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Spahia N, Rroji M, Idrizi A, Spasovski G, Barbullushi M. Sodium and water dynamics in the progression of chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical significance. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:1953-1963. [PMID: 38200365 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM Lifestyle modifications can postpone the progression of chronic kidney disease toward its terminal stage. This mini-review aims to explore the impact of salt and water intake on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and provide insights into the optimal consumption levels to preserve the glomerular filtration rate. METHODS We reviewed relevant literature to examine the association between salt and water consumption and CKD progression. Our analysis includes discussions on the pathophysiology, findings from clinical trials, and recommended intake guidelines. RESULTS Sodium intake, often linked to cardiovascular risk and CKD progression, has shown a complex J-shaped association in some studies, leading to uncertainty about the ideal salt intake level. Sodium and fluid retention are key factors contributing to hypertension, a well-established risk factor for CKD progression. Low-sodium diets have demonstrated promise in reducing blood pressure and enhancing the effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in non-dialysis CKD patients. However, a debate persists regarding the independent effect of salt restriction on CKD progression. Despite medical recommendations, salt consumption remains high among CKD patients. Additionally, the role of water consumption in CKD remains controversial despite its established benefits for CKD prevention in the general population. CONCLUSION Lifestyle modifications involving salt and water intake can influence the progression of CKD. While low-sodium diets have shown potential for mitigating hypertension and proteinuria in non-dialysis CKD patients, their independent impact on CKD progression warrants further investigation. The role of water consumption in CKD remains uncertain, and there is a need for additional research in this area. Clinicians should consider individualized dietary recommendations for CKD patients to help preserve the glomerular filtration rate and improve overall outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereida Spahia
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania.
| | - Merita Rroji
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Alma Idrizi
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Sts. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Myftar Barbullushi
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania
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Wu D, Qu C, Huang P, Geng X, Zhang J, Shen Y, Rao Z, Zhao J. Water Intake and Handgrip Strength in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES 2011-2014 Data. Nutrients 2023; 15:4477. [PMID: 37892552 PMCID: PMC10609934 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between daily total intake of water (DTIW) and handgrip strength (HGS) among US adults and to explore the impact of water intake on muscle function and health, providing a reference for public health policies and health education. Using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted to analyze 5427 adults (48.37% female and 51.63% male) aged 20 years and above. DTIW was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recall interviews, and the HGS level was measured using a Takei Dynamometer. Weighted generalized linear regression models and restricted cubic spline plots were used to analyze the linear and nonlinear associations between DTIW and HGS level and to conduct a gender subgroup analysis and an interaction effect test. The results showed that there were significant differences in HGS and other characteristics among different quartile groups of DTIW (p < 0.05). There was a significant nonlinear trend (exhibiting an inverted U-curve) between DTIW and HGS (p for nonlinear = 0.0044), with a cut-off point of 2663 g/day. Gender subgroup analysis showed that the nonlinear trend (exhibiting an inverted U-curve) was significant only in males (p for nonlinear = 0.0016), with a cut-off point of 2595 g/day. None of the stratified variables had an interaction effect on the association between DTIW and HGS (p for interaction > 0.05). In conclusion, this study found a nonlinear association between DTIW and HGS levels, as well as a gender difference. This finding provides new clues and directions for exploring the mechanism of the impact of DTIW on muscle function and health and also provides new evidence and suggestions for adults to adjust their water intake reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Wu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Chaoyi Qu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xue Geng
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing 100763, China;
| | - Yulin Shen
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhijian Rao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- College of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
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Navarro‐Gonzalez YD, Ventura‐Juarez J, Muñoz‐Ortega MH, González‐Blas D, Calvillo‐Robedo A, Avila‐Blanco M, Valdez‐Urias F, Quintanar‐Stephano A. Arginine vasopressin deficiency and conivaptan (a V1a-V2 receptor antagonist) treatment reverses liver damage and fibrosis in rats with chronic portocaval anastomosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2023; 104:209-222. [PMID: 36964979 PMCID: PMC10349233 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a naturally occurring hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus. AVP demonstrates pro-fibrotic effects as it stimulates hepatic stellate cells to secrete transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and collagen. Previous work in liver cirrhotic (CCL4 -induced) hamsters demonstrated that AVP deficiency induced by neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) can restore liver function. Therefore, we hypothesized that liver fibrosis would decrease in portocaval anastomosis (PCA) rats, which model chronic liver diseases, when they are treated with the V1a-V2 AVP receptor antagonist conivaptan (CV). In this study, changes in liver histology and gene expression were analysed in five experimental groups: control, PCA, NIL, PCA + NIL and PCA + CV, with NIL surgery or CV treatment administered 8 weeks after PCA surgery. Body weight gain was assessed on a weekly basis, and serum liver function, liver weight and liver glycogen content were assessed following euthanasia. Most PCA-induced phenotypes were reverted to normal levels following AVP-modelled deficiency, though hypoglycemia and ammonium levels remained elevated in the PCA + CV group. Liver histopathological findings showed a significant reversal in collagen content, less fibrosis in the triad and liver septa and increased regenerative nodules. Molecular analyses showed that the expression of fibrogenic genes (TGF-β and collagen type I) decreased in the PCA + CV group. Our findings strongly suggest that chronic NIL or CV treatment can induce a favourable microenvironment to decrease liver fibrosis and support CV as an alternative treatment for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Ventura‐Juarez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Autónoma de AguascalientesAguascalientesMexico
| | | | | | - Argelia Calvillo‐Robedo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Autónoma de AguascalientesAguascalientesMexico
| | - Manuel‐Enrique Avila‐Blanco
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Autónoma de AguascalientesAguascalientesMexico
| | - Fernando Valdez‐Urias
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Autónoma de AguascalientesAguascalientesMexico
| | - Andrés Quintanar‐Stephano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Autónoma de AguascalientesAguascalientesMexico
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Arroyo JP, Terker AS, Zuchowski Y, Watts JA, Bock F, Meyer C, Luo W, Kapp ME, Gould ER, Miranda AX, Carty J, Jiang M, Vanacore RM, Hammock E, Wilson MH, Zent R, Zhang M, Bhave G, Harris RC. Kidney collecting duct cells make vasopressin in response to NaCl-induced hypertonicity. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e161765. [PMID: 36326835 PMCID: PMC9869977 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin has traditionally been thought to be produced by the neurohypophyseal system and then released into the circulation where it regulates water homeostasis. The questions of whether vasopressin could be produced outside of the brain and if the kidney could be a source of vasopressin are raised by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (vasopressin). We found that mouse and human kidneys expressed vasopressin mRNA. Using an antibody that detects preprovasopressin, we found that immunoreactive preprovasopressin protein was found in mouse and human kidneys. Moreover, we found that murine collecting duct cells made biologically active vasopressin, which increased in response to NaCl-mediated hypertonicity, and that water restriction increased the abundance of kidney-derived vasopressin mRNA and protein expression in mouse kidneys. Thus, we provide evidence of biologically active production of kidney-derived vasopressin in kidney tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew S. Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yvonne Zuchowski
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jason A. Watts
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fabian Bock
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cameron Meyer
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Wentian Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Meghan E. Kapp
- Division of Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward R. Gould
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Adam X. Miranda
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua Carty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Ming Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Roberto M. Vanacore
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hammock
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew H. Wilson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Yang W, Li H, Cheng Z, Lu Y, Li W, Feng J, Wang L, Cheng J. Dex modulates the balance of water-electrolyte metabolism by depressing the expression of AVP in PVN. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919032. [PMID: 36081946 PMCID: PMC9445239 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic agonist used in clinical anesthesia. Studies have shown that Dex can act on the collecting duct and reduce the body’s water reabsorption, thereby increasing water discharge. However, the specific mechanism of Dex on water homeostasis remains unclear. The hypothalamus is the regulatory center of water and salt balance and secretes related neurochemical hormones, such as arginine vasopressin (AVP), to regulate the discharge of water and salt. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus are also considered to be the key targets of the thirst loop. They are responsible for the secretion of AVP. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is also one of the brain regions where AVP neurons are densely distributed in the hypothalamus. This study used C57BL/6J mice for behavior, immunofluorescence, and blood analysis experiments. Our results showed that Dex could not only depress the expression of AVP in the PVN but also reduce serum AVP concentration. The animal water intake was decreased without impairing the difference in food consumption and the urine excretion was enhanced after the intraperitoneal injection of Dex, while AVP supplementation restored the water intake and inhibited the urine excretion of mice in the Dex group. In addition, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is vital to maintaining serum sodium concentration and extracellular volume. We found that serum sodium, serum chloride, serum aldosterone (ALD) concentration, and plasma osmolality were decreased in the Dex group, which inhibited water reabsorption, and the plasma osmolarity of mice in the Dex group supplemented with AVP was significantly higher than that in Dex group. We also found that Dex significantly increased the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and decreased the concentration of creatinine within the normal range of clinical indicators, indicating that there was no substantive lesion in the renal parenchyma. These results showed that Dex could modulate the balance of water-electrolyte metabolism by depressing the expression of AVP in PVN without impairing renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongle Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wuli Li
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liecheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Cheng, ; Liecheng Wang,
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Cheng, ; Liecheng Wang,
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Recovery from Liver Failure and Fibrosis in a Rat Portacaval Anastomosis Model after Neurointermediate Pituitary Lobectomy. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5529784. [PMID: 34926704 PMCID: PMC8677405 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5529784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases, including cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, account for approximately two million annual deaths worldwide. They place a huge burden on the global healthcare systems, compelling researchers to find effective treatment for liver fibrosis-cirrhosis. Portacaval anastomosis (PCA) is a model of liver damage and fibrosis. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated as a proinflammatory-profibrotic hormone. In rats, neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) induces a permanent drop (80%) in AVP serum levels. We hypothesized that AVP deficiency (NIL-induced) may decrease liver damage and fibrosis in a rat PCA model. Male Wistar rats were divided into intact control (IC), NIL, PCA, and PCA+NIL groups. Liver function tests, liver gene relative expressions (IL-1, IL-10, TGF-β, COLL-I, MMP-9, and MMP-13), and histopathological assessments were performed. In comparison with those in the IC and PCA groups, bilirubin, protein serum, and liver glycogen levels were restored in the PCA+NIL group. NIL in the PCA animals also decreased the gene expression levels of IL-1 and COLL-I, while increasing those of IL-10, TGF-β, and MMP-13. Histopathology of this group also showed significantly decreased signs of liver damage with lower extent of collagen deposition and fibrosis. Low AVP serum levels were not enough to fully activate the AVP receptors resulting in the decreased activation of cell signaling pathways associated with proinflammatory-profibrotic responses, while activating cell molecular signaling pathways associated with an anti-inflammatory-fibrotic state. Thus, partial reversion of liver damage and fibrosis was observed. The study supports the crucial role of AVP in the inflammatory-fibrotic processes and maintenance of immune competence. The success of the AVP deficiency strategy suggests that blocking AVP receptors may be therapeutically useful to treat inflammatory-fibrotic liver diseases.
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Wahyuni MMD, Haliman CD, Melaniani S, Mahmudiono T. Association between Frequency of Consumption of Pork Se’i and Chronic Kidney Disease in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As a country with various cultures, Indonesia has several regional specialties, one of which is Pork Se’i from East Nusa Tenggara. Studies showed that higher intake of red and processed meat was significantly associated with an increased risk for incident chronic kidney disease (CKD).
AIM: This study was conducted with the goal to find out the relationship between consumption of Pork Se’i and water intake with CKD among patient in RSUD W.Z. Johannes, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
METHODS: This research was an observational study with a case–control design involving 92 respondents at W.Z Hospital Johannes in the period of July 2020. The determination of consumption of Pork Se’i and water was acquired through the use of Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire as an instrument. Chi-square test was used as a statistical test for this study.
RESULTS: In the case group, more than half of the respondents (58.7%) were male, while in the control group, more than half of the respondents (60.9%) were female. More than half (58.7%) of case group respondents consume water <1 L/day. More than half (58.7%) of case group respondents consume water <1 L/day, while most of the control group respondents (73.9%) consumed 1 L of water/day. The Pearson Chi-square test showed significant relationship between water consumption and CKD (p = 0.003). The frequency of consumption of Pork Se’i in the case group respondents was mostly in the sometimes (47.8%) and usually (47.8%) categories. Only a small proportion of case respondents (4.3%) rarely consume Pork Se’i. There was a significant relationship between consumption of Pork Se’i with CKD (p = 0.014).
CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that consumption of Pork Se’i has a significant correlation with CKD.
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Ramdin S, Naicker T, Pillay V, Singh SD, Baijnath S, Mkhwanazi BN, Govender N. Physiological characterization of an arginine vasopressin rat model of preeclampsia. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 68:55-69. [PMID: 34743622 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1981486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models have contributed greatly to our understanding of preeclampsia (PE) progression in humans, however to-date no model has been able to effectively replicate the clinical presentation of the disease. This study aimed to provide a thorough physiological characterization of the arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced rat model of PE to determine its applicability in studying the pathophysiology of PE. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24) were separated into four groups (n = 6 per group) viz., pregnant AVP, pregnant saline, non-pregnant AVP, and non-pregnant saline. All animals received a continuous dose of either AVP (150 ng/h) or saline via subcutaneous mini osmotic pumps for 18 days. Full physiological characterization of the model included measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and collecting urine and blood samples for biochemical analysis. AVP infusion significantly increased blood pressure and urinary protein levels in the pregnant rats (p < 0.05). Biochemical markers measured, differed significantly in the AVP-treated vs the pregnant saline groups (p < 0.05). Placental and individual pup weight decreased significantly in the pregnant AVP vs pregnant saline group (p < 0.05). The physiological and hematological data confirm the usefulness of this rat model in the study of PE, since AVP-induced vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance and successfully mimics the pathological changes associated with PE development in humans.Abbreviations: PE: preeclampsia; AVP: arginine vasopressin; ISSHP: International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy; ACOG: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; RUPP: reduced uterine perfusion pressure; sFlt-1: soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PlGF: placental growth factor; AVP: arginine vasopressin; PAVP: pregnant AVP-treated; PS: pregnant saline; GD: gestational day; ALT: alanine transaminase; NAVP: non-pregnant AVP-treated; NS: non-pregnant saline; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; RBC: red blood cell; RAAS: renin-angiotensin aldosterone system; HELLP: hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Ramdin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Virushka Pillay
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sanil D Singh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Blessing N Mkhwanazi
- Discipline of Dietetics and Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nalini Govender
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Perrier ET, Armstrong LE, Bottin JH, Clark WF, Dolci A, Guelinckx I, Iroz A, Kavouras SA, Lang F, Lieberman HR, Melander O, Morin C, Seksek I, Stookey JD, Tack I, Vanhaecke T, Vecchio M, Péronnet F. Hydration for health hypothesis: a narrative review of supporting evidence. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1167-1180. [PMID: 32632658 PMCID: PMC7987589 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An increasing body of evidence suggests that excreting a generous volume of diluted urine is associated with short- and long-term beneficial health effects, especially for kidney and metabolic function. However, water intake and hydration remain under-investigated and optimal hydration is poorly and inconsistently defined. This review tests the hypothesis that optimal chronic water intake positively impacts various aspects of health and proposes an evidence-based definition of optimal hydration. METHODS Search strategy included PubMed and Google Scholar using relevant keywords for each health outcome, complemented by manual search of article reference lists and the expertise of relevant practitioners for each area studied. RESULTS The available literature suggest the effects of increased water intake on health may be direct, due to increased urine flow or urine dilution, or indirect, mediated by a reduction in osmotically -stimulated vasopressin (AVP). Urine flow affects the formation of kidney stones and recurrence of urinary tract infection, while increased circulating AVP is implicated in metabolic disease, chronic kidney disease, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. CONCLUSION In order to ensure optimal hydration, it is proposed that optimal total water intake should approach 2.5 to 3.5 L day-1 to allow for the daily excretion of 2 to 3 L of dilute (< 500 mOsm kg-1) urine. Simple urinary markers of hydration such as urine color or void frequency may be used to monitor and adjust intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Perrier
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France.
| | - Lawrence E Armstrong
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Hydration & Nutrition, LLC, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Jeanne H Bottin
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - William F Clark
- London Health Sciences Centre and Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto Dolci
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Guelinckx
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Alison Iroz
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Stavros A Kavouras
- College of Health Solutions and Hydration Science Lab, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Clementine Morin
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Seksek
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Jodi D Stookey
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Tack
- Explorations Fonctionnelles Physiologiques, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Tiphaine Vanhaecke
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Mariacristina Vecchio
- Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - François Péronnet
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Li X, Gao Z, Xu L, Li B, Gao H. Over-expression of arginine vasopressin in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus and its potential relationship with development of diabetic nephropathy. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1130-1139. [PMID: 32864002 PMCID: PMC7444698 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to assess our hypothesis that the expression changes of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of hypothalamus and V2 receptor for AVP (RVP) in kidney may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control group and the diabetes mellitus (DM) group. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and electron microscopy were used for morphological studies. Immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is standard for visualization of reactive astrocytes in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus was used for immunofluorescence of AVP. Kidney was used for immunohistochemical staining of RVP. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used for quantitative determinations of AVP mRNA in hypothalamus and RVP mRNA in kidney. Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of AVP in hypothalamus and RVP in kidney. RESULTS Morphological studies showed abnormalities in kidney and hypothalamus in the DM group. The number of neurons and the gray value of astrocytes in hypothalamus in the DM group were markedly decreased. The expression level of AVP in hypothalamus and the expression level of RVP in kidney of DM rats were significantly increased. The positive correlations between the proteinuria and expression (mRNA and protein) of AVP, proteinuria and expression (mRNA and protein) of RVP, and the expression of AVP and RVP levels were found. CONCLUSIONS AVP was upregulated in the MNCs of hypothalamus and RVP was upregulated in kidney in streptozotocin-induced DM rats, indicating their potential roles in the development of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoying Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiqing Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zittema D, van den Brand JAJG, Bakker SJL, Wetzels JF, Gansevoort RT. Copeptin, a surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin, is associated with disease severity and progression in IgA nephropathy patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:i146-i153. [PMID: 28057871 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Besides its essential role for water homeostasis, arginine vasopressin (AVP) may have deleterious effects on the kidney. Copeptin, a surrogate marker for AVP, has been shown to be related to renal outcome in patients with diabetic nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease. We investigated the association of copeptin with disease severity and progression in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Methods We included a prospective cohort of 59 patients with biopsy proven IgAN. Urinary excretion of α1 microglobulin (α1m), β 2 microglobulin (β2m), kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and total protein were measured at baseline. Plasma copeptin was determined from stored baseline serum samples. Cox regression was performed for the composite renal outcome defined as doubling of serum creatinine, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or start of immunosuppressive therapy, and for the individual components during 5-year follow-up. Results In IgAN patients [male: 72%, age: 42 ± 13 years, mean arterial pressure (MAP): 101 ± 12 mmHg, proteinuria: 1.4 (0.7-2.3) g/day, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): 48 ± 21 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ] median copeptin was 9.4 (5.3-18.4) pmol/L. At baseline, copeptin was associated with α1m [standardized beta (St. β) = 0.34, P = 0.009], β2m (St. β = 0.33, P = 0.01) and proteinuria (St. β = 0.36, P = 0.053), adjusted for sex and eGFR. During follow-up, the highest tertile of baseline copeptin was positively associated with the incidence of the composite renal outcome as well as with the individual components of doubling of creatinine, ESRD and start of immunosuppressive therapy. In Cox regression models, copeptin showed prognostic value over MAP, proteinuria and eGFR for the composite renal outcome. Conclusions Copeptin is associated with disease severity and prognosis in IgAN patients and may have additional prognostic value besides established risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Zittema
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A J G van den Brand
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Clark WF, Huang SH, Garg AX, Gallo K, House AA, Moist L, Weir MA, Sontrop JM. The Chronic Kidney Disease Water Intake Trial: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2017; 4:2054358117725106. [PMID: 28856009 PMCID: PMC5571765 DOI: 10.1177/2054358117725106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In observational studies, drinking more water associates with a slower rate of kidney function decline; whether the same is true in a randomized controlled trial is unknown. Objective: To examine the 1-year effect of a higher vs usual water intake on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with chronic kidney disease. Design: Parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Setting: Nine centers in Ontario, Canada. Enrollment and randomization occurred between May 2013 and May 2016; follow-up for the primary outcome will continue until June 2017. Participants: Adults (n = 631) with stage 3 chronic kidney disease (eGFR 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and microalbuminuria. Intervention: The high water intake group was coached to increase their oral water intake by 1.0 to 1.5 L/day (depending on sex and weight), over and above usual consumed beverages, for a period of 1 year. The control group was coached to maintain their usual water intake during this time. Measures: Participants provided 24-hour urine samples at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after randomization; urine samples were analyzed for volume, creatinine, osmolality, and the albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 3- to 6-month intervals after randomization, and analyzed for creatinine, copeptin, osmolality, and electrolytes. Other measures collected included health-related quality of life, blood pressure, body mass index, and diet. Primary outcome: The between-group change in eGFR from baseline (prerandomization) to 12 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes: Change in plasma copeptin concentration, 24-hour urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, measured creatinine clearance, estimated 5-year risk of kidney failure (using the 4-variable Kidney Failure Risk Equation), and health-related quality of life. Planned analysis: The primary analysis will follow an intention-to-treat approach. The between-group change in eGFR will be compared using linear regression. Supplementary analyses will examine alternative definitions of eGFR change, including annual percentage change, rate of decline, and rapid decline (a P value <0.05 will be interpreted as statistically significant if there is concordance with the primary outcome). Trial Registration: This randomized controlled trial has been registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov; government identifier: NCT01766687.
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Abstract
Copeptin is derived from the cleavage of the precursor of arginine vasopressin (AVP), produced in an equimolar ratio in hypothalamus and processed during axonal transport AVP is an unstable peptide and has a short half-life of 5-20 min. Unlike AVP, copeptin is a stable molecule and can easily be measured. Recent evidence suggest that increased copeptin levels have been associated with worse outcomes in various clinical conditions including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. In this review, the data regarding copeptin with kidney function (evaluated as glomerular filtration rate, increased albumin/protein excretion or both) and hypertension with regard to performed studies, prognosis and pathogenesis was summarised.
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14
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Youhanna S, Bankir L, Jungers P, Porteous D, Polasek O, Bochud M, Hayward C, Devuyst O. Validation of Surrogates of Urine Osmolality in Population Studies. Am J Nephrol 2017; 46:26-36. [PMID: 28586769 PMCID: PMC6080694 DOI: 10.1159/000475769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of vasopressin and/or urine concentration in various kidney, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases has been emphasized recently. Due to technical constraints, urine osmolality (Uosm), a direct reflect of urinary concentrating activity, is rarely measured in epidemiologic studies. METHODS We analyzed 2 possible surrogates of Uosm in 4 large population-based cohorts (total n = 4,247) and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD, n = 146). An estimated Uosm (eUosm) based on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and urea, and a urine concentrating index (UCI) based on the ratio of creatinine concentrations in urine and plasma were compared to the measured Uosm (mUosm). RESULTS eUosm is an excellent surrogate of mUosm, with a highly significant linear relationship and values within 5% of mUosm (r = 0.99 or 0.98 in each population cohort). Bland-Altman plots show a good agreement between eUosm and mUosm with mean differences between the 2 variables within ±24 mmol/L. This was verified in men and women, in day and night urine samples, and in CKD patients. The relationship of UCI with mUosm is also significant but is not linear and exhibits more dispersed values. Moreover, the latter index is no longer representative of mUosm in patients with CKD as it declines much more quickly with declining glomerular filtration rate than mUosm. CONCLUSION The eUosm is a valid marker of urine concentration in population-based and CKD cohorts. The UCI can provide an estimate of urine concentration when no other measurement is available, but should be used only in subjects with normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lise Bankir
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paul Jungers
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - David Porteous
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Universityof Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Hyponatremia is Associated with Fluid Imbalance and Adverse Renal Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Treated with Diuretics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36817. [PMID: 27841359 PMCID: PMC5108044 DOI: 10.1038/srep36817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently complicated with hyponatremia, probably because of fluid overload or diuretic usage. Hyponatremia in CKD population is associated with increased mortality, but the effect on renal outcome was unknown. We investigated whether hyponatremia is associated with fluid status and is a prognostic indicator for adverse outcomes in a CKD cohort of 4,766 patients with 1,009 diuretic users. We found that diuretic users had worse clinical outcomes compared with diuretic non-users. Hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mEq/L) was associated with excessive volume and volume depletion, measured as total body water by bioimpedance analysis, in diuretic users, but not in diuretic non-users. Furthermore, in Cox survival analysis, hyponatremia was associated with an increased risk for renal replacement therapy (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.13-1.85, P < 0.05) in diuretic users, but not in diuretic non-users (P for interaction <0.05); restricted cubic spline model also showed a similar result. Hyponatremia was not associated with all-cause mortality or cardiovascular event whereas hypernatremia (serum sodium >141 mEq/L) was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality. Thus, hyponatremia is an indicator of fluid imbalance and also a prognostic factor for renal replacement therapy in CKD patients treated with diuretics.
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Wu LW, Chen WL, Liaw FY, Sun YS, Yang HF, Wang CC, Lin CM, Tsao YT. Association between fluid intake and kidney function, and survival outcomes analysis: a nationwide population-based study. BMJ Open 2016. [PMID: 27173809 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fluid intake, one of the most common daily activities, has not been well studied in chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations, and clinical outcomes are rarely addressed. The aim of this nationwide study is to explore the influence of daily fluid intake on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and its association with renal function. DESIGN Observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS In all, 2182 participants aged more than 20 years participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Survival outcomes in patients with or without CKD, using multiple variable adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS In a longitudinal survey with a median follow-up length of 15.4 years, 1080 participants died and 473 cardiovascular deaths were recorded. For all-cause mortality in the CKD group, individuals in the highest quartile of fluid intake (≧3.576 L/day) had better survival outcomes than those in the lowest quartile of fluid intake (≤2.147 L/day) (p=0.029) after adjustment of several pertinent variables. CONCLUSIONS Although the interpretation of this observational study was limited by the failure to identify the compositions of ingested fluids, adequate hydration may offer some advantages in patients with CKD. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the responses of normal and injured kidneys to chronic changes in fluid consumption warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Fang-Yih Liaw
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Shan Sun
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chung-Ching Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chien-Ming Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Tzu Tsao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan (ROC) Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
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Wu LW, Chen WL, Liaw FY, Sun YS, Yang HF, Wang CC, Lin CM, Tsao YT. Association between fluid intake and kidney function, and survival outcomes analysis: a nationwide population-based study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010708. [PMID: 27173809 PMCID: PMC4874113 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fluid intake, one of the most common daily activities, has not been well studied in chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations, and clinical outcomes are rarely addressed. The aim of this nationwide study is to explore the influence of daily fluid intake on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and its association with renal function. DESIGN Observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS In all, 2182 participants aged more than 20 years participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Survival outcomes in patients with or without CKD, using multiple variable adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS In a longitudinal survey with a median follow-up length of 15.4 years, 1080 participants died and 473 cardiovascular deaths were recorded. For all-cause mortality in the CKD group, individuals in the highest quartile of fluid intake (≧3.576 L/day) had better survival outcomes than those in the lowest quartile of fluid intake (≤2.147 L/day) (p=0.029) after adjustment of several pertinent variables. CONCLUSIONS Although the interpretation of this observational study was limited by the failure to identify the compositions of ingested fluids, adequate hydration may offer some advantages in patients with CKD. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the responses of normal and injured kidneys to chronic changes in fluid consumption warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Fang-Yih Liaw
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Shan Sun
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chung-Ching Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chien-Ming Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Tzu Tsao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan (ROC)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
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Sontrop JM, Huang SH, Garg AX, Moist L, House AA, Gallo K, Clark WF. Effect of increased water intake on plasma copeptin in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008634. [PMID: 26603245 PMCID: PMC4663439 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased water intake may have a beneficial effect on the kidney through suppression of plasma vasopressin. We examined the effect of increased water intake on plasma copeptin (a marker of vasopressin) over 6 weeks in patients with chronic kidney disease. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled parallel-group pilot trial. SETTING Canada, 2012-2013. PARTICIPANTS 28 patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease randomised (2:1) to a hydration (n=17) or control group (n=11). INTERVENTION The hydration group was coached to increase water intake by up to 1.5 L/day for 6 weeks. The control group was asked to maintain regular water intake. MEASURES AND OUTCOMES Participants provided blood and 24 h urine samples at baseline and 6 weeks. Change in plasma copeptin was compared within and between study groups. RESULTS Participants were 64% male with a mean age of 62 years and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 40 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Between baseline and 6 weeks, 24 h urine volume increased by 0.7 L/day in the hydration group, rising from 2.3 to 3.0 L/day (p=0.01), while decreasing by 0.3 L/day among controls, from 2.0 to 1.7 L/day (p=0.07); between-group difference: 0.9 L/day (95% CI 0.37 to 1.46; p=0.002). In the hydration group, median copeptin decreased by 3.6 pmol/L, from 15.0 to 10.8 pmol/L (p=0.005), while remaining stable among controls at 19 pmol/L (p=0.76; p=0.19 for the between-group difference in median change); the between-group difference in mean change was 5.4 pmol/L (95% CI -1.2 to 12.0; p=0.11). CONCLUSIONS Adults with stage 3 chronic kidney disease can be successfully randomised to drink approximately 1 L more per day than controls. This increased water intake caused a significant decrease in plasma copeptin concentration. Our larger 12-month trial will examine whether increased water intake can slow renal decline in patients with chronic kidney disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01753466.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Sontrop
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shi-Han Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amit X Garg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louise Moist
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew A House
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kerri Gallo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William F Clark
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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19
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El-Sharkawy AM, Sahota O, Lobo DN. Acute and chronic effects of hydration status on health. Nutr Rev 2015; 73 Suppl 2:97-109. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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20
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Bjornstad P, Maahs DM. Diabetes Complications in Childhood Diabetes-New Biomarkers and Technologies. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2015; 3:177-186. [PMID: 26425403 DOI: 10.1007/s40124-015-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in preventing vascular complications in diabetes is the inability to identify high-risk patients at an early stage, emphasizing the importance of discovering new risk factors, technologies and therapeutic targets to reduce the development and progression of complications. Promising biomarkers which may improve risk stratification and serve as therapeutic targets, include: uric acid, insulin sensitivity, copeptin, SGLT-2 and Klotho/FGF-23. Non-invasive measures of macrovasuclar disease in youth, include: 1) pulse wave velocity to examine arterial stiffness; 2) carotid intima-media thickness to evaluate arterial thickness; 3) cardiac MRI to investigate cardiac function and structure. Novel microvascular measures include: GFR by iohexol clearance using filter paper to directly measure GFR, retinal vascular geometry to predict early retinal changes and corneal confocal microscopy to improve detection of early nerve loss to better predict diabetic neuropathy. Herein we will review technologies, novel biomarkers, and therapeutic targets in relation to vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States ; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - David M Maahs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States ; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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21
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Grassi D, Lagunas N, Calmarza-Font I, Diz-Chaves Y, Garcia-Segura LM, Panzica GC. Chronic unpredictable stress and long-term ovariectomy affect arginine-vasopressin expression in the paraventricular nucleus of adult female mice. Brain Res 2014; 1588:55-62. [PMID: 25218558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP) may regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and its effects on depressive responses. In a recent study, we demonstrated that Chronic Unpredictable Stress (CUS) depressive effects are enhanced by long-term ovariectomy (a model of post-menopause). In the present study, we investigated the effects of long-term ovariectomy and CUS on AVP expression in different subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of female mice. Both long-term ovariectomy and CUS affect AVP immunoreactivity in some of the PVN subnuclei of adult female mice. In particular, significant changes on AVP immunoreactivity were observed in magnocellular subdivisions, the paraventricular lateral magnocellular (PaLM) and the paraventricular medial magnocellular (PaMM), the 2 subnuclei projecting to the neurohypophysis for the hormonal regulation of body homeostasis. AVP immunoreactivity was decreased in the PaLM by both the long-term deprivation of ovarian hormones and the CUS. In contrast, AVP immunoreactivity was increased in the PaMM by CUS, whereas it was decreased by ovariectomy. Therefore, present results suggest morphological and functional differences among the PVN's subnuclei and complex interactions among CUS, gonadal hormones and AVP immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grassi
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; University of Torino, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Torino, Italy; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Lagunas
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - G C Panzica
- University of Torino, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Torino, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite improvements in glycemic and blood pressure control in patients with type 1 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy remains the most common cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide. A major challenge in preventing diabetic nephropathy is the inability to identify high-risk patients at an early stage, emphasizing the importance of discovering new therapeutic targets and implementation of clinical trials to reduce diabetic nephropathy risk. RECENT FINDINGS Limitations of managing patients with diabetic nephropathy with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade have been identified in recent clinical trials, including the failure of primary prevention studies in T1D and the demonstration of harm with dual renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. Fortunately, several new targets, including serum uric acid, insulin sensitivity, vasopressin, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition, are promising in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. SUMMARY Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a long clinically silent period without signs or symptoms of disease. There is an urgent need for improved methods of detecting early mediators of renal injury, to ultimately prevent the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we will focus on early diabetic nephropathy and summarize potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - David Cherney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M. Maahs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Johnson RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Roncal-Jimenez C, Lanaspa MA, Ishimoto T, Nakagawa T, Correa-Rotter R, Wesseling C, Bankir L, Sanchez-Lozada LG. Hyperosmolarity drives hypertension and CKD--water and salt revisited. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:415-20. [PMID: 24802066 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Mesoamerica is providing new insights into the mechanisms by which salt and water might drive hypertension and CKD. Increasingly, evidence suggests that recurrent dehydration and salt loss might be a mechanism that causes CKD, and experimental studies suggest a key role for increased plasma osmolarity in activating both intrarenal (polyol-fructokinase) and extrarenal (vasopressin) pathways that drive renal injury. Thus, we propose that water and salt might influence blood pressure and kidney disease through the timing and combination of their intake, which affect plasma osmolarity as well as intrarenal and extrarenal mechanisms of renal injury. The type of fluid intake might also be important, as fluids containing fructose can trigger activation of these pathways. Future studies should investigate the effects of salt, sugar and fluid intake on plasma osmolarity as a potential pathogenetic mechanism in renal injury and high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Nephrology, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Department of Veteran Affairs, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Room 7015, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Universidad del Zulia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Roncal-Jimenez
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Mitsubishi Tanabe-Kyoto (TMK) project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ricardo Correa-Rotter
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Catharina Wesseling
- Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Lise Bankir
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-S 1138/Equipe 2, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Laura G Sanchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Intituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Bouby
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Impact of fluid intake in the prevention of urinary system diseases: a brief review. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013; 22 Suppl 1:S1-10. [PMID: 23673384 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328360a268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We are often told that we should be drinking more water, but the rationale for this remains unclear and no recommendations currently exist for a healthy fluid intake supported by rigorous scientific evidence. Crucially, the same lack of evidence precludes the claim that a high fluid intake has no clinical benefit. The aim of this study is to describe the mechanisms by which chronic low fluid intake may play a crucial role in the pathologies of four key diseases of the urinary system: urolithiasis, urinary tract infection, chronic kidney disease and bladder cancer. Although primary and secondary intervention studies evaluating the impact of fluid intake are lacking, published data from observational studies appears to suggest that chronic low fluid intake may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Fructokinase activity mediates dehydration-induced renal injury. Kidney Int 2013; 86:294-302. [PMID: 24336030 PMCID: PMC4120672 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of chronic kidney disease in Nicaragua (Mesoamerican nephropathy) has been linked with recurrent dehydration. Here we tested whether recurrent dehydration may cause renal injury by activation of the polyol pathway, resulting in the generation of endogenous fructose in the kidney that might subsequently induce renal injury via metabolism by fructokinase. Wild-type and fructokinase-deficient mice were subjected to recurrent heat-induced dehydration. One group of each genotype was provided water throughout the day and the other group was hydrated at night, after the dehydration. Both groups received the same total hydration in 24 h. Wild-type mice that received delayed hydration developed renal injury, with elevated serum creatinine, increased urinary NGAL, proximal tubular injury, and renal inflammation and fibrosis. This was associated with activation of the polyol pathway, with increased renal cortical sorbitol and fructose levels. Fructokinase-knockout mice with delayed hydration were protected from renal injury. Thus, recurrent dehydration can induce renal injury via a fructokinase-dependent mechanism, likely from the generation of endogenous fructose via the polyol pathway. Access to sufficient water during the dehydration period can protect mice from developing renal injury. These studies provide a potential mechanism for Mesoamerican nephropathy.
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Riphagen IJ, Boertien WE, Alkhalaf A, Kleefstra N, Gansevoort RT, Groenier KH, van Hateren KJJ, Struck J, Navis G, Bilo HJG, Bakker SJL. Copeptin, a surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin, is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-31). Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3201-7. [PMID: 23757433 PMCID: PMC3781508 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Copeptin, a surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin, has been associated with cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by end-stage renal disease or acute myocardial infarction. For stable outpatients, these associations are unknown. Our aim was to investigate whether copeptin is associated with CV and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes treated in primary care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with type 2 diabetes participating in the observational Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes Project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC) study were included. Cox regression analyses with age as time scale were used to assess the relationship of baseline copeptin with CV and all-cause mortality. RESULTS We included 1,195 patients (age 67±12 years, 44% male). Median baseline copeptin concentration was 5.4 (interquartile range [IQR] 3.1-9.6) pmol/L. After a median follow-up of 5.9 (IQR 3.2-10.1) years, 345 patients died (29%), with 148 CV deaths (12%). Log2 copeptin was associated with CV (hazard ratio 1.17 [95% CI 0.99-1.39]; P=0.068) and all-cause mortality (1.22 [1.09-1.36]; P=0.001) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol to HDL ratio, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, treatment with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, history of CV diseases, log serum creatinine, and log albumin to creatinine ratio; however, copeptin did not substantially improve risk prediction for CV (integrated discrimination improvement 0.14% [IQR -0.27 to 0.55%]) and all-cause mortality (0.77% [0.17-1.37%]) beyond currently used clinical markers. CONCLUSIONS We found copeptin to be associated with CV and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes treated in primary care. Intervention studies should show whether the high CV risk in type 2 diabetes can be reduced by suppression of vasopressin, for example by reducing salt intake.
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Boertien WE, Riphagen IJ, Drion I, Alkhalaf A, Bakker SJL, Groenier KH, Struck J, de Jong PE, Bilo HJG, Kleefstra N, Gansevoort RT. Copeptin, a surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin, is associated with declining glomerular filtration in patients with diabetes mellitus (ZODIAC-33). Diabetologia 2013; 56:1680-8. [PMID: 23624546 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Arginine vasopressin (AVP), the hormone important for maintaining fluid balance, has been shown to cause kidney damage in rodent models of diabetes. We investigated the potential role of AVP in the natural course of kidney function decline in diabetes in an epidemiological study. METHODS Plasma copeptin, a surrogate for AVP, was measured in baseline samples from patients with type 2 diabetes treated in primary care and included in the Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC) cohort. RESULTS Samples from 1,328 patients were available; 349 were analysed separately because they used renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition (RAASi), which influences albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated (e)GFR. In the other 979 patients (46% men, age 68 years [58-75], ACR 1.8 mg/mmol [0.9-5.7], eGFR 67 ± 14 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)) baseline copeptin (5.3 pmol/l [3.2-9.5]) was significantly associated with log e [ACR] and eGFR, even after adjustment for sex, age and risk factors for kidney function decline (standardised [std] β 0.13, p < 0.001, std β -0.20, p < 0.001 respectively). Follow-up data were available for 756 patients (6.5 years [4.1-9.6]). Baseline copeptin was associated with increase in ACR (std β 0.09, p = 0.02), but lost significance after adjustment (std β 0.07, p = 0.08). Copeptin was associated with a decrease in eGFR after adjustment (std β -0.09, p = 0.03). The strength of the association of copeptin with change in eGFR was stronger than that of established risk factors for kidney function decline (e.g. BMI, HbA1c). In patients who used RAASi there was a significant association between baseline copeptin and ACR and eGFR, but not with change in ACR and eGFR. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In patients with diabetes not using RAASi a higher baseline copeptin concentration is significantly associated with higher baseline ACR and lower eGFR values and with a decline in eGFR during follow-up. This last association is independent of, and stronger than, most traditional risk factors for kidney function decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Boertien
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Sontrop JM, Dixon SN, Garg AX, Buendia-Jimenez I, Dohein O, Huang SHS, Clark WF. Association between water intake, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data. Am J Nephrol 2013; 37:434-42. [PMID: 23594828 DOI: 10.1159/000350377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from animal and human studies suggests a protective effect of higher water intake on kidney function and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here the associations between water intake, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CVD were examined in the general population. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Non-pregnant adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 ml/min/1.73 m(2) who were not taking diuretics were included. Total water intake from foods and beverages was categorized as low (<2.0 l/day), moderate (2.0-4.3 l/day) and high (>4.3 l/day). We examined associations between low total water intake and CKD (eGFR 30-60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and self-reported CVD. RESULTS Of 3,427 adults (mean age 46 (range 20-84); mean eGFR 95 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (range 30-161)), 13% had CKD and 18% had CVD. CKD was higher among those with the lowest (<2.0 l/day) vs. highest total water intake (>4.3 l/day) (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-6.96). When stratified by intake of (1) plain water and (2) other beverages, CKD was associated with low intake of plain water: adjusted OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.10-5.06), but not other beverages: adjusted OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.30-2.50). There was no association between low water intake and CVD (adjusted OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.37-1.59). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide additional evidence suggesting a potentially protective effect of higher total water intake, particularly plain water, on the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Sontrop
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Clinical Research Unit, Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont., Canada
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Herrera VLM, Pasion KA, Moran AM, Ruiz-Opazo N. Worse renal disease in postmenopausal F2[Dahl S x R]-intercross rats: detection of novel QTLs affecting hypertensive kidney disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56096. [PMID: 23393608 PMCID: PMC3564915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension increases after menopause with 75% of postmenopausal women developing hypertension in the United States, along with hypertensive end organ diseases. While human and animal model studies have indicated a protective role for estrogen against cardiovascular disease and glomerulosclerosis, clinical studies of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women have shown polar results with some improvement in hypertension but worsening of hypertensive kidney disease, or no effect at all. These observations suggest that the pathogenesis of postmenopausal hypertension and its target organ complications is more complex than projected, and that loss of endogenous estrogens induces epigenetic changes that alter genetic susceptibility to end-organ complications per se resulting in pathogenetic mechanisms beyond correction by hormone replacement. We studied postmenopausal-induced changes in renal disease and performed a total genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting kidney disease in postmenopausal 16m-old F2[Dahl S x R]-intercross female rats. We used glomerular injury score (GIS) as quantitative trait. We compared QTLs amongst premenopausal, ovariectomized and postmenopausal F2[Dahl S x R]-intercross rats using identical phenotype characterization. Postmenopausal F2[Dahl S x R]-intercross rats exhibited increased hypertensive glomerulosclerosis (P<0.01) and equivalent levels of kidney disease when compared to premenopausal and ovariectomized F2[Dahl S x R]-intercross rats respectively. We detected three significant to highly significant GIS-QTLs (GIS-pm1 on chromosome 4, LOD 3.54; GIS-pm2 on chromosome 3, LOD 2.72; GIS-pm3 on chromosome 5, LOD 2.37) and two suggestive GIS-QTLs (GIS-pm4 on chromosome 2, LOD 1.70; GIS-pm5 on chromosome 7, LOD 1.28), all of which were unique to this postmenopausal population. Detection of increased renal disease phenotype in postmenopausal and ovariectomized subjects suggests a protective role of ovarian hormones. Furthermore, the detection of distinct GIS-QTLs in postmenopausal intercross female rats suggests that distinct genetic mechanisms underlie hypertensive glomerulosclerosis in premenopausal and postmenopausal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. M. Herrera
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Khristine A. Pasion
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ann Marie Moran
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nelson Ruiz-Opazo
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Age-dependent regulation of renal vasopressin V1A and V2 receptors in rats with genetic hypertension: implications for the treatment of hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hori K, Nagai T, Izumi Y, Kimura M, Hasuike Y, Nakayama Y, Nanami M, Tokuyama M, Otaki Y, Kuragano T, Kohda Y, Obinata M, Kawahara K, Tanoue A, Tomita K, Nakanishi T, Nonoguchi H. Vasopressin V1a receptor is required for nucleocytoplasmic transport of mineralocorticoid receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1080-8. [PMID: 22811487 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00052.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a deficiency in the vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) results in type 4 renal tubular acidosis, which suggests that vasopressin exerts direct effects on the physiological actions of aldosterone. We investigated the role of vasopressin for nucleocytoplasmic transport of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the intercalated cells. Vasopressin V1aR-deficient (V1aR(-/-)) mice showed largely decreased expression of MR and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) in the medulla of the kidney, which was partially ameliorated by fludrocortisone treatment. The incubation of IN-IC cells, an intercalated cell line established from temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen-expressing rats, with aldosterone or vasopressin increased the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of the MR from 11.2 to 47.2% and from 18.7 to 61.2%, respectively, in 30 min without any changes in MR expression from the whole cell extract. The immunohistochemistry analysis of the IN-IC cells revealed the nuclear accumulation of MRs after a 30-min incubation with aldosterone or vasopressin. These effects were accompanied by an increase in regulator of chromosome condensation-1 (RCC-1) due to aldosterone and a decrease in Ran GTPase-activating protein 1 (Ran Gap1) due to vasopressin. RNA interference against V1aR abolished the nuclear accumulation of MR induced by aldosterone or vasopressin. Vasopressin increased PKCα and -β(1) expression, and aldosterone increased PKCδ and -ζ expression, but these effects were abolished with a V1aR knockdown. These results suggest that vasopressin directly regulates the nucleocytoplasmic transport of MRs via the V1aR in the intercalated cells of the collecting ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahori Hori
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Kitasao Univ. Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto, Saitama 364-8501, Japan
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Rocchetti MT, Tamma G, Lasorsa D, Suriano IV, D'Apollo A, Papale M, Mastrofrancesco L, Grandaliano G, Svelto M, Valenti G, Gesualdo L, Di Paolo S. Altered urinary excretion of aquaporin 2 in IgA nephropathy. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:657-64. [PMID: 21824900 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation plays a pivotal role in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) pathogenesis, which is still largely undefined. Recently, vasopressin (AVP) has been advocated to contribute to the genesis and progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) directly, and indirectly, via RAS activation. Our aim is to explore the intrarenal activity of AVP, its relationship with RAS activity, as well as its modulation by therapies in IgAN. DESIGN In this observational study, we measured plasma copeptin, a surrogate marker of AVP, the urine excretion of aquaporin 2 (AQP2), a protein reflecting renal AVP action, and angiotensinogen (AGT), a parameter of renal RAS activation, and their relationship with renal function in 44 IgAN patients at the time of renal biopsy, without any drug therapy, and after 6-month treatment with ACEi or steroid+ACEi. Twenty-one patients with other CKD and 40 healthy subjects were recruited as controls. METHODS ELISAs were used to measure all variables of interest. RESULTS At baseline, IgAN patients showed higher urinary levels of AQP2, compared with controls and patients with other CKD. Urinary AQP2 and AGT levels strongly correlated with the presence of arterial hypertension. Steroids+ACEi caused the decrease of all the variables examined. The fall of urinary AQP2 and AGT following drug treatments was associated with the decrease of daily proteinuria. CONCLUSION Our findings would support the involvement of AVP-AQP2 axis, interacting with the RAS, in the progression of IgAN and candidate AQP2 as a possible novel marker of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Section of Nephrology and Bioagromed, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Ostan R, Bucci L, Capri M, Salvioli S, Scurti M, Pini E, Monti D, Franceschi C. Immunosenescence and immunogenetics of human longevity. Neuroimmunomodulation 2008; 15:224-40. [PMID: 19047800 DOI: 10.1159/000156466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, individuals can live up to 80-120 years, a time much longer than that of our ancestors, as a consequence of the improvements in life conditions and medical care. Thus, the human immune system has to cope with a lifelong and evolutionarily unpredicted exposure to a variety of antigens, which are at the basis of profound age-related changes globally indicated as immunosenescence, a multifaceted phenomenon that increases morbidity and mortality due to infections and age-related pathologies. The major changes occurring during immunosenescence are the result of the accumulation of cellular, molecular defects and involutive phenomena (such as thymic involution) occurring concomitantly to a hyperstimulation of both innate and adaptive immunity (accumulation of expanded clones of memory and effector T cells, shrinkage of the T cell receptor repertoire, progressive activation of macrophages), and resulting in a low-grade, chronic state of inflammation defined as inflammaging. It is unknown whether inflammaging, which represents a risk factor for most age-related pathologies, is a cause or rather an effect of the aging process. In this complex scenario, the role of genetic background likely represents a fundamental variable to attain successful aging and longevity. Accordingly, centenarians seem to be equipped with gene variants that allow them to optimize the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules, and thus to minimize the effects of the lifelong exposure to environmental insults and stressors. The remarkable features of the genetics of aging and longevity are reviewed, stressing the unexpected and unusual results obtained regarding such a postreproductive type of genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ostan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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