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Proniewicz E. Gold and Silver Nanoparticles as Biosensors: Characterization of Surface and Changes in the Adsorption of Leucine Dipeptide under the Influence of Substituent Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3720. [PMID: 38612534 PMCID: PMC11011725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Early detection of diseases can increase the chances of successful treatment and survival. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method for detecting or sensing biomolecules that cause trouble in living organisms. Disease sensors should possess specific properties, such as selectivity, reproducibility, stability, sensitivity, and morphology, for their routine application in medical diagnosis and treatment. This work focuses on biosensors in the form of surface-functionalized gold (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared using a less-time-consuming, inexpensive, and efficient synthesis route. This allows for the production of highly pure and stable (non-aggregating without stabilizers) nanoparticles with a well-defined spherical shape, a desired diameter, and a monodisperse distribution in an aqueous environment, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Thus, these nanoparticles can be used routinely as biomarker sensors and drug-delivery platforms for precision medicine treatment. The NPs' surface was coated with phosphonate dipeptides of L-leucine (Leu; l-Leu-C(R1)(R2)PO3H2), and their adsorption was monitored using SERS. Reproducible spectra were analyzed to determine the orientation of the dipeptides (coating layers) on the nanoparticles' surface. The appropriate R2 side chain of the dipeptide can be selected to control the arrangement of these dipeptides. This allows for the proper formation of a layer covering the nanoparticles while also simultaneously interacting with the surrounding biological environment, such as cells, tissues, and biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Proniewicz
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Hilkens L, Praster F, van Overdam J, Nyakayiru J, Singh-Povel CM, Bons J, van Loon LJ, van Dijk JW. Graded Replacement of Carbohydrate-Rich Breakfast Products with Dairy Products: Effects on Postprandial Aminoacidemia, Glycemic Control, Bone Metabolism, and Satiety. J Nutr 2024; 154:479-490. [PMID: 38092152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial metabolic responses following dairy consumption have mostly been studied using stand-alone dairy products or milk-derived nutrients. OBJECTIVE Assessing the impact of ingesting dairy products as part of a common breakfast on postprandial aminoacidemia, glycemic control, markers of bone metabolism, and satiety. METHODS In this randomized, crossover study, 20 healthy young males and females consumed on 3 separate occasions an iso-energetic breakfast containing no dairy (NO-D), 1 dairy (ONE-D), or 2 dairy (TWO-D) products. Postprandial concentrations of amino acids, glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and markers of bone formation (P1NP) and resorption (CTX-I) were measured before and up to 300 min after initiating the breakfast, along with VAS-scales to assess satiety. RESULTS Plasma essential and branched-chained amino acids availability (expressed as total area under the curve (tAUC)) increased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Plasma glucose tAUCs were lower in ONE-D and TWO-D compared with NO-D (P<0.05 for both comparisons). Plasma GLP-1 tAUC increased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05 for all comparisons), whereas no differences were observed in plasma insulin tAUC between conditions (P>0.05 for all comparisons). Serum calcium tAUCs were higher in ONE-D and TWO-D compared with NO-D (P<0.05 for both comparisons), along with lower PTH tAUCs in ONE-D and TWO-D compared with NO-D (P=0.001 for both comparisons). In accordance, serum CTX-I concentrations were lower in the late postprandial period in ONE-D and TWO-D compared with NO-D (P<0.01 for both comparisons). No differences were observed in P1NP tAUCs between conditions (P>0.05). The tAUC for satiety was higher in TWO-D compared with NO-D and ONE-D (P<0.05 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Iso-energetic replacement of a carbohydrate-rich breakfast component with one serving of dairy improves postprandial amino acid availability, glycemic control, and bone metabolism. Adding a second serving of dairy in lieu of carbohydrates augments postprandial amino acid and GLP-1 concentrations while further promoting satiety. This study was registered at https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN13531586 with Clinical Trial Registry number ISRCTN13531586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Floor Praster
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Overdam
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Judith Bons
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Hou Y, Xiang J, Wang B, Duan S, Song R, Zhou W, Tan S, He B. Pathogenesis and comprehensive treatment strategies of sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1263650. [PMID: 38260146 PMCID: PMC10801049 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1263650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and diabetes are two age-related diseases that are common in the elderly population, and have a serious effect on their general health and quality of life. Sarcopenia refers to the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength and function, whereas diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. The comorbidity of sarcopenia and diabetes is particularly concerning, as people with diabetes have a higher risk of developing sarcopenia due to the combination of insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and reduced physical activity. In contrast, sarcopenia destroyed blood sugar control and exacerbated the development of people with diabetes, leading to the occurrence of a variety of complications. Fortunately, there are a number of effective treatment strategies for sarcopenia in people with diabetes. Physical exercise and a balanced diet with enough protein and nutrients have been proved to enhance the muscular quality and strength of this population. Additionally, pharmacological therapies and lifestyle changes can optimize blood sugar control, which can prevent further muscle loss and improve overall health outcomes. This review aims to summarize the pathogenesis and comprehensive treatment strategies of sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, which help healthcare professionals recognize their intimate connection and provide a new vision for the treatment of diabetes and its complications in this population. Through early identification and comprehensive treatment, it is possible to improve the muscle function and general quality of life of elderly with diabetes and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Xiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shoufeng Duan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rouxuan Song
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binsheng He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Reider L, Owen EC, Dreyer HC, Fitton LS, Willey MC. Loss of Muscle Mass and Strength After Hip Fracture: an Intervention Target for Nutrition Supplementation. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:710-718. [PMID: 38019345 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSEOF REVIEW To summarize what is known about the deleterious effect of hip fracture on muscle mass and strength as well as the scientific evidence for post-surgical nutrition supplementation to maintain muscle and improve function. RECENT FINDINGS This review provides a discussion of the relationship between muscle mass, strength, and physical function following hip fracture, briefly describes the approaches to measuring lean mass, discusses prevalence of sarcopenia and malnutrition among older men and women with hip fracture, and reviews the effects of essential amino acids on muscle. Loss of muscle mass and strength following hip fracture is substantial with consequences for recovery of functional independence. EAA-based nutrition supplementation, which directly effects muscle, has potential to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Reider
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway Street, Room 648, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | | | - Hans C Dreyer
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Lori S Fitton
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael C Willey
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Zhang Z, Fan S, Duncan GJ, Morris A, Henderson D, Morrice P, Russell WR, Duncan SH, Neacsu M. Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum) Hulls Are a Rich Source of Fermentable Dietary Fibre and Bioactive Phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16310. [PMID: 38003497 PMCID: PMC10671810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudo-cereals such as buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) are valid candidates to promote diet biodiversity and nutrition security in an era of global climate change. Buckwheat hulls (BHs) are currently an unexplored source of dietary fibre and bioactive phytochemicals. This study assessed the effects of several bioprocessing treatments (using enzymes, yeast, and combinations of both) on BHs' nutrient and phytochemical content, their digestion and metabolism in vitro (using a gastrointestinal digestion model and mixed microbiota from human faeces). The metabolites were measured using targeted LC-MS/MS and GC analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect the impact on microbiota composition. BHs are rich in insoluble fibre (31.09 ± 0.22% as non-starch polysaccharides), protocatechuic acid (390.71 ± 31.72 mg/kg), and syringaresinol (125.60 ± 6.76 mg/kg). The bioprocessing treatments significantly increased the extractability of gallic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and syringaresinol in the alkaline-labile bound form, suggesting the bioaccessibility of these phytochemicals to the colon. Furthermore, one of the treatments, EC_2 treatment, increased significantly the in vitro upper gastrointestinal release of bioactive phytochemicals, especially for protocatechuic acid (p < 0.01). The BH fibre was fermentable, promoting the formation mainly of propionate and, to a lesser extent, butyrate formation. The EM_1 and EC_2 treatments effectively increased the content of insoluble fibre but had no effect on dietary fibre fermentation (p > 0.05). These findings promote the use of buckwheat hulls as a source of dietary fibre and phytochemicals to help meet dietary recommendations and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China;
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Songtao Fan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Gary J. Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Amanda Morris
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Donna Henderson
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Philip Morrice
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Wendy R. Russell
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Sylvia H. Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Madalina Neacsu
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; (S.F.); (G.J.D.); (A.M.); (D.H.); (P.M.); (W.R.R.); (S.H.D.)
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6
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Tezze C, Sandri M, Tessari P. Anabolic Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Role of Nutrition and Exercise in Young and Old People. Nutrients 2023; 15:4073. [PMID: 37764858 PMCID: PMC10535169 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sarcopenia in the elderly is associated with many potential factors and/or processes that impair the renovation and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength as ageing progresses. Among them, a defect by skeletal muscle to respond to anabolic stimuli is to be considered. Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, and β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids such as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), various biochemical/intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating factors, etc. Each of them may exhibit a reduced effect upon skeletal muscle in ageing. In this article, we overview the role of anabolic signals on muscle metabolism, as well as currently available evidence of resistance, at the skeletal muscle level, to anabolic factors, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Some indications on how to augment the effects of anabolic signals on skeletal muscle are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tezze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Wu HT, Lin HC, Tu YJ, Ng KH. Instant Formulation of Inhalable Beclomethasone Dipropionate-Gamma-Cyclodextrin Composite Particles Produced Using Supercritical Assisted Atomization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1741. [PMID: 37376188 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical composites derived from Gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and beclomethasone dipropionate-gamma-cyclodextrin (BDP-γ-CD) are synthesized over supercritical-assisted atomization (SAA) herein. Carbon dioxide, which serves the dual function of spraying medium and co-solute, is incorporated in this process along with the ethanolic solvent. Results indicate that, for fine spherical particles, optimized aerosol performance could be obtained with 50.0% (w/w) ethanolic solvent, precipitator, and saturator at 373.2 K and 353.2 K, respectively, and carbon dioxide-to-γ-CD flow ratio of 1.8 in the presence of 10 wt% leucine (LEU) as dispersion enhancer. It is also noted that γ-CD solution at low concentration typically renders better aerosol performance of the particles. During drug particle-derivation, the solubility of drug BDP elevated considerably due to the formation of inclusion complexes, further assisted by the ethanolic solvent which increases the lipophilicity of BDP. Meanwhile, the in vitro aerosolization and dissolution performance of drug composites derived from varied γ-CD-to-BDP mass ratio (Z) were also evaluated. It was found that high Z promises higher fine particle fraction in the obtained drug composite while the dissolution rate of active ingredient (BDP) exhibits positive correlation to the content of water-soluble excipient (γ-CD) in the formulation. This study offers a new avenue for instant drug formulation with promising pulmonary delivery over the SAA technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tsung Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Han-Cyuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jia Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Kim Hoong Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Wu W, Gong J. Live or death in cells: from micronutrition metabolism to cell fate. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1185989. [PMID: 37250891 PMCID: PMC10213646 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1185989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrients and cell death have a strong relationship and both are essential for human to maintain good body health. Dysregulation of any micronutrients causes metabolic or chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiometabolic condition, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an ideal genetic organism for researching the mechanisms of micronutrients in metabolism, healthspan, and lifespan. For example, C. elegans is a haem auxotroph, and the research of this special haem trafficking pathway contributes important reference to mammal study. Also, C. elegans characteristics including anatomy simply, clear cell lineage, well-defined genetics, and easily differentiated cell forms make it a powerful tool for studying the mechanisms of cell death including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Here, we describe the understanding of micronutrient metabolism currently and also sort out the fundamental mechanisms of different kinds of cell death. A thorough understanding of these physiological processes not only builds a foundation for developing better treatments for various micronutrient disorders but also provides key insights into human health and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Belobrajdic DP, James-Martin G, Jones D, Tran CD. Soy and Gastrointestinal Health: A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081959. [PMID: 37111176 PMCID: PMC10144768 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is the most economically important legume globally, providing a major source of plant protein for millions of people; it offers a high-quality, cost-competitive and versatile base-protein ingredient for plant-based meat alternatives. The health benefits of soybean and its constituents have largely been attributed to the actions of phytoestrogens, which are present at high levels. Additionally, consumption of soy-based foods may also modulate gastrointestinal (GI) health, in particular colorectal cancer risk, via effects on the composition and metabolic activity of the GI microbiome. The aim of this narrative review was to critically evaluate the emerging evidence from clinical trials, observational studies and animal trials relating to the effects of consuming soybeans, soy-based products and the key constituents of soybeans (isoflavones, soy proteins and oligosaccharides) on measures of GI health. Our review suggests that there are consistent favourable changes in measures of GI health for some soy foods, such as fermented rather than unfermented soy milk, and for those individuals with a microbiome that can metabolise equol. However, as consumption of foods containing soy protein isolates and textured soy proteins increases, further clinical evidence is needed to understand whether these foods elicit similar or additional functional effects on GI health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darren Jones
- Human Health, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Cuong D Tran
- Human Health, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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10
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Hou YC, Wu JM, Chen KY, Wu MH, Yang PJ, Lee PC, Chen PD, Yeh SL, Lin MT. Glutamine and leucine administration attenuates muscle atrophy in sepsis. Life Sci 2023; 314:121327. [PMID: 36584912 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated whether l-glutamine (Gln) and/or l-leucine (Leu) administration could attenuate muscle atrophy in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Septic mice were given a daily intraperitoneal injection of Gln, Leu, or Gln plus Leu, and mice were sacrificed on either day 1 or 4 after CLP. Blood and muscles were collected for analysis of amino acid contents and markers related to protein degradation, muscle regeneration, and protein synthesis. KEY FINDINGS Leu treatment alone increased both muscle mass and total muscle protein content on day 4 after CLP. Gln administration reduced muscular Gln contents on day 1 and enhanced plasma Gln levels on day 4. Higher plasma branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) abundances and lower muscular BCAA levels were observed in Leu-treated mice on day 4. Gln and Leu individually suppressed muscle expressions of the E3 ubiquitin ligase genes, Trim63 and Fbxo32, on day 4 after CLP. As to muscle expressions of myogenic genes, both Gln and Leu upregulated Myog expression on day 1, but Leu alone enhanced Myf5 gene expression, whereas Gln plus Leu increased MyoD and Myog expression levels on day 4. Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was only activated by Gln and Leu when individually administered. SIGNIFICANCE Gln and/or Leu administration reduces sepsis-induced muscle degradation and promotes myogenic gene expressions. Leu treatment alone had more-pronounced effects on maintaining muscle mass during sepsis. A combination of Gln and Leu failed to show synergistic effects on alleviating sepsis-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Hou
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ming Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Yuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chu Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Da Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ling Yeh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Puglisi MJ, Fernandez ML. The Health Benefits of Egg Protein. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142904. [PMID: 35889862 PMCID: PMC9316657 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the general public accepts that dietary cholesterol is not a concern for cardiovascular disease risk, foods that have been labeled as high-cholesterol sources, including eggs, may be appreciated for their various other dietary components. One of the nutrients in eggs that deserves further discussion is egg protein. Egg protein has been recognized to be highly digestible and an excellent source of essential amino acids, with the highest attainable protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. Egg protein has been shown to decrease malnutrition in underdeveloped countries, possibly increase height in children, and protect against kwashiorkor. Egg protein has been demonstrated to be important to skeletal muscle health and protective against sarcopenia. Egg protein also can decrease appetite, resulting in a reduction in the caloric intake from the next meal and weight reduction. Other protective effects of egg protein addressed in this review include protection against infection as well as hypotensive and anti-cancer effects.
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Lv X, Zhou C, Yan Q, Tan Z, Kang J, Tang S. Elucidating the underlying mechanism of amino acids to regulate muscle protein synthesis: impact on human health. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Pikosky MA, Cifelli CJ, Agarwal S, Fulgoni VL. Association of Dietary Protein Intake and Grip Strength Among Adults Aged 19+ Years: NHANES 2011–2014 Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873512. [PMID: 35634414 PMCID: PMC9136219 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundResearch on the role of protein in the diet has evolved beyond a focus on quantity to include the impact of its quality and distribution across meal times in an effort to optimize dietary protein recommendations.ObjectiveTo determine the association of dietary protein amount, type, and intake pattern with grip strength in adults.DesignData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 for adults 19 + years (N = 9,214) were used with exclusions for pregnant and lactating women. Intakes of dietary total protein (TP), animal protein (AP, including dairy), plant protein (PP), and leucine (Leu) were determined using day 1 24 h dietary recall data after adjusting for the complex sample design of NHANES. Regression analyses were used to assess the association of dietary protein and leucine intake quartiles, and whether consuming > 20 g of dietary protein at one or more meals was related to grip strength with adjustment for age, gender, and ethnicity.ResultsMean intake of TP among adults aged 19 + years was 83.6 ± 0.5 g/day, and 2/3rd of this was from animal sources (including dairy). Grip strength increased (p < 0.05) with increasing quartiles of TP, AP, PP, and leucine among all adults 19 + years (β = 1.340.19, 1.27 ± 0.19, 0.76 ± 0.20, and 1.33 ± 0.23, respectively), 19–50 years (β = 1.14 ± 0.27, 1.06 ± 0.25, 0.77 ± 0.30, and 1.18 ± 0.27, respectively), and 51 + years (β = 0.95 ± 0.26, 1.08 ± 0.27, and 1.05 ± 0.27, respectively, for TP, AP, and Leu); however, the increase was more pronounced for AP than PP. Grip strength also increased (p < 0.05) with increasing the number of meal occasions containing > 20 g of dietary protein (β = 1.50 ± 0.20, 1.41 ± 0.25, and 0.91 ± 0.37 for 19+, 19–50, and 51 + years, respectively), and significant increases were detected for two meals compared to zero meals.ConclusionDietary protein quantity, quality, and distribution should be considered collectively when looking to optimize protein intake to support muscle strength and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Pikosky
- National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew A. Pikosky,
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14
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Anafy A, Moran-Lev H, Shapira N, Priel M, Oren A, Mangel L, Mandel D, Lubetzky R. The Glycemic Response to Infant Formulas: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051064. [PMID: 35268039 PMCID: PMC8912504 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Commercial infant formulas attempt to imitate human milk’s unique composition. However, lactose-free and milk protein-free formulas are often chosen due to medical reasons or personal preferences. The aim of this study was to determine the glycemic and insulinemic indices of a variety of infant formulas. Methods: We conducted a three-arm, randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants were 25–40-year-old healthy adults. Three commercial infant formulas (cow’s milk protein-based [“standard”], soy protein-based, and lactose-free) were randomly given to each participant. Glycemic and insulinemic responses were determined and compared between the three formulas. Results: Twenty subjects were enrolled (11 females/9 males, mean age 32.8 ± 2.9 years). No significant difference was found in the glycemic index between the three formulas (21.5, 29.1, and 21.5 for the standard, soy protein-based, and lactose-free formulas, respectively, p = 0.21). However, maximal glucose levels were significantly higher for the soy protein-based formula compared to both the standard and lactose-free formulas (111.5 compared to 101.8 and 105.8 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Cow’s milk protein-based, soy protein-based, and lactose-free formulas have a similar glycemic index. However, soy protein-based formula produced a significantly higher increase in postprandial glucose levels. The implication and biological significance of these results have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Anafy
- Department of Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (H.M.-L.); (M.P.); (R.L.)
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.O.); (L.M.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-6974519
| | - Hadar Moran-Lev
- Department of Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (H.M.-L.); (M.P.); (R.L.)
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.O.); (L.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Niva Shapira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Professions, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon 78211, Israel;
| | - Meital Priel
- Department of Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (H.M.-L.); (M.P.); (R.L.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.O.); (L.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Asaf Oren
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.O.); (L.M.); (D.M.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Laurence Mangel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.O.); (L.M.); (D.M.)
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.O.); (L.M.); (D.M.)
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Ronit Lubetzky
- Department of Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children’s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (H.M.-L.); (M.P.); (R.L.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.O.); (L.M.); (D.M.)
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15
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López-Pedrouso M, Lorenzo JM, Borrajo P, Franco D. In Search of Antioxidant Peptides from Porcine Liver Hydrolysates Using Analytical and Peptidomic Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:27. [PMID: 35052531 PMCID: PMC8772851 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for antioxidant peptides as health-promoting agents is of great scientific interest for their biotechnological applications. Thus, the main goal of this study was to identify antioxidant peptides from pork liver using alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, and papain enzymes. All liver hydrolysates proved to be of adequate quality regarding the ratio EAA/NEAA, particularly flavourzyme hydrolysates. The peptidomic profiles were significantly different for each enzyme and their characterizations were performed, resulting in forty-four differentially abundant peptides among the four treatments. Porcine liver hydrolysates from alcalase and bromelain are demonstrated to have the most antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, hydrophobic amino acid residues (serine, threonine, histidine and aspartic acid) might be reducing the hydrolysates antioxidant capacity. Seventeen peptides from collagen, albumin, globin domain-containing protein, cytochrome β, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, dihydropyrimidinase, argininosuccinate synthase, and ATP synthase seem to be antioxidant. Further studies are necessary to isolate these peptides and test them in in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María López-Pedrouso
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (J.M.L.); (P.B.)
- Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Paula Borrajo
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (J.M.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Daniel Franco
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (J.M.L.); (P.B.)
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16
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Protective Effects of Glutamine and Leucine Supplementation on Sepsis-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313003. [PMID: 34884807 PMCID: PMC8657647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of l-glutamine (Gln) and/or l-leucine (Leu) administration on sepsis-induced skeletal muscle injuries. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture to induce polymicrobial sepsis and then given an intraperitoneal injection of Gln, Leu, or Gln plus Leu beginning at 1 h after the operation with re-injections every 24 h. All mice were sacrificed on either day 1 or day 4 after the operation. Blood and muscles were collected for analysis of inflammation and oxidative damage-related biomolecules. Results indicated that both Gln and Leu supplementation alleviated sepsis-induced skeletal muscle damage by reducing monocyte infiltration, calpain activity, and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Furthermore, septic mice treated with Gln had higher percentages of blood anti-inflammatory monocytes and muscle M2 macrophages, whereas Leu treatment enhanced the muscle expressions of mitochondrion-related genes. However, there were no synergistic effects when Gln and Leu were simultaneously administered. These findings suggest that both Gln and Leu had prominent abilities to attenuate inflammation and degradation of skeletal muscles in the early and/or late phases of sepsis. Moreover, Gln promoted the switch of leukocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, while Leu treatment maintained muscle bioenergetic function.
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17
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Functional Amino Acids and Autophagy: Diverse Signal Transduction and Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111427. [PMID: 34768858 PMCID: PMC8592284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amino acids provide great potential for treating autophagy-related diseases by regulating autophagy. The purpose of the autophagy process is to remove unwanted cellular contents and to recycle nutrients, which is controlled by many factors. Disordered autophagy has been reported to be associated with various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and obesity. Autophagy cannot be directly controlled and dynamic amino acid levels are sufficient to regulate autophagy. To date, arginine, leucine, glutamine, and methionine are widely reported functional amino acids that regulate autophagy. As a signal relay station, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) turns various amino acid signals into autophagy signaling pathways for functional amino acids. Deficiency or supplementation of functional amino acids can immediately regulate autophagy and is associated with autophagy-related disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms currently involved in autophagy and amino acid sensing, diverse signal transduction among functional amino acids and autophagy, and the therapeutic appeal of amino acids to autophagy-related diseases. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of amino acid regulation of autophagy and the role of functional amino acids in clinical autophagy-related diseases and to further convert these mechanisms into feasible therapeutic applications.
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18
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Paulussen KJM, Alamilla RA, Salvador AF, McKenna CF, Askow AT, Fang HY, Li Z, Ulanov AV, Paluska SA, Rathmacher JA, Jäger R, Purpura M, Burd NA. Dileucine ingestion is more effective than leucine in stimulating muscle protein turnover in young males: a double blind randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1111-1122. [PMID: 34323596 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00295.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine is regarded as an anabolic trigger for the mTORC1 pathway and the stimulation muscle protein synthesis rates. More recently, there has been an interest in underpinning the relevance of BCAA-containing dipeptides and their intact absorption into circulation to regulate muscle anabolic responses. We investigated the effects of dileucine and leucine ingestion on postprandial muscle protein turnover. Ten healthy young men (age: 23±3 y) consumed either 2 g of leucine (LEU) or 2 g of dileucine (DILEU) in a randomized crossover design. The participants underwent repeated blood and muscle biopsy sampling during primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine and L-[15N]phenylalanine to determine myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and mixed muscle protein breakdown rates (MPB), respectively. LEU and DILEU similarly increased plasma leucine net area under the curve (AUC; P = 0.396). DILEU increased plasma dileucine AUC to a greater extent than LEU (P = 0.013). Phosphorylation of Akt (P = 0.002), rpS6 (P <0.001) and p70S6K (P < 0.001) increased over time in both LEU and DILEU conditions. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (P = 0.229) and eEF2 (P = 0.999) did not change over time irrespective of condition. Cumulative (0-180 min) MPS increased in DILEU (0.075±0.032 %⋅hour-1), but not in LEU (0.047±0.029 %⋅hour-1; P=0.023). MPB did not differ between LEU (0.043±0.030 %⋅h-1) and DILEU conditions (0.051±0.027 %⋅hour-1; P = 0.659). Our results showed that dileucine ingestion elevated plasma dileucine concentrations and muscle protein turnover by stimulating MPS in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rafael A Alamilla
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - John A Rathmacher
- Heartland Assays, Iowa State University Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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19
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Wang P, Dong Y, Jiao J, Zuo K, Han C, Zhao L, Ding S, Yang X, Chen M, Li J. Cigarette smoking status alters dysbiotic gut microbes in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021; 23:1431-1446. [PMID: 34029428 PMCID: PMC8678690 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Smoking not only is one of the most important risk factors of hypertension (HTN), but also alters the composition of gut microbiota (GM) in previous studies. Although dysbiosis of GM has been implicated in HTN, how GM alters in patients with HTN under smoking status is still not clear. This study aimed to explore the difference in intestinal microflora among smokers with HTN (S-HTN), nonsmokers with HTN (NS-HTN), and smokers without HTN (S-CTR) and identify whether cigarette smoking led to disordered intestinal microbiota in patients with HTN. Metagenomic sequencing analysis of fecal specimens was conducted in nonsmokers without HTN (NS-CTR, n = 9), S-CTR (n = 9), NS-HTN (n = 18), and S-HTN (n = 23). Compared with S-CTR or NS-HTN, the GM in S-HTN was disordered, with lower microbial α-diversity and significant difference of β-diversity on axes as compared to S-CTR at genus and species level. The microbial enterotype in S-HTN was inclined to Prevotella-dominant type. Dramatic changes in the intestinal genera and species composition were observed in S-HTN, including reduced enrichment of Phycisphaera and Clostridium asparagiforme. Moreover, the intestinal function altered in S-HTN. Therefore, the findings of the present study revealed GM disorders in S-HTN and clarified the role of smoking in impairing the intestinal microbiome in HTN. Tobacco control is particularly important for improving GM in patients with HTN, and might be beneficial in preventing future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ying Dong
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jie Jiao
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kun Zuo
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunming Han
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhao
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shu Ding
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mulei Chen
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing Li
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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20
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Mose M, Møller N, Jessen N, Mikkelsen UR, Christensen B, Rakvaag E, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Jørgensen JOL, Rittig N. β-Lactoglobulin Is Insulinotropic Compared with Casein and Whey Protein Ingestion during Catabolic Conditions in Men in a Double-Blinded Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:1462-1472. [PMID: 33693737 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle loss during acute infectious disease is mainly triggered by inflammation, immobilization, and malnutrition. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare muscle protein kinetics and metabolism following ingestion of the dairy protein supplements β-lactoglobulin (BLG), casein (CAS), and whey (WHE) during controlled catabolic conditions. METHODS We used a randomized crossover design (registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03319550) to investigate 9 healthy male participants [age: 20-40 y; BMI (in kg/m2) 20-30] who were randomly assigned servings of BLG, CAS, or WHE (0.6 g protein/kg, one-third as bolus and two-thirds as sip every 20 min) on 3 separate occasions separated by ∼6-8 wk. The participants received an infusion of lipopolysaccharide (1 ng/kg) combined with 36 h of fasting and bed rest before each study day, mimicking a clinical catabolic condition. The forearm model and isotopic tracer techniques were used to quantify muscle protein kinetics. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained and intramyocellular signaling investigated using Western blot. RESULTS BLG, CAS, and WHE improved the net balance of phenylalanine (NBphe) from baseline with ∼75% (P < 0.001) with no difference between interventions (primary outcome, P < 0.05). No difference in rates of appearance and disappearance of phenylalanine or in intramyocellular signaling activation was found between interventions (secondary outcomes). The incremental AUC for serum insulin was 62% higher following BLG compared with CAS (P < 0.001) and 30% higher compared with WHE (P = 0.002), as well as 25% higher in WHE compared with CAS (P = 0.006). Following BLG consumption, plasma concentrations of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) increased 70% compared with CAS (P = 0.001) and increased 34% compared with WHE (P = 0.06). No significant difference was found between WHE and CAS (P = 0.12). CONCLUSION BLG, WHE, and CAS have similar effects on muscle in young male participants during catabolic conditions. BLG showed specific, possibly GIP-dependent, insulinotropic properties, which may have future clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Mose
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Elin Rakvaag
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Gielen E, Beckwée D, Delaere A, De Breucker S, Vandewoude M, Bautmans I. Nutritional interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older people: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:121-147. [PMID: 32483625 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as falls, disability, and death. The Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics has developed evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. This umbrella review presents the results of the Working Group on Nutritional Interventions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this umbrella review was to provide an evidence-based overview of nutritional interventions targeting sarcopenia or at least 1 of the 3 sarcopenia criteria (ie, muscle mass, muscle strength, or physical performance) in persons aged ≥ 65 years. DATA SOURCES Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, the PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting the effect of nutritional supplementation on sarcopenia or muscle mass, strength, or physical performance. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors extracted data on the key characteristics of the reviews, including participants, treatment, and outcomes. Methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using the product A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews. Three authors synthesized the extracted data and generated recommendations on the basis of an overall synthesis of the effects of each intervention. Quality of evidence was rated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 15 systematic reviews were included. The following supplements were examined: proteins, essential amino acids, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine, and multinutrient supplementation (with or without physical exercise). Because of both the low amount and the low to moderate quality of the reviews, the level of evidence supporting most recommendations was low to moderate. CONCLUSIONS Best evidence is available to recommend leucine, because it has a significant effect on muscle mass in elderly people with sarcopenia. Protein supplementation on top of resistance training is recommended to increase muscle mass and strength, in particular for obese persons and for ≥ 24 weeks. Effects on sarcopenia as a construct were not reported in the included reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Gielen
- Department of Geriatrics, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Beckwée
- Rehabilitation Sciences Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gerontology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Geriatric Physiotherapy, SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Delaere
- Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gerontology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ivan Bautmans
- Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gerontology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Geriatric Physiotherapy, SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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22
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Grootswagers P, Smeets E, Oteng AB, Groot LD. A novel oral nutritional supplement improves gait speed and mitochondrial functioning compared to standard care in older adults with (or at risk of) undernutrition: results from a randomized controlled trial. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:9398-9418. [PMID: 33799307 PMCID: PMC8064187 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Undernutrition in older adults is mainly addressed by oral nutritional supplements, which do not affect physical functioning. In this study, we tested a novel oral nutritional supplement that included whey and casein protein, ursolic acid, free branch-chained amino acids and vitamin D against a standard supplement. We included older adults (>65y) with (or at risk of) undernutrition (n=82) and randomized them to 12 weeks of novel or standard supplement. Both groups showed significant increases in body mass. No within or between-group differences in lean body mass were observed. Fat mass increased significantly more in the standard than the novel supplement group (time*treatment effect P=0.045). The novel supplement group showed a larger improvement in walking performance on distances of 4m (treatment x time interaction P=0.048) and 400m (treatment x time interaction P=0.038) than the standard treatment group. Gene sets related to mitochondrial functioning and oxidative phosphorylation were upregulated in the novel supplement group and downregulated in the standard supplement group. We conclude that a 12-week intervention with the novel supplement improved walking performance both during short and long distance as compared to a standard supplement, which can largely be explained by increased mitochondrial functioning in the group receiving the novel supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Grootswagers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette de Groot
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Calvez J, Benoit S, Piedcoq J, Khodorova N, Azzout-Marniche D, Tomé D, Benamouzig R, Airinei G, Gaudichon C. Very low ileal nitrogen and amino acid digestibility of zein compared to whey protein isolate in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:70-82. [PMID: 33021640 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey protein and zein are of nutritional interest due to their high leucine content, but little data are available on their amino acid (AA) ileal digestibility. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine ileal digestibility of whey protein isolate (WPI) and zein in healthy volunteers by use of the naso-ileal intubation method, which allows continuous collection of postprandial ileal digesta. METHODS Twenty-two healthy volunteers were intubated with a naso-ileal sampling device positioned at the terminal ileum level. They received a single meal of protein-free biscuits and a drink containing zein (n = 8), WPI (n = 7), or no protein (protein free, n = 7). Ileal effluents and plasma samples were collected over a 9-h postprandial period. Total nitrogen and AA contents were quantified in effluents. True ileal digestibility was calculated after correction for endogenous losses evaluated in the protein-free group. RESULTS True ileal nitrogen digestibility of zein was markedly lower than WPI (60.2 ± 4.5% and 91.2 ± 2.6%, respectively, P = 0.0003). True ileal digestibility of AAs ranged from 87.4 ± 2.7% for threonine to 98.4 ± 1.0% for methionine in the WPI group, and from 59.3 ± 5.6% for methionine to 69.0 ± 5.8% for arginine in the zein group. The digestible indispensable AA (IAA) score was 1.03 (histidine) for WPI and close to 0 for zein, owing to its negligible lysine content. Plasma IAA concentration significantly increased after WPI intake (P = 0.0319), whereas no effect of zein on aminoacidemia was observed, including plasma leucine, despite its high leucine content. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide data on ileal digestibility of WPI and zein AAs in healthy humans and, in contrast to WPI, zein is poorly digestible. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03279211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Calvez
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Simon Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Julien Piedcoq
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior UMR (unité mixte de recherche) (UMR PNCA), Paris, France
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Case Study: Body Composition Changes Resulting from a Nutritional Intervention on a Professional Vegan Powerlifter. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Powerlifting is a weight-class strength sport where achieving low fat mass (FM) and high fat-free mass (FFM) is desirable to improve performance. Recent studies have evaluated the nutritional considerations of different eating patterns, such as vegan diets (VD), in athlete populations. VD are a challenge for athletes who want to attain body composition changes. The aim of this case study is to report on the body composition changes and subjective feelings of a male professional vegan powerlifter following VD for six weeks. The body mass of the powerlifter decreased from 79.3 to 77.4 kg (2.39%). Along with this, FM decreased from 15.0 to 11.4 kg (24%). Conversely, FFM increased from 64.3 to 66.0 kg (2.64%). Moreover, the powerlifter communicated no subjective feelings of low energy availability during training sessions. The VD might compromise adherence in a nutritional intervention which aims to improve body composition due to the nutritional requirements for fat loss. Therefore, more appropriate health assessments, including blood and psychological tests, are required for professional athletes. This short-term VD intervention was satisfactory for improving body composition and no adverse outcomes were reported.
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Challenging energy balance - during sensitivity to food reward and modulatory factors implying a risk for overweight - during body weight management including dietary restraint and medium-high protein diets. Physiol Behav 2020; 221:112879. [PMID: 32199999 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is a key concept in the etiology and prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities, as well as in the development of possible treatments. If energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, a positive energy balance develops and the risk for overweight, obesity, and its co-morbidities increases. Energy balance is determined by energy homeostasis, and challenged by sensitivity to food reward, and to modulatory factors such as circadian misalignment, high altitude, environmental temperature, and physical activity. Food reward and circadian misalignment increase the risk for overweight and obesity, while high altitude, changes in environmental temperature, or physical activity modulate energy balance in different directions. Modulations by hypobaric hypoxia, lowering environmental temperature, or increasing physical activity have been hypothesized to contribute to body weight loss and management, yet no clear evidence has been shown. Dietary approach as part of a lifestyle approach for body weight management should imply reduction of energy intake including control of food reward, thereby sustaining satiety and fat free body mass, sustaining energy expenditure. Green tea catechins and capsaicin in red pepper in part meet these requirements by sustaining energy expenditure and increasing fat oxidation, while capsaicin also suppresses hunger and food intake. Protein intake of at least 0,8 g/kg body weight meets these requirements in that it, during decreased energy intake, increases food intake control including control of food reward, and counteracts adaptive thermogenesis. Prevention of overweight and obesity is underscored by dietary restraint, implying control of sensitivity to challenges to energy balance such as food reward and circadian misalignment. Treatment of overweight and obesity may be possible using a medium-high protein diet (0,8-1,2 g/kg), together with increased dietary restraint, while controlling challenges to energy balance.
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Arentson-Lantz EJ, Galvan E, Ellison J, Wacher A, Paddon-Jones D. Improving Dietary Protein Quality Reduces the Negative Effects of Physical Inactivity on Body Composition and Muscle Function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1605-1611. [PMID: 30689727 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brief periods of physical inactivity can compromise muscle health. Increasing dietary protein intake is potentially beneficial but complicated by difficulties reconciling anabolic potential with a realistic food volume and energy intake. We sought to determine whether increasing dietary protein quality could reduce the negative effects of physical inactivity. METHODS Twenty healthy, older men and women completed 7 days of bed rest followed by 5 days of rehabilitation. Volunteers consumed a mixed macronutrient diet (MIXED: N = 10; 68 ± 2 years; 1,722 ± 29 kcal/day; 0.97 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day) or an isoenergetic, whey-augmented, higher protein quality diet (WHEY: N = 10; 69 ± 1 years; 1,706 ± 23 kcal/day; 0.90 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day). Outcomes included body composition, blood glucose, insulin, and a battery of physical function tests. RESULTS During bed rest, both groups experienced a 20% reduction in knee extension peak torque (p < .05). The WHEY diet partially protected leg lean mass (-1,035 vs. -680 ± 138 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .08) and contributed to a greater loss of body fat (-90 vs. -233 ± 152 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p < .05). Following rehabilitation, knee extension peak torque in the WHEY group fully recovered (-10.0 vs. 2.2 ± 4.1 Nm, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .05). Blood glucose, insulin, aerobic capacity, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) changes were similar in both dietary conditions (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Improving protein quality without increasing total energy intake has the potential to partially counter some of the negative effects of bed rest in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Elfego Galvan
- Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | | | - Adam Wacher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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Park S, Church DD, Azhar G, Schutzler SE, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR. Anabolic response to essential amino acid plus whey protein composition is greater than whey protein alone in young healthy adults. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:9. [PMID: 32041644 PMCID: PMC7011510 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-0340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have determined the acute response of protein kinetics to one or two servings (6.3 g and 12.6 g) of a proprietary composition containing free-form essential amino acids (EAA) (3.2 g EAA per serving) and whey protein (2.4 g per serving), as well as the response to consumption of a popular whey-based protein supplement (Gatorade Recover) (17 g; 12.6 g protein). Methods Whole-body rates of protein synthesis, breakdown and net balance (taken to be the anabolic response) were determined using primed-constant infusions of 2H5-phenylalnine and 2H2-tyrosine. Muscle protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) was also determined with the 2H5-phenylalanine tracer. Results Plasma EAA levels increased following consumption of all beverages, with the greatest response in the high-dose EAA/protein composition. Similarly, the increase in net balance between whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown was greatest following consumption of the high-dose EAA/protein composition, while the low-dose EAA/protein composition and Gatorade Recover induced similar increases in net balance. When the net balance response was normalized for the total amount of product given, the high- and low-dose EAA/protein beverages were approximately 6- and 3-fold more anabolic than the Gatorade Recover, respectively. The greater anabolic response to the EAA/protein composition was due to greater increases in whole-body protein synthesis with both doses, and a markedly greater suppression of whole-body protein breakdown in the high-dose group. Muscle protein FSR after beverage consumption reflected changes in whole-body protein synthesis, with the larger EAA/protein dose significantly increasing FSR. Conclusion We conclude that a composition of a balanced EAA formulation combined with whey protein is highly anabolic as compared to a whey protein-based recovery product, and that the response is dose-dependent. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03502941. This trial was registered on April 19, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Park
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Slot 748, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Scott E Schutzler
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
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Enzymatic production of bioactive peptides from scotta, an exhausted by-product of ricotta cheese processing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226834. [PMID: 31887121 PMCID: PMC6936807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work reports the enzymatic valorisation of the protein fraction of scotta, a dairy by-product representing the exhausted liquid residue of ricotta production. Scotta was subjected to ultra-filtration with membrane cut-offs from 500 to 4 kDa and the obtained protein-enriched fractions were used for the optimization of enzyme-based digestions aimed at producing potentially bioactive peptides. Nine different commercial proteases were tested and the best digestion conditions were selected based on protein yield, fraction bioactivity and foreseen scale up processing costs. Scale up of the 3% Pancreatin or 5% Papain processes was performed up to 2 L (37°C or 60°C respectively, 1 h incubation), and the digestion efficiency increased with the reaction volume as well as antioxidant activity (up to 60 gBSA eq/L and to 1.7 gAA eq/L). Retentate 1 digested fractions also showed, for the first time in dairy-based peptides, anti-tyrosinase activity, up to 0.14 gKA eq/L. Digested proteins were sub-fractionated by means of physical membrane separations and 30-10 kDa fraction from Papain treatment showed the highest antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. The peptide sequence of the most bioactive fractions was achieved.
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Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Blahnik ZJ. Effect of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® combined with four weeks of resistance training on lean body mass, maximal strength, mircoRNA expression, and serum IGF-1 in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:54. [PMID: 31744521 PMCID: PMC6862793 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to determine if 4 weeks of consumption of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® (BMB; Vital Pharmaceuticals Inc., Weston, FL) combined with resistance training resulted in greater increases in muscle mass and maximal strength compared with resistance training combined with placebo (PLA). Additionally, we aimed to determine if BMB ingestion combined with resistance training preferentially altered resting skeletal muscle expression of microRNAs (miRs) or resting serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Methods Sixteen recreationally-active men completed the study. The study employed a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. Participants completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of resistance exercise combined with daily supplementation of BMB or PLA. At each testing session, hemodynamics, body composition, and muscle and blood samples were obtained followed by strength assessments of the lower- and upper-body via measurement of squat and bench press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), respectively. A separate general linear model was utilized for analysis of each variable to determine the effect of each supplement (between-factor) over time (within-factor) using an a priori probability level of ≤0.05. Results No significant effects were observed for dietary intake, hemodynamics, fat mass, body fat percentage, or serum IGF-1. A greater increase in total body mass (3.19 kg, 95% CI, 1.98 kg, 4.40 kg vs. 0.44 kg, 95% CI, − 0.50 kg, 1.39 kg) and lean body mass (3.15 kg, 95% CI, 1.80 kg, 4.49 kg vs. 0.89 kg, 95% CI, − 0.14 kg, 1.93 kg) was observed for the BMB group compared with PLA (p < 0.01). A significant increase over time was observed for miR-23a (p = 0.02) and miR-23b (p = 0.05) expression. A greater increase in squat 1-RM was observed for the BMB group (23.86 kg, 95% CI, 16.75 kg, 30.97 kg) compared with the PLA group (14.20 kg, 95% CI, 7.04 kg, 21.37 kg, p = 0.04). Conclusions BMB supplementation combined with resistance exercise training for 4 weeks resulted in superior adaptations in maximal strength and LBM compared with resistance training with a placebo. No adverse resting hemodynamic or clinical blood safety markers were observed as a result of BMB supplementation. The superior outcomes associated with BMB supplementation could not be explained by resting serum IGF-1 or the skeletal muscle miRs measured, although resting miR-23a and miR-23b expression both increased as a result of resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Sarah K McKinley-Barnard
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Zachary J Blahnik
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
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Hidayat K, Du X, Shi BM. Milk in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: The potential role of milk proteins. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3187. [PMID: 31111646 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, diabetes mellitus is not only considered a leading cause of mortality and morbidities but has also created a substantial economic burden. There is growing evidence that foods and their components can be implemented in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Increased dairy consumption has been linked to a lower risk of T2DM. The protective role of dairy foods in the development of T2DM is thought to be largely attributable to dairy nutrients, one of them being dairy protein. There is considerable evidence that milk proteins increase the postprandial insulin response and lower the postprandial blood glucose response in both healthy subjects and patients with T2DM. The exact mechanisms by which milk proteins lower postprandial glucose levels are yet to established; however, the amino acids and bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins are thought to modify a physiological milieu, which includes delayed gastric emptying and the enhancement of incretin and insulin responses, consequently leading to lower postprandial glucose levels. The present review will focus on providing a clear presentation of the potential implementation of milk proteins as a dietary supplement in the prevention and management of T2DM by summarizing the relevant supporting evidence for this particular topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemayanto Hidayat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuan Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bi-Min Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Bartholomae E, Incollingo A, Vizcaino M, Wharton C, Johnston CS. Mung Bean Protein Supplement Improves Muscular Strength in Healthy, Underactive Vegetarian Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102423. [PMID: 31614532 PMCID: PMC6836142 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vegetarian diets are considered generally protective against chronic disease, nutrient deficiencies, including protein, are possible due to low bioavailability from plant-based sources. The consequences of inadequate dietary protein include reduced lean body mass (LBM) and muscle weakness. This study examined relationships between protein intake, strength, and LBM in 37 underactive vegetarians and recorded the impact of protein supplementation (18 g/day mung bean protein) on these indices utilizing an eight-week, randomized, controlled, feeding trial. Both handgrip and knee flexor and extensor strength were measured at baseline and week eight. At baseline, LBM was significantly related to grams of protein consumed daily. LBM was also correlated to grip strength (r = 0.569, p < 0.001) and lower body strength (r = 0.763 to 0.784; p < 0.001). Twenty-five vegetarians completed the feeding trial, including 11 in the protein supplementation group (PRO) and 14 in the control group (CON). At the end of the trial, LBM and strength did not differ significantly between groups. However, the average percent change for grip, flexor, and extensor strength did differ between PRO and CON participants (+2.9 ± 7.2% and −2.6 ± 7.3% respectively, p = 0.05). Thus, there were strong associations between dietary protein, LBM, and strength in vegetarians and an indication that supplementary vegetarian protein increased strength in the absence of exercise and independent of LBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartholomae
- College of Health Solutions, Nutrition Program, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - April Incollingo
- College of Health Solutions, Radical Simplicity Lab, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Maricarmen Vizcaino
- College of Health Solutions, Radical Simplicity Lab, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Christopher Wharton
- College of Health Solutions, Radical Simplicity Lab, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Nutrition Program, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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Paddon-Jones D, Layman DK. Branched-chain ketoacid ingestion: an alternative to efficiently increase skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:799-800. [PMID: 31504096 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
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Abstract
Purpose
This paper is a systemic review on enset plant’s role in Ethiopian people’s life as the source of food. This paper aims to summarize the traditional processing and preparation methods of enset-based foods and their nutritional composition.
Design/methodology/approach
Available scientific articles were collected and reviewed for enset plant evaluation, description, enset plant’s role in Ethiopian people’s food security, post harvesting and traditional processing of enset plants, microbiology of the fermented enset foods, different foods reported from enset, nutritional profile of the three food from enset base (kocho, bulla and amicho) and other non-food applications of enset plant.
Findings
Enset plant has a predominant role in people living in the southern part of Ethiopia. This plant is drought-tolerant and provides many non-food applications. Harvesting of the enset plant, preparing for fermentation and food preparations follow the traditional route by using the indigenous knowledge and practices. Limited studies have been reported on the microbiology of the enset fermentation, but various types of microbes have been reported. In case of nutritional composition, foods from enset are reported to contain high carbohydrate and minerals content, such as calcium, potassium and zinc, but limited protein content; they are also the best source of the essential amino acids such as lysine and leucine. Limited data are available on vitamins, anti-oxidant and fatty acids profiles of enset-based foods. The existing data indicate variations, and the reasons for variability are discussed in this paper.
Originality/value
Scientific reviews on enset food nutrition profile and related issues are scarce; this paper will compile information about enset plant-based foods for researchers for their future research.
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Jonker R, Deutz NEP, Schols AMWJ, Veley EA, Harrykissoon R, Zachria AJ, Engelen MPKJ. Whole body protein anabolism in COPD patients and healthy older adults is not enhanced by adding either carbohydrates or leucine to a serving of protein. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:1684-1691. [PMID: 30150004 PMCID: PMC6377853 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Carbohydrates (CHO) and leucine (LEU) both have insulinotropic properties, and could therefore enhance the protein anabolic capacity of dietary proteins, which are important nutrients in preventing muscle loss in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). LEU is also known to activate protein anabolic signaling pathways independent of insulin. Based on our previous findings in COPD, we hypothesized that whole body protein anabolism is enhanced to a comparable extent by the separate and combined co-ingestion of CHO and LEU with protein. METHODS To disentangle the protein anabolic effects of CHO and/or free LEU when co-ingested with a high-quality protein, we studied 10 patients with moderate to very severe COPD and dyspnea (GOLD: II-IV, mMRC dyspnea scale ≥ 2), at risk for muscle loss, and 10 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. On four occasions, in a single-blind randomized crossover design, each subject ingested a drink containing 0.6 g/kg fat-free mass (ffm) hydrolyzed casein protein with, a) no add-ons (protein), b) 0.3 g/kg ffm CHO (protein + CHO), c) 0.095 g/kg ffm leucine (protein + LEU), d) both add-ons (protein + CHO + LEU). Whole body protein breakdown (PB), protein synthesis (PS), and net protein balance (= PS - PB) were measured by IV primed and continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[13C9,15N]-tyrosine. L-[15N]-phenylalanine was added to the protein drinks to measure splanchnic extraction. RESULTS In both groups, whole body PS, PB and net protein balance responses were comparable between the four protein drinks, despite higher postprandial plasma LEU concentrations for the LEU supplemented drinks (P < 0.05), and higher insulin concentrations for the CHO supplemented drinks as compared to the protein only drink (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adding CHO and/or LEU to a serving of high-quality protein does not further augment whole body protein anabolism in dyspneic COPD patients at risk for muscle loss or healthy older adults. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No. NCT01734473; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Jonker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Veley
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rajesh Harrykissoon
- Center for Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders, College Station Medical Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Zachria
- Center for Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders, College Station Medical Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Heruc GA, Little TJ, Kohn MR, Madden S, Clarke SD, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of starvation and short-term refeeding on gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose regulation in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E565-E573. [PMID: 29969316 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00149.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial glucose is reduced in malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), but the mechanisms and duration for this remain unclear. We examined blood glucose, gastric emptying, and glucoregulatory hormone changes in malnourished patients with AN and during 2 wk of acute refeeding compared with healthy controls (HCs). Twenty-two female adolescents with AN and 17 age-matched female HCs were assessed after a 4-h fast. Patients were commenced on a refeeding protocol of 2,400 kcal/day. Gastric emptying (13C-octanoate breath test), glucose absorption (3-O-methylglucose), blood glucose, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses to a mixed-nutrient test meal were measured on admission and 1 and 2 wk after refeeding. HCs were assessed once. On admission, patients had slower gastric emptying, lower postprandial glucose and insulin, and higher glucagon and GLP-1 than HCs ( P < 0.05). In patients with AN, the rise in glucose (0-30 min) correlated with gastric emptying ( P < 0.05). With refeeding, postprandial glucose and 3-O-methylglucose were higher, gastric emptying faster, and baseline insulin and C-peptide less ( P < 0.05), compared with admission. After 2 wk of refeeding, postprandial glucose remained lower, and glucagon and GLP-1 higher, in patients with AN than HCs ( P < 0.05) without differences in gastric emptying, baseline glucagon, or postprandial insulin. Delayed gastric emptying may underlie reduced postprandial glucose in starved patients with AN; however, postprandial glucose and glucoregulatory hormone changes persist after 2 wk of refeeding despite improved gastric emptying. Future research should explore whether reduced postprandial glucose in AN is related to medical risk by examining associated symptoms alongside continuous glucose monitoring during refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella A Heruc
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health , Adelaide, SA , Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Tanya J Little
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Michael R Kohn
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney, NSW , Australia
- Westmead Hospital , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Sloane Madden
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | | | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health , Adelaide, SA , Australia
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Franzke B, Neubauer O, Cameron-Smith D, Wagner KH. Dietary Protein, Muscle and Physical Function in the Very Old. Nutrients 2018; 10:E935. [PMID: 30037048 PMCID: PMC6073115 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. An increasing body of experimental studies on skeletal muscle protein metabolism as well as epidemiological data suggest that protein requirements with ageing might be greater than many current dietary recommendations. Importantly, none of the intervention studies in this context specifically investigated very old individuals. Data on the fastest growing age group of the oldest old (aged 85 years and older) is very limited. In this review, we examine the current evidence on protein intake for preserving muscle mass, strength and function in older individuals, with emphasis on data in the very old. Available observational data suggest beneficial effects of a higher protein intake with physical function in the oldest old. Whilst, studies estimating protein requirements in old and very old individuals based on whole-body measurements, show no differences between these sub-populations of elderly. However, small sample sizes preclude drawing firm conclusions. Experimental studies that compared muscle protein synthetic (MPS) responses to protein ingestion in young and old adults suggest that a higher relative protein intake is required to maximally stimulate skeletal muscle MPS in the aged. Although, data on MPS responses to protein ingestion in the oldest old are currently lacking. Collectively, the data reviewed for this article support the concept that there is a close interaction of physical activity, diet, function and ageing. An attractive hypothesis is that regular physical activity may preserve and even enhance the responsiveness of ageing skeletal muscle to protein intake, until very advanced age. More research involving study participants particularly aged ≥85 years is warranted to better investigate and determine protein requirements in this specific growing population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Franzke
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Oliver Neubauer
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Leucine Supplementation Does Not Attenuate Skeletal Muscle Loss during Leg Immobilization in Healthy, Young Men. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050635. [PMID: 29772844 PMCID: PMC5986514 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short successive periods of physical inactivity occur throughout life and contribute considerably to the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass. The maintenance of muscle mass during brief periods of disuse is required to prevent functional decline and maintain metabolic health. OBJECTIVE To assess whether daily leucine supplementation during a short period of disuse can attenuate subsequent muscle loss in vivo in humans. METHODS Thirty healthy (22 ± 1 y) young males were exposed to a 7-day unilateral knee immobilization intervention by means of a full leg cast with (LEU, n = 15) or without (CON, n = 15) daily leucine supplementation (2.5 g leucine, three times daily). Prior to and directly after immobilization, quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (computed tomography (CT) scan) and leg strength (one-repetition maximum (1-RM)) were assessed. Furthermore, muscle biopsies were taken in both groups before and after immobilization to assess changes in type I and type II muscle fiber CSA. RESULTS Quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) declined in the CON and LEU groups (p < 0.01), with no differences between the two groups (from 7712 ± 324 to 7287 ± 305 mm² and from 7643 ± 317 to 7164 ± 328 mm²; p = 0.61, respectively). Leg muscle strength decreased from 56 ± 4 to 53 ± 4 kg in the CON group and from 63 ± 3 to 55 ± 2 kg in the LEU group (main effect of time p < 0.01), with no differences between the groups (p = 0.052). Type I and II muscle fiber size did not change significantly over time, in both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Free leucine supplementation with each of the three main meals (7.5 g/d) does not attenuate the decline of muscle mass and strength during a 7-day limb immobilization intervention.
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Vliet SV, Beals JW, Martinez IG, Skinner SK, Burd NA. Achieving Optimal Post-Exercise Muscle Protein Remodeling in Physically Active Adults through Whole Food Consumption. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020224. [PMID: 29462924 PMCID: PMC5852800 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein ingestion is critical to maintaining the quality and quantity of skeletal muscle mass throughout adult life. The performance of acute exercise enhances muscle protein remodeling by stimulating protein synthesis rates for several hours after each bout, which can be optimized by consuming protein during the post-exercise recovery period. To date, the majority of the evidence regarding protein intake to optimize post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates is limited to isolated protein sources. However, it is more common to ingest whole food sources of protein within a normal eating pattern. Emerging evidence demonstrates a promising role for the ingestion of whole foods as an effective nutritional strategy to support muscle protein remodeling and recovery after exercise. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of the ingestion of nutrient-rich and protein-dense whole foods to support post-exercise muscle protein remodeling and recovery with pertinence towards physically active people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
| | - Isabel G Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Sarah K Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Drummen M, Tischmann L, Gatta-Cherifi B, Adam T, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Dietary Protein and Energy Balance in Relation to Obesity and Co-morbidities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:443. [PMID: 30127768 PMCID: PMC6087750 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is effective for body-weight management, in that it promotes satiety, energy expenditure, and changes body-composition in favor of fat-free body mass. With respect to body-weight management, the effects of diets varying in protein differ according to energy balance. During energy restriction, sustaining protein intake at the level of requirement appears to be sufficient to aid body weight loss and fat loss. An additional increase of protein intake does not induce a larger loss of body weight, but can be effective to maintain a larger amount of fat-free mass. Protein induced satiety is likely a combined expression with direct and indirect effects of elevated plasma amino acid and anorexigenic hormone concentrations, increased diet-induced thermogenesis, and ketogenic state, all feed-back on the central nervous system. The decline in energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate as a result of body weight loss is less on a high-protein than on a medium-protein diet. In addition, higher rates of energy expenditure have been observed as acute responses to energy-balanced high-protein diets. In energy balance, high protein diets may be beneficial to prevent the development of a positive energy balance, whereas low-protein diets may facilitate this. High protein-low carbohydrate diets may be favorable for the control of intrahepatic triglyceride IHTG in healthy humans, likely as a result of combined effects involving changes in protein and carbohydrate intake. Body weight loss and subsequent weight maintenance usually shows favorable effects in relation to insulin sensitivity, although some risks may be present. Promotion of insulin sensitivity beyond its effect on body-weight loss and subsequent body-weight maintenance seems unlikely. In conclusion, higher-protein diets may reduce overweight and obesity, yet whether high-protein diets, beyond their effect on body-weight management, contribute to prevention of increases in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Drummen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lea Tischmann
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tanja Adam
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
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Practical nutritional recovery strategies for elite soccer players when limited time separates repeated matches. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:35. [PMID: 28919844 PMCID: PMC5596842 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific guidelines that aim to facilitate the recovery of soccer players from the demands of training and a congested fixture schedule are lacking; especially in relation to evidence-based nutritional recommendations. The importance of repeated high level performance and injury avoidance while addressing the challenges of fixture scheduling, travel to away venues, and training commitments requires a strategic and practically feasible method of implementing specific nutritional strategies. Here we present evidence-based guidelines regarding nutritional recovery strategies within the context of soccer. An emphasis is placed on providing practically applicable guidelines for facilitation of recovery when multiple matches are played within a short period of time (i.e. 48 h). Following match-play, the restoration of liver and muscle glycogen stores (via consumption of ~1.2 g⋅kg−1⋅h−1 of carbohydrate) and augmentation of protein synthesis (via ~40 g of protein) should be prioritised in the first 20 min of recovery. Daily intakes of 6–10 g⋅kg−1 body mass of carbohydrate are recommended when limited time separates repeated matches while daily protein intakes of >1.5 g⋅kg−1 body mass should be targeted; possibly in the form of multiple smaller feedings (e.g., 6 × 20–40 g). At least 150% of the body mass lost during exercise should be consumed within 1 h and electrolytes added such that fluid losses are ameliorated. Strategic use of protein, leucine, creatine, polyphenols and omega-3 supplements could also offer practical means of enhancing post-match recovery.
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Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:30. [PMID: 28852372 PMCID: PMC5568273 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are leucine, valine and isoleucine. A multi-million dollar industry of nutritional supplements has grown around the concept that dietary supplements of BCAAs alone produce an anabolic response in humans driven by a stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. In this brief review the theoretical and empirical bases for that claim are discussed. Theoretically, the maximal stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in response to BCAAs alone is the difference between muscle protein breakdown and muscle protein synthesis (about 30% greater than synthesis), because the other EAAs required for synthesis of new protein can only be derived from muscle protein breakdown. Realistically, a maximal increase in muscle protein synthesis of 30% is an over-estimate because the obligatory oxidation of EAAs can never be completely suppressed. An extensive search of the literature has revealed no studies in human subjects in which the response of muscle protein synthesis to orally-ingested BCAAs alone was quantified, and only two studies in which the effect of intravenously infused BCAAs alone was assessed. Both of these intravenous infusion studies found that BCAAs decreased muscle protein synthesis as well as protein breakdown, meaning a decrease in muscle protein turnover. The catabolic state in which the rate of muscle protein breakdown exceeded the rate of muscle protein synthesis persisted during BCAA infusion. We conclude that the claim that consumption of dietary BCAAs stimulates muscle protein synthesis or produces an anabolic response in human subjects is unwarranted.
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French WW, Dridi S, Shouse SA, Wu H, Hawley A, Lee SO, Gu X, Baum JI. A High-Protein Diet Reduces Weight Gain, Decreases Food Intake, Decreases Liver Fat Deposition, and Improves Markers of Muscle Metabolism in Obese Zucker Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:E587. [PMID: 28594375 PMCID: PMC5490566 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary factor in controlling and preventing obesity is through dietary manipulation. Diets higher in protein have been shown to improve body composition and metabolic health during weight loss. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a high-protein diet versus a moderate-protein diet on muscle, liver and fat metabolism and glucose regulation using the obese Zucker rat. Twelve-week old, male, Zucker (fa/fa) and lean control (Fa/fa) rats were randomly assigned to either a high-protein (40% energy) or moderate-protein (20% energy) diet for 12 weeks, with a total of four groups: lean 20% protein (L20; n = 8), lean 40% protein (L40; n = 10), obese 20% protein (O20; n = 8), and obese 40% protein (O40; n = 10). At the end of 12 weeks, animals were fasted and euthanized. There was no difference in food intake between L20 and L40. O40 rats gained less weight and had lower food intake (p < 0.05) compared to O20. O40 rats had lower liver weight (p < 0.05) compared to O20. However, O40 rats had higher orexin (p < 0.05) levels compared to L20, L40 and O20. Rats in the L40 and O40 groups had less liver and muscle lipid deposition compared to L20 and L40 diet rats, respectively. O40 had decreased skeletal muscle mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) phosphorylation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mRNA expression compared to O20 (p < 0.05), with no difference in 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), protein kinase B (Akt) or p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) phosphorylation. The data suggest that high-protein diets have the potential to reduce weight gain and alter metabolism, possibly through regulation of an mTORC1-dependent pathway in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W French
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center for Poultry Excellence, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Shouse
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Hexirui Wu
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Aubree Hawley
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Sun-Ok Lee
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Xuan Gu
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Jamie I Baum
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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Dairy products, satiety and food intake: A meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2017; 36:389-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wan J, Chen D, Yu B, Luo Y, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, He J. Leucine Protects Against Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rats. J Med Food 2016; 20:93-101. [PMID: 28009536 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a decrease in muscle mass that occurs when protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis. Leucine (Leu), an essential branched-chain amino acid in animal nutrition, regulates skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate whether Leu could alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced skeletal muscle wasting by modulating skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation. A total of 24 rats were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 8): (1) non-challenged control; (2) LPS-challenged control; and (3) LPS +3.0% Leu. Rats were fed with control or Leu-supplemented (part of the casein was replaced with 3.0% Leu) diets throughout the trial and were injected intraperitoneally with sterile saline or LPS at days 6, 11, 16, and 21. On the morning of day 22, serum samples were collected and rats were then sacrificed for liver and muscle analysis. In vitro protein degradation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity, and proteolytic enzyme activities of the muscles from immune-challenged rats were also measured. Our results showed that the LPS challenge resulted in not only enhanced serum interleukin-1 and liver C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations but also decreased the average daily body weight gain and muscle fiber diameter. However, dietary Leu inclusion attenuated the increase in CRP level and the decrease in muscle fiber diameter. Importantly, the LPS challenge caused a significant elevation in the muscle proteolysis rate, but dietary Leu supplementation significantly blocked the muscle proteolysis. The mRNA expression of NF-κB, muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), and muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1) was upregulated by the LPS challenge in gastrocnemius muscles, but was downregulated by Leu supplementation. Interestingly, when muscles from the LPS-challenged rats were incubated with Leu in vitro, proteasome-, calpain-, and cathepsin-L-dependent muscle proteolysis and NF-κB activity were decreased. Collectively, the data suggest that Leu supplementation could inhibit excessive skeletal muscle degradation, as well as enhance protein synthesis and, thus, attenuate the negative effects caused by the LPS-induced immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, China
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Naderi A, de Oliveira EP, Ziegenfuss TN, Willems MT. Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-12. [PMID: 28150472 PMCID: PMC5545206 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present narrative review was to consider the evidence on the timing, optimal dose and intake duration of the main dietary supplements in sports nutrition, i.e. β-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein. [Methods] This review article focuses on timing, optimal dose and intake duration of main dietary supplements in sports nutrition. [Results] This paper reviewed the evidence to determine the optimal time, efficacy doses and intake duration for sports supplements verified by scientific evidence that report a performance enhancing effect in both situation of laboratory and training settings. [Conclusion] Consumption of the supplements are usually suggested into 5 specific times, such as pre-exercise (nitrate, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein), during exercise (carbohydrate), post-exercise (creatine, carbohydrate, protein), meal time (β-alanine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, nitrate, carbohydrate and protein), and before sleep (protein). In addition, the recommended dosing protocol for the supplements nitrate and β-alanine are fixed amounts irrespective of body weight, while dosing protocol for sodium bicarbonate, caffeine and creatine supplements are related to corrected body weight (mg/kg bw). Also, intake duration is suggested for creatine and β-alanine, being effective in chronic daily time < 2 weeks while caffeine, sodium bicarbonate are effective in acute daily time (1-3 hours). Plus, ingestion of nitrate supplement is required in both chronic daily time < 28 days and acute daily time (2- 2.5 h) prior exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - MarkE T Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, United Kingdom
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Cooper LAM, Brown SL, Hocking E, Mullen AC. The role of exercise, milk, dairy foods and constituent proteins on the prevention and management of sarcopenia. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L Brown
- The Dairy Council; 210 High Holborn WC1V 7EP London UK
| | - Erica Hocking
- The Dairy Council; 210 High Holborn WC1V 7EP London UK
| | - Anne C Mullen
- The Dairy Council; 210 High Holborn WC1V 7EP London UK
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47
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Leucine supplementation is anti-atrophic during paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats. Amino Acids 2015; 48:949-957. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ballard KD, Bruno RS. Protective role of dairy and its constituents on vascular function independent of blood pressure-lowering activities. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:36-50. [PMID: 26024056 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Greater intakes of dairy are frequently associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. These observational studies have served as the basis for controlled interventions aimed at defining the cardioprotective mechanisms of dairy. Understanding these relationships is of public health importance because most of the US population fails to meet dietary recommendations for dairy, suggesting that many individuals could lower their cardiovascular disease risk by relatively simple dietary modification. Clinical studies investigating the acute ingestion of dairy or its constituents, including short-term (≤2 week) supplementation studies or those assessing postprandial responses, have largely shown benefits on vascular function without concomitant improvements in blood pressure. Chronic interventions have been less conclusive, with some showing benefits and others indicating a lack of improvement in vascular function regardless of blood pressure changes. Vasoprotective activities of dairy are likely mediated through improvements in nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Future controlled studies are needed to determine if these health benefits are mediated directly by dairy or indirectly by displacing other dietary components that otherwise impair vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Ballard
- K.D. Ballard is with the Division of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA. R.S. Bruno is with the Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- K.D. Ballard is with the Division of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA. R.S. Bruno is with the Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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49
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Mignone LE, Wu T, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Whey protein: The “whey” forward for treatment of type 2 diabetes? World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1274-1284. [PMID: 26516411 PMCID: PMC4620107 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i14.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A cost-effective nutritional approach to improve postprandial glycaemia is attractive considering the rising burden of diabetes throughout the world. Whey protein, a by-product of the cheese-making process, can be used to manipulate gut function in order to slow gastric emptying and stimulate incretin hormone secretion, thereby attenuating postprandial glycaemic excursions. The function of the gastrointestinal tract plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, particularly during the postprandial period, and this review will discuss the mechanisms by which whey protein slows gastric emptying and stimulates release of gut peptides, including the incretins. Whey protein is also a rich source of amino acids, and these can directly stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin, which contributes to the reduction in postprandial glycaemia. Appetite is suppressed with consumption of whey, due to its effects on the gut-brain axis and the hypothalamus. These properties of whey protein suggest its potential in the management of type 2 diabetes. However, the optimal dose and timing of whey protein ingestion are yet to be defined, and studies are required to examine the long-term benefits of whey consumption for overall glycaemic control.
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Columbus DA, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Suryawan A, Nguyen HV, Hernandez-Garcia A, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Impact of prolonged leucine supplementation on protein synthesis and lean growth in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E601-10. [PMID: 26374843 PMCID: PMC4572453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00089.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most low-birth weight infants experience extrauterine growth failure due to reduced nutrient intake as a result of feeding intolerance. The objective of this study was to determine whether prolonged enteral leucine supplementation improves lean growth in neonatal pigs fed a restricted protein diet. Neonatal pigs (n = 14-16/diet, 5 days old, 1.8 ± 0.3 kg) were fed by gastric catheter a whey-based milk replacement diet with either a high protein (HP) or restricted protein (RP) content or RP supplemented with leucine to the same level as in the HP diet (RPL). Pigs were fed 40 ml·kg body wt(-1)·meal(-1) every 4 h for 21 days. Feeding the HP diet resulted in greater total body weight and lean body mass compared with RP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). Masses of the longissimus dorsi muscle, heart, and kidneys were greater in the HP- than RP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). Body weight, lean body mass, and masses of the longissimus dorsi, heart, and kidneys in pigs fed the RPL diet were intermediate to RP- and HP-fed pigs. Protein synthesis and mTOR signaling were increased in all muscles with feeding (P < 0.05); leucine supplementation increased mTOR signaling and protein synthesis rate in the longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05). There was no effect of diet on indices of protein degradation signaling in any tissue (P > 0.05). Thus, when protein intake is chronically restricted, the capacity for leucine supplementation to enhance muscle protein accretion in neonatal pigs that are meal-fed milk protein-based diets is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Columbus
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Agus Suryawan
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Adriana Hernandez-Garcia
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa A Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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