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Kuo CC, McCall JG. Neural circuit-selective, multiplexed pharmacological targeting of prefrontal cortex-projecting locus coeruleus neurons drives antinociception. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.08.598059. [PMID: 38895281 PMCID: PMC11185789 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.08.598059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Selective manipulation of neural circuits using optogenetics and chemogenetics holds great translational potential but requires genetic access to neurons. Here, we demonstrate a general framework for identifying genetic tool-independent, pharmacological strategies for neural circuit-selective modulation. We developed an economically accessible calcium imaging-based approach for large-scale pharmacological scans of endogenous receptor-mediated neural activity. As a testbed for this approach, we used the mouse locus coeruleus due to the combination of its widespread, modular efferent neural circuitry and its wide variety of endogenously expressed GPCRs. Using machine learning-based action potential deconvolution and retrograde tracing, we identified an agonist cocktail that selectively inhibits medial prefrontal cortex-projecting locus coeruleus neurons. In vivo, this cocktail produces synergistic antinociception, consistent with selective pharmacological blunting of this neural circuit. This framework has broad utility for selective targeting of other neural circuits under different physiological and pathological states, facilitating non-genetic translational applications arising from cell type-selective discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jordan G. McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Dedek C, Azadgoleh MA, Prescott SA. Reproducible and fully automated testing of nocifensive behavior in mice. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100650. [PMID: 37992707 PMCID: PMC10783627 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Pain in rodents is often inferred from their withdrawal from noxious stimulation. Threshold stimulus intensity or response latency is used to quantify pain sensitivity. This usually involves applying stimuli by hand and measuring responses by eye, which limits reproducibility and throughput. We describe a device that standardizes and automates pain testing by providing computer-controlled aiming, stimulation, and response measurement. Optogenetic and thermal stimuli are applied using blue and infrared light, respectively. Precise mechanical stimulation is also demonstrated. Reflectance of red light is used to measure paw withdrawal with millisecond precision. We show that consistent stimulus delivery is crucial for resolving stimulus-dependent variations in withdrawal and for testing with sustained stimuli. Moreover, substage video reveals "spontaneous" behaviors for consideration alongside withdrawal metrics to better assess the pain experience. The entire process was automated using machine learning. RAMalgo (reproducible automated multimodal algometry) improves the standardization, comprehensiveness, and throughput of preclinical pain testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dedek
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Mehdi A Azadgoleh
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Steven A Prescott
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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3
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Copits BA, Gowrishankar R, O'Neill PR, Li JN, Girven KS, Yoo JJ, Meshik X, Parker KE, Spangler SM, Elerding AJ, Brown BJ, Shirley SE, Ma KKL, Vasquez AM, Stander MC, Kalyanaraman V, Vogt SK, Samineni VK, Patriarchi T, Tian L, Gautam N, Sunahara RK, Gereau RW, Bruchas MR. A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic inhibition. Neuron 2021; 109:1791-1809.e11. [PMID: 33979635 PMCID: PMC8194251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical manipulations of genetically defined cell types have generated significant insights into the dynamics of neural circuits. While optogenetic activation has been relatively straightforward, rapid and reversible synaptic inhibition has proven more elusive. Here, we leveraged the natural ability of inhibitory presynaptic GPCRs to suppress synaptic transmission and characterize parapinopsin (PPO) as a GPCR-based opsin for terminal inhibition. PPO is a photoswitchable opsin that couples to Gi/o signaling cascades and is rapidly activated by pulsed blue light, switched off with amber light, and effective for repeated, prolonged, and reversible inhibition. PPO rapidly and reversibly inhibits glutamate, GABA, and dopamine release at presynaptic terminals. Furthermore, PPO alters reward behaviors in a time-locked and reversible manner in vivo. These results demonstrate that PPO fills a significant gap in the neuroscience toolkit for rapid and reversible synaptic inhibition and has broad utility for spatiotemporal control of inhibitory GPCR signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Copits
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Raaj Gowrishankar
- Center of Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick R O'Neill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jun-Nan Li
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kasey S Girven
- Center of Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Judy J Yoo
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xenia Meshik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyle E Parker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Skylar M Spangler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abigail J Elerding
- Center of Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bobbie J Brown
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sofia E Shirley
- Center of Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly K L Ma
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexis M Vasquez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M Christine Stander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vani Kalyanaraman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sherri K Vogt
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijay K Samineni
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - N Gautam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center of Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Surgical implantation of wireless, battery-free optoelectronic epidural implants for optogenetic manipulation of spinal cord circuits in mice. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3072-3088. [PMID: 34031611 PMCID: PMC9273129 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of optogenetics to regulate neuronal activity has revolutionized the study of the neural circuitry underlying a number of complex behaviors in rodents. Advances have been particularly evident in the study of brain circuitry and related behaviors, while advances in the study of spinal circuitry have been less striking because of technical hurdles. We have developed and characterized a wireless and fully implantable optoelectronic device that enables optical manipulation of spinal cord circuitry in mice via a microscale light-emitting diode (µLED) placed in the epidural space (NeuroLux spinal optogenetic device). This protocol describes how to surgically implant the device into the epidural space and then analyze light-induced behavior upon µLED activation. We detail optimized optical parameters for in vivo stimulation and demonstrate typical behavioral effects of optogenetic activation of nociceptive spinal afferents using this device. This fully wireless spinal µLED system provides considerable versatility for behavioral assays compared with optogenetic approaches that require tethering of animals, and superior temporal and spatial resolution when compared with other methods used for circuit manipulation such as chemogenetics. The detailed surgical approach and improved functionality of these spinal optoelectronic devices substantially expand the utility of this approach for the study of spinal circuitry and behaviors related to mechanical and thermal sensation, pruriception and nociception. The surgical implantation procedure takes ~1 h. The time required for the study of behaviors that are modulated by the light-activated circuit is variable and will depend upon the nature of the study.
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann EN, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020. [PMID: 32672777 DOI: 10.1039/d1030cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann E, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7978-8035. [PMID: 32672777 PMCID: PMC7674226 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Erik Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Seebald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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DePaoli D, Gasecka A, Bahdine M, Deschenes JM, Goetz L, Perez-Sanchez J, Bonin RP, De Koninck Y, Parent M, Côté DC. Anisotropic light scattering from myelinated axons in the spinal cord. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:015011. [PMID: 32206678 PMCID: PMC7063473 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics has become an integral tool for studying and dissecting the neural circuitries of the brain using optical control. Recently, it has also begun to be used in the investigation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. However, information on these regions' optical properties is sparse. Moreover, there is a lack of data on the dependence of light propagation with respect to neural tissue organization and orientation. This information is important for effective simulations and optogenetic planning, particularly in the spinal cord where the myelinated axons are highly organized. To this end, we report experimental measurements for the scattering coefficient, validated with three different methods in both the longitudinal and radial directions of multiple mammalian spinal cords. In our analysis, we find that there is indeed a directional dependence of photon propagation when interacting with organized myelinated axons. Specifically, light propagating perpendicular to myelinated axons in the white matter of the spinal cord produced a measured reduced scattering coefficient ( μ s ' ) of 3.52 ± 0.1 mm - 1 , and light that was propagated along the myelinated axons in the white matter produced a measured μ s ' of 1.57 ± 0.03 mm - 1 , across the various species considered. This 50% decrease in scattering power along the myelinated axons is observed with three different measurement strategies (integrating spheres, observed transmittance, and punch-through method). Furthermore, this directional dependence in scattering power and overall light attenuation did not occur in the gray matter regions where the myelin organization is nearly random. The acquired information will be integral in preparing future light-transport simulations and in overall optogenetic planning in both the spinal cord and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon DePaoli
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Alicja Gasecka
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Bahdine
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean M. Deschenes
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Goetz
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Robert P. Bonin
- University of Toronto, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel C. Côté
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Optogenetic Inhibition of CGRPα Sensory Neurons Reveals Their Distinct Roles in Neuropathic and Incisional Pain. J Neurosci 2019; 38:5807-5825. [PMID: 29925650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3565-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous somatosensory neurons convey innocuous and noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli from peripheral tissues to the CNS. Among these are nociceptive neurons that express calcitonin gene-related peptide-α (CGRPα). The role of peripheral CGRPα neurons (CANs) in acute and injury-induced pain has been studied using diphtheria toxin ablation, but their functional roles remain controversial. Because ablation permanently deletes a neuronal population, compensatory changes may ensue that mask the physiological or pathophysiological roles of CANs, particularly for injuries that occur after ablation. Therefore, we sought to define the role of intact CANs in vivo under baseline and injury conditions by using noninvasive transient optogenetic inhibition. We assessed pain behavior longitudinally from acute to chronic time points. We generated adult male and female mice that selectively express the outward rectifying proton pump archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) in CANs, and inhibited their peripheral cutaneous terminals in models of neuropathic (spared nerve injury) and inflammatory (skin-muscle incision) pain using transdermal light activation of Arch. After nerve injury, brief activation of Arch reversed the chronic mechanical, cold, and heat hypersensitivity, alleviated the spontaneous pain, and reversed the sensitized mechanical currents in primary afferent somata. In contrast, Arch inhibition of CANs did not alter incision-induced hypersensitivity. Instead, incision-induced mechanical and heat hypersensitivity was alleviated by peripheral blockade of CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling. These results reveal that CANs have distinct roles in the time course of pain during neuropathic and incisional injuries and suggest that targeting peripheral CANs or CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling could selectively treat neuropathic or postoperative pain, respectively.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The contribution of sensory afferent CGRPα neurons (CANs) to neuropathic and inflammatory pain is controversial. Here, we left CANs intact during neuropathic and perioperative incision injury by using transient transdermal optogenetic inhibition of CANs. We found that peripheral CANs are required for neuropathic mechanical, cold, and heat hypersensitivity, spontaneous pain, and sensitization of mechanical currents in afferent somata. However, they are dispensable for incisional pain transmission. In contrast, peripheral pharmacological inhibition of CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling alleviated the incisional mechanical and heat hypersensitivity, but had no effect on neuropathic pain. These results show that CANs have distinct roles in neuropathic and incisional pain and suggest that their targeting via novel peripheral treatments may selectively alleviate neuropathic versus incisional pain.
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Kubota S, Sidikejiang W, Kudo M, Inoue KI, Umeda T, Takada M, Seki K. Optogenetic recruitment of spinal reflex pathways from large-diameter primary afferents in non-transgenic rats transduced with AAV9/Channelrhodopsin 2. J Physiol 2019; 597:5025-5040. [PMID: 31397900 PMCID: PMC6851594 DOI: 10.1113/jp278292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points We demonstrated optical activation of primary somatosensory afferents with high selectivity to fast‐conducting fibres by means of adeno‐associated virus 9 (AAV9)‐mediated gene transduction in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. AVV9 expressing green fluorescent protein showed high selectivity and transduction efficiency for fast‐conducting, large‐sized DRG neurons. Compared with conventional electrical stimulation, optically elicited volleys in primary afferents had higher sensitivity with stimulus amplitude, but lower sensitivity with stimulus frequency. Optically elicited dorsal root volleys activated postsynaptic neurons in the segmental spinal pathway. This proposed technique will help establish the causal relationships between somatosensory afferent inputs and neural responses in the CNS as well as behavioural outcomes in higher mammals where transgenic animals are not available.
Abstract Previously, fundamental structures and their mode of action in the spinal reflex circuit were determined by confirming their input–output relationship using electrophysiological techniques. In those experiments, the electrical stimulation of afferent fibres was used as a core element to identify different types of reflex pathways; however, a major disadvantage of this technique is its non‐selectivity. In this study, we investigated the selective activation of large‐diameter afferents by optogenetics combined with a virus vector transduction technique (injection via the sciatic nerve) in non‐transgenic male Jcl:Wistar rats. We found that green fluorescent protein gene transduction of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with a preference for medium‐to‐large‐sized cells was achieved using the adeno‐associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector compared with the AAV6 vector (P = 0.021). Furthermore, the optical stimulation of Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)‐expressing DRG neurons (transduced by AAV9) produced compound action potentials in afferent nerves originating from fast‐conducting nerve fibres. We also confirmed that physiological responses to different stimulus amplitudes were comparable between optogenetic and electrophysiological activation. However, compared with electrically elicited responses, the optically elicited responses had lower sensitivity with stimulus frequency. Finally, we showed that afferent volleys evoked by optical stimulation were sufficient to activate postsynaptic neurons in the spinal reflex arc. These results provide new ways for understanding the role of sensory afferent input to the central nervous system regarding behavioural control, especially when genetically manipulated animals are not available, such as higher mammals including non‐human primates. We demonstrated optical activation of primary somatosensory afferents with high selectivity to fast‐conducting fibres by means of adeno‐associated virus 9 (AAV9)‐mediated gene transduction in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. AVV9 expressing green fluorescent protein showed high selectivity and transduction efficiency for fast‐conducting, large‐sized DRG neurons. Compared with conventional electrical stimulation, optically elicited volleys in primary afferents had higher sensitivity with stimulus amplitude, but lower sensitivity with stimulus frequency. Optically elicited dorsal root volleys activated postsynaptic neurons in the segmental spinal pathway. This proposed technique will help establish the causal relationships between somatosensory afferent inputs and neural responses in the CNS as well as behavioural outcomes in higher mammals where transgenic animals are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kubota
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wupuer Sidikejiang
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Kudo
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Price TJ, Gold MS. From Mechanism to Cure: Renewing the Goal to Eliminate the Disease of Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 19:1525-1549. [PMID: 29077871 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Persistent pain causes untold misery worldwide and is a leading cause of disability. Despite its astonishing prevalence, pain is undertreated, at least in part because existing therapeutics are ineffective or cause intolerable side effects. In this review, we cover new findings about the neurobiology of pain and argue that all but the most transient forms of pain needed to avoid tissue damage should be approached as a disease where a cure can be the goal of all treatment plans, even if attaining this goal is not yet always possible. Design We reviewed the literature to highlight recent advances in the area of the neurobiology of pain. Results We discuss barriers that are currently hindering the achievement of this goal, as well as the development of new therapeutic strategies. We also discuss innovations in the field that are creating new opportunities to treat and even reverse persistent pain, some of which are in late-phase clinical trials. Conclusion We conclude that the confluence of new basic science discoveries and development of new technologies are creating a path toward pain therapeutics that should offer significant hope of a cure for patients and practitioners alike. Classification of Evidence. Our review points to new areas of inquiry for the pain field to advance the goal of developing new therapeutics to treat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael S Gold
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Srinivasan SS, Maimon BE, Diaz M, Song H, Herr HM. Closed-loop functional optogenetic stimulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5303. [PMID: 30546051 PMCID: PMC6294002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07721-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been used to orchestrate temporal- and tissue-specific control of neural tissues and offers a wealth of unique advantages for neuromuscular control. Here, we establish a closed-loop functional optogenetic stimulation (CL-FOS) system to control ankle joint position in murine models. Using the measurement of either joint angle or fascicle length as a feedback signal, we compare the controllability of CL-FOS to closed-loop functional electrical stimulation (CL-FES) and demonstrate significantly greater accuracy, lower rise times and lower overshoot percentages. We demonstrate orderly recruitment of motor units and reduced fatigue when performing cyclical movements with CL-FOS compared with CL-FES. We develop and investigate a 3-phase, photo-kinetic model to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for temporal variations in optogenetically activated neuromusculature during closed-loop control experiments. Methods and insights from this study lay the groundwork for the development of closed-loop optogenetic neuromuscular stimulation therapies and devices for peripheral limb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya S Srinivasan
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA.
| | - Benjamin E Maimon
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Diaz
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Hyungeun Song
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Hugh M Herr
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA.
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Yudin Y, Rohacs T. Inhibitory G i/O-coupled receptors in somatosensory neurons: Potential therapeutic targets for novel analgesics. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918763646. [PMID: 29580154 PMCID: PMC5882016 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918763646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia are responsible for sensing mechanical and thermal stimuli, as well as detecting tissue damage. These neurons express ion channels that respond to thermal, mechanical, or chemical cues, conduct action potentials, and mediate transmitter release. These neurons also express a large number of G-protein coupled receptors, which are major transducers for extracellular signaling molecules, and their activation usually modulates the primary transduction pathways. Receptors that couple to phospholipase C via heterotrimeric Gq/11 proteins and those that activate adenylate cyclase via Gs are considered excitatory; they positively regulate somatosensory transduction and they play roles in inflammatory sensitization and pain, and in some cases also in inducing itch. On the other hand, receptors that couple to Gi/o proteins, such as opioid or GABAB receptors, are generally inhibitory. Their activation counteracts the effect of Gs-stimulation by inhibiting adenylate cyclase, as well as exerts effects on ion channels, usually resulting in decreased excitability. This review will summarize knowledge on Gi-coupled receptors in sensory neurons, focusing on their roles in ion channel regulation and discuss their potential as targets for analgesic and antipruritic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Yudin
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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14
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Xiao Z, Hu S, Zhang Q, Tian X, Chen Y, Wang J, Chen Z. Ensembles of change-point detectors: implications for real-time BMI applications. J Comput Neurosci 2018; 46:107-124. [PMID: 30206733 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-018-0694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have been widely used to study basic and translational neuroscience questions. In real-time closed-loop neuroscience experiments, many practical issues arise, such as trial-by-trial variability, and spike sorting noise or multi-unit activity. In this paper, we propose a new framework for change-point detection based on ensembles of independent detectors in the context of BMI application for detecting acute pain signals. Motivated from ensemble learning, our proposed "ensembles of change-point detectors" (ECPDs) integrate multiple decisions from independent detectors, which may be derived based on data recorded from different trials, data recorded from different brain regions, data of different modalities, or models derived from different learning methods. By integrating multiple sources of information, the ECPDs aim to improve detection accuracy (in terms of true positive and true negative rates) and achieve an optimal trade-off of sensitivity and specificity. We validate our method using computer simulations and experimental recordings from freely behaving rats. Our results have shown superior and robust performance of ECPDS in detecting the onset of acute pain signals based on neuronal population spike activity (or combined with local field potentials) recorded from single or multiple brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Xiao
- Department of Instrument Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sile Hu
- Department of Instrument Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Qiaosheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xiang Tian
- Department of Instrument Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Network Multimedia Technologies, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yaowu Chen
- Department of Instrument Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Network Multimedia Technologies, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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15
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DeBerry JJ, Samineni VK, Copits BA, Sullivan CJ, Vogt SK, Albers KM, Davis BM, Gereau RW. Differential Regulation of Bladder Pain and Voiding Function by Sensory Afferent Populations Revealed by Selective Optogenetic Activation. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:5. [PMID: 29483864 PMCID: PMC5816063 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder-innervating primary sensory neurons mediate reflex-driven bladder function under normal conditions, and contribute to debilitating bladder pain and/or overactivity in pathological states. The goal of this study was to examine the respective roles of defined subtypes of afferent neurons in bladder sensation and function in vivo via direct optogenetic activation. To accomplish this goal, we generated transgenic lines that express a Channelrhodopsin-2-eYFP fusion protein (ChR2-eYFP) in two distinct populations of sensory neurons: TRPV1-lineage neurons (Trpv1Cre;Ai32, the majority of nociceptors) and Nav1.8+ neurons (Scn10aCre;Ai32, nociceptors and some mechanosensitive fibers). In spinal cord, eYFP+ fibers in Trpv1Cre;Ai32 mice were observed predominantly in dorsal horn (DH) laminae I-II, while in Scn10aCre;Ai32 mice they extended throughout the DH, including a dense projection to lamina X. Fiber density correlated with number of retrogradely-labeled eYFP+ dorsal root ganglion neurons (82.2% Scn10aCre;Ai32 vs. 62% Trpv1Cre;Ai32) and degree of DH excitatory synaptic transmission. Photostimulation of peripheral afferent terminals significantly increased visceromotor responses to noxious bladder distension (30–50 mmHg) in both transgenic lines, and to non-noxious distension (20 mmHg) in Scn10aCre;Ai32 mice. Depolarization of ChR2+ afferents in Scn10aCre;Ai32 mice produced low- and high-amplitude bladder contractions respectively in 53% and 27% of stimulation trials, and frequency of high-amplitude contractions increased to 60% after engagement of low threshold (LT) mechanoreceptors by bladder filling. In Trpv1Cre;Ai32 mice, low-amplitude contractions occurred in 27% of trials before bladder filling, which was pre-requisite for light-evoked high-amplitude contractions (observed in 53.3% of trials). Potential explanations for these observations include physiological differences in the thresholds of stimulated fibers and their connectivity to spinal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J DeBerry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vijay K Samineni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Christopher J Sullivan
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sherri K Vogt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
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16
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Maldonado R, Baños JE, Cabañero D. Usefulness of knockout mice to clarify the role of the opioid system in chronic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2791-2808. [PMID: 29124744 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of knockout mice deficient in the genes encoding each component of the endogenous opioid system have been used for decades to clarify the specific role of the different opioid receptors and peptide precursors in many physiopathological conditions. The use of these genetically modified mice has improved our knowledge of the specific involvement of each endogenous opioid component in nociceptive transmission during acute and chronic pain conditions. The present review summarizes the recent advances obtained using these genetic tools in understanding the role of the opioid system in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic pain. Behavioural data obtained in these chronic pain models are discussed considering the peculiarities of the behavioural phenotype of each line of knockout mice. These studies have identified the crucial role of specific components of the opioid system in different manifestations of chronic pain and have also opened new possible therapeutic approaches, such as the development of opioid compounds simultaneously targeting several opioid receptors. However, several questions still remain open and require further experimental effort to be clarified. The novel genetic tools now available to manipulate specific neuronal populations and precise genome editing in mice will facilitate in a near future the elucidation of the role of each component of the endogenous opioid system in chronic pain. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Eladi Baños
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Cabañero
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Noh KN, Park SI, Qazi R, Zou Z, Mickle AD, Grajales-Reyes JG, Jang KI, Gereau RW, Xiao J, Rogers JA, Jeong JW. Miniaturized, Battery-Free Optofluidic Systems with Potential for Wireless Pharmacology and Optogenetics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201702479. [PMID: 29215787 PMCID: PMC5912318 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combination of optogenetics and pharmacology represents a unique approach to dissect neural circuitry with high specificity and versatility. However, conventional tools available to perform these experiments, such as optical fibers and metal cannula, are limited due to their tethered operation and lack of biomechanical compatibility. To address these issues, a miniaturized, battery-free, soft optofluidic system that can provide wireless drug delivery and optical stimulation for spatiotemporal control of the targeted neural circuit in freely behaving animals is reported. The device integrates microscale inorganic light-emitting diodes and microfluidic drug delivery systems with a tiny stretchable multichannel radiofrequency antenna, which not only eliminates the need for bulky batteries but also offers fully wireless, independent control of light and fluid delivery. This design enables a miniature (125 mm3 ), lightweight (220 mg), soft, and flexible platform, thus facilitating seamless implantation and operation in the body without causing disturbance of naturalistic behavior. The proof-of-principle experiments and analytical studies validate the feasibility and reliability of the fully implantable optofluidic systems for use in freely moving animals, demonstrating its potential for wireless in vivo pharmacology and optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Nim Noh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sung Il Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Center for Remote Health Science Technologies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Raza Qazi
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Zhanan Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Aaron D Mickle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jose G Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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18
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Hu S, Zhang Q, Wang J, Chen Z. Real-time particle filtering and smoothing algorithms for detecting abrupt changes in neural ensemble spike activity. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:1394-1410. [PMID: 29357468 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00684.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequential change-point detection from time series data is a common problem in many neuroscience applications, such as seizure detection, anomaly detection, and pain detection. In our previous work (Chen Z, Zhang Q, Tong AP, Manders TR, Wang J. J Neural Eng 14: 036023, 2017), we developed a latent state-space model, known as the Poisson linear dynamical system, for detecting abrupt changes in neuronal ensemble spike activity. In online brain-machine interface (BMI) applications, a recursive filtering algorithm is used to track the changes in the latent variable. However, previous methods have been restricted to Gaussian dynamical noise and have used Gaussian approximation for the Poisson likelihood. To improve the detection speed, we introduce non-Gaussian dynamical noise for modeling a stochastic jump process in the latent state space. To efficiently estimate the state posterior that accommodates non-Gaussian noise and non-Gaussian likelihood, we propose particle filtering and smoothing algorithms for the change-point detection problem. To speed up the computation, we implement the proposed particle filtering algorithms using advanced graphics processing unit computing technology. We validate our algorithms, using both computer simulations and experimental data for acute pain detection. Finally, we discuss several important practical issues in the context of real-time closed-loop BMI applications. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sequential change-point detection is an important problem in closed-loop neuroscience experiments. This study proposes novel sequential Monte Carlo methods to quickly detect the onset and offset of a stochastic jump process that drives the population spike activity. This new approach is robust with respect to spike sorting noise and varying levels of signal-to-noise ratio. The GPU implementation of the computational algorithm allows for parallel processing in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sile Hu
- Department of Instrument Science and Technology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Qiaosheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
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19
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Christensen AJ, Iyer SM, François A, Vyas S, Ramakrishnan C, Vesuna S, Deisseroth K, Scherrer G, Delp SL. In Vivo Interrogation of Spinal Mechanosensory Circuits. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1699-1710. [PMID: 27806306 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal dorsal horn circuits receive, process, and transmit somatosensory information. To understand how specific components of these circuits contribute to behavior, it is critical to be able to directly modulate their activity in unanesthetized in vivo conditions. Here, we develop experimental tools that enable optogenetic control of spinal circuitry in freely moving mice using commonly available materials. We use these tools to examine mechanosensory processing in the spinal cord and observe that optogenetic activation of somatostatin-positive interneurons facilitates both mechanosensory and itch-related behavior, while reversible chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons suppresses mechanosensation. These results extend recent findings regarding the processing of mechanosensory information in the spinal cord and indicate the potential for activity-induced release of the somatostatin neuropeptide to affect processing of itch. The spinal implant approach we describe here is likely to enable a wide range of studies to elucidate spinal circuits underlying pain, touch, itch, and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Christensen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shrivats M Iyer
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amaury François
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Saurabh Vyas
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sam Vesuna
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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20
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Samineni VK, Yoon J, Crawford KE, Jeong YR, McKenzie KC, Shin G, Xie Z, Sundaram SS, Li Y, Yang MY, Kim J, Wu D, Xue Y, Feng X, Huang Y, Mickle AD, Banks A, Ha JS, Golden JP, Rogers JA, Gereau RW. Fully implantable, battery-free wireless optoelectronic devices for spinal optogenetics. Pain 2017; 158:2108-2116. [PMID: 28700536 PMCID: PMC5640477 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of optogenetic tools has allowed unprecedented insights into the organization of neuronal networks. Although recently developed technologies have enabled implementation of optogenetics for studies of brain function in freely moving, untethered animals, wireless powering and device durability pose challenges in studies of spinal cord circuits where dynamic, multidimensional motions against hard and soft surrounding tissues can lead to device degradation. We demonstrate here a fully implantable optoelectronic device powered by near-field wireless communication technology, with a thin and flexible open architecture that provides excellent mechanical durability, robust sealing against biofluid penetration and fidelity in wireless activation, thereby allowing for long-term optical stimulation of the spinal cord without constraint on the natural behaviors of the animals. The system consists of a double-layer, rectangular-shaped magnetic coil antenna connected to a microscale inorganic light-emitting diode (μ-ILED) on a thin, flexible probe that can be implanted just above the dura of the mouse spinal cord for effective stimulation of light-sensitive proteins expressed in neurons in the dorsal horn. Wireless optogenetic activation of TRPV1-ChR2 afferents with spinal μ-ILEDs causes nocifensive behaviors and robust real-time place aversion with sustained operation in animals over periods of several weeks to months. The relatively low-cost electronics required for control of the systems, together with the biocompatibility and robust operation of these devices will allow broad application of optogenetics in future studies of spinal circuits, as well as various peripheral targets, in awake, freely moving and untethered animals, where existing approaches have limited utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Samineni
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jangyeol Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Crawford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu Ra Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kajanna C McKenzie
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gunchul Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsien Excellent Education Program, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Saranya S Sundaram
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China
| | - Min Young Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsien Excellent Education Program, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Xue Feng
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsien Excellent Education Program, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Aaron D Mickle
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anthony Banks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeong Sook Ha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Judith P Golden
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Neurological Surgery; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics; Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/biotechnology; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Moon HC, Heo WI, Kim YJ, Lee D, Won SY, Kim HR, Ha SM, Lee YJ, Park YS. Optical inactivation of the anterior cingulate cortex modulate descending pain pathway in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain created via chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2355-2364. [PMID: 29042811 PMCID: PMC5633286 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s138626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a critical role in the initiation, development, and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Recently, the effects of optical stimulation on pain have been investigated, but the therapeutic effects of optical stimulation on trigeminal neuralgia (TN) have not been clearly shown. Here, we investigated the effects of optical inhibition of the ACC on TN lesions to determine whether the alleviation of pain affects behavior performance and thalamic neuron signaling. Materials and methods TN lesions were established in animals by generating a chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve, and the animals received injections of AAV-hSyn-eNpHR3.0-EYFP or a vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) in the ACC. The optical fiber was fixed into the ipsilateral ACC after the injection of adeno-associated virus plasmids or vehicle. Behavioral testing, consisting of responses to an air puff and cold allodynia, was performed, and thalamic neuronal activity was monitored following optical stimulation in vivo. Optical stimulation experiments were executed in three steps: during pre-light-off, stimulation-light-on, and post-light-off states. The role of the optical modulation of the ACC in response to pain was shown using a combination of optical stimulation and electrophysiological recordings in vivo. Results Mechanical thresholds and facial cold allodynia scores were significantly improved in the TN lesion group during optical stimulation compared to those in the control group. Thalamic neuronal activity, consisting of the firing rate (spikes/s) and burst rate (bursts/s), was also decreased during optical stimulation. Conclusion Reciprocal optical inhibition of the ACC can alleviate pain-associated behavior and decrease abnormal thalamic sensory neuron activity in the trigeminal neuropathic rat model. The descending pain pathway can modulate thalamic neurons from the ACC following optical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Cheol Moon
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, College of Medicine
| | - Won Ik Heo
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yon Ji Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences
| | - Daae Lee
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, College of Engineering
| | - So Yoon Won
- Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju
| | - Hong Rae Kim
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, College of Medicine
| | - Seung Man Ha
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, College of Medicine
| | - Youn Joo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Daejoen St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, College of Medicine
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Beaudry H, Daou I, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Séguéla P. Will optogenetics be used to treat chronic pain patients? Pain Manag 2017; 7:269-278. [PMID: 28726577 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2016-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain affects a third of the population and current treatments produce limited relief and severe side effects. An alternative strategy to decrease pain would be to directly modulate somatosensory pathways using optogenetics. Optogenetics involves the use of genetically encoded and optically active proteins, namely opsins, to control neuronal circuits. In preclinical animal models, optical silencing of peripheral nociceptors has been shown to alleviate both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. An opsin-based gene therapy to treat chronic pain patients is not ready yet, but encouraging advances have been made in optical and viral technology. In view of the increasing burden of chronic pain in our aging society, innovative analgesic approaches based on optogenetics are definitely worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Beaudry
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ihab Daou
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro-da-Silva
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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23
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Martins I, Tavares I. Reticular Formation and Pain: The Past and the Future. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:51. [PMID: 28725185 PMCID: PMC5497058 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the reticular formation (RF) in the transmission and modulation of nociceptive information has been extensively studied. The brainstem RF contains several areas which are targeted by spinal cord afferents conveying nociceptive input. The arrival of nociceptive input to the RF may trigger alert reactions which generate a protective/defense reaction to pain. RF neurons located at the medulla oblongata and targeted by ascending nociceptive information are also involved in the control of vital functions that can be affected by pain, namely cardiovascular control. The RF contains centers that belong to the pain modulatory system, namely areas involved in bidirectional balance (decrease or enhancement) of pain responses. It is currently accepted that the imbalance of pain modulation towards pain facilitation accounts for chronic pain. The medullary RF has the peculiarity of harboring areas involved in bidirectional pain control namely by the existence of specific neuronal populations involved in antinociceptive or pronociceptive behavioral responses, namely at the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) and the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLM). Furthermore the dorsal reticular nucleus (also known as subnucleus reticularis dorsalis; DRt) may enhance nociceptive responses, through a reverberative circuit established with spinal lamina I neurons and inhibit wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons of the deep dorsal horn. The components of the triad RVM-VLM-DRt are reciprocally connected and represent a key gateway for top-down pain modulation. The RVM-VLM-DRt triad also represents the neurobiological substrate for the emotional and cognitive modulation of pain, through pathways that involve the periaqueductal gray (PAG)-RVM connection. Collectively, we propose that the RVM-VLM-DRt triad represents a key component of the “dynamic pain connectome” with special features to provide integrated and rapid responses in situations which are life-threatening and involve pain. The new available techniques in neurobiological studies both in animal and human studies are producing new and fascinating data which allow to understand the complex role of the RF in pain modulation and its integration with several body functions and also how the RF accounts for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martins
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina do PortoPorto, Portugal.,Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S)Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Tavares
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina do PortoPorto, Portugal.,Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S)Porto, Portugal
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24
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Chen Z, Zhang Q, Tong APS, Manders TR, Wang J. Deciphering neuronal population codes for acute thermal pain. J Neural Eng 2017; 14:036023. [PMID: 28384122 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Current pain research mostly focuses on molecular and synaptic changes at the spinal and peripheral levels. However, a complete understanding of pain mechanisms requires the physiological study of the neocortex. Our goal is to apply a neural decoding approach to read out the onset of acute thermal pain signals, which can be used for brain-machine interface. APPROACH We used micro wire arrays to record ensemble neuronal activities from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in freely behaving rats. We further investigated neural codes for acute thermal pain at both single-cell and population levels. To detect the onset of acute thermal pain signals, we developed a novel latent state-space framework to decipher the sorted or unsorted S1 and ACC ensemble spike activities, which reveal information about the onset of pain signals. MAIN RESULTS The state space analysis allows us to uncover a latent state process that drives the observed ensemble spike activity, and to further detect the 'neuronal threshold' for acute thermal pain on a single-trial basis. Our method achieved good detection performance in sensitivity and specificity. In addition, our results suggested that an optimal strategy for detecting the onset of acute thermal pain signals may be based on combined evidence from S1 and ACC population codes. SIGNIFICANCE Our study is the first to detect the onset of acute pain signals based on neuronal ensemble spike activity. It is important from a mechanistic viewpoint as it relates to the significance of S1 and ACC activities in the regulation of the acute pain onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
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25
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Saab CY, Barrett LF. Thalamic Bursts and the Epic Pain Model. Front Comput Neurosci 2017; 10:147. [PMID: 28127285 PMCID: PMC5226949 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2016.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Y Saab
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island HospitalProvidence, RI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
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26
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Valtcheva MV, Copits BA, Davidson S, Sheahan TD, Pullen MY, McCall JG, Dikranian K, Gereau RW. Surgical extraction of human dorsal root ganglia from organ donors and preparation of primary sensory neuron cultures. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1877-88. [PMID: 27606776 PMCID: PMC5082842 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultures of rodent sensory neurons are widely used to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pain, itch, nerve injury and regeneration. However, translation of these preclinical findings may be greatly improved by direct validation in human tissues. We have developed an approach to extract and culture human sensory neurons in collaboration with a local organ procurement organization (OPO). Here we describe the surgical procedure for extraction of human dorsal root ganglia (hDRG) and the necessary modifications to existing culture techniques to prepare viable adult human sensory neurons for functional studies. Dissociated sensory neurons can be maintained in culture for >10 d, and they are amenable to electrophysiological recording, calcium imaging and viral gene transfer. The entire process of extraction and culturing can be completed in <7 h, and it can be performed by trained graduate students. This approach can be applied at any institution with access to organ donors consenting to tissue donation for research, and is an invaluable resource for improving translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouela V Valtcheva
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steve Davidson
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tayler D Sheahan
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Melanie Y Pullen
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology Program, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krikor Dikranian
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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