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Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, Scottoline B, Andres SF. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12422. [PMID: 38602306 PMCID: PMC11007820 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (HMEVs). Pre-clinical models suggest that HMEVs may enhance intestinal function and limit inflammation; however, it is unknown if HMEVs or their cargo survive neonatal human digestion. This limits the ability to leverage HMEV cargo as additives to infant nutrition or as therapeutics. This study aimed to develop an EV isolation pipeline from small volumes of human milk and neonatal intestinal contents after milk feeding (digesta) to address the hypothesis that HMEVs survive in vivo neonatal digestion to be taken up intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Digesta was collected from nasoduodenal sampling tubes or ostomies. EVs were isolated from raw and pasteurized human milk and digesta by density-gradient ultracentrifugation following two-step skimming, acid precipitation of caseins, and multi-step filtration. EVs were validated by electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and super-resolution microscopy. EV uptake was tested in human neonatal enteroids. HMEVs and digesta EVs (dEVs) show typical EV morphology and are enriched in CD81 and CD9, but depleted of β-casein and lactalbumin. HMEV and some dEV fractions contain mammary gland-derived protein BTN1A1. Neonatal human enteroids rapidly take up dEVs in part via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that EVs can be isolated from digestive fluid and that these dEVs can be absorbed by IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Yung
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Madeline Kuhn
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Randall J. Armstrong
- Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR)Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Amy Olyaei
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Molly Aloia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Sarah F. Andres
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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2
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Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, Scottoline B, Andres SF. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.03.556067. [PMID: 38187651 PMCID: PMC10769189 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.03.556067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (HMEVs). Pre-clinical models suggest that HMEVs may enhance intestinal function and limit inflammation; however, it is unknown if HMEVs or their cargo survive neonatal human digestion. This limits the ability to leverage HMEV cargo as additives to infant nutrition or as therapeutics. This study aimed to develop an EV isolation pipeline from small volumes of human milk and neonatal intestinal contents after milk feeding (digesta) to address the hypothesis that HMEVs survive in vivo neonatal digestion to be taken up intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Digesta was collected from nasoduodenal sampling tubes or ostomies. EVs were isolated from raw and pasteurized human milk and digesta by density-gradient ultracentrifugation following two-step skimming, acid precipitation of caseins, and multi-step filtration. EVs were validated by electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and super-resolution microscopy. EV uptake was tested in human neonatal enteroids. HMEVs and digesta EVs (dEVs) show typical EV morphology and are enriched in CD81 and CD9, but depleted of β-casein and lactalbumin. HMEV and some dEV fractions contain mammary gland-derived protein BTN1A1. Neonatal human enteroids rapidly take up dEVs in part via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that EVs can be isolated from digestive fluid and that these dEVs can be absorbed by IECs.
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3
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Ceja L, Escopete SS, Hughes L, Lopez LV, Camberos V, Vallejos P, Wall NR, Kearns-Jonker M. Neonatal Cardiovascular-Progenitor-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate YAP1 in Adult Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098088. [PMID: 37175796 PMCID: PMC10179407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New stem cell and extracellular-vesicle-based therapies have the potential to improve outcomes for the increasing number of patients with heart failure. Since neonates have a significantly enhanced regenerative ability, we hypothesized that extracellular vesicles isolated from Islet-1+ expressing neonatal human cardiovascular progenitors (CPCs) will induce transcriptomic changes associated with improved regenerative capability when co-cultured with CPCs derived from adult humans. In order to test this hypothesis, we isolated extracellular vesicles from human neonatal Islet-1+ CPCs, analyzed the extracellular vesicle content using RNAseq, and treated adult CPCs with extracellular vesicles derived from neonatal CPCs to assess their functional effect. AKT, ERBB, and YAP1 transcripts were elevated in adult CPCs treated with neonatal CPC-derived extracellular vesicles. YAP1 is lost after the neonatal period but can stimulate cardiac regeneration. Our results demonstrate that YAP1 and additional transcripts associated with improved cardiovascular regeneration, as well as the activation of the cell cycle, can be achieved by the treatment of adult CPCs with neonatal CPC-derived extracellular vesicles. Progenitor cells derived from neonates secrete extracellular vesicles with the potential to stimulate and potentially improve functional effects in adult CPCs used for cardiovascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Ceja
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Sean S Escopete
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lorelei Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Larry V Lopez
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Victor Camberos
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Paul Vallejos
- Division of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Nathan R Wall
- Division of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Mary Kearns-Jonker
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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4
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Menjivar NG, Gad A, Gebremedhn S, Ghosh S, Tesfaye D. Granulosa cell-derived extracellular vesicles mitigate the detrimental impact of thermal stress on bovine oocytes and embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1142629. [PMID: 37091982 PMCID: PMC10116072 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1142629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced global warming results in rises in body temperatures above normal physiological levels (hyperthermia) with negative impacts on reproductive function in dairy and beef animals. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), commonly described as nano-sized, lipid-enclosed complexes, harnessed with a plethora of bioactive cargoes (RNAs, proteins, and lipids), are crucial to regulating processes like folliculogenesis and the initiation of different signaling pathways. The beneficial role of follicular fluid-derived EVs in inducing thermotolerance to oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) has been evidenced. Here we aimed to determine the capacity of in vitro cultured granulosa cell-derived EVs (GC-EVs) to modulate bovine oocytes’ thermotolerance to heat stress (HS) during IVM. Moreover, this study tested the hypothesis that EVs released from thermally stressed GCs (S-EVs) shuttle protective messages to provide protection against subsequent HS in bovine oocytes. For this, sub-populations of GC-EVs were generated from GCs subjected to 38.5°C (N-EVs) or 42°C (S-EVs) and supplemented to cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) matured in vitro at the normal physiological body temperature of the cow (38.5°C) or HS (41°C) conditions. Results indicate that S-EVs improve the survival of oocytes by reducing ROS accumulation, improving mitochondrial function, and suppressing the expression of stress-associated genes thereby reducing the severity of HS on oocytes. Moreover, our findings indicate a carryover impact from the addition of GC-EVs during oocyte maturation in the development to the blastocyst stage with enhanced viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico G. Menjivar
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ahmed Gad
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samuel Gebremedhn
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Genus Plc, Deforest, WI, United States
| | - Soham Ghosh
- Cellular Engineering and Mechanobiology Laboratory (CEML), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Dawit Tesfaye,
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Gardin C, Ferroni L, Leo S, Tremoli E, Zavan B. Platelet-Derived Exosomes in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012546. [PMID: 36293399 PMCID: PMC9604238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), the main cause of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is a progressive inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification in the innermost layers of arteries. The result is the thickening and clogging of these vessel walls. Several cell types are directly involved in the pathological progression of AS. Among them, platelets represent the link between AS, inflammation, and thrombosis. Indeed, besides their pivotal role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are key mediators of inflammation at injury sites, where they act by regulating the function of other blood and vascular cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs), leukocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In recent years, increasing evidence has pointed to a central role of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (P-EVs) in the modulation of AS pathogenesis. However, while the role of platelet-derived microparticles (P-MPs) has been significantly investigated in recent years, the same cannot be said for platelet-derived exosomes (P-EXOs). For this reason, this reviews aims at summarizing the isolation methods and biological characteristics of P-EXOs, and at discussing their involvement in intercellular communication in the pathogenesis of AS. Evidence showing how P-EXOs and their cargo can be used as biomarkers for AS is also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gardin
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Sara Leo
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Gelibter S, Marostica G, Mandelli A, Siciliani S, Podini P, Finardi A, Furlan R. The impact of storage on extracellular vesicles: A systematic study. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12162. [PMID: 35102719 PMCID: PMC8804350 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that storage has an impact on extracellular vesicles (EVs) properties. While -80°C storage is a widespread approach, some authors proposed improved storage strategies with conflicting results. Here, we designed a systematic study to assess the impact of -80°C storage and freeze-thaw cycles on EVs. We tested the differences among eight storage strategies and investigated the possible fusion phenomena occurring during storage. EVs were collected from human plasma and murine microglia culture by size exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation, respectively. The analysis included: concentration, size and zeta potential (tunable resistive pulse sensing), contaminant protein assessment; flow cytometry for the analysis of two single fluorescent-tagged EVs populations (GFP and mCherry), mixed before preservation. We found that -80°C storage reduces EVs concentration and sample purity in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it increases the particle size and size variability and modifies EVs zeta potential, with a shift of EVs in size-charge plots. None of the tested conditions prevented the observed effects. Freeze-thaw cycles lead to an EVs reduction after the first cycle and to a cycle-dependent increase in particle size. With flow cytometry, after storage, we observed a significant population of double-positive EVs (GFP+ -mCherry+ ). This observation may suggest the occurrence of fusion phenomena during storage. Our findings show a significant impact of storage on EVs samples in terms of particle loss, purity reduction and fusion phenomena leading to artefactual particles. Depending on downstream analyses and experimental settings, EVs should probably be processed from fresh, non-archival, samples in majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gelibter
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Giulia Marostica
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Alessandra Mandelli
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Stella Siciliani
- Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Paola Podini
- Neuropathology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
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7
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Tessier SN, Bookstaver LD, Angpraseuth C, Stannard CJ, Marques B, Ho UK, Muzikansky A, Aldikacti B, Reátegui E, Rabe DC, Toner M, Stott SL. Isolation of intact extracellular vesicles from cryopreserved samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251290. [PMID: 33983964 PMCID: PMC8118530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates in biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Protected by the lipid bilayer, the molecular content of EVs in diverse biofluids are protected from RNases and proteases in the surrounding environment that may rapidly degrade targets of interests. Nonetheless, cryopreservation of EV-containing samples to -80°C may expose the lipid bilayer to physical and biological stressors which may result in cryoinjury and contribute to changes in EV yield, function, or molecular cargo. In the present work, we systematically evaluate the effect of cryopreservation at -80°C for a relatively short duration of storage (up to 12 days) on plasma- and media-derived EV particle count and/or RNA yield/quality, as compared to paired fresh controls. On average, we found that the plasma-derived EV concentration of stored samples decreased to 23% of fresh samples. Further, this significant decrease in EV particle count was matched with a corresponding significant decrease in RNA yield whereby plasma-derived stored samples contained only 47-52% of the total RNA from fresh samples, depending on the extraction method used. Similarly, media-derived EVs showed a statistically significant decrease in RNA yield whereby stored samples were 58% of the total RNA from fresh samples. In contrast, we did not obtain clear evidence of decreased RNA quality through analysis of RNA traces. These results suggest that samples stored for up to 12 days can indeed produce high-quality RNA; however, we note that when directly comparing fresh versus cryopreserved samples without cryoprotective agents there are significant losses in total RNA. Finally, we demonstrate that the addition of the commonly used cryoprotectant agent, DMSO, alongside greater control of the rate of cooling/warming, can rescue EVs from damaging ice formation and improve RNA yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N. Tessier
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lauren D. Bookstaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Cindy Angpraseuth
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Cleo J. Stannard
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Marques
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Uyen K. Ho
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Berent Aldikacti
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Rabe
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shannon L. Stott
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Yan H, Li Y, Cheng S, Zeng Y. Advances in Analytical Technologies for Extracellular Vesicles. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4739-4774. [PMID: 33635060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yutao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Shibo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Machtinger R, Baccarelli AA, Wu H. Extracellular vesicles and female reproduction. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:549-557. [PMID: 33471231 PMCID: PMC7910356 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-02048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane bound complexes that have been identified as a mean for intercellular communication between cells and tissues both in physiological and pathological conditions. These vesicles contain numerous molecules involved in signal transduction including microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA, proteins, lipids, and cytokines and can affect the behavior of recipient cells. Female reproduction is dependent on extremely fine-tuned endocrine regulation, and EVs may represent an added layer that contributes to this regulation. This narrative review article provides an update on the research of the role of EVs in female reproduction including folliculogenesis, fertilization, embryo quality, and implantation. We also highlight potential pitfalls in typical EV studies and discuss gaps in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Machtinger
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Infertility and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Environmental Precision Biosciences Laboratory, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haotian Wu
- Environmental Precision Biosciences Laboratory, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Spinal cord injury alters microRNA and CD81+ exosome levels in plasma extracellular nanoparticles with neuroinflammatory potential. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:165-183. [PMID: 33307173 PMCID: PMC7897251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated mechanistically in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders, including central nervous system injury. However, the role of EVs in spinal cord injury (SCI) has received limited attention to date. Moreover, technical limitations related to EV isolation and characterization methods can lead to misleading or contradictory findings. Here, we examined changes in plasma EVs after mouse SCI at multiple timepoints (1d, 3d, 7d, 14d) using complementary measurement techniques. Plasma EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation (UC) were decreased at 1d post-injury, as shown by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and paralleled an overall reduction in total plasma extracellular nanoparticles. Western blot (WB) analysis of UC-derived plasma EVs revealed increased expression of the tetraspanin exosome marker, CD81, between 1d and 7d post-injury. To substantiate these findings, we performed interferometric and fluorescence imaging of single, tetraspanin EVs captured directly from plasma with ExoView®. Consistent with WB, we observed significantly increased plasma CD81+ EV count and cargo at 1d post-injury. The majority of these tetraspanin EVs were smaller than 50 nm based on interferometry and were insufficiently resolved by flow cytometry-based detection. At the injury site, there was enhanced expression of EV biogenesis proteins that were also detected in EVs directly isolated from spinal cord tissue by WB. Surface expression of tetraspanins CD9 and CD63 increased in multiple cell types at the injury site; however, astrocyte CD81 expression uniquely decreased, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. UC-isolated plasma EV microRNA cargo was also significantly altered at 1d post-injury with changes similar to that reported in EVs released by astrocytes after inflammatory stimulation. When injected into the lateral ventricle, plasma EVs from SCI mice increased both pro- and anti-inflammatory gene as well as reactive astrocyte gene expression in the brain cortex. These studies provide the first detailed characterization of plasma EV dynamics after SCI and suggest that plasma EVs may be involved in posttraumatic brain inflammation.
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Han X, Li T, Li Y, Yang J, Chen S, Zhu X, Wang B, Cheng W, Wang L, Lu Z, Wu X, Jiang Y, Pan G, Zhao M. Exercise and Circulating Microparticles in Healthy Subjects. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 14:841-856. [PMID: 33495962 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationship between exercise and circulating microparticles (CMPs). PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched until August 13, 2020, using the terms "exercise" and "cell-derived microparticles." The Cochrane tool of risk of bias and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies were used to grade the studies. Twenty-six studies that met criteria were included in this review, including one before-after self-control study, 2 cohort studies, 4 randomized control trials, 5 case-control studies, and 14 descriptive studies. The studies were divided into a single bout and long-term exercise. The types of MPs contained endothelium-derived microparticles (EMPs), leukocyte-derived microparticles (LMPs), platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), and erythrocyte-derived microparticles (ErMPs). This first systematic review found that the levels of CMPs continued to increase after a single bout of exercise in untrained subjects and were lower in trained subjects. PMPs expressed a transient increase after a single bout of exercise, and the proportion and duration of PMPs increment reduced in long-term exercise. Most studies showed a decline in LMPs in trained subjects after a single bout and long-term exercise, and variable changes were found in EMPs and ErMPs after exercise. A single bout of exercise drives the vessels exposed to high shear stress that promotes the formation of CMPs. However, the decline in CMPs in trained subjects may be attributed to the fact that they have a better ability to adapt to changes in hemodynamics and cellular function during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Han
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofu Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkun Cheng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Lu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Pan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingjing Zhao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
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La Salvia S, Gunasekaran PM, Byrd JB, Erdbrügger U. Extracellular Vesicles in Essential Hypertension: Hidden Messengers. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:76. [PMID: 32880744 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension affects about half of all Americans, yet in the vast majority of cases, the factors causing the hypertension cannot be clearly delineated. Developing a more precise understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HTN and its various phenotypes is therefore a pressing priority. Circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential novel candidates as biomarkers and bioactivators in HTN. EVs are a heterogeneous population of small membrane fragments shed from various cell types into various body fluids. As EVs carry protein, RNA, and lipids, they also play a role as effectors and novel cell-to-cell communicators. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic, functional, and regenerative role of EVs in essential HTN and focus on EV protein and RNA cargo as the most extensively studied EV cargo. RECENT FINDINGS The field of EVs in HTN is still a young one and earlier studies have not used the novel EV detection tools currently available. More rigor and transparency in EV research are needed. Current data suggest that EVs represent potential novel biomarkers in HTN. EVs correlate with HTN severity and possibly end-organ damage. However, it has yet to be discerned which specific subtype(s) of EV reflects best HTN pathophysiology. Evolving studies are also showing that EVs might be novel regulators in vascular and renal tubular function and also be therapeutic. RNA in EVs has been studied in the context of hypertension, largely in the form of studies of miRNA, which are reviewed herein. Beyond miRNAs, mRNA in urinary EVs changed in response to sodium loading in humans. EVs represent promising novel biomarkers and bioactivators in essential HTN. Novel tools are being developed to apply more rigor in EV research including more in vivo models and translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina La Salvia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0133, USA.
| | - Pradeep Moon Gunasekaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan Medical School, 5570C MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James Brian Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan Medical School, 5570C MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0133, USA
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13
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Pascucci L, Scattini G. Imaging extracelluar vesicles by transmission electron microscopy: Coping with technical hurdles and morphological interpretation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129648. [PMID: 32485221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanometric particles governing the complex interactions among cells through their bioactive cargo. Interest in EVs is rapidly increasing due to their extensive involvement in physiological and pathological conditions, their potential employment as diagnostic and therapeutic tools and their prospective use as bio-carriers of exogenous molecules. Given their nanometric size, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides significant contributions to assess EV presence and purity in a sample and to study morphological features. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, TEM methods for EV imaging are compared with respect to their applications, benefits and drawbacks. A critical evaluation of the actual contribution of TEM to the study of EVs is also provided and the most common artifacts encountered in the literature are discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS TEM techniques are powerful tools for the investigation of EVs and have the potential to reveal sample purity, ultrastructure and molecular composition. However, technical challenges, procedural errors in sample processing or misinterpretations may result in a variety of different morphologies and artifacts. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The last decades have seen exponential technological progress in EV imaging by TEM. Nevertheless, protocols have not been standardized yet and sample preparation remains a critical step. An optimized, standardized and integrated protocol of different techniques could minimize artifacts and interpretative errors that could significantly improve the quality and reliability of downstream studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4, Perugia, Italy.
| | - G Scattini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4, Perugia, Italy
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14
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Acs A, Adam D, Adam-Klages S, Agace WW, Aghaeepour N, Akdis M, Allez M, Almeida LN, Alvisi G, Anderson G, Andrä I, Annunziato F, Anselmo A, Bacher P, Baldari CT, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Battistini L, Bauer W, Baumgart S, Baumgarth N, Baumjohann D, Baying B, Bebawy M, Becher B, Beisker W, Benes V, Beyaert R, Blanco A, Boardman DA, Bogdan C, Borger JG, Borsellino G, Boulais PE, Bradford JA, Brenner D, Brinkman RR, Brooks AES, Busch DH, Büscher M, Bushnell TP, Calzetti F, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cao X, Cardell SL, Casola S, Cassatella MA, Cavani A, Celada A, Chatenoud L, Chattopadhyay PK, Chow S, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Clerici M, Colombo FS, Cook L, Cooke A, Cooper AM, Corbett AJ, Cosma A, Cosmi L, Coulie PG, Cumano A, Cvetkovic L, Dang VD, Dang-Heine C, Davey MS, Davies D, De Biasi S, Del Zotto G, Cruz GVD, Delacher M, Bella SD, Dellabona P, Deniz G, Dessing M, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, Dieli F, Dolf A, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dudziak D, Dustin M, Dutertre CA, Ebner F, Eckle SBG, Edinger M, Eede P, Ehrhardt GR, Eich M, Engel P, Engelhardt B, Erdei A, Esser C, Everts B, Evrard M, Falk CS, Fehniger TA, Felipo-Benavent M, Ferry H, Feuerer M, Filby A, Filkor K, Fillatreau S, Follo M, Förster I, Foster J, Foulds GA, Frehse B, Frenette PS, Frischbutter S, Fritzsche W, Galbraith DW, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Gaudilliere B, Gazzinelli RT, Geginat J, Gerner W, Gherardin NA, Ghoreschi K, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Goda K, Godfrey DI, Goettlinger C, González-Navajas JM, Goodyear CS, Gori A, Grogan JL, Grummitt D, Grützkau A, Haftmann C, Hahn J, Hammad H, Hämmerling G, Hansmann L, Hansson G, Harpur CM, Hartmann S, Hauser A, Hauser AE, Haviland DL, Hedley D, Hernández DC, Herrera G, Herrmann M, Hess C, Höfer T, Hoffmann P, Hogquist K, Holland T, Höllt T, Holmdahl R, Hombrink P, Houston JP, Hoyer BF, Huang B, Huang FP, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hunter CA, Hwang WYK, Iannone A, Ingelfinger F, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Jávega B, Jonjic S, Kaiser T, Kalina T, Kamradt T, Kaufmann SHE, Keller B, Ketelaars SLC, Khalilnezhad A, Khan S, Kisielow J, Klenerman P, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kolls JK, Kong WT, Kopf M, Korn T, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Kroneis T, Krueger A, Kühne J, Kukat C, Kunkel D, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kurosaki T, Kurts C, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Landry J, Lantz O, Lanuti P, LaRosa F, Lehuen A, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Leipold MD, Leung LY, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Litwin V, Liu Y, Ljunggren HG, Lohoff M, Lombardi G, Lopez L, López-Botet M, Lovett-Racke AE, Lubberts E, Luche H, Ludewig B, Lugli E, Lunemann S, Maecker HT, Maggi L, Maguire O, Mair F, Mair KH, Mantovani A, Manz RA, Marshall AJ, Martínez-Romero A, Martrus G, Marventano I, Maslinski W, Matarese G, Mattioli AV, Maueröder C, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, McGrath M, McGuire HM, McInnes IB, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Miller SD, Mills KH, Minderman H, Mjösberg J, Moore J, Moran B, Moretta L, Mosmann TR, Müller S, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Münz C, Nakayama T, Nasi M, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Nourshargh S, Núñez G, O’Connor JE, Ochel A, Oja A, Ordonez D, Orfao A, Orlowski-Oliver E, Ouyang W, Oxenius A, Palankar R, Panse I, Pattanapanyasat K, Paulsen M, Pavlinic D, Penter L, Peterson P, Peth C, Petriz J, Piancone F, Pickl WF, Piconese S, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Podolska MJ, Poon Z, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pucillo CEM, Quataert SA, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Radstake TRDJ, Rahmig S, Rahn HP, Rajwa B, Ravichandran G, Raz Y, Rebhahn JA, Recktenwald D, Reimer D, e Sousa CR, Remmerswaal EB, Richter L, Rico LG, Riddell A, Rieger AM, Robinson JP, Romagnani C, Rubartelli A, Ruland J, Saalmüller A, Saeys Y, Saito T, Sakaguchi S, de-Oyanguren FS, Samstag Y, Sanderson S, Sandrock I, Santoni A, Sanz RB, Saresella M, Sautes-Fridman C, Sawitzki B, Schadt L, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schimisky E, Schlitzer A, Schlosser J, Schmid S, Schmitt S, Schober K, Schraivogel D, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulte R, Schulz AR, Schulz SR, Scottá C, Scott-Algara D, Sester DP, Shankey TV, Silva-Santos B, Simon AK, Sitnik KM, Sozzani S, Speiser DE, Spidlen J, Stahlberg A, Stall AM, Stanley N, Stark R, Stehle C, Steinmetz T, Stockinger H, Takahama Y, Takeda K, Tan L, Tárnok A, Tiegs G, Toldi G, Tornack J, Traggiai E, Trebak M, Tree TI, Trotter J, Trowsdale J, Tsoumakidou M, Ulrich H, Urbanczyk S, van de Veen W, van den Broek M, van der Pol E, Van Gassen S, Van Isterdael G, van Lier RA, Veldhoen M, Vento-Asturias S, Vieira P, Voehringer D, Volk HD, von Borstel A, von Volkmann K, Waisman A, Walker RV, Wallace PK, Wang SA, Wang XM, Ward MD, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Warnes G, Warth S, Waskow C, Watson JV, Watzl C, Wegener L, Weisenburger T, Wiedemann A, Wienands J, Wilharm A, Wilkinson RJ, Willimsky G, Wing JB, Winkelmann R, Winkler TH, Wirz OF, Wong A, Wurst P, Yang JHM, Yang J, Yazdanbakhsh M, Yu L, Yue A, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Ziegler SM, Zielinski C, Zimmermann J, Zychlinsky A. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition). Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1457-1973. [PMID: 31633216 PMCID: PMC7350392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201970107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Adam-Klages
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - William W. Agace
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U1160, and Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis – APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Achille Anselmo
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine & Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianka Baying
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Beisker
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Flow Cytometry Core Technologies, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica G. Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology and Flow Cytometry Units, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip E. Boulais
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Dirk Brenner
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense University Hospital, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense, Denmark
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ryan R. Brinkman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna E. S. Brooks
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Büscher
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Timothy P. Bushnell
- Department of Pediatrics and Shared Resource Laboratories, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Federica Calzetti
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Casola
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (FOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A. Cassatella
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Sue Chow
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Cosma
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre G. Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ljiljana Cvetkovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chantip Dang-Heine
- Clinical Research Unit, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek Davies
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology – DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Delacher
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Günnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunty Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Dieli
- University of Palermo, Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreas Dolf
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Eich
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Engel
- University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, University L. Eotvos, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mar Felipo-Benavent
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helen Ferry
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Filby
- The Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Universitaetsklinikum FreiburgLighthouse Core Facility, Zentrum für Translationale Zellforschung, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Britta Frehse
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Paul S. Frenette
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Nanobiophotonics Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
- Honorary Dean of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Stanford Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Laboratory of Immunopatology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Mecicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jens Geginat
- INGM - Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Ronmeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jose M. González-Navajas
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrea Gori
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan
| | - Jane L. Grogan
- Cancer Immunology Research, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Leo Hansmann
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goran Hansson
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David L. Haviland
- Flow Cytometry, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hedley
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela C. Hernández
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Cytometry Service, Incliva Foundation. Clinic Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Höfer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tristan Holland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Computer Graphics and Visualization, Department of Intelligent Systems, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Bimba F. Hoyer
- Rheumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin I und Exzellenzzentrum Entzündungsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ping Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florian Ingelfinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine M Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Toralf Kaiser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Immunology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven L. C. Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- John W Deming Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendy Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Kühne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca LaRosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Institut Cochin, CNRS8104, INSERM1016, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael D. Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Y.T. Leung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Inst. f. Med. Mikrobiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | | | - Miguel López-Botet
- IMIM(Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy E. Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herve Luche
- Centre d’Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), Inserm (US012), CNRS (UMS3367), Marseille, France
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J. Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Glòria Martrus
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Marventano
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Wlodzimierz Maslinski
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II and Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mairi McGrath
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen M. McGuire
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, and Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Univ. Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonni Moore
- Abramson Cancer Center Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Shared Resource, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barry Moran
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susann Müller
- Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Environmental Microbiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Institute for Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Experimental Immune Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Antonia Niedobitek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aaron Ochel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Ordonez
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Cytometry Service, University of Salamanca, CIBERONC and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Orlowski-Oliver
- Burnet Institute, AMREP Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Inflammation and Oncology, Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabel Panse
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Livius Penter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Peth
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Chromocyte Limited, Electric Works, Sheffield, UK
| | - Malgorzata Justyna Podolska
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Rheumatology and Immunology, AG Munoz, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Poon
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sally A. Quataert
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | - Tim R. D. J. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susann Rahmig
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Rahn
- Preparative Flow Cytometry, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yotam Raz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A. Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ester B.M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Richter
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Laura G. Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andy Riddell
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. Paul Robinson
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Francisco Sala de-Oyanguren
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Ludwig Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Immunology, Section of Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sharon Sanderson
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, NIHR BRC, University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ramon Bellmàs Sanz
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Schadt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmid
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmitt
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schraivogel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Schulte
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cristiano Scottá
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Institut Pasteur, Cellular Lymphocytes Biology, Immunology Departement, Paris, France
| | - David P. Sester
- TRI Flow Cytometry Suite (TRI.fcs), Translational Research Institute, Wooloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Dept. Molecular Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Anders Stahlberg
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer, Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Natalie Stanley
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Stehle
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Departement for Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Tornack
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- BioGenes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Traggiai
- Novartis Biologics Center, Mechanistic Immunology Unit, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, NIBR, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, PA, United States
| | - Timothy I.M. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | | | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center; Biomedical Engineering & Physics; Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - René A.W. van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Vieira
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Core Unit ImmunoCheck
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Paul K. Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sa A. Wang
- Dept of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin M. Wang
- The Scientific Platforms, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the Westmead Research Hub, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary London University, London, UK
| | - Sarah Warth
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leonie Wegener
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Weisenburger
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert John Wilkinson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Cooperation Unit for Experimental and Translational Cancer Immunology, Institute of Immunology (Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - James B. Wing
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rieke Winkelmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Peter Wurst
- University Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice Yue
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Susanne Maria Ziegler
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Zielinski
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, Antoniou A, Arab T, Archer F, Atkin-Smith GK, Ayre DC, Bach JM, Bachurski D, Baharvand H, Balaj L, Baldacchino S, Bauer NN, Baxter AA, Bebawy M, Beckham C, Bedina Zavec A, Benmoussa A, Berardi AC, Bergese P, Bielska E, Blenkiron C, Bobis-Wozowicz S, Boilard E, Boireau W, Bongiovanni A, Borràs FE, Bosch S, Boulanger CM, Breakefield X, Breglio AM, Brennan MÁ, Brigstock DR, Brisson A, Broekman MLD, Bromberg JF, Bryl-Górecka P, Buch S, Buck AH, Burger D, Busatto S, Buschmann D, Bussolati B, Buzás EI, Byrd JB, Camussi G, Carter DRF, Caruso S, Chamley LW, Chang YT, Chen C, Chen S, Cheng L, Chin AR, Clayton A, Clerici SP, Cocks A, Cocucci E, Coffey RJ, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Couch Y, Coumans FAW, Coyle B, Crescitelli R, Criado MF, D’Souza-Schorey C, Das S, Datta Chaudhuri A, de Candia P, De Santana EF, De Wever O, del Portillo HA, Demaret T, Deville S, Devitt A, Dhondt B, Di Vizio D, Dieterich LC, Dolo V, Dominguez Rubio AP, Dominici M, Dourado MR, Driedonks TAP, Duarte FV, Duncan HM, Eichenberger RM, Ekström K, EL Andaloussi S, Elie-Caille C, Erdbrügger U, Falcón-Pérez JM, Fatima F, Fish JE, Flores-Bellver M, Försönits A, Frelet-Barrand A, Fricke F, Fuhrmann G, Gabrielsson S, Gámez-Valero A, Gardiner C, Gärtner K, Gaudin R, Gho YS, Giebel B, Gilbert C, Gimona M, Giusti I, Goberdhan DCI, Görgens A, Gorski SM, Greening DW, Gross JC, Gualerzi A, Gupta GN, Gustafson D, Handberg A, Haraszti RA, Harrison P, Hegyesi H, Hendrix A, Hill AF, Hochberg FH, Hoffmann KF, Holder B, Holthofer H, Hosseinkhani B, Hu G, Huang Y, Huber V, Hunt S, Ibrahim AGE, Ikezu T, Inal JM, Isin M, Ivanova A, Jackson HK, Jacobsen S, Jay SM, Jayachandran M, Jenster G, Jiang L, Johnson SM, Jones JC, Jong A, Jovanovic-Talisman T, Jung S, Kalluri R, Kano SI, Kaur S, Kawamura Y, Keller ET, Khamari D, Khomyakova E, Khvorova A, Kierulf P, Kim KP, Kislinger T, Klingeborn M, Klinke DJ, Kornek M, Kosanović MM, Kovács ÁF, Krämer-Albers EM, Krasemann S, Krause M, Kurochkin IV, Kusuma GD, Kuypers S, Laitinen S, Langevin SM, Languino LR, Lannigan J, Lässer C, Laurent LC, Lavieu G, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Le Lay S, Lee MS, Lee YXF, Lemos DS, Lenassi M, Leszczynska A, Li ITS, Liao K, Libregts SF, Ligeti E, Lim R, Lim SK, Linē A, Linnemannstöns K, Llorente A, Lombard CA, Lorenowicz MJ, Lörincz ÁM, Lötvall J, Lovett J, Lowry MC, Loyer X, Lu Q, Lukomska B, Lunavat TR, Maas SLN, Malhi H, Marcilla A, Mariani J, Mariscal J, Martens-Uzunova ES, Martin-Jaular L, Martinez MC, Martins VR, Mathieu M, Mathivanan S, Maugeri M, McGinnis LK, McVey MJ, Meckes DG, Meehan KL, Mertens I, Minciacchi VR, Möller A, Møller Jørgensen M, Morales-Kastresana A, Morhayim J, Mullier F, Muraca M, Musante L, Mussack V, Muth DC, Myburgh KH, Najrana T, Nawaz M, Nazarenko I, Nejsum P, Neri C, Neri T, Nieuwland R, Nimrichter L, Nolan JP, Nolte-’t Hoen ENM, Noren Hooten N, O’Driscoll L, O’Grady T, O’Loghlen A, Ochiya T, Olivier M, Ortiz A, Ortiz LA, Osteikoetxea X, Østergaard O, Ostrowski M, Park J, Pegtel DM, Peinado H, Perut F, Pfaffl MW, Phinney DG, Pieters BCH, Pink RC, Pisetsky DS, Pogge von Strandmann E, Polakovicova I, Poon IKH, Powell BH, Prada I, Pulliam L, Quesenberry P, Radeghieri A, Raffai RL, Raimondo S, Rak J, Ramirez MI, Raposo G, Rayyan MS, Regev-Rudzki N, Ricklefs FL, Robbins PD, Roberts DD, Rodrigues SC, Rohde E, Rome S, Rouschop KMA, Rughetti A, Russell AE, Saá P, Sahoo S, Salas-Huenuleo E, Sánchez C, Saugstad JA, Saul MJ, Schiffelers RM, Schneider R, Schøyen TH, Scott A, Shahaj E, Sharma S, Shatnyeva O, Shekari F, Shelke GV, Shetty AK, Shiba K, Siljander PRM, Silva AM, Skowronek A, Snyder OL, Soares RP, Sódar BW, Soekmadji C, Sotillo J, Stahl PD, Stoorvogel W, Stott SL, Strasser EF, Swift S, Tahara H, Tewari M, Timms K, Tiwari S, Tixeira R, Tkach M, Toh WS, Tomasini R, Torrecilhas AC, Tosar JP, Toxavidis V, Urbanelli L, Vader P, van Balkom BWM, van der Grein SG, Van Deun J, van Herwijnen MJC, Van Keuren-Jensen K, van Niel G, van Royen ME, van Wijnen AJ, Vasconcelos MH, Vechetti IJ, Veit TD, Vella LJ, Velot É, Verweij FJ, Vestad B, Viñas JL, Visnovitz T, Vukman KV, Wahlgren J, Watson DC, Wauben MHM, Weaver A, Webber JP, Weber V, Wehman AM, Weiss DJ, Welsh JA, Wendt S, Wheelock AM, Wiener Z, Witte L, Wolfram J, Xagorari A, Xander P, Xu J, Yan X, Yáñez-Mó M, Yin H, Yuana Y, Zappulli V, Zarubova J, Žėkas V, Zhang JY, Zhao Z, Zheng L, Zheutlin AR, Zickler AM, Zimmermann P, Zivkovic AM, Zocco D, Zuba-Surma EK. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1535750. [PMID: 30637094 PMCID: PMC6322352 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6786] [Impact Index Per Article: 1131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Jose Alcaraz
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Anna Antoniou
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanina Arab
- Université de Lille, INSERM, U-1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Fabienne Archer
- University of Lyon, INRA, EPHE, UMR754 Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, Lyon, France
| | - Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - D Craig Ayre
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, Canada
- Mount Allison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sackville, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- Université Bretagne Loire, Oniris, INRA, IECM, Nantes, France
| | - Daniel Bachurski
- University of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine I, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Cell Science Research Center, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
- University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Department of Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Natalie N Bauer
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Amy A Baxter
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- University of Technology Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Abderrahim Benmoussa
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Bergese
- CSGI - Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Florence, Italy
- INSTM - National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Florence, Italy
- University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ewa Bielska
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Eric Boilard
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Wilfrid Boireau
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UBFC, CNRS, ENSMM, UTBM, Besançon, France
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, REMAR-IVECAT Group, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Nephrology Service, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steffi Bosch
- Université Bretagne Loire, Oniris, INRA, IECM, Nantes, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xandra Breakefield
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Breglio
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meadhbh Á Brennan
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
- Université de Nantes, INSERM UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissues, PhyOS, Nantes, France
| | - David R Brigstock
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marike LD Broekman
- Haaglanden Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Bromberg
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Shilpa Buch
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amy H Buck
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sara Busatto
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | - Edit I Buzás
- MTA-SE Immuno-Proteogenomics Research Groups, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - James Bryan Byrd
- University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | - David RF Carter
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Caruso
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- University of Auckland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chihchen Chen
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shuai Chen
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Reproductive Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Lesley Cheng
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Aled Clayton
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Alex Cocks
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Yvonne Couch
- University of Oxford, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Acute Stroke Programme - Investigative Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank AW Coumans
- Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beth Coyle
- The University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Saumya Das
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amrita Datta Chaudhuri
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eliezer F De Santana
- The Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hernando A del Portillo
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), PVREX group, Badalona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, PVREX Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanguy Demaret
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Deville
- Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Aston University, School of Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bert Dhondt
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Urology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vincenza Dolo
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Massimo Dominici
- TPM of Mirandola, Mirandola, Italy
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Division of Oncology, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauricio R Dourado
- University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, Brazil
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tom AP Driedonks
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Heather M Duncan
- McGill University, Division of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ramon M Eichenberger
- James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Cairns, Australia
| | - Karin Ekström
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Biomaterials, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samir EL Andaloussi
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Uta Erdbrügger
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Juan M Falcón-Pérez
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Exosomes Laboratory & Metabolomics Platform, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Research Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Farah Fatima
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miguel Flores-Bellver
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Sight-Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - András Försönits
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Fabia Fricke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine Solna, Division for Immunology and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Gámez-Valero
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, REMAR-IVECAT Group, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Pathology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kathrin Gärtner
- Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- INSERM U1110, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yong Song Gho
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Department of Life Sciences, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Bernd Giebel
- University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mario Gimona
- Paracelsus Medical University, GMP Unit, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Deborah CI Goberdhan
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - André Görgens
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- BC Cancer, Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, Canada
| | - David W Greening
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Julia Christina Gross
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alice Gualerzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy
| | - Gopal N Gupta
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Urology, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Dakota Gustafson
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aase Handberg
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg University, Clinical Institute, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reka A Haraszti
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, RNA Therapeutics Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Hargita Hegyesi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - An Hendrix
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew F Hill
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Fred H Hochberg
- Scintillon Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Neurosurgery, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Holder
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Baharak Hosseinkhani
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Guoku Hu
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Huber
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jameel M Inal
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Biosciences Research Group, Hatfield, UK
| | - Mustafa Isin
- Istanbul University Oncology Institute, Basic Oncology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alena Ivanova
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah K Jackson
- The University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Soren Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Section 4242 - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven M Jay
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Muthuvel Jayachandran
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Lanzhou Jiang
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Johnson
- University of Manchester, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ambrose Jong
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Jung
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Virology, Munich, Germany
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shin-ichi Kano
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumi Kawamura
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Evan T Keller
- University of Michigan, Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Delaram Khamari
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elena Khomyakova
- École normale supérieure, Paris, France
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, RNA Therapeutics Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kierulf
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Blood Cell Research Group, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Kyung Hee University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Yongin, Korea
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - David J Klinke
- West Virginia University, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and WVU Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia University, Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Koblenz, Germany
- Saarland University Medical Center, Department of Medicine II, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maja M Kosanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Árpád Ferenc Kovács
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Susanne Krasemann
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Neuropathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirja Krause
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Gina D Kusuma
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sören Kuypers
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Saara Laitinen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott M Langevin
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Department of Cancer Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- University of Virginia, Flow Cytometry Core, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise C Laurent
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Lavieu
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Soazig Le Lay
- INSERM U1063, Université d’Angers, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Eulji University, School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Debora S Lemos
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Genetics, Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Metka Lenassi
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Isaac TS Li
- University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ke Liao
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sten F Libregts
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erzsebet Ligeti
- Semmelweis University, Department of Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebecca Lim
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karen Linnemannstöns
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine A Lombard
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine & Regenerative Medicine Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ákos M Lörincz
- Semmelweis University, Department of Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan Lötvall
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jason Lovett
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michelle C Lowry
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xavier Loyer
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Quan Lu
- Harvard University, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, NeuroRepair Department, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sybren LN Maas
- Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonio Marcilla
- Universitat de València, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Valencia, Spain
- Universitat de València, Health Research Institute La Fe, Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jacopo Mariani
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, EPIGET LAB, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathilde Mathieu
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Marco Maugeri
- University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mark J McVey
- SickKids Hospital, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto, Canada
| | - David G Meckes
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Katie L Meehan
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Inge Mertens
- University of Antwerp, Centre for Proteomics, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Valentina R Minciacchi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Möller
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg, Denmark
- EVSEARCH.DK, Denmark
| | - Aizea Morales-Kastresana
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - François Mullier
- Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Namur, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Hematology-Hemostasis Laboratory, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- University of Padova, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Musante
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Veronika Mussack
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany
| | - Dillon C Muth
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tanbir Najrana
- Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Neri
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit Biology of Adaptation and Aging (B2A), Team Compensation in Neurodegenerative and Aging (Brain-C), Paris, France
| | - Tommaso Neri
- University of Pisa, Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardio-Respiratoria, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Esther NM Nolte-’t Hoen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorraine O’Driscoll
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tina O’Grady
- University of Liège, GIGA-R(MBD), PSI Laboratory, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ana O’Loghlen
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, London, UK
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Olivier
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Kidney Research Network, REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Ortiz
- Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ole Østergaard
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- University of Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jaesung Park
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Department of Life Sciences, Pohang, South Korea
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hector Peinado
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Molecular Oncology Programme, Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Perut
- IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany
| | - Donald G Phinney
- The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Bartijn CH Pieters
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Pink
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham VAMC, Medical Research Service, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Iva Polakovicova
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivan KH Poon
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bonita H Powell
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lynn Pulliam
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- CSGI - Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Florence, Italy
- University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- University of Palermo, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Palermo, Italy
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marcel I Ramirez
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Morsi S Rayyan
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Franz L Ricklefs
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurosurgery, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul D Robbins
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eva Rohde
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Salzburg, Austria
- Paracelsus Medical University, GMP Unit, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sophie Rome
- University of Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397), Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Kasper MA Rouschop
- Maastricht University, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paula Saá
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Cardiology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Edison Salas-Huenuleo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile
- University of Chile, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine Sánchez
- Clínica las Condes, Extracellular Vesicles in Personalized Medicine Group, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Meike J Saul
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Schneider
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tine Hiorth Schøyen
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eriomina Shahaj
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Milan, Italy
| | - Shivani Sharma
- University of California, Los Angeles, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Cell Science Research Center, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ganesh Vilas Shelke
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans’ Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Pia R-M Siljander
- University of Helsinki, EV Core Facility, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, EV group, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreia M Silva
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agata Skowronek
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Orman L Snyder
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Barbara W Sódar
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Cairns, Australia
| | | | - Willem Stoorvogel
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erwin F Strasser
- FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Transfusion and Haemostaseology Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Swift
- University of Auckland, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- University of Michigan, Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology/Oncology Division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kate Timms
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Georgetown University, Department of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Lucknow, India
| | - Rochelle Tixeira
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- National University of Singapore, Faculty of Dentistry, Singapore
| | - Richard Tomasini
- INSERM U1068, Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | | | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Functional Genomics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Universidad de la República, Faculty of Science, Nuclear Research Center, Analytical Biochemistry Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Lorena Urbanelli
- University of Perugia, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pieter Vader
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas WM van Balkom
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne G van der Grein
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van Deun
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn JC van Herwijnen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tiago D Veit
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura J Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, The Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Émilie Velot
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Beate Vestad
- Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Regional Research Network on Extracellular Vesicles, RRNEV, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose L Viñas
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina V Vukman
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jessica Wahlgren
- University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dionysios C Watson
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marca HM Wauben
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alissa Weaver
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Viktoria Weber
- Danube University Krems, Department for Biomedical Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Ann M Wehman
- University of Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Joshua A Welsh
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Wendt
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aachen, Germany
| | - Asa M Wheelock
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoltán Wiener
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leonie Witte
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation Medicine/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Angeliki Xagorari
- George Papanicolaou Hospital, Public Cord Blood Bank, Department of Haematology - BMT Unit, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Patricia Xander
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo Campus Diadema, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jing Xu
- BC Cancer, Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Xiamen University, Department of Chemical Biology, Xiamen, China
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hang Yin
- Tsinghua University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuana Yuana
- Technical University Eindhoven, Faculty Biomedical Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- University of Padova, Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova, Italy
| | - Jana Zarubova
- Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vytautas Žėkas
- Vilnius University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jian-ye Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Antje M Zickler
- Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Unit for Molecular Cell and Gene Therapy Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
- KU Leuven (Leuven University), Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- University of California, Davis, Department of Nutrition, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Ewa K Zuba-Surma
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Kraków, Poland
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Impact of preanalytical conditions on plasma concentration and size distribution of extracellular vesicles using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17216. [PMID: 30464183 PMCID: PMC6249294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal pre-analytical handling is essential for valid measurements of plasma concentration and size distribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We investigated the impact of plasma preparation, various anticoagulants (Citrate, EDTA, CTAD, Heparin), and fasting status on concentration and size distribution of EVs measured by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Blood was drawn from 10 healthy volunteers to investigate the impact of plasma preparation and anticoagulants, and from 40 individuals from a population-based study to investigate the impact of postprandial lipidemia. Plasma concentration of EVs was measured by NTA after isolation by high-speed centrifugation, and size distribution of EVs was determined using NTA and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Plasma concentrations and size distributions of EVs were essentially similar for the various anticoagulants. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of EVs. TEM and SEM-analyses showed that the EVs retained spherical morphology after high-speed centrifugation. Plasma EVs were not changed in postprandial lipidemia, but the mean sizes of VLDL particles were increased and interfered with EV measurements (explained 66% of the variation in EVs-concentration in the postprandial phase). Optimization of procedures for separating VLDL particles and EVs is therefore needed before NTA-assessment of EVs can be used as biomarkers of disease.
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Hafiane A, Daskalopoulou SS. Extracellular vesicles characteristics and emerging roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2018; 85:213-222. [PMID: 29727628 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The term extracellular vesicles (EVs) describes membrane vesicles released into the extracellular space by most cell types. EVs have been recognized to play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. They are known to contain various bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Although the nomenclature of EVs is not entirely standardized, they are considered to include exosomes, microparticles or microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. EVs are believed to play important roles in a wide range of biological processes. Although the pathogenic roles of EVs are largely documented, their protective roles are not as well established. Cardiovascular disease represents one of the most relevant and rapidly growing areas of the EV research. Circulating EVs released from platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells may contain potentially valuable biological information for biomarker development in cardiovascular disease and could serve as a vehicle for therapeutic use. Herein, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in EV in cardiovascular disease, including a discussion on challenges in EV research, EV properties in various cell types, and their importance in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Hafiane
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelial pathology is considered to play a key role in septic shock. Since endothelial-derived microvesicles (MV) are elevated in various diseases associated with endothelial pathology, they are considered surrogate markers of the endothelial state. By analyzing the signature of circulating MV with high-sensitivity flow cytometry (hsFC), we wanted to test the hypothesis whether endothelial-derived MV are increased in septic shock. METHODS MV in blood from healthy volunteers and patients with septic shock treated in a medical intensive care unit were quantified by hsFC, which has an improved detection limit of approximately 0.3 μm. RESULTS Patients with septic shock (n = 30) showed 3-fold higher levels of CD31+/CD41- MV (58.5 (26.4-101.2) [median (25th-75th percentile)] vs. 19.5 (12.8-25.4) MV/μL; P <0.001) compared with healthy volunteers (n = 18). Absolute counts of CD144+, CD62E+, and CD106+ MV, specific for endothelial-derived MV, were low in all groups. The number of CD31+/CD41- MV correlated significantly with leukocyte count (rs = 0.64; P <0.001). Platelet-derived CD41+ MV were significantly elevated in the group dying within 48 h after inclusion (639.1 (321.3-969.7) vs. 221.5 (119.5-456.9) MV/μL; P = 0.037). Patients dying within 48 h had also significantly higher levels of CD31+/CD41-/AnnexinV- MV (51.9 (24.9-259.8) vs. 18.9 (9.7-31) MV/μL; P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Despite an improved detection limit for MV by using hsFC, counts of endothelial-specific MV are unexpectedly low in patients with septic shock. Increased amounts of CD41+ and CD31+/CD41-/AnnexinV- MV indicate release by activated platelets and possibly leukocytes correlating with unfavorable outcome.
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles found in a variety of biofluids that encapsulate molecular information from the cell, which they originate from. This rich source of information that is easily obtained can then be mined to find diagnostic biomarkers. This article explores the current biological understanding of EVs and specific methods to isolate and analyze them. A case study of a company leading the charge in using EVs in diagnostic assays is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N Strotman
- PGXL Technologies, 201 East Jefferson Street, Suite 306, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Mark W Linder
- PGXL Technologies, 201 East Jefferson Street, Suite 306, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S Floyd Street, MDR Building, Room 204, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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20
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Zaldivia MTK, McFadyen JD, Lim B, Wang X, Peter K. Platelet-Derived Microvesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:74. [PMID: 29209618 PMCID: PMC5702324 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) circulating in the blood are small vesicles (100–1,000 nm in diameter) derived from membrane blebs of cells such as activated platelets, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. A growing body of evidence now supports the concept that platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs), the most abundant MVs in the circulation, are important regulators of hemostasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Compared with healthy individuals, a large increase of circulating PMVs has been observed, particularly in patients with cardiovascular diseases. As observed in MVs from other parent cells, PMVs exert their biological effects in multiple ways, such as triggering various intercellular signaling cascades and by participating in transcellular communication by the transfer of their “cargo” of cytoplasmic components and surface receptors to other cell types. This review describes our current understanding of the potential role of PMVs in mediating hemostasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis and their consequences on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and venous thrombosis. Furthermore, new developments of the therapeutic potential of PMVs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T K Zaldivia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Haematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bock Lim
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Heart Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Coumans FAW, Brisson AR, Buzas EI, Dignat-George F, Drees EEE, El-Andaloussi S, Emanueli C, Gasecka A, Hendrix A, Hill AF, Lacroix R, Lee Y, van Leeuwen TG, Mackman N, Mäger I, Nolan JP, van der Pol E, Pegtel DM, Sahoo S, Siljander PRM, Sturk G, de Wever O, Nieuwland R. Methodological Guidelines to Study Extracellular Vesicles. Circ Res 2017; 120:1632-1648. [PMID: 28495994 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.309417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the relationship between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and physiological and pathological conditions, the interest in EVs is exponentially growing. EVs hold high hopes for novel diagnostic and translational discoveries. This review provides an expert-based update of recent advances in the methods to study EVs and summarizes currently accepted considerations and recommendations from sample collection to isolation, detection, and characterization of EVs. Common misconceptions and methodological pitfalls are highlighted. Although EVs are found in all body fluids, in this review, we will focus on EVs from human blood, not only our most complex but also the most interesting body fluid for cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A W Coumans
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Alain R Brisson
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Edit I Buzas
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Esther E E Drees
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Gasecka
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - An Hendrix
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Andrew F Hill
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Yi Lee
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Imre Mäger
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - John P Nolan
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Pia R M Siljander
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Guus Sturk
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Olivier de Wever
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.).
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Braga-Lagache S, Buchs N, Iacovache MI, Zuber B, Jackson CB, Heller M. Robust Label-free, Quantitative Profiling of Circulating Plasma Microparticle (MP) Associated Proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3640-3652. [PMID: 27738094 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the vascular system release spherical vesicles, called microparticles, in the size range of 0.1-1 μm induced by a variety of stress factors resulting in variable concentrations between health and disease. Furthermore, microparticles have intercellular communication/signaling properties and interfere with inflammation and coagulation pathways. Today's most used analytical technology for microparticle characterization, flow cytometry, is lacking sensitivity and specificity, which might have led to the publication of contradicting results in the past.We propose the use of nano-liquid chromatography two-stage mass spectrometry as a nonbiased tool for quantitative MP proteome analysis.For this, we developed an improved microparticle isolation protocol and quantified the microparticle protein composition of twelve healthy volunteers with a label-free, data-dependent and independent proteomics approach on a quadrupole orbitrap instrument.Using aliquots of 250 μl platelet-free plasma from one individual donor, we achieved excellent reproducibility with an interassay coefficient of variation of 2.7 ± 1.7% (mean ± 1 standard deviation) on individual peptide intensities across 27 acquisitions performed over a period of 3.5 months. We show that the microparticle proteome between twelve healthy volunteers were remarkably similar, and that it is clearly distinguishable from whole cell and platelet lysates. We propose the use of the proteome profile shown in this work as a quality criterion for microparticle purity in proteomics studies. Furthermore, one freeze thaw cycle damaged the microparticle integrity, articulated by a loss of cytoplasm proteins, encompassing a specific set of proteins involved in regulating dynamic structures of the cytoskeleton, and thrombin activation leading to MP clotting. On the other hand, plasma membrane protein composition was unaffected. Finally, we show that multiplexed data-independent acquisition can be used for relative quantification of target proteins using Skyline software. Mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange (identifier PXD003935) and panoramaweb.org (https://panoramaweb.org/labkey/N1OHMk.url).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benoît Zuber
- §Experimental Morphology at the Institute of Anatomy, and
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Bæk R, Søndergaard EKL, Varming K, Jørgensen MM. The impact of various preanalytical treatments on the phenotype of small extracellular vesicles in blood analyzed by protein microarray. J Immunol Methods 2016; 438:11-20. [PMID: 27568281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The research field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is increasing immensely and the potential uses of EVs seem endless. They are found in large numbers in various body fluids, and blood samples may well serve as liquid biopsies. However, these small membrane-derived entities of cellular origin are not straightforward to work with in regard to isolation and characterization. A broad range of relevant preanalytical issues was tested, with a focus on the phenotypic impact of smaller EVs. The influences of the i) blood collection tube used, ii) incubation time before the initial centrifugation, iii) transportation/physical stress, iv) storage temperature and time (short term and long term), v) choice of centrifugation protocol, vi) freeze-thaw cycles, and vii) exosome isolation procedure (ExoQuick™) were examined. To identify the impact of the preanalytical treatments, the relative amounts (detected signal intensities of CD9-, CD63- and/or CD81-positive) and phenotypes of small EVs were analyzed using the multiplexed antibody-based microarray technology, termed the EV Array. The analysis encompassed 15 surface- or surface-related markers, including CD9, CD63, CD81, CD142, and Annexin V. This study revealed that samples collected in different blood collection tubes suffered to varying degrees from the preanalytical treatments tested here. There is no unequivocal answer to the questions asked. However, in general, the period of time and prospective transportation before the initial centrifugation, choice of centrifugation protocol, and storage temperature were observed to have major impacts on the samples. On the contrary, long-term storage and freeze-thawing seemed to not have a critical influence. Hence, there are pros and cons of any choice regarding sample collection and preparation and may very well be analysis dependent. However, to compare samples and results, it is important to ensure that all samples are of the same type and have been handled similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Part of Extracellular Vesicle Research Center Denmark (EVsearch.dk), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Evo K L Søndergaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Part of Extracellular Vesicle Research Center Denmark (EVsearch.dk), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Varming
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Part of Extracellular Vesicle Research Center Denmark (EVsearch.dk), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malene M Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Part of Extracellular Vesicle Research Center Denmark (EVsearch.dk), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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24
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Erdbrügger U, Lannigan J. Analytical challenges of extracellular vesicle detection: A comparison of different techniques. Cytometry A 2015; 89:123-34. [PMID: 26651033 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown exponentially over the last decade. Evolving evidence is demonstrating that these EVs are playing an important role in health and disease. They are involved in intercellular communication and have been shown to transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This review focuses on the most commonly used techniques for detection of EVs, to include microparticles, 100-1,000 nm in size, and exosomes, 50-100 nm in size. Conventional flow cytometry is the most prevalent technique, but nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and resistive pulse sensing have also been used to detect EVs. The accurate measurement of these vesicles is challenged by size heterogeneity, low refractive index, and the lack of dynamic measurement range for most of the available technologies. Sample handling during the preanalytical phase can also affect the accuracy of measurements. Currently, there is not one single method which allows phenotyping, sizing, and enumerating the whole range of EVs and, therefore, providing all the necessary information to truly understand the biology of these particles. A combination of methods is probably needed which might also include electron and atomic force microscopy and full RNA, lipid, and protein profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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Sánchez-López V, Vila-Liante V, Arellano-Orden E, Elías-Hernández T, Ramón-Nuñez LA, Jara-Palomares L, Martínez-Sales V, Gao L, Otero-Candelera R. High correlation between 2 flow cytometry platforms in the microparticles analysis using a new calibrated beads strategy. Transl Res 2015; 166:733-9. [PMID: 26342453 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are potential noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis in pathologic conditions. However, the lack of standardization of the preanalytical and analytical methods leads to a wide variability in MPs results. The recently developed Megamix-Plus beads, a new bead-based standardization tool optimized to specific types of flow cytometers, could help circumvent this problem. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the number of total MPs and platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) is similar using 2 different cytometer platforms calibrated with the Megamix-Plus beads. Blood samples from 65 patients with deep venous thrombosis were collected and processed to obtain platelet poor plasma (PPP). The number of total MPs and PMPs in each PPP sample was measured using 2 flow cytometers. Megamix-Plus side scatter channel beads were used to calibrate the LSRFortessa flow cytometer from Becton Dickinson, whereas Megamix-Plus forward scatter channel beads were applied to the Navios flow cytometer from Beckman Coulter. High correlation of total MPs and PMPs values between the flow cytometers was found (r = 0.908, P < 0.01 and r = 0.910, P < 0.001, respectively). However, the absolute numbers of total MPs and PMPs were significantly higher measured with the Navios flow cytometer compared with the LSRFortessa cytometer. Therefore, both platforms are valid for MPs determination in general, although a similar platform with the same calibration tool could be a better choice for multicenter studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Virtudes Vila-Liante
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Arellano-Orden
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa Elías-Hernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis A Ramón-Nuñez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Jara-Palomares
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Vicenta Martínez-Sales
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Remedios Otero-Candelera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Erdbrügger U, Le TH. Extracellular Vesicles in Renal Diseases: More than Novel Biomarkers? J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:12-26. [PMID: 26251351 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles from the urine and circulation have gained significant interest as potential diagnostic biomarkers in renal diseases. Urinary extracellular vesicles contain proteins from all sections of the nephron, whereas most studied circulating extracellular vesicles are derived from platelets, immune cells, and the endothelium. In addition to their diagnostic role as markers of kidney and vascular damage, extracellular vesicles may have functional significance in renal health and disease by facilitating communication between cells and protecting against kidney injury and bacterial infection in the urinary tract. However, the current understanding of extracellular vesicles has derived mostly from studies with very small numbers of patients or in vitro data. Moreover, accurate assessment of these vesicles remains a challenge, in part because of a lack of consensus in the methodologies to measure extracellular vesicles and the inability of most techniques to capture the entire size range of these vesicles. However, newer techniques and standardized protocols to improve the detection of extracellular vesicles are in development. A clearer understanding of the composition and biology of extracellular vesicles will provide insights into their pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Thu H Le
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
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27
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Szatanek R, Baran J, Siedlar M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M. Isolation of extracellular vesicles: Determining the correct approach (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:11-7. [PMID: 25902369 PMCID: PMC4494580 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has revised the interpretation of intercellular communication. It is now well established that EVs play a significant role in coagulation, inflammation, cancer and stem cell renewal and expansion. Their release presents an intriguing, transporting/trafficking network of biologically active molecules, which are able to reach and modulate the function/behavior of the target cells in a variety of ways. Moreover, the presence of EVs in various body fluids points to their potential for use as biomarkers and prognostic indicators in the surveillance/monitoring of a variety of diseases. Although vast knowledge on the subject of EVs has accumulated over the years, there are still fundamental issues associated with the correct approach for their isolation. This review comprises the knowledge on EV isolation techniques that are currently available. The aim of this reveiw was to make both experienced researchers and newcomers to the field aware that different types of EVs require unique isolation approaches. The realization of this 'uniqueness' is the first step in the right direction for the complete assessment of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
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28
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Issman L, Brenner B, Talmon Y, Aharon A. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy nanostructural study of shed microparticles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83680. [PMID: 24386253 PMCID: PMC3873325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are sub-micron membrane vesicles (100–1000 nm) shed from normal and pathologic cells due to stimulation or apoptosis. MPs can be found in the peripheral blood circulation of healthy individuals, whereas elevated concentrations are found in pregnancy and in a variety of diseases. Also, MPs participate in physiological processes, e.g., coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Since their clinical properties are important, we have developed a new methodology based on nano-imaging that provides significant new data on MPs nanostructure, their composition and function. We are among the first to characterize by direct-imaging cryogenic transmitting electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) the near-to-native nanostructure of MP systems isolated from different cell types and stimulation procedures. We found that there are no major differences between the MP systems we have studied, as most particles were spherical, with diameters from 200 to 400 nm. However, each MP population is very heterogeneous, showing diverse morphologies. We investigated by cryo-TEM the effects of standard techniques used to isolate and store MPs, and found that either high-g centrifugation of MPs for isolation purposes, or slow freezing to –80°C for storage introduce morphological artifacts, which can influence MP nanostructure, and thus affect the efficiency of these particles as future diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Issman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (LI); (YT)
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (LI); (YT)
| | - Anat Aharon
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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29
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Trummer A, Werwitzke S, Wermes C, Ganser A, Birschmann I, Budde U, Tiede A. Addition of in-vitro generated endothelial microparticles to von-Willebrand plasma improves primary and secondary hemostasis. Thromb Res 2013; 133:445-50. [PMID: 24359969 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased endothelial microparticles (EMP) as markers for endothelial activation have been associated with worse outcomes in clinical prothrombotic situations. The procoagulant properties of EMP can be attributed to the expression of phospholipids, tissue factor and von-Willebrand factor on their surface. We therefore investigated whether addition of in-vitro generated EMP modifies hemostasis in plasma from patients with severe von-Willebrand disease (VWD). A large EMP pool was obtained from stimulated endothelial cell lines and EMP concentration was quantified by flow cytometry. The influence of EMP on primary and secondary hemostasis in VWD plasma was assessed using ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) and thrombin generation in a calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT), respectively. After addition of EMP, there was a significant increase in the maximal aggregation level in RIPA as well as a significant shortening of lag time and time-to-peak in CAT in comparison to control buffer. In summary, in vitro-generated EMP have the potential to improve hemostasis in severe VWD plasma and these results warrant further clinical reseach regarding their contribution to the clinical bleeding phenotype as well as their potential to improve replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Trummer
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sonja Werwitzke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wermes
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingvild Birschmann
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Budde
- Asklepios Clinic Altona, Medilys Central Laboratory Coagulation, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiede
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Dinkla S, Brock R, Joosten I, Bosman GJCGM. Gateway to understanding microparticles: standardized isolation and identification of plasma membrane-derived vesicles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1657-68. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small plasma membrane-derived vesicles that can expose molecules originating from their parental cells. As vectors of biological information they are likely to play an active role in both homeostasis and pathogenesis, making them promising biomarkers and nanomedicine tools. Therefore, there is an urgent need for standardization of MP isolation and analysis protocols to propel our understanding of MP biology to the next level. Based on current methodology and recent insights, this review proposes an optimized protocol for the isolation and biochemical characterization of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sip Dinkla
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine – Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen Institute for Infection Inflammation and Immunity, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine – Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen Institute for Infection Inflammation and Immunity, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel JCGM Bosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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31
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Curtis AM, Edelberg J, Jonas R, Rogers WT, Moore JS, Syed W, Mohler ER. Endothelial microparticles: sophisticated vesicles modulating vascular function. Vasc Med 2013; 18:204-14. [PMID: 23892447 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x13499773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) belong to a family of extracellular vesicles that are dynamic, mobile, biological effectors capable of mediating vascular physiology and function. The release of EMPs can impart autocrine and paracrine effects on target cells through surface interaction, cellular fusion, and, possibly, the delivery of intra-vesicular cargo. A greater understanding of the formation, composition, and function of EMPs will broaden our understanding of endothelial communication and may expose new pathways amenable for therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Curtis
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute (TBSI), Dublin, Ireland.
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32
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Yong PJA, Koh CH, Shim WSN. Endothelial microparticles: missing link in endothelial dysfunction? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 20:496-512. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487312445001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Winston SN Shim
- SingHealth Research Facilities, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Mullier F, Bailly N, Chatelain C, Chatelain B, Dogné JM. Pre-analytical issues in the measurement of circulating microparticles: current recommendations and pending questions. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:693-6. [PMID: 23410207 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Mullier
- Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC) Narilis, University of Namur, CHU UCL Mont-Godinne-Dinant, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.
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34
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E. Kehrel B, F. Brodde M. State of the art in platelet function testing. Transfus Med Hemother 2013; 40:73-86. [PMID: 23653569 PMCID: PMC3638976 DOI: 10.1159/000350469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets perform many functions in hemostasis but also in other areas of physiology and pathology. Therefore, it is obvious that many different function tests have been developed, each one conceived and standardized for a special purpose. This review will summarize the different fields in which platelet function testing is currently in use; diagnostics of patients with bleeding disorders, monitoring patients' response to anti-platelet therapy, monitoring in transfusion medicine (blood donors, platelet concentrates, and after transfusion), and monitoring in perioperative medicine to predict bleeding tendency. The second part of the review outlines different methods for platelet function testing, spanning bleeding time, and platelet counting as well as determining platelet adhesion, platelet secretion, platelet aggregation, platelet morphology, platelet signal transduction, platelet procoagulant activity, platelet apoptosis, platelet proteomics, and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate E. Kehrel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Hemostasis, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Martin F. Brodde
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Hemostasis, University of Münster, Germany
- OxProtect GmbH, Münster, Germany
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35
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Gardiner C, Ferreira YJ, Dragovic RA, Redman CWG, Sargent IL. Extracellular vesicle sizing and enumeration by nanoparticle tracking analysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:19671. [PMID: 24009893 PMCID: PMC3760643 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.19671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is a light-scattering technique that is useful for the rapid sizing and enumeration of extracellular vesicles (EVs). As a relatively new method, NTA has been criticised for a lack of standardisation. We propose the use of silica microspheres for the calibration of NTA measurements and describe in detail a protocol for the analysis of EVs by NTA which should minimise many of the sources of variability and imprecision associated with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gardiner
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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36
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Trummer A, Haarmeijer B, Werwitzke S, Wermes C, Ganser A, Budde U, Tiede A. Increased amounts of von Willebrand factor are bound to microparticles after infusion of desmopressin. Haemophilia 2012; 19:236-41. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Trummer
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation; Hannover Medical School; Hannover; Germany
| | - B. Haarmeijer
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation; Hannover Medical School; Hannover; Germany
| | - S. Werwitzke
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation; Hannover Medical School; Hannover; Germany
| | - C. Wermes
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation; Hannover Medical School; Hannover; Germany
| | - A. Ganser
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation; Hannover Medical School; Hannover; Germany
| | - U. Budde
- Asklepios Clinic Altona, Medilys Central Laboratory Coagulation; Hamburg; Germany
| | - A. Tiede
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation; Hannover Medical School; Hannover; Germany
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37
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Zwicker JI, Lacroix R, Dignat-George F, Furie BC, Furie B. Measurement of platelet microparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 788:127-39. [PMID: 22130705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-307-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Platelet microparticles are submicron vesicles that can support thrombin generation on externalized negatively charged phospholipids. Increased numbers of circulating platelet microparticles have been investigated as the basis of hypercoagulability in a variety of prothrombotic conditions. Measurement of platelet microparticles is not standardized and a number of preanalytic considerations can influence accurate analysis. We describe methodology for light scatter-based flow cytometry as well as impedance-based flow cytometry for the enumeration and characterization of platelet microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Zwicker
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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38
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Lacroix R, Judicone C, Poncelet P, Robert S, Arnaud L, Sampol J, Dignat-George F. Impact of pre-analytical parameters on the measurement of circulating microparticles: towards standardization of protocol. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:437-46. [PMID: 22212198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MP) are small vesicles of 0.1-1 μm, released in response to activation or apoptosis. Over the past decade, they received an increasing interest both as biomarkers and biovectors in coagulation, inflammation and cancer. Clinical studies were conducted to assess their contribution to the identification of patients at cardiovascular risk. However, among the limitation of such studies, pre-analytical steps remains an important source of variability and artifacts in MP analysis. OBJECTIVES Because data from the literature are insufficient to establish recommendations, the objective of the present study was to assess the impact of various pre-analytical parameters on MP measurement. These parameters included the type of collection tube, phlebotomy conditions, transportation practices, centrifugation steps and freezing. METHODS MP were assessed by three methods: flow cytometry using a standardized approach, a thrombin generation test (Calibrated Automated Thrombogram(®)) and a procoagulant phospholipid-dependent clotting time assay (STA(®) -Procoag-PPL). RESULTS The main results show that the three major pre-analytical parameters which impact on MP-related data are the delay before the first centrifugation, agitation of the tubes during transportation and the centrifugation protocol. CONCLUSIONS Based on both this work and literature data, we propose a new protocol that needs to be validated on a larger scale before being applied for multicenter studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lacroix
- UMR1076 INSERM-Aix-Marseille Université, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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39
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Evaluation of Tissue Factor Bearing Microparticles as Biomarkers in Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 92:351-8. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318223307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Ayers L, Kohler M, Harrison P, Sargent I, Dragovic R, Schaap M, Nieuwland R, Brooks SA, Ferry B. Measurement of circulating cell-derived microparticles by flow cytometry: sources of variability within the assay. Thromb Res 2011; 127:370-7. [PMID: 21257195 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) have been implicated in several disease processes and elevated levels are found in many pathological conditions. The detection and accurate measurement of MPs, although attracting widespread interest, is hampered by a lack of standardisation. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable flow cytometric assay to measure distinct subtypes of MPs in disease and to identify any significant causes of variability in MP quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Circulating MPs within plasma were identified by their phenotype (platelet, endothelial, leukocyte and annexin-V positivity (AnnV+). The influence of key variables (i.e. time between venepuncture and centrifugation, washing steps, the number of centrifugation steps, freezing/long-term storage and temperature of thawing) on MP measurement were investigated. RESULTS Increasing time between venepuncture and centrifugation leads to increased MP levels. Washing samples results in decreased AnnV+MPs (P=0.002) and platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) (P=0.002). Double centrifugation of MPs prior to freezing decreases numbers of AnnV+MPs (P=0.0004) and PMPs (P=0.0004). A single freeze thaw cycle of samples led to an increase in AnnV+MPs (P=0.0020) and PMPs (P=0.0039). Long-term storage of MP samples at -80° resulted in decreased MP levels. CONCLUSIONS This study found that minor protocol changes significantly affected MP levels. This is one of the first studies attempting to standardise a method for obtaining and measuring circulating MPs. Standardisation will be essential for successful development of MP technologies, allowing direct comparison of results between studies and leading to a greater understanding of MPs in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ayers
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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41
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Dey-Hazra E, Hertel B, Kirsch T, Woywodt A, Lovric S, Haller H, Haubitz M, Erdbruegger U. Detection of circulating microparticles by flow cytometry: influence of centrifugation, filtration of buffer, and freezing. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6:1125-33. [PMID: 21191433 PMCID: PMC3004516 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical importance of microparticles resulting from vesiculation of platelets and other blood cells is increasingly recognized, although no standardized method exists for their measurement. Only a few studies have examined the analytical and preanalytical steps and variables affecting microparticle detection. We focused our analysis on microparticle detection by flow cytometry. The goal of our study was to analyze the effects of different centrifugation protocols looking at different durations of high and low centrifugation speeds. We also analyzed the effect of filtration of buffer and long-term freezing on microparticle quantification, as well as the role of Annexin V in the detection of microparticles. Absolute and platelet-derived microparticles were 10- to 15-fold higher using initial lower centrifugation speeds at 1500 × g compared with protocols using centrifugation speeds at 5000 × g (P < 0.01). A clear separation between true events and background noise was only achieved using higher centrifugation speeds. Filtration of buffer with a 0.2 μm filter reduced a significant amount of background noise. Storing samples for microparticle detection at -80°C decreased microparticle levels at days 28, 42, and 56 (P < 0.05 for all comparisons with fresh samples). We believe that staining with Annexin V is necessary to distinguish true events from cell debris or precipitates. Buffers should be filtered and fresh samples should be analyzed, or storage periods will have to be standardized. Higher centrifugation speeds should be used to minimize contamination by smaller size platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dey-Hazra
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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van Ierssel SH, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Conraads VM, Van Tendeloo VF, Vrints CJ, Jorens PG, Hoymans VY. Flow cytometric detection of endothelial microparticles (EMP): Effects of centrifugation and storage alter with the phenotype studied. Thromb Res 2010; 125:332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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