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Witkop EM, Diggins K, Wiedeman A, Serti E, Nepom G, Gersuk VH, Fuchs B, Long SA, Linsley PS. Interconnected lineage trajectories link conventional and natural killer (NK)-like exhausted CD8 + T cells beneficial in type 1 diabetes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:773. [PMID: 38937521 PMCID: PMC11211332 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinct Natural Killer (NK)-like CD57+ and PD-1+ CD8+ exhausted-like T cell populations (Tex) have both been linked to beneficial immunotherapy response in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. The origins and relationships between these cell types are poorly understood. Here we show that while PD-1+ and CD57+ Tex populations are epigenetically similar, CD57+ Tex cells display unique increased chromatin accessibility of inhibitory Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (iKIR) and other NK cell genes. PD-1+ and CD57+ Tex also show reciprocal expression of Inhibitory Receptors (IRs) and iKIRs accompanied by chromatin accessibility of Tcf1 and Tbet transcription factor target sites, respectively. CD57+ Tex show unappreciated gene expression heterogeneity and share clonal relationships with PD-1+ Tex, with these cells differentiating along four interconnected lineage trajectories: Tex-PD-1+, Tex-CD57+, Tex-Branching, and Tex-Fluid. Our findings demonstrate new relationships between Tex-like populations in human autoimmune disease and suggest that modulating common precursor populations may enhance response to autoimmune disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Witkop
- Benaroya Research Institute, Systems Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kirsten Diggins
- Benaroya Research Institute, Systems Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alice Wiedeman
- Benaroya Research Institute, Translational Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gerald Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute, Translational Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vivian H Gersuk
- Benaroya Research Institute, Genomics Core, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryce Fuchs
- Benaroya Research Institute, Translational Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute, Translational Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Linsley
- Benaroya Research Institute, Systems Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Yang K, Zhang Y, Ding J, Li Z, Zhang H, Zou F. Autoimmune CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes: from single-cell RNA sequencing to T-cell receptor redirection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1377322. [PMID: 38800484 PMCID: PMC11116783 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1377322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by pancreatic β cell destruction and mediated primarily by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. It has been shown that only a small number of stem cell-like β cell-specific CD8+ T cells are needed to convert normal mice into T1D mice; thus, it is likely that T1D can be cured or significantly improved by modulating or altering self-reactive CD8+ T cells. However, stem cell-type, effector and exhausted CD8+ T cells play intricate and important roles in T1D. The highly diverse T-cell receptors (TCRs) also make precise and stable targeted therapy more difficult. Therefore, this review will investigate the mechanisms of autoimmune CD8+ T cells and TCRs in T1D, as well as the related single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-Seq), CRISPR/Cas9, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) and T-cell receptor-gene engineered T cells (TCR-T), for a detailed and clear overview. This review highlights that targeting CD8+ T cells and their TCRs may be a potential strategy for predicting or treating T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangping Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiatong Ding
- The Second Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zelin Li
- The First Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hejin Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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3
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Layug PJ, Vats H, Kannan K, Arsenio J. Sex differences in CD8 + T cell responses during adaptive immunity. WIREs Mech Dis 2024:e1645. [PMID: 38581141 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Biological sex is an important variable that influences the immune system's susceptibility to infectious and non-infectious diseases and their outcomes. Sex dimorphic features in innate and adaptive immune cells and their activities may help to explain sex differences in immune responses. T lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system are essential to providing protection against infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, T cell responses are discussed with focus on the current knowledge of biological sex differences in CD8+ T cell mediated adaptive immune responses in infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. Future directions aimed at investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex differences in diverse T cell responses will continue to underscore the significance of understanding sex differences in protective immunity at the cellular level, to induce appropriate T cell-based immune responses in infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jerard Layug
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harman Vats
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kamali Kannan
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Janilyn Arsenio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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4
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Baker DE. Teplizumab. Hosp Pharm 2023; 58:549-556. [PMID: 38560539 PMCID: PMC10977057 DOI: 10.1177/00185787231160431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433.
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5
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Singh N, Hocking AM, Buckner JH. Immune-related adverse events after immune check point inhibitors: Understanding the intersection with autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2023; 318:81-88. [PMID: 37493210 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies act through blockade of inhibitory molecules involved in the regulation of T cells, thus releasing tumor specific T cells to destroy their tumor targets. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can also lead to a breach in self-tolerance resulting in immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that include tissue-specific autoimmunity. This review addresses the question of whether the mechanisms that drive ICI-induced irAEs are shared or distinct with those driving spontaneous autoimmunity, focusing on ICI-induced diabetes, ICI-induced arthritis, and ICI-induced thyroiditis due to the wealth of knowledge about the development of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. It reviews current knowledge about role of genetics and autoantibodies in the development of ICI-induced irAEs and presents new studies utilizing single-cell omics approaches to identify T-cell signatures associated with ICI-induced irAEs. Collectively, these studies indicate that there are similarities and differences between ICI-induced irAEs and autoimmune disease and that studying them in parallel will provide important insight into the mechanisms critical for maintaining immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Singh
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M Hocking
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Passeri L, Andolfi G, Bassi V, Russo F, Giacomini G, Laudisa C, Marrocco I, Cesana L, Di Stefano M, Fanti L, Sgaramella P, Vitale S, Ziparo C, Auricchio R, Barera G, Di Nardo G, Troncone R, Gianfrani C, Annoni A, Passerini L, Gregori S. Tolerogenic IL-10-engineered dendritic cell-based therapy to restore antigen-specific tolerance in T cell mediated diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 138:103051. [PMID: 37224733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells play a critical role in promoting antigen-specific tolerance via dampening of T cell responses, induction of pathogenic T cell exhaustion and antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Here we efficiently generate tolerogenic dendritic cells by genetic engineering of monocytes with lentiviral vectors co-encoding for immunodominant antigen-derived peptides and IL-10. These transduced dendritic cells (designated DCIL-10/Ag) secrete IL-10 and efficiently downregulate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses from healthy subjects and celiac disease patients in vitro. In addition, DCIL-10/Ag induce antigen-specific CD49b+LAG-3+ T cells, which display the T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cell gene signature. Administration of DCIL-10/Ag resulted in the induction of antigen-specific Tr1 cells in chimeric transplanted mice and the prevention of type 1 diabetes in pre-clinical disease models. Subsequent transfer of these antigen-specific T cells completely prevented type 1 diabetes development. Collectively these data indicate that DCIL-10/Ag represent a platform to induce stable antigen-specific tolerance to control T-cell mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Passeri
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Andolfi
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Virginia Bassi
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia 50, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Russo
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giacomini
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Laudisa
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marrocco
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Cesana
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Di Stefano
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorella Fanti
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sgaramella
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, via P.Castellino 11, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Ziparo
- NESMOS Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Via Pansini 5, 80131, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziano Barera
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Nardo
- NESMOS Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Via Pansini 5, 80131, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, via P.Castellino 11, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Annoni
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Passerini
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Deligiorgi MV, Trafalis DT. A Concerted Vision to Advance the Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087630. [PMID: 37108792 PMCID: PMC10146255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rubric of immune-related (ir) diabetes mellitus (DM) (irDM) encompasses various hyperglycemic disorders related to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis). Beyond sharing similarities with conventional DM, irDM is a distinct, yet important, entity. The present narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature regarding irDM published in major databases from January 2018 until January 2023. Initially considered rare, irDM is increasingly being reported. To advance the knowledge of irDM, the present review suggests a concerted vision comprising two intertwined aspects: a scientific-centered and a patient-centered view. The scientific-centered aspect addresses the pathophysiology of irDM, integrating: (i) ICPi-induced pancreatic islet autoimmunity in genetically predisposed patients; (ii) altered gut microbiome; (iii) involvement of exocrine pancreas; (iv) immune-related acquired generalized lipodystrophy. The patient-centered aspect is both nurtured by and nurturing the four pillars of the scientific-centered aspect: awareness, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of irDM. The path forward is a multidisciplinary initiative towards: (i) improved characterization of the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological profile of irDM; (ii) standardization of reporting, management, and surveillance protocols for irDM leveraging global registries; (iii) patient stratification according to personalized risk for irDM; (iv) new treatments for irDM; and (v) uncoupling ICPi efficacy from immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Deligiorgi
- Department of Pharmacology-Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Department of Pharmacology-Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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8
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Misra S, Shukla AK. Teplizumab: type 1 diabetes mellitus preventable? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:609-616. [PMID: 37004543 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition driven by T lymphocytes that specifically declines the function of beta cells of pancreas. Immunological treatments aim to stop this decline in β-cell function thus preventing TIDM. Although TIDM occur at any age, it is one of the most common chronic disorders in children. T1DM accounts for 5 to 10% of all cases of diabetes amounting 21-42 million affected persons. Teplizumab is a novel drug recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of T1DM. This drug reduces abnormal glucose tolerance who are at high risk for developing T1DM and have antibodies suggesting an immunological attack on their pancreas. A 14-day infusion of the drug prevents T cells' attack of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Adverse events due to teplizumab reported so far mild and of limited duration. This review gives an overview of the preclinical and clinical research on teplizumab for their role in new-onset T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal, Haryana, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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9
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Vignali PDA, DePeaux K, Watson MJ, Ye C, Ford BR, Lontos K, McGaa NK, Scharping NE, Menk AV, Robson SC, Poholek AC, Rivadeneira DB, Delgoffe GM. Hypoxia drives CD39-dependent suppressor function in exhausted T cells to limit antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:267-279. [PMID: 36543958 PMCID: PMC10402660 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical for elimination of cancer cells. Factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can drive these cells to a hypofunctional state known as exhaustion. The most terminally exhausted T (tTex) cells are resistant to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and might instead limit immunotherapeutic efficacy. Here we show that intratumoral CD8+ tTex cells possess transcriptional features of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and are similarly capable of directly suppressing T cell proliferation ex vivo. tTex cell suppression requires CD39, which generates immunosuppressive adenosine. Restricted deletion of CD39 in endogenous CD8+ T cells resulted in slowed tumor progression, improved immunotherapy responsiveness and enhanced infiltration of transferred tumor-specific T cells. CD39 is induced on tTex cells by tumor hypoxia, thus mitigation of hypoxia limits tTex suppression. Together, these data suggest tTex cells are an important regulatory population in cancer and strategies to limit their generation, reprogram their immunosuppressive state or remove them from the TME might potentiate immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristin DePeaux
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - McLane J Watson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chenxian Ye
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - B Rhodes Ford
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Lontos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole K McGaa
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole E Scharping
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dayana B Rivadeneira
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Gao Z, Feng Y, Xu J, Liang J. T-cell exhaustion in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: New implications for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977394. [PMID: 36211414 PMCID: PMC9538155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases(IMIDs) are referred to as highly disabling chronic diseases affecting different organs and systems. Inappropriate or excessive immune responses with chronic inflammation are typical manifestations. Usually in patients with chronic infection and cancer, due to long-term exposure to persistent antigens and inflammation microenvironment, T-cells are continuously stimulated and gradually differentiate into an exhausted state. Exhausted T-cells gradually lose effector function and characteristics of memory T-cells. However, existing studies have found that exhausted T-cells are not only present in the infection and tumor environment, but also in autoimmunity, and are associated with better prognosis of IMIDs. This suggests new prospects for the application of this reversible process of T-cell exhaustion in the treatment of IMID. This review will focus on the research progress of T-cell exhaustion in several IMIDs and its potential application for diagnosis and treatment in IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyan Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liang, ; Jinhua Xu,
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liang, ; Jinhua Xu,
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11
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Long-Term GAD-alum Treatment Effect on Different T-Cell Subpopulations in Healthy Children Positive for Multiple Beta Cell Autoantibodies. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:3532685. [PMID: 35664355 PMCID: PMC9159828 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3532685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to explore whether recombinant GAD65 conjugated hydroxide (GAD-alum) treatment affected peripheral blood T-cell subpopulations in healthy children with multiple beta cell autoantibodies. Method The Diabetes Prevention–Immune Tolerance 2 (DiAPREV-IT 2) clinical trial enrolled 26 children between 4 and 13 years of age, positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) and at least one other autoantibody (insulin, insulinoma antigen-2, or zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (IAA, IA-2A, or ZnT8A)) at baseline. The children were randomized to two doses of subcutaneously administered GAD-alum treatment or placebo, 30 days apart. Complete blood count (CBC) and immunophenotyping of T-cell subpopulations by flow cytometry were performed regularly during the 24 months of follow-up posttreatment. Cross-sectional analyses were performed comparing lymphocyte and T-cell subpopulations between GAD-alum and placebo-treated subjects. Results GAD-alum-treated children had lower levels of lymphocytes (109 cells/L) (p = 0.006), T-cells (103 cells/μL) (p = 0.008), T-helper cells (103 cells/μL) (p = 0.014), and cytotoxic T-cells (103 cells/μL) (p = 0.023) compared to the placebo-treated children 18 months from first GAD-alum injection. This difference remained 24 months after the first treatment for lymphocytes (p = 0.027), T-cells (p = 0.022), T-helper cells (p = 0.048), and cytotoxic T-cells (p = 0.018). Conclusion Our findings suggest that levels of total T-cells and T-cell subpopulations declined 18 and 24 months after GAD-alum treatment in healthy children with multiple beta-cell autoantibodies including GADA.
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12
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Yang JHM, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Perry DJ, Blanchfield JL, Posgai AL, Wiedeman AE, Diggins K, Rahman A, Tree TIM, Brusko TM, Levings MK, James EA, Kent SC, Speake C, Homann D, Long SA. Guidelines for standardizing T cell cytometry assays to link biomarkers, mechanisms, and disease outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:372-388. [PMID: 35025103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytometric immunophenotyping is a powerful tool to discover and implement T cell biomarkers of type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression and response to clinical therapy. Although many discovery-based T cell biomarkers have been described, to date, no such markers have been widely adopted in standard practice. The heterogeneous nature of T1D and lack of standardized assays and experimental design across studies is a major barrier to the broader adoption of T cell immunophenotyping assays. There is an unmet need to harmonize the design of immunophenotyping assays, including those that measure antigen-agnostic cell populations, such that data collected from different clinical trial sites and T1D cohorts are comparable, yet account for cohort-specific features and different drug mechanisms of action. In these Guidelines, we aim to provide expert advice on how to unify aspects of study design and practice. We provide recommendations for defining cohorts, method implementation, as well as tools for data analysis and reporting by highlighting and building on selected successes. Harmonization of cytometry-based T cell assays will allow researchers to better integrate findings across trials, ultimately enabling the identification and validation of biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response in T1D. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H M Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten A Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, CA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Lori Blanchfield
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alice E Wiedeman
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kirsten Diggins
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, CA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Kelkar MG, Bargir UA, Malik-Yadav R, Gupta M, Dalvi A, Jodhawat N, Shinde S, Madkaikar MR. CD8 + T Cells Exhibit an Exhausted Phenotype in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1794-1803. [PMID: 34389889 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome mainly caused by uncontrolled activation of antigen presenting cells and CD8 T cells. CD8 T cell exhaustion is a known phenomenon in chronic viral infections and cancer. However, the role of T cell exhaustion is not yet identified in HLH in the background of persistent inflammation. So, currently, we have characterized the CD8 T cells using flow cytometry to understand the phenomenon of exhaustion in these cells in HLH. METHODS We have comprehensively evaluated lymphocyte subsets and characterized CD8 T cells using immunophenotypic markers like PD1, TIM3, LAG3, Ki67, Granzyme B, etc. in a cohort of 21 HLH patients. Effector cytokine secretion and degranulation by CD8 T cells are also studied. RESULTS Our findings indicate skewed lymphocyte subsets and aberrantly activated CD8 T cells in HLH. CD8 T cells exhibit significantly increased expression of PD1, TIM3, and LAG3 prominently in primary HLH as compared to controls. PD1 + CD8 T cells express elevated levels of Granzyme B and Ki67. Moreover, CD8 T cells are hypofunctional as evidenced by significantly reduced cytokine secretion and compromised CD107a degranulation. CONCLUSION The study has revealed that CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes from HLH patients exhibited high expression of exhaustion markers with overall impaired function. To the best of our understanding, this is the first report suggesting functional exhaustion of CD8 T cells in both primary and secondary HLH. Future studies to understand the association of exhaustion with disease outcome are needed for its probable therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura G Kelkar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Umair Ahmad Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Reetika Malik-Yadav
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Maya Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Aparna Dalvi
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Neha Jodhawat
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Shweta Shinde
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Manisha R Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, , Mumbai, 400012, India.
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14
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Martins CP, New LA, O’Connor EC, Previte DM, Cargill KR, Tse IL, Sims- Lucas S, Piganelli JD. Glycolysis Inhibition Induces Functional and Metabolic Exhaustion of CD4 + T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669456. [PMID: 34163475 PMCID: PMC8216385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), CD4+ T cells initiate autoimmune attack of pancreatic islet β cells. Importantly, bioenergetic programs dictate T cell function, with specific pathways required for progression through the T cell lifecycle. During activation, CD4+ T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to the less efficient aerobic glycolysis, similarly to highly proliferative cancer cells. In an effort to limit tumor growth in cancer, use of glycolytic inhibitors have been successfully employed in preclinical and clinical studies. This strategy has also been utilized to suppress T cell responses in autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). However, modulating T cell metabolism in the context of T1D has remained an understudied therapeutic opportunity. In this study, we utilized the small molecule PFK15, a competitive inhibitor of the rate limiting glycolysis enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6- biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3). Our results confirmed PFK15 inhibited glycolysis utilization by diabetogenic CD4+ T cells and reduced T cell responses to β cell antigen in vitro. In an adoptive transfer model of T1D, PFK15 treatment delayed diabetes onset, with 57% of animals remaining euglycemic at the end of the study period. Protection was due to induction of a hyporesponsive T cell phenotype, characterized by increased and sustained expression of the checkpoint molecules PD-1 and LAG-3 and downstream functional and metabolic exhaustion. Glycolysis inhibition terminally exhausted diabetogenic CD4+ T cells, which was irreversible through restimulation or checkpoint blockade in vitro and in vivo. In sum, our results demonstrate a novel therapeutic strategy to control aberrant T cell responses by exploiting the metabolic reprogramming of these cells during T1D. Moreover, the data presented here highlight a key role for nutrient availability in fueling T cell function and has implications in our understanding of T cell biology in chronic infection, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina P. Martins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lee A. New
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Erin C. O’Connor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dana M. Previte
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kasey R. Cargill
- Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Isabelle L. Tse
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sunder Sims- Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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Firdessa-Fite R, Johnson SN, Leon MA, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Baker RL, Sestak JO, Berkland C, Creusot RJ. Soluble Antigen Arrays Efficiently Deliver Peptides and Arrest Spontaneous Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:1334-1346. [PMID: 33468513 PMCID: PMC8275897 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) offers a targeted treatment of autoimmune diseases that selectively inhibits autoreactive lymphocytes, but there remains an unmet need for approaches that address the limited clinical efficacy of ASIT. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) deliver antigenic peptides or proteins in multivalent form, attached to a hyaluronic acid backbone using either hydrolysable linkers (hSAgAs) or stable click chemistry linkers (cSAgAs). They were evaluated for the ability to block spontaneous development of disease in a nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Two peptides, a hybrid insulin peptide and a mimotope, efficiently prevented the onset of T1D when delivered in combination as SAgAs, but not individually. Relative to free peptides administered at equimolar dose, SAgAs (particularly cSAgAs) enabled a more effective engagement of antigen-specific T cells with greater persistence and induction of tolerance markers, such as CD73, interleukin-10, programmed death-1, and KLRG-1. Anaphylaxis caused by free peptides was attenuated using hSAgA and obviated using cSAgA platforms. Despite similarities, the two peptides elicited largely nonoverlapping and possibly complementary responses among endogenous T cells in treated mice. Thus, SAgAs offer a novel and promising ASIT platform superior to free peptides in inducing tolerance while mitigating risks of anaphylaxis for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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16
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Wiedeman AE, Speake C, Long SA. The many faces of islet antigen-specific CD8 T cells: clues to clinical outcome in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:475-485. [PMID: 33483981 PMCID: PMC8248166 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune monitoring enables a better understanding of disease processes and response to therapy, but has been challenging in the setting of chronic autoimmunity because of unknown etiology, variable and protracted kinetics of the disease process, heterogeneity across patients and the complexity of immune interactions. To begin to parse this complexity, we focus here on type 1 diabetes (T1D) and CD8 T cells as a cell type that has features that are associated with different stages of disease, rates of progression and response to therapy. Specifically, we discuss the current understanding of the role of autoreactive CD8 T cells in disease outcome, which implicates particular CD8 functional subsets, rather than unique antigens or total number of autoreactive T cells. Next, we discuss how autoreactive CD8 T‐cell features can be reflected in measures of global CD8 T cells, and then pull these concepts together by highlighting immune therapies recently shown to modulate both CD8 T cells and disease progression. We end by discussing outstanding questions about the role of specific subsets of autoreactive CD8 T cells in disease progression and how they may be optimally modulated to treat and prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Wiedeman
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Sarah Alice Long
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
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17
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Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020277. [PMID: 33670195 PMCID: PMC7916951 DOI: 10.3390/v13020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A causal link between viral infections and autoimmunity has been studied for a long time and the role of some viruses in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed patients has been proved. The strength of the association between different viral agents and SLE is variable. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are involved in SLE pathogenesis, whereas other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) probably play a less prominent role. However, the mechanisms of viral-host interactions and the impact of viruses on disease course have yet to be elucidated. In addition to classical mechanisms of viral-triggered autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, there has been a growing appreciation of the role of direct activation of innate response by viral nucleic acids and epigenetic modulation of interferon-related immune response. The latter is especially important for HERVs, which may represent the molecular link between environmental triggers and critical immune genes. Virus-specific proteins modulating interaction with the host immune system have been characterized especially for Epstein-Barr virus and explain immune evasion, persistent infection and self-reactive B-cell "immortalization". Knowledge has also been expanding on key viral proteins of B19-V and CMV and their possible association with specific phenotypes such as antiphospholipid syndrome. This progress may pave the way to new therapeutic perspectives, including the use of known or new antiviral drugs, postviral immune response modulation and innate immunity inhibition. We herein describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of viral infections in SLE, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.
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18
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Clark M, Kroger CJ, Ke Q, Tisch RM. The Role of T Cell Receptor Signaling in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615371. [PMID: 33603744 PMCID: PMC7884625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling influences multiple aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunobiology including thymic development, peripheral homeostasis, effector subset differentiation/function, and memory formation. Additional T cell signaling cues triggered by co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines also affect TCR signaling duration, as well as accessory pathways that further shape a T cell response. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease targeting the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Evidence indicates that dysregulated TCR signaling events in T1D impact the efficacy of central and peripheral tolerance-inducing mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss how the strength and nature of TCR signaling events influence the development of self-reactive T cells and drive the progression of T1D through effects on T cell gene expression, lineage commitment, and maintenance of pathogenic anti-self T cell effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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19
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Brusko MA, Stewart JM, Posgai AL, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Brusko TM, Keselowsky BG. Immunomodulatory Dual-Sized Microparticle System Conditions Human Antigen Presenting Cells Into a Tolerogenic Phenotype In Vitro and Inhibits Type 1 Diabetes-Specific Autoreactive T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574447. [PMID: 33193362 PMCID: PMC7649824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current monotherapeutic agents fail to restore tolerance to self-antigens in autoimmune individuals without systemic immunosuppression. We hypothesized that a combinatorial drug formulation delivered by a poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) dual-sized microparticle (dMP) system would facilitate tunable drug delivery to elicit immune tolerance. Specifically, we utilized 30 µm MPs to provide local sustained release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) along with 1 µm MPs to facilitate phagocytic uptake of encapsulated antigen and 1α,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 (VD3) followed by tolerogenic antigen presentation. We previously demonstrated the dMP system ameliorated type 1 diabetes (T1D) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in murine models. Here, we investigated the system’s capacity to impact human cell activity in vitro to advance clinical translation. dMP treatment directly reduced T cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production. dMP delivery to monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) increased their expression of surface and intracellular anti-inflammatory mediators. In co-culture, dMP-treated DCs (dMP-DCs) reduced allogeneic T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and proliferation, while increasing PD-1 expression, IL-10 production, and regulatory T cell (Treg) frequency. To model antigen-specific activation and downstream function, we co-cultured TCR-engineered autoreactive T cell “avatars,” with dMP-DCs or control DCs followed by β-cell line (ßlox5) target cells. For G6PC2-specific CD8+ avatars (clone 32), dMP-DC exposure reduced Granzyme B and dampened cytotoxicity. GAD65-reactive CD4+ avatars (clone 4.13) exhibited an anergic/exhausted phenotype with dMP-DC presence. Collectively, these data suggest this dMP formulation conditions human antigen presenting cells toward a tolerogenic phenotype, inducing regulatory and suppressive T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maigan A Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joshua M Stewart
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Benjamin G Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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20
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Tandon A, Anupam K, Kaushal J, Gautam P, Sharma A, Bhatnagar A. Altered oxidative stress markers in relation to T cells, NK cells & killer immunoglobulin receptors that are associated with disease activity in SLE patients. Lupus 2020; 29:1831-1844. [PMID: 32998620 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320959441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with symptoms pervasive to all organ systems. It affects more females as compared to males (in the ratio 9:1). Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SLE and other autoimmune diseases. In order to understand the relationship between cell specific oxidative stress and the severity of SLE, this research study involving the estimation of intracellular ROS accumulation in T and NK cell was conducted on SLE patients of North Indian Population. At the same time, to estimate anti-oxidant defense, Keap1 and Nrf2 levels were estimated in these cell types. The relationship between the expression of Killer immunoglobulin receptors i.e., KIR2DL4 & KIR3DL1 and oxidative stress was also evaluated as these receptors are imperative for the function and self-tolerance of NK cells.Oxidative stress was raised along with Keap1 and Nrf2 in T and NK cell subsets in SLE patients. The expression of KIR2DL4 was raised and that of KIR3DL1 was reduced in the NK cells of patients. The intensity of change in expression and its significance varied among the subsets. Nrf2 expression was raised in these species against oxidative stress as the antioxidant defense mechanism pertaining to Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, but the adequacy of response needs to be understood in further studies. The expression of KIR2DL4 and KIR3DL1 varied among the patient and healthy controls and the expression of the latter was found to have a significant positive relationship with plasma Glutathione(reduced) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Tandon
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kumari Anupam
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jyotsana Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Preeti Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Vafa O, Trinklein ND. Perspective: Designing T-Cell Engagers With Better Therapeutic Windows. Front Oncol 2020; 10:446. [PMID: 32351885 PMCID: PMC7174563 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective highlights the history and challenges of developing CD3-based bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) as cancer therapeutics as well as considerations and potential strategies for designing the next generation TCE molecules. The goal of this article is to raise awareness of natural T-cell biology and how to best harness the tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic T-cells with TCEs. In light of 30 years of concerted efforts to advance TCEs in early clinical development, many of the first-generation bispecific antibodies have exhibited lackluster safety, efficacy, and manufacturability profiles. As of January 2020, blinatumomab remains the only approved TCE. Many of the current set-backs in early clinical trials implicate the high-affinity CD3 binding domains employed and the respective bispecific platforms as potential culprits. The underlying conviction of the authors is that by taking corrective measures, TCEs can transform cancer therapy. Through openness, transparency, and much needed feedback from ongoing clinical studies, the field can continuously improve the design and effectiveness of next generation T-cell redirecting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Vafa
- Teneobio, Inc., Newark, CA, United States
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22
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Wiedeman AE, Muir VS, Rosasco MG, DeBerg HA, Presnell S, Haas B, Dufort MJ, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Serti E, Nepom GT, Blahnik G, Kus AM, James EA, Linsley PS, Long SA. Autoreactive CD8+ T cell exhaustion distinguishes subjects with slow type 1 diabetes progression. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:480-490. [PMID: 31815738 PMCID: PMC6934185 DOI: 10.1172/jci126595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) retain some functional insulin-producing islet β cells at the time of diagnosis, the rate of further β cell loss varies across individuals. It is not clear what drives this differential progression rate. CD8+ T cells have been implicated in the autoimmune destruction of β cells. Here, we addressed whether the phenotype and function of autoreactive CD8+ T cells influence disease progression. We identified islet-specific CD8+ T cells using high-content, single-cell mass cytometry in combination with peptide-loaded MHC tetramer staining. We applied a new analytical method, DISCOV-R, to characterize these rare subsets. Autoreactive T cells were phenotypically heterogeneous, and their phenotype differed by rate of disease progression. Activated islet-specific CD8+ memory T cells were prevalent in subjects with T1D who experienced rapid loss of C-peptide; in contrast, slow disease progression was associated with an exhaustion-like profile, with expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, limited cytokine production, and reduced proliferative capacity. This relationship between properties of autoreactive CD8+ T cells and the rate of T1D disease progression after onset make these phenotypes attractive putative biomarkers of disease trajectory and treatment response and reveal potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute (BRI) at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carla J. Greenbaum
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute (BRI) at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Translational Research Program
- Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Itoh A, Ortiz L, Kachapati K, Wu Y, Adams D, Bednar K, Mukherjee S, Chougnet C, Mittler RS, Chen YG, Dolan L, Ridgway WM. Soluble CD137 Ameliorates Acute Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing T Cell Anergy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2566. [PMID: 31787971 PMCID: PMC6853870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that soluble CD137 (sCD137), the alternately spliced gene product of Tnfsfr9, effectively treats acute type 1 diabetes (T1D) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. sCD137 significantly delayed development of end-stage disease, preserved insulin+ islet beta cells, and prevented progression to end-stage T1D in some mice. We demonstrate that sCD137 induces CD4+ T cell anergy, suppressing antigen-specific T cell proliferation and IL-2/IFN-γ secretion. Exogenous IL-2 reversed the sCD137 anergy effect. sCD137 greatly reduces inflammatory cytokine production by CD8 effector memory T cells, critical mediators of beta cell damage. We demonstrate that human T1D patients have decreased serum sCD137 compared to age-matched controls (as do NOD mice compared to NOD congenic mice expressing a protective Tnfsfr9 allele), that human sCD137 is secreted by regulatory T cells (Tregs; as in mice), and that human sCD137 induces T cell suppression in human T cells. These findings provide a rationale for further investigation of sCD137 as a treatment for T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Itoh
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lorenzo Ortiz
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kritika Kachapati
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David Adams
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kyle Bednar
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Claire Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Robert S Mittler
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Laurence Dolan
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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