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Wang C, Lu EY, Sun W, Chang JR, Tsang HWH. Effectiveness of interventions on sedentary behaviors in office workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2024; 230:45-51. [PMID: 38503064 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various interventions have sought to break sedentariness among office workers, but their pooled effect on sitting time reduction remains unknown. Also, it is essential to compare the effectiveness of different intervention types. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE (via EBSCO), PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to May 2, 2023. Two independent reviewers screened eligibility, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0. Randomized controlled trials aiming to reduce sitting at work were included. The primary outcome was sitting time at work per day. The secondary outcomes included cardiometabolic risk factors, psychological well-being, and work engagement. A random effects model was performed to synthesize continuous data as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS Twenty-four studies with 3169 participants were included. All intervention types in combination significantly reduced workplace sitting by 38 min per workday (95% CI: -47.32 to -28.72; P < 0.001; I2 = 49.78%). Interventions using environmental support (ES), motivational strategies (MS), or multiple components (multi) had all shown a significant reduction in work-time sedentary behavior (SB) relative to control groups. Regarding secondary outcomes, no significant effects were observed in physical or psychological outcomes besides high-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that SB reduction interventions are generally effective for reducing workplace sitting. Multi interventions with both ES and MS are recommended for future clinical applications. Future studies should aim not only to reduce SB but also to attain the benefits of SB reduction interventions on physical and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China
| | - Erin Yiqing Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jeremy Rui Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hector Wing Hong Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Zhen Q, Zhang A, Huang Q, Li J, Du Y, Zhang Q. Overview of the Role of Spatial Factors in Indoor SARS-CoV-2 Transmission: A Space-Based Framework for Assessing the Multi-Route Infection Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11007. [PMID: 36078723 PMCID: PMC9518419 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has lasted from 2019 to 2022, severely disrupting human health and daily life. The combined effects of spatial, environmental, and behavioral factors on indoor COVID-19 spread and their interactions are usually ignored. Especially, there is a lack of discussion on the role of spatial factors in reducing the risk of virus transmission in complex and diverse indoor environments. This paper endeavours to summarize the spatial factors and their effects involved in indoor virus transmission. The process of release, transport, and intake of SARS-CoV-2 was reviewed, and six transmission routes according to spatial distance and exposure way were classified. The triangular relationship between spatial, environmental and occupant behavioral parameters during virus transmission was discussed. The detailed effects of spatial parameters on droplet-based, surface-based and air-based transmission processes and virus viability were summarized. We found that spatial layout, public-facility design and openings have a significant indirect impact on the indoor virus distribution and transmission by affecting occupant behavior, indoor airflow field and virus stability. We proposed a space-based indoor multi-route infection risk assessment framework, in which the 3D building model containing detailed spatial information, occupant behavior model, virus-spread model and infection-risk calculation model are linked together. It is also applicable to other, similar, respiratory infectious diseases such as SARS, influenza, etc. This study contributes to developing building-level, infection-risk assessment models, which could help building practitioners make better decisions to improve the building's epidemic-resistance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhen
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Anxiao Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yiming Du
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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3
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Morton S, Fitzsimons C, Jepson R, Saunders DH, Sivaramakrishnan D, Niven A. What works to reduce sedentary behavior in the office, and could these intervention components transfer to the home working environment?: A rapid review and transferability appraisal. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:954639. [PMID: 35966113 PMCID: PMC9372484 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.954639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Working patterns have changed dramatically due to COVID-19, with many workers now spending at least a portion of their working week at home. The office environment was already associated with high levels of sedentary behavior, and there is emerging evidence that working at home further elevates these levels. The aim of this rapid review (PROSPERO CRD42021278539) was to build on existing evidence to identify what works to reduce sedentary behavior in an office environment, and consider whether these could be transferable to support those working at home. Methods The results of a systematic search of databases CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, CINHAL, and SportDiscus from 10 August 2017 to 6 September 2021 were added to the references included in a 2018 Cochrane review of office based sedentary interventions. These references were screened and controlled peer-reviewed English language studies demonstrating a beneficial direction of effect for office-based interventions on sedentary behavior outcomes in healthy adults were included. For each study, two of five authors screened the title and abstract, the full-texts, undertook data extraction, and assessed risk of bias on the included studies. Informed by the Behavior Change Wheel, the most commonly used intervention functions and behavior change techniques were identified from the extracted data. Finally, a sample of common intervention strategies were evaluated by the researchers and stakeholders for potential transferability to the working at home environment. Results Twenty-two studies including 29 interventions showing a beneficial direction of effect on sedentary outcomes were included. The most commonly used intervention functions were training (n = 21), environmental restructuring (n = 21), education (n = 15), and enablement (n = 15). Within these the commonly used behavior change techniques were instructions on how to perform the behavior (n = 21), adding objects to the environment (n = 20), and restructuring the physical environment (n = 19). Those strategies with the most promise for transferring to the home environment included education materials, use of role models, incentives, and prompts. Conclusions This review has characterized interventions that show a beneficial direction of effect to reduce office sedentary behavior, and identified promising strategies to support workers in the home environment as the world adapts to a new working landscape.Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021278539, identifier CRD42021278539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Morton
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Fitzsimons
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Jepson
- Scottish Collaboration of Public Health Research & Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Saunders
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Sivaramakrishnan
- Scottish Collaboration of Public Health Research & Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa Niven
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Ailsa Niven
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4
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Segura-Jiménez V, Biddle SJH, De Cocker K, Khan S, Gavilán-Carrera B. Where Does the Time Go? Displacement of Device-Measured Sedentary Time in Effective Sedentary Behaviour Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2177-2207. [PMID: 35567719 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown the effectiveness of sedentary behaviour interventions on reducing sedentary time. However, no systematic review has studied where the reduced sedentary time after such interventions is displaced to. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to synthesize the evidence from interventions that have reduced sedentary behaviour and test the displacement of sedentary time into physical activity (light physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA], standing, and stepping). METHODS Two independent researchers performed a systematic search of the EBSCOhost, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the time reallocated from sedentary behaviour to physical activity during working time and the whole day in intervention trials (randomized/non-randomized controlled/non-controlled). RESULTS A total of 36 studies met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review, with 26 studies included in the meta-analysis. Interventions showed a significant overall increase in worksite LPA (effect size [ES] 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05 to 0.43; P < 0.013) and daily LPA (ES 0.62; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.91; P = 0.001). A statistically significant increase in daily MVPA was observed (ES 0.47; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.67; P < 0.001). There was a significant overall increase in worksite standing time (ES 0.76; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95; P < 0.001), daily standing time (ES 0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.65; P < 0.001), and worksite stepping time (ES 0.12; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.20; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Effective interventions aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour result in a consistent displacement of sedentary time to LPA and standing time, both at worksites and across the whole day, whereas changes in stepping time or MVPA are dependent on the intervention setting. Strategies to reduce sedentary behaviour should not be limited to worksite settings, and further efforts may be required to promote daily MVPA. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42020153958.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Segura-Jiménez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves of Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avda. de Madrid, 15, 18012, Granada, Spain. .,GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain. .,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Katrien De Cocker
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shahjahan Khan
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,Asian University of Bangladesh, Ashulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Blanca Gavilán-Carrera
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Waddell KJ, Changolkar S, Szwartz G, Godby S, Patel MS. Association of Behavioral Phenotypes With Changes in Sleep During a Workplace Wellness Program. Am J Health Promot 2021; 35:1061-1070. [PMID: 33998296 DOI: 10.1177/08901171211015089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine changes in sleep duration by 3 behavioral phenotypes during a workplace wellness program with overweight and obese adults. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. SETTING Remotely monitored intervention conducted across the United States. SUBJECTS 553 participants with a body mass index ≥25. INTERVENTION Participants were randomized to 1 of 4 study arms: control, gamification with support, gamification with collaboration, and gamification with competition to increase their physical activity. All participants were issued a wrist-worn wearable device to record their daily physical activity and sleep duration. MEASURES The primary outcome was change in daily sleep duration from baseline during the 24 week intervention and follow-up period by study arm within behavioral phenotype class. ANALYSIS Linear mixed effects regression. RESULTS Participants who had a phenotype of less physically active and less social at baseline, in the gamification with collaboration arm, significantly increased their sleep duration during the intervention period (30.2 minutes [95% CI 6.9, 53.5], P = 0.01), compared to the control arm. There were no changes in sleep duration among participants who were more extroverted and motivated or participants who were less motivated and at-risk. CONCLUSIONS Changes in sleep during a physical activity intervention varied by behavioral phenotype. Behavioral phenotypes may help to precisely identify who is likely to improve sleep duration during a physical activity intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Waddell
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mitesh S Patel
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, PA, USA
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Petersson Troije C, Lisberg Jensen E, Stenfors C, Bodin Danielsson C, Hoff E, Mårtensson F, Toivanen S. Outdoor Office Work - An Interactive Research Project Showing the Way Out. Front Psychol 2021; 12:636091. [PMID: 33912111 PMCID: PMC8072124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical boundaries of office work have become increasingly flexible. Work is conducted at multiple locations outside the office, such as at clients' premises, at home, in cafés, or when traveling. However, the boundary between indoor and outdoor environment seems to be strong and normative regarding how office work is performed. The aim of this study was to explore how office work may be conducted outdoors, understanding how it is being experienced by office employees and identifying its contextual preconditions. Based on a two-year interactive research project, the study was conducted together with a Swedish municipality. Fifty-eight participants engaged in the collaborative learning process, including 40 half-day workshops and reflective group discussions, co-interviews, and participants' independent experimentation of bringing work activities outdoors. Data was collected via interviews, group discussions and a custom-made mobile application. The results showed that a wide range of work activities could be done outdoors, both individually and in collaboration with others. Outdoor work activities were associated with many positive experiences by contributing to a sense of well-being, recovery, autonomy, enhanced cognition, better communication, and social relations, but also with feelings of guilt and illegitimacy. Conditions of importance for outdoor office work to happen and function well were found in the physical environment, where proximity to urban greenspaces stood out as important, but also in the sociocultural and organizational domains. Of crucial importance was managers' attitudes, as well as the overall organizational culture on this idea of bringing office work outdoors. To conclude, if working life is to benefit from outdoor office work, leaders, urban planners and policymakers need to collaborate and show the way out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Petersson Troije
- Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Division of Sociology, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Stenfors
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hoff
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Mårtensson
- Department of People and Society, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Susanna Toivanen
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Division of Sociology, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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7
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Effects of Time in Sitting and Standing on Pleasantness, Acceptability, Fatigue, and Pain When Using a Sit-Stand Desk: An Experiment on Overweight and Normal-Weight Subjects. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:1222-1230. [PMID: 33137789 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sit-stand desks have been suggested as an initiative to increase posture variation among office workers. However, there is limited evidence of what would be preferable combinations of time sitting and standing. The aim of this study was to determine and compare perceived pleasantness, acceptability, pain, and fatigue for 5 time patterns of sitting and standing at a sit-stand desk. METHODS Thirty postgraduate students were equally divided into a normal-weight (mean body mass index 22.8 kg/m2) and an overweight/obese (mean body mass index 28.1 kg/m2) group. They performed 3 hours of computer work at a sit-stand desk on 5 different days, each day with a different time pattern (A: 60-min sit/0-min stand; B: 50/10; C: 40/20; D: 30/30; E: 20/40). Pleasantness, acceptability, pain, and fatigue ratings were obtained at the beginning and at the end of the 3-hour period. RESULTS High ratings of pleasantness were observed for time patterns B, C, and D in both groups. All participants rated acceptability to be good for time patterns A to D. A minor increase in perceived fatigue and pain was observed in time pattern E. CONCLUSION For new sit-stand desk users, regardless of body mass index, 10 to 30 minutes of standing per hour appears to be an amenable time pattern.
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Brown W, Pappas E, Foley B, Zadro JR, Edwards K, Mackey M, Shirley D, Voukelatos A, Stamatakis E. Do different sit-stand workstations influence lumbar kinematics, lumbar muscle activity and musculoskeletal pain in office workers? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 28:536-543. [PMID: 32662327 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1796039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. This study investigated the effect of different sit-stand workstations on lumbar spine kinematics, lumbar muscle activity and musculoskeletal pain. Methods. Thirty-two office workers were randomized to one of three sit-stand workstations (Group 1, ratio of minutes spent sitting to standing each hour at work 40:20, n = 8; Group 2, 30:30, n = 6; Group 3, 20:40, n = 7) and a control group (usual sitting, n = 11). Intervention groups (Groups 1, 2 and 3) were collapsed into one group for analysis (n = 21). Data on lumbar kinematics and muscle activity were only collected for 25 participants due to equipment availability. Results. Participants in the intervention group had lower overall lumbar spine flexion angles during the workday compared to the control group (mean difference 10.6°; 95% confidence interval [-18.1, -3.2]; p = 0.008; Cohen's d = 1.5). There were no between-group differences for the remaining kinematic measures (i.e., mean flexion angle in standing and sitting, mean side flexion angle in standing and sitting, and percentage of time in upright sitting), muscle activity or presence of musculoskeletal pain. Conclusions. Sit-stand workstations reduced overall lumbar spine flexion angles over the course of a workday but had no effect on other kinematic measures, lumbar spine muscle activity or musculoskeletal pain.Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ACTRN12615001018505..
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Brown
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Bridget Foley
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua R Zadro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Edwards
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Mackey
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Debra Shirley
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Voukelatos
- Health Promotion Unit, Sydney Local Health District, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.,Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, UK
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9
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Blackburn NE, Wilson JJ, McMullan II, Caserotti P, Giné-Garriga M, Wirth K, Coll-Planas L, Alias SB, Roqué M, Deidda M, Kunzmann AT, Dallmeier D, Tully MA. The effectiveness and complexity of interventions targeting sedentary behaviour across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32334631 PMCID: PMC7183680 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that sedentary behaviour (SB) is associated with poor health outcomes. SB at any age may have significant consequences for health and well-being and interventions targeting SB are accumulating. Therefore, the need to review the effects of multicomponent, complex interventions that incorporate effective strategies to reduce SB are essential. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted investigating the impact of interventions targeting SB across the lifespan. Six databases were searched and two review authors independently screened studies for eligibility, completed data extraction and assessed the risk of bias and complexity of each of the included studies. RESULTS A total of 77 adult studies (n=62, RCTs) and 84 studies (n=62, RCTs) in children were included. The findings demonstrated that interventions in adults when compared to active controls resulted in non-significant reductions in SB, although when compared to inactive controls significant reductions were found in both the short (MD -56.86; 95%CI -74.10, -39.63; n=4632; I2 83%) and medium-to-long term (MD -20.14; 95%CI -34.13, -6.16; n=4537; I2 65%). The findings demonstrated that interventions in children when compared to active controls may lead to relevant reductions in daily sedentary time in the short-term (MD -59.90; 95%CI -102.16, -17.65; n=267; I2 86%), while interventions in children when compared to inactive controls may lead to relevant reductions in the short-term (MD -25.86; 95%CI -40.77, -10.96; n=9480; I2 98%) and medium-to-long term (MD -14.02; 95%CI -19.49, -8.55; n=41,138; I2 98%). The assessment of complexity suggested that interventions may need to be suitably complex to address the challenges of a complex behaviour such as SB, but demonstrated that a higher complexity score is not necessarily associated with better outcomes in terms of sustained long-term changes. CONCLUSIONS Interventions targeting reductions in SB have been shown to be successful, especially environmental interventions in both children and adults. More needs to be known about how best to optimise intervention effects. Future intervention studies should apply more rigorous methods to improve research quality, considering larger sample sizes, randomised controlled designs and valid and reliable measures of SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Blackburn
- Centre for Health and Rehabilitation Technologies, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom.
| | - Jason J Wilson
- Centre for Health and Rehabilitation Technologies, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona I McMullan
- Centre for Health and Rehabilitation Technologies, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Caserotti
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Center for Active and Healthy Ageing (CAHA), Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Giné-Garriga
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Wirth
- Agaplesion Bethesda Clinic Ulm, Geriatric Centre Ulm/Alb-Donau, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Coll-Planas
- Fundació Salut i Envelliment-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Blancafort Alias
- Fundació Salut i Envelliment-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Roqué
- Fundació Salut i Envelliment-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Deidda
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T Kunzmann
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dhayana Dallmeier
- Agaplesion Bethesda Clinic Ulm, Geriatric Centre Ulm/Alb-Donau, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Mark A Tully
- Centre for Health and Rehabilitation Technologies, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
- Institute of Mental Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
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10
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Lock M, Post D, Dollman J, Parfitt G. Efficacy of theory-informed workplace physical activity interventions: a systematic literature review with meta-analyses. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 15:483-507. [PMID: 31957559 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1718528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review aimed to assess the efficacy of workplace physical activity interventions; compare the efficacy of those that were and were not informed by behaviour change theory, and outline the effectiveness of different intervention components. A search was undertaken in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Ovid Emcare (previously CINAHL) and SportDiscus. Randomised, non-randomised and cluster-controlled trials with objectively measured physical activity and/or measured or predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as outcomes were included in the review (83 papers from 79 trials). Random-effects meta-analyses of mean differences were undertaken. Workplace physical activity programmes demonstrated positive overall intervention effects for daily step counts (814.01 steps/day; CI: 446.36, 1181.67; p < 0.01; i2 = 88%) and measured VO2max (2.53 ml kg-1 min-1; CI: 1.69, 3.36; p < 0.01; i2 = 0%) with no sub-group differences between theory- and non-theory informed interventions. Significant sub-group differences were present for predicted VO2max (p < 0.01), with a positive intervention effect for non-theory informed studies (2.11 ml.kg-1 min-1; CI: 1.20, 3.02; p < 0.01; i2 = 78%) but not theory-informed studies (-0.63 ml kg-1 min-1; CI: -1.55, 0.30; p = 0.18; i2 = 0%). Longer-term follow-ups ranged from 24 weeks to 13 years, with significant positive effects for measured VO2max (2.84 ml kg-1 min-1; CI: 1.41, 4.27; p < 0.01; i2 = 0%). Effective intervention components included the combination of self-monitoring with a goal, and exercise sessions onsite or nearby. The findings of this review were limited by the number and quality of theory-informed studies presenting some outcomes, and confounding issues in complex interventions. Future researchers should consider rigorous testing of outcomes of theory-informed workplace physical activity interventions and incorporate longer follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merilyn Lock
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dannielle Post
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Dollman
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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11
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Chambers AJ, Robertson MM, Baker NA. The effect of sit-stand desks on office worker behavioral and health outcomes: A scoping review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 78:37-53. [PMID: 31046958 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review examines the effects of sit-stand desks (SSDs) on six domains: behavior (e.g. time sitting and standing), physiological, work performance, psychological, discomfort, and posture. Fifty-three articles met criteria. We determined the percentage of significant results for each domain. Forty-seven studies were experimental trials. Sample sizes ranged from six to 231 participants. Follow-up time-frames ranged from one day to one year. Sixty-one percent of behavioral (24 studies), 37% of physiological (28 studies), 7% of work performance (23 studies), 31% of psychological (11 studies), 43% of discomfort (22 studies), and 18% of posture domain results (4 studies) were significant. We conclude that SSDs effectively change behaviors, but these changes only mildly effect health outcomes. SSDs seem most effective for discomfort and least for productivity. Further study is needed to examine long-term effects, and to determine clinically appropriate dosage and workstation setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- April J Chambers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Michelle M Robertson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06103, USA; Office Ergonomics Research Committee, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA
| | - Nancy A Baker
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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12
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Wallmann-Sperlich B, Hoffmann S, Salditt A, Bipp T, Froboese I. Moving to an "Active" Biophilic Designed Office Workplace: A Pilot Study about the Effects on Sitting Time and Sitting Habits of Office-Based Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091559. [PMID: 31060203 PMCID: PMC6539275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Promising initial insights show that offices designed to permit physical activity (PA) may reduce workplace sitting time. Biophilic approaches are intended to introduce natural surroundings into the workplace, and preliminary data show positive effects on stress reduction and elevated productivity within the workplace. The primary aim of this pilot study was to analyze changes in workplace sitting time and self-reported habit strength concerning uninterrupted sitting and PA during work, when relocating from a traditional office setting to “active” biophilic-designed surroundings. The secondary aim was to assess possible changes in work-associated factors such as satisfaction with the office environment, work engagement, and work performance, among office staff. In a pre-post designed field study, we collected data through an online survey on health behavior at work. Twelve participants completed the survey before (one-month pre-relocation, T1) and twice after the office relocation (three months (T2) and seven months post-relocation (T3)). Standing time per day during office hours increased from T1 to T3 by about 40 min per day (p < 0.01). Other outcomes remained unaltered. The results suggest that changing office surroundings to an active-permissive biophilic design increased standing time during working hours. Future larger-scale controlled studies are warranted to investigate the influence of office design on sitting time and work-associated factors during working hours in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Hoffmann
- Institute for Sports Science, Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Anne Salditt
- Interface Deutschland GmbH, Krefeld, 47803 Krefeld, Germany.
| | - Tanja Bipp
- Work, Industrial, and Organizational Psychology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ingo Froboese
- Institute of Health Promotion and Clinical Movement Science, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Robbins R, Jackson CL, Underwood P, Vieira D, Jean-Louis G, Buxton OM. Employee Sleep and Workplace Health Promotion: A Systematic Review. Am J Health Promot 2019; 33:1009-1019. [PMID: 30957509 DOI: 10.1177/0890117119841407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Workplace-based employee health promotion programs often target weight loss or physical activity, yet there is growing attention to sleep as it affects employee health and performance. The goal of this review is to systematically examine workplace-based employee health interventions that measure sleep duration as an outcome. DATA SOURCE We conducted systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycINFO (n = 6177 records). STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA To be included in this systematic review, studies must include (1) individuals aged >18 years, (2) a worker health-related intervention, (3) an employee population, and (4) sleep duration as a primary or secondary outcome. RESULTS Twenty studies met criteria. Mean health promotion program duration was 2.0 months (standard deviation [SD] = 1.3), and mean follow-up was 5.6 months (SD = 6.5). The mean sample size of 395 employees (SD = 700.8) had a mean age of 41.5 years (SD = 5.2). Measures of sleep duration included self-report from a general questionnaire (n = 12, 66.6%), self-report based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (n = 4, 22.2%), and self-report and actigraphy combined (n = 5, 27.7%). Studies most commonly included sleep hygiene (35.0%), yoga (25.0%), physical activity (10.0%), and cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (10.0%) interventions. Across the interventions, 9 different behavior change techniques (BCTs) were utilized; the majority of interventions used 3 or fewer BCTs, while 1 intervention utilized 4 BCTs. Study quality, on average, was 68.9% (SD = 11.1). Half of the studies found workplace-based health promotion program exposure was associated with a desired increase in mean nightly sleep duration (n = 10, 50.0%). CONCLUSIONS Our study findings suggest health promotion programs may be helpful for increasing employee sleep duration and subsequent daytime performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Robbins
- 1 Center for Health Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chandra L Jackson
- 2 Epidemiology Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Phoenix Underwood
- 1 Center for Health Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dorice Vieira
- 1 Center for Health Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giradin Jean-Louis
- 1 Center for Health Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orfeu M Buxton
- 3 Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,4 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,5 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Sleep Health Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,6 Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Prince SA, Elliott CG, Scott K, Visintini S, Reed JL. Device-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic health and fitness across occupational groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:30. [PMID: 30940176 PMCID: PMC6444868 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With approximately 8 hours of one's waking day spent at work, occupational tasks and environments are important influencers on an individual's physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours. Little research has compared device-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic outcomes between occupational groups. OBJECTIVE To compare device-measured movement (sedentary time [ST], light intensity physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity [MVPA], and steps) across occupations. The secondary objective was to examine whether cardiometabolic and fitness outcomes differed by occupation. METHODS Five bibliographic databases were searched to identify all studies which included working age, employed adults from high-income countries, and reported on device-measured movement within occupations. Risk of bias within and across studies was assessed. Results were synthesized using meta-analyses and narrative syntheses. RESULTS The review includes 132 unique studies with data from 15,619 participants. Working adults spent ~ 60% of their working and waking time engaged in sedentary behaviour; a very small proportion (~ 4%) of the day included MVPA. On average, workers accumulated 8124 steps/day. Office and call center workers' steps/day were among the lowest, while those of postal delivery workers were highest. Office workers had the greatest ST and the lowest time in LPA both at work and during wakeful time. However, office workers had the greatest minutes sent in MVPA during wakeful hours. Laborers had the lowest ST and spent a significantly greater proportion of their work time in LPA and MVPA. Healthcare and protective services workers had higher levels of LPA at work compared to other occupations. Workers in driving-based occupations tended to have a higher body mass index and blood pressure. CONCLUSION This review identifies that occupational and wakeful time PA and ST differed between occupations. Future studies are needed to assess whether patterns differ by age and sex, describe leisure-time movement and movement patterns, and the relationship with cardiometabolic health. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42017070448 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Prince
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7 Canada
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Cara G. Elliott
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - Kyle Scott
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7 Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarah Visintini
- Berkman Library, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Reed
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7 Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Understanding the Office: Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Measure Activities, Posture, Social Interactions, Mood, and Work Performance at the Workplace. BUILDINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings9020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the workplace often involves using observational, self-report recall, or focus group tools, which all have their established advantages and disadvantages. There is, however, a need for a readily available, low-invasive method that can provide longitudinal, repeated, and concurrent in-the-moment information to understand the workplace well. In this study, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to collect 508 real-time responses about activities, posture, work performance, social interactions, and mood in 64 adult office workers in three Australian workplaces. The response rate was 53%, and the time to fill out the survey was 50 seconds on average. On average, the participants were sitting, standing, and walking in 84%, 9%, and 7% of survey instances, respectively. The participants reported they were working alone at their desks in 55% of all reported instances. Reported mood varied up to nine points within one person over the course of the post-occupancy observations. EMA can be used to paint a rich picture of occupants’ experiences and perceptions and to gain invaluable understanding of temporal patterns of the workplace, how the space is used, and how aspects of the workplace interact. This information can be used to make improvements to the physical and social workspaces and enhance occupants’ work performance and mood.
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Shrestha N, Kukkonen‐Harjula KT, Verbeek JH, Ijaz S, Hermans V, Pedisic Z. Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD010912. [PMID: 30556590 PMCID: PMC6517221 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010912.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of people are employed in sedentary occupations. Physical inactivity and excessive sitting at workplaces have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of workplace interventions to reduce sitting at work compared to no intervention or alternative interventions. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OSH UPDATE, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) search portal up to 9 August 2017. We also screened reference lists of articles and contacted authors to find more studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cross-over RCTs, cluster-randomised controlled trials (cluster-RCTs), and quasi-RCTs of interventions to reduce sitting at work. For changes of workplace arrangements, we also included controlled before-and-after studies. The primary outcome was time spent sitting at work per day, either self-reported or measured using devices such as an accelerometer-inclinometer and duration and number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more. We considered energy expenditure, total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), time spent standing at work, work productivity and adverse events as secondary outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles for study eligibility. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We contacted authors for additional data where required. MAIN RESULTS We found 34 studies - including two cross-over RCTs, 17 RCTs, seven cluster-RCTs, and eight controlled before-and-after studies - with a total of 3,397 participants, all from high-income countries. The studies evaluated physical workplace changes (16 studies), workplace policy changes (four studies), information and counselling (11 studies), and multi-component interventions (four studies). One study included both physical workplace changes and information and counselling components. We did not find any studies that specifically investigated the effects of standing meetings or walking meetings on sitting time.Physical workplace changesInterventions using sit-stand desks, either alone or in combination with information and counselling, reduced sitting time at work on average by 100 minutes per workday at short-term follow-up (up to three months) compared to sit-desks (95% confidence interval (CI) -116 to -84, 10 studies, low-quality evidence). The pooled effect of two studies showed sit-stand desks reduced sitting time at medium-term follow-up (3 to 12 months) by an average of 57 minutes per day (95% CI -99 to -15) compared to sit-desks. Total sitting time (including sitting at and outside work) also decreased with sit-stand desks compared to sit-desks (mean difference (MD) -82 minutes/day, 95% CI -124 to -39, two studies) as did the duration of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more (MD -53 minutes/day, 95% CI -79 to -26, two studies, very low-quality evidence).We found no significant difference between the effects of standing desks and sit-stand desks on reducing sitting at work. Active workstations, such as treadmill desks or cycling desks, had unclear or inconsistent effects on sitting time.Workplace policy changesWe found no significant effects for implementing walking strategies on workplace sitting time at short-term (MD -15 minutes per day, 95% CI -50 to 19, low-quality evidence, one study) and medium-term (MD -17 minutes/day, 95% CI -61 to 28, one study) follow-up. Short breaks (one to two minutes every half hour) reduced time spent sitting at work on average by 40 minutes per day (95% CI -66 to -15, one study, low-quality evidence) compared to long breaks (two 15-minute breaks per workday) at short-term follow-up.Information and counsellingProviding information, feedback, counselling, or all of these resulted in no significant change in time spent sitting at work at short-term follow-up (MD -19 minutes per day, 95% CI -57 to 19, two studies, low-quality evidence). However, the reduction was significant at medium-term follow-up (MD -28 minutes per day, 95% CI -51 to -5, two studies, low-quality evidence).Computer prompts combined with information resulted in no significant change in sitting time at work at short-term follow-up (MD -14 minutes per day, 95% CI -39 to 10, three studies, low-quality evidence), but at medium-term follow-up they produced a significant reduction (MD -55 minutes per day, 95% CI -96 to -14, one study). Furthermore, computer prompting resulted in a significant decrease in the average number (MD -1.1, 95% CI -1.9 to -0.3, one study) and duration (MD -74 minutes per day, 95% CI -124 to -24, one study) of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more.Computer prompts with instruction to stand reduced sitting at work on average by 14 minutes per day (95% CI 10 to 19, one study) more than computer prompts with instruction to walk at least 100 steps at short-term follow-up.We found no significant reduction in workplace sitting time at medium-term follow-up following mindfulness training (MD -23 minutes per day, 95% CI -63 to 17, one study, low-quality evidence). Similarly a single study reported no change in sitting time at work following provision of highly personalised or contextualised information and less personalised or contextualised information. One study found no significant effects of activity trackers on sitting time at work.Multi-component interventions Combining multiple interventions had significant but heterogeneous effects on sitting time at work (573 participants, three studies, very low-quality evidence) and on time spent in prolonged sitting bouts (two studies, very low-quality evidence) at short-term follow-up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS At present there is low-quality evidence that the use of sit-stand desks reduce workplace sitting at short-term and medium-term follow-ups. However, there is no evidence on their effects on sitting over longer follow-up periods. Effects of other types of interventions, including workplace policy changes, provision of information and counselling, and multi-component interventions, are mostly inconsistent. The quality of evidence is low to very low for most interventions, mainly because of limitations in study protocols and small sample sizes. There is a need for larger cluster-RCTs with longer-term follow-ups to determine the effectiveness of different types of interventions to reduce sitting time at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipun Shrestha
- Victoria UniversityInstitute for Health and Sport (IHES)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Katriina T Kukkonen‐Harjula
- South Karelia Social and Health Care District EksoteRehabilitationValto Käkelän katu 3 BLappeenrantaFinland53130
| | - Jos H Verbeek
- Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthCochrane Work Review GroupTYÖTERVEYSLAITOSFinlandFI‐70032
| | - Sharea Ijaz
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of BristolNIHR CLAHRC West at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation TrustLewins Mead, Whitefriars BuildingBristolUKBS1 2NT
| | - Veerle Hermans
- Vrije Universiteit BrusselFaculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & PharmacyPleinlaan 2BrusselsBelgium1050
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Victoria UniversityInstitute for Health and Sport (IHES)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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MacDonald B, Janssen X, Kirk A, Patience M, Gibson AM. An Integrative, Systematic Review Exploring the Research, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance of Interventions to Reduce Sedentary Behaviour in Office Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2876. [PMID: 30558258 PMCID: PMC6313589 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary behaviour is associated with poor health outcomes, and office-based workers are at significant health risk, as they accumulate large proportions of their overall sitting time at work. The aim of this integrated systematic review was to collate and synthesize published research on sedentary behaviour interventions in the workplace that have reported on at least one an aspect of the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Studies were included if they involved adult office workers, were conducted in an office setting, and changes in sedentary behaviour had been measured as a primary outcome. Five electronic databases were searched yielding 7234 articles, with 75 articles (61 individual interventions) meeting the inclusion criteria. Reach indicators were the most frequently reported RE-AIM dimensions, which were reported on average 59% of the time. Efficacy/effectiveness was the second most reported dimension at 49% reporting across all of the indicators. Implementation indicators were reported an average of 44% of the time, with indicators of adoption and maintenance reported as the lowest of all indicators at 13% and 8%, respectively. Recommendations are provided to improve reporting across all RE-AIM dimensions, which is an important first step to enable the effective translation of interventions into real world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley MacDonald
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.
| | - Xanne Janssen
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.
| | - Alison Kirk
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.
| | - Mhairi Patience
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.
| | - Ann-Marie Gibson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.
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Shrestha N, Kukkonen‐Harjula KT, Verbeek JH, Ijaz S, Hermans V, Pedisic Z. Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 6:CD010912. [PMID: 29926475 PMCID: PMC6513236 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010912.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of people are employed in sedentary occupations. Physical inactivity and excessive sitting at workplaces have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of workplace interventions to reduce sitting at work compared to no intervention or alternative interventions. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OSH UPDATE, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) search portal up to 9 August 2017. We also screened reference lists of articles and contacted authors to find more studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cross-over RCTs, cluster-randomised controlled trials (cluster-RCTs), and quasi-RCTs of interventions to reduce sitting at work. For changes of workplace arrangements, we also included controlled before-and-after studies. The primary outcome was time spent sitting at work per day, either self-reported or measured using devices such as an accelerometer-inclinometer and duration and number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more. We considered energy expenditure, total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), time spent standing at work, work productivity and adverse events as secondary outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles for study eligibility. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We contacted authors for additional data where required. MAIN RESULTS We found 34 studies - including two cross-over RCTs, 17 RCTs, seven cluster-RCTs, and eight controlled before-and-after studies - with a total of 3,397 participants, all from high-income countries. The studies evaluated physical workplace changes (16 studies), workplace policy changes (four studies), information and counselling (11 studies), and multi-component interventions (four studies). One study included both physical workplace changes and information and counselling components. We did not find any studies that specifically investigated the effects of standing meetings or walking meetings on sitting time.Physical workplace changesInterventions using sit-stand desks, either alone or in combination with information and counselling, reduced sitting time at work on average by 100 minutes per workday at short-term follow-up (up to three months) compared to sit-desks (95% confidence interval (CI) -116 to -84, 10 studies, low-quality evidence). The pooled effect of two studies showed sit-stand desks reduced sitting time at medium-term follow-up (3 to 12 months) by an average of 57 minutes per day (95% CI -99 to -15) compared to sit-desks. Total sitting time (including sitting at and outside work) also decreased with sit-stand desks compared to sit-desks (mean difference (MD) -82 minutes/day, 95% CI -124 to -39, two studies) as did the duration of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more (MD -53 minutes/day, 95% CI -79 to -26, two studies, very low-quality evidence).We found no significant difference between the effects of standing desks and sit-stand desks on reducing sitting at work. Active workstations, such as treadmill desks or cycling desks, had unclear or inconsistent effects on sitting time.Workplace policy changesWe found no significant effects for implementing walking strategies on workplace sitting time at short-term (MD -15 minutes per day, 95% CI -50 to 19, low-quality evidence, one study) and medium-term (MD -17 minutes/day, 95% CI -61 to 28, one study) follow-up. Short breaks (one to two minutes every half hour) reduced time spent sitting at work on average by 40 minutes per day (95% CI -66 to -15, one study, low-quality evidence) compared to long breaks (two 15-minute breaks per workday) at short-term follow-up.Information and counsellingProviding information, feedback, counselling, or all of these resulted in no significant change in time spent sitting at work at short-term follow-up (MD -19 minutes per day, 95% CI -57 to 19, two studies, low-quality evidence). However, the reduction was significant at medium-term follow-up (MD -28 minutes per day, 95% CI -51 to -5, two studies, low-quality evidence).Computer prompts combined with information resulted in no significant change in sitting time at work at short-term follow-up (MD -10 minutes per day, 95% CI -45 to 24, two studies, low-quality evidence), but at medium-term follow-up they produced a significant reduction (MD -55 minutes per day, 95% CI -96 to -14, one study). Furthermore, computer prompting resulted in a significant decrease in the average number (MD -1.1, 95% CI -1.9 to -0.3, one study) and duration (MD -74 minutes per day, 95% CI -124 to -24, one study) of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more.Computer prompts with instruction to stand reduced sitting at work on average by 14 minutes per day (95% CI 10 to 19, one study) more than computer prompts with instruction to walk at least 100 steps at short-term follow-up.We found no significant reduction in workplace sitting time at medium-term follow-up following mindfulness training (MD -23 minutes per day, 95% CI -63 to 17, one study, low-quality evidence). Similarly a single study reported no change in sitting time at work following provision of highly personalised or contextualised information and less personalised or contextualised information. One study found no significant effects of activity trackers on sitting time at work.Multi-component interventions Combining multiple interventions had significant but heterogeneous effects on sitting time at work (573 participants, three studies, very low-quality evidence) and on time spent in prolonged sitting bouts (two studies, very low-quality evidence) at short-term follow-up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS At present there is low-quality evidence that the use of sit-stand desks reduce workplace sitting at short-term and medium-term follow-ups. However, there is no evidence on their effects on sitting over longer follow-up periods. Effects of other types of interventions, including workplace policy changes, provision of information and counselling, and multi-component interventions, are mostly inconsistent. The quality of evidence is low to very low for most interventions, mainly because of limitations in study protocols and small sample sizes. There is a need for larger cluster-RCTs with longer-term follow-ups to determine the effectiveness of different types of interventions to reduce sitting time at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipun Shrestha
- Victoria UniversityInstitute for Health and Sport (IHES)MelbourneAustralia
| | - Katriina T Kukkonen‐Harjula
- South Karelia Social and Health Care District EksoteRehabilitationValto Käkelän katu 3 BLappeenrantaFinland53130
| | - Jos H Verbeek
- Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthCochrane Work Review GroupTYÖTERVEYSLAITOSFinlandFI‐70032
| | - Sharea Ijaz
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of BristolNIHR CLAHRC West at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation TrustLewins Mead, Whitefriars BuildingBristolUKBS1 2NT
| | - Veerle Hermans
- Vrije Universiteit BrusselFaculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & PharmacyPleinlaan 2BrusselsBelgium1050
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Victoria UniversityInstitute for Health and Sport (IHES)MelbourneAustralia
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Wallmann-Sperlich B, Chau JY, Froboese I. Self-reported actual and desired proportion of sitting, standing, walking and physically demanding tasks of office employees in the workplace setting: do they fit together? BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:504. [PMID: 29145883 PMCID: PMC5693475 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occupational sitting time in white-collar workers represents a prominent contributor to overall daily sitting time, which is associated with various health risks. Workplace interventions intending to reduce sitting time during work typically focus on replacing sitting with standing. The aim was to investigate and compare actual and desired proportions of time spent sitting, standing, walking, and doing physically demanding tasks at work reported by desk-based workers. Cross-sectional data were collected from German desk-based workers (n = 614; 53.3% men; 40.9 ± 13.5 years). All were interviewed about their self-reported actual and desired level of sitting, standing, walking and physically demanding tasks at work. RESULTS Desk-based workers reported to sit 73.0%, stand 10.2%, walk 12.9% and do physically demanding tasks 3.9% of their working hours. However, the individuals desire to sit, stand, walk and do physically demand tasks significantly different [53.8% sit, 15.8% stand, 22.8% walk, physically demanding tasks (7.7%), p < 0.001]. The present data revealed greatest mismatch between the desk-based workers' actual and desired time for sitting and walking. Health promotion programs should offer not only options for more standing but also opportunities for more walking within the workplace setting to better match workers' desires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wallmann-Sperlich
- Institute for Sports Science, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Judenbühlweg 11, Würzburg, 97082, Germany.
| | - Josephine Y Chau
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ingo Froboese
- Institute of Health Promotion and Clinical Movement Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Vincent GE, Jay SM, Vandelanotte C, Ferguson SA. Breaking Up Sitting with Light-Intensity Physical Activity: Implications for Shift-Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1233. [PMID: 29035315 PMCID: PMC5664734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting, restricted sleep, and circadian disruption are all independent risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Previous research has demonstrated that breaking up sitting with light-intensity physical activity has clear benefits for the health of day workers, but these findings may not apply in the presence of sleep restriction and/or circadian disruption-both of which are commonly experienced by shift-workers. Specifically, sleep restriction, and circadian disruption result in acute physiological changes that may offset the benefits of breaking up sitting. This commentary will explore the potential benefits of breaking up sitting for health, work performance, and subsequent sleep in shift-workers. Future areas of research designed to understand the mechanisms by which prolonged sitting and shift work impact worker health and safety and to support the design of effective occupational health and safety interventions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Vincent
- School for Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Wayville 5034, Australia.
| | - Sarah M Jay
- School for Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Wayville 5034, Australia.
| | - Corneel Vandelanotte
- School for Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Wayville 5034, Australia.
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- School for Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Wayville 5034, Australia.
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