC8017585 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3753oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Rhinovirus (RV) C can cause asymptomatic infection and respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe wheezing.Objectives: To identify how age and other individual-level factors are associated with susceptibility to RV-C illnesses.Methods: Longitudinal data from the COAST (Childhood Origins of Asthma) birth cohort study were analyzed to determine relationships between age and RV-C infections. Neutralizing antibodies specific for RV-A and RV-C (three types each) were determined using a novel PCR-based assay. Data were pooled from 14 study cohorts in the United States, Finland, and Australia, and mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify factors related to the proportion of RV-C versus RV-A detection.Measurements and Main Results: In COAST, RV-A and RV-C infections were similarly common in infancy, whereas RV-C was detected much less often than RV-A during both respiratory illnesses and scheduled surveillance visits (P < 0.001, χ2) in older children. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to RV-A or RV-C types was low (5-27%) at the age of 2 years, but by the age of 16 years, RV-C seropositivity was more prevalent (78% vs. 18% for RV-A; P < 0.0001). In the pooled analysis, the RV-C to RV-A detection ratio during illnesses was significantly related to age (P < 0.0001), CDHR3 genotype (P < 0.05), and wheezing illnesses (P < 0.05). Furthermore, certain RV types (e.g., C2, C11, A78, and A12) were consistently more virulent and prevalent over time.Conclusions: Knowledge of prevalent RV types, antibody responses, and populations at risk based on age and genetics may guide the development of vaccines or other novel therapies against this important respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Devries
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter J Gergen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tuomas Jartti
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Universities of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Haejin Kim
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter N Le Souëf
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Liu
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | | | - Ellen R Wald
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Wood
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - James E Gern
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | |
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