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Buniam J, Chansela P, Weerachayaphorn J, Saengsirisuwan V. Dietary Supplementation with 20-Hydroxyecdysone Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Reduces White Adipose Tissue Mass in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat, High-Fructose Diet. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2071. [PMID: 37509710 PMCID: PMC10377470 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is defined as hepatic steatosis in combination with overweight, diabetes, or other metabolic risk factors. MAFLD affects a significant number of the global population and imposes substantial clinical and economic burdens. With no approved pharmacotherapy, current treatment options are limited to diet and exercise. Therefore, the development of medicines for MAFLD treatment or prevention is necessary. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a natural steroid found in edible plants and has been shown to improve metabolism and dyslipidemia. Therefore, it may be useful for MAFLD treatment. Here, we aimed to determine how dietary supplementation with 20E affects fat accumulation and lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet (OHFFD). We found that 20E reduced hepatic triglyceride content and visceral fat deposition. 20E increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl CoA carboxylase while reducing the expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver and adipose tissue. Additionally, 20E increased hepatic expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and reduced adipose expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1. In conclusion, 20E demonstrated beneficial effects in rats with OHFFD-induced MAFLD. These findings suggest that 20E may represent a promising option for MAFLD prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jariya Buniam
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Piyachat Chansela
- Department of Anatomy, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Vitoon Saengsirisuwan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Mistry JN, Silvennoinen S, Zaman F, Sävendahl L, Mariniello K, Hall C, Howard SR, Dunkel L, Sankilampi U, Guasti L. The crosstalk between FGF21 and GH leads to weakened GH receptor signaling and IGF1 expression and is associated with growth failure in very preterm infants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1105602. [PMID: 37251684 PMCID: PMC10213667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an essential metabolic regulator that adapts to changes in nutritional status. Severe childhood undernutrition induces elevated FGF21 levels, contributing to growth hormone (GH) resistance and subsequent linear growth attenuation potentially through a direct action on chondrocytes. Methods In this study, we assessed expression of the components of both GH and FGF21 pathways in rare and unique human growth plates obtained from children. Moreover, we investigated the mechanistic interplay of FGF21 on GH receptor (GHR) signaling in a heterologous system. Results Chronic FGF21 exposure increased GH-induced GHR turnover and SOCS2 expression, leading to the inhibition of STAT5 phosphorylation and IGF-1 expression. The clinical significance of FGF21 signaling through GH receptors was tested in nutritionally driven growth failure seen in very preterm (VPT) infants right after birth. VPT infants display an immediate linear growth failure after birth followed by growth catch-up. Consistent with the in vitro model data, we show that circulating FGF21 levels were elevated during deflection in linear growth compared to catch-up growth and were inversely correlated with the length velocity and circulating IGF1 levels. Conclusions This study further supports a central role of FGF21 in GH resistance and linear growth failure and suggests a direct action on the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayna N. Mistry
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanna Silvennoinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Farasat Zaman
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Katia Mariniello
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Hall
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sasha R. Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulla Sankilampi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Yan F, Yuan L, Yang F, Wu G, Jiang X. Emerging roles of fibroblast growth factor 21 in critical disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1053997. [PMID: 36440004 PMCID: PMC9684205 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1053997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In spite of the great progress in the management of critical diseases in recent years, its associated prevalence and mortality of multiple organ failure still remain high. As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions to maintain homeostasis in the whole body. Recent studies have proved that FGF21 has promising potential effects in critical diseases. FGF21 has also been found to have a close relationship with the progression of critical diseases and has a great predictive function for organ failure. The level of FGF21 was elevated in both mouse models and human patients with sepsis or other critical illnesses. Moreover, it is a promising biomarker and has certain therapeutic roles in some critical diseases. We focus on the emerging roles of FGF21 and its potential effects in critical diseases including acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), acute myocardial injury (AMI), acute kidney injury (AKI), sepsis, and liver failure in this review. FGF21 has high application value and is worth further studying. Focusing on FGF21 may provide a new perspective for the management of the critical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Guicheng Wu
- Department of Hepatology, School of Medicine, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Goreges Hosipital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobo Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4636. [PMID: 35563026 PMCID: PMC9102915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and secretes circulating factors, including myokines, which are involved in various cellular signaling processes. Skeletal muscle is vital for metabolism and physiology and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Myokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions, serving as critical regulators of myogenic differentiation, fiber-type switching, and maintaining muscle mass. Myokines have profound effects on energy metabolism and inflammation, contributing to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic diseases. Myokines have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, thereby improving glucose disposal and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Many myokines have now been identified, and research on myokine signaling mechanisms and functions is rapidly emerging. This review summarizes the current state of the field regarding the role of myokines in tissue cross-talk, including their molecular mechanisms, and their potential as therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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Tian S, Wang Y, Li X, Liu J, Wang J, Lu Y. Sulforaphane Regulates Glucose and Lipid Metabolisms in Obese Mice by Restraining JNK and Activating Insulin and FGF21 Signal Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13066-13079. [PMID: 34706542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The most common complications of obesity are metabolic disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperglycemia, and low-grade inflammation. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a hydrolysate of glucosinolate (GLS) that is found in large quantities in cruciferous vegetables. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mechanism by which SFN relieves obesity complications in obese mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity and treated daily with 10 mg/(kg body weight (bw)) SFN for 8 weeks, while a positive control group was treated daily with 300 mg/(kg bw) metformin. Our results indicated that SFN attenuated NAFLD, inflammation, oxidative stress, adipose tissue hypertrophy, and insulin resistance, as well as regulated glucose and lipid metabolism. SFN regulated glucose and lipid metabolism by deactivating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and blocking the inhibitory effect of the insulin signaling pathway. SFN also regulated glucose metabolism by alleviating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) resistance. Our research provides an empirical basis for clinical treatment with SFN in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yunfan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yingjian Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210003, China
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6
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Zhou Y, Li C, Wang X, Deng P, He W, Zheng H, Zhao L, Gao H. Integration of FGF21 Signaling and Metabolomics in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3900-3912. [PMID: 34237942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in obesity have been well established, but the metabolic mechanism underlying these differences remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the expression levels of endogenous fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and its related receptors in male and female mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. We also analyzed the metabolic changes in serum and livers using a nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting results revealed that the levels of FGFR1, FGFR2, and co-factor β-klotho were upregulated in female mice to alleviate FGF21 resistance induced by HFD. The metabolomics results demonstrated that the serum and liver metabolic patterns of HFD-fed male mice were significantly separated from those of the female HFD-fed group and the normal diet group. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein and betaine levels were associated with the resistance of exogenous HFD in female mice. These findings imply that sex-based differences in metabolism and susceptibility to obesity might be mediated by the FGF21 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Pengxi Deng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenting He
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liangcai Zhao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Kar E, Alataş Ö, Şahıntürk V, Öz S. Effects of metformin on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation by activating fibroblast growth factor 21. Biotech Histochem 2021; 97:44-52. [PMID: 33663305 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1894353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria that produces endotoxemia, which may cause septic shock. Metformin (MET) is a widely used hypoglycemic drug that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine polypeptide that affects glucose and lipid metabolism, and also possesses anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the effects of MET and FGF21 on inflammation due to LPS induced endotoxemia in male rats. Animals were divided into five groups: control, LPS, pre-MET LPS, LPS + 1 h MET and LPS + 3 h MET. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, FGF2, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured. Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and FGF21 levels were measured in liver tissue samples. Histopathology of all groups was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. LPS caused severe inflammatory liver damage. MET exhibited a partially protective effect and reduced inflammation significantly. FGF21 is produced in the liver following inflammation and MET may increase its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Kar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Özkan Alataş
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Varol Şahıntürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Semih Öz
- Vocational School of Health Services, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Bednarska S, Fryczak J, Siejka A. Serum β-Klotho concentrations are increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cytokine 2020; 134:155188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Wu G, Liu Y, Feng W, An X, Lin W, Tang C. Hypoxia-Induced Adipose Lipolysis Requires Fibroblast Growth Factor 21. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1279. [PMID: 32922298 PMCID: PMC7456904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a recently discovered hepatokine that regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and is upregulated in response to numerous physiological and pathological stimuli. Herein, we demonstrate that both physical and chemical hypoxia increase the systemic and hepatic expression of FGF21 in mice; by contrast, hypoxia induces a reduction of FGF21 expression in hepatocytes, indicating that hypoxia-induced FGF21 expression is differentially regulated in intact animals and in hepatocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hypoxia treatment increases hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated adipose tissue lipolysis in mice, which is reduced in Fgf21 knockout mice, thereby implying that FGF21 plays a critical role in hypoxia-related adipose lipolysis. Adipose tissue lipolysis causes an increase in the amount of circulating free fatty acids, which leads to the activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha and an increased expression of FGF21 in hepatocytes. We further show that hypoxia-induced elevation of reactive oxygen species, but not the hypoxia-inducible factor, is responsible for the lipolysis and FGF21 expression. In conclusion, our data clearly demonstrate that FGF21 plays a critical role in hypoxia-induced adipose lipolysis, which induces hepatic expression of FGF21. Clarification of hypoxia-regulated FGF21 regulation will enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypoxia-related diseases, such as sleep disorders and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Hepatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhuji Institute of Biomedicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wenke Feng
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xuan An
- Department of Hepatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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Does GLP-1 suppress hepatocyte glucose production directly, via fibroblast growth factor 21? EBioMedicine 2019; 41:5-6. [PMID: 30876763 PMCID: PMC6443942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Browning of White Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30804796 PMCID: PMC6370737 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest has been focused on differentiating anatomical, molecular, and physiological characteristics of the types of mammalian adipose tissues. White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are the two main forms of adipose tissue in humans. WAT functions as an endocrine organ and serves as a reservoir of energy in the form of triglycerides. The hormones released by WAT are called adipokines. BAT consists of a group of specialized cells with abundant uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and also fulfills endocrine functions. Following the identification of functional (BAT) in human adults, there has been a great deal of interest in finding out how it is induced, its localization, and the mechanisms by which it regulates thermogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key regulator of the differentiation to brown adipocytes. The main mechanisms occur through enhancing UCP1 expression. In addition, following exposure to cold or exercise, FGF21 induces upregulation of local peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC)-1-alfa and thus promotes thermogenesis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. FGF21 integrates several pathways allowing the regulation of human energy balance, glucose levels, and lipid metabolism. Such mechanisms and their clinical relevance are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Mehta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Tec Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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Li R, Guo C, Wu X, Huang Z, Chen J. FGF21 functions as a sensitive biomarker of APAP-treated patients and mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44440-44446. [PMID: 28591702 PMCID: PMC5546492 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a common medication that induces hepatocellular damage in a time- or dose-dependent manner. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exerts a series of biological effects, including cellular repair. Compared to clinical diagnosis parameters, we aimed to evaluate whether FGF21 can serve as a sensitive biomarker for APAP-induced liver impairment. In the present study, we discussed comparable data from APAP-treated patients and parallelly established APAP-exposed mice for investigation. The resulting human serological data showed that APAP-treated patients have a visible reduction of FGF21 expression in undetected liver impairment of clinical diagnosis. In the animal study, APAP-exposed livers exhibited normal metabolic functions and liver functions, as revealed by biochemical test and histopathological examination. Endogenous FGF21 concentrations in APAP-treated mice were decreased in sera and liver cells. Moreover, comparable immunoassay data showed that hepatocellular FGF21 expression was reduced in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings elucidate the involvement of abnormal FGF21 expression in early APAP-induced liver impairment. Interestingly, FGF21 may be a promising biomarker of APAP-exposed livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guigang City People's Hospital, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, Guangxi 537100, PR China
| | - Xinmou Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Zhaoquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541004, PR China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541004, PR China
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Ma X, Liu Y, Tan Y, Qu K, He X, Zhang H, Wang Z. Diallyl disulphide inhibits apolipoprotein(a) expression in HepG2 cells through the MEK1-ERK1/2-ELK-1 pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:223. [PMID: 29178936 PMCID: PMC5702159 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoprotein(a) [LP(a)] is implicated as a common and independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The therapeutic options currently available for reducing plasma LP(a) concentrations are limited. Diallyl disulphide (DADS), the main component of garlic, regulates lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and adipocytes through ERK1/2 signalling. This study aimed to assess the effect of DADS on apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] in HepG2 cells. We also determined the effects of DADS on apo(a) expression and secretion in HepG2 cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. Methods We examined the role of DADS on apo(a) expression in HepG2 cells by treating cell with different concentrations of DADS (10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/mL) for 24 h or treating cells with 40 μg/mL DADS for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Then we used quantitative real-time PCR to analysis apo(a) mRNA levels, used Western blot to analysis apo(a) protein levels and used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test apo(a) secreted levels. To farther determined the role of DADS, we applied Transfection of small interfering RNA to knockdown ELK-1levels and applied PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2, to block ERK1/2 signal. Results The results show DADS inhibited apo(a) at both the mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. DADS-mediated inhibition of apoa(a) expression in HepG2 cells was attenuated when the cells were cultured in medium containing PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) or were transfected with siRNAs against MEK1 or ELK-1. Overexpression of apo(a) yielded similar results. Conclusions This study reveals that DADS can downregulate apo(a) expression in a dose-dependent manner via the MEK-ERK12-ELK-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Human Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yami Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Human Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yanmei Tan
- Department of Pathology, Changde Vocational Technical College, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Human Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xinglan He
- Women and Children Healthcare Hospital of Zhu zhou, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Zuo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Human Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Chukijrungroat N, Khamphaya T, Weerachayaphorn J, Songserm T, Saengsirisuwan V. Hepatic FGF21 mediates sex differences in high-fat high-fructose diet-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E203-E212. [PMID: 28559436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00076.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of gender in the progression of fatty liver due to chronic high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) has not been studied. The present investigation assessed whether HFFD induced hepatic perturbations differently between the sexes and examined the potential mechanisms. Male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control diet or HFFD for 12 wk. Indexes of liver damage and hepatic steatosis were analyzed biochemically and histologically together with monitoring changes in hepatic gene and protein expression. HFFD induced a higher degree of hepatic steatosis in females, with significant increases in proteins involved in hepatic lipogenesis, whereas HFFD significantly induced liver injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress only in males. Interestingly, a significant increase in hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) protein expression was observed in HFFD-fed males but not in HFFD-fed females. Ovarian hormone deprivation by itself led to a significant reduction in FGF21 with hepatic steatosis, and HFFD further aggravated hepatic fat accumulation in OVX rats. Importantly, estrogen replacement restored hepatic FGF21 levels and reduced hepatic steatosis in HFFD-fed OVX rats. Collectively, our results indicate that male rats are more susceptible to HFFD-induced hepatic inflammation and that the mechanism underlying this sex dimorphism is mediated through hepatic FGF21 expression. Our findings reveal sex differences in the development of HFFD-induced fatty liver and indicate the protective role of estrogen against HFFD-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsasi Chukijrungroat
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Khamphaya
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and
| | - Jittima Weerachayaphorn
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Vitoon Saengsirisuwan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Wu H, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhu D, Ma J, Yan Y, Si M, Li X, Sun C, Yang B, He Q, Chen K. Neohesperidin Exerts Lipid-Regulating Effects in vitro and in vivo via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase/Sirtuin Type 1/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1α Signaling Axis. Pharmacology 2017; 100:115-126. [PMID: 28554169 DOI: 10.1159/000452492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to prove the lipid-regulating effects of neohesperidin (NHP) and explore the potential mechanisms related to fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced lipid-accumulated HepG2 cells, acutely egg yolk-induced dyslipidemia and chronically diet-induced obese (DIO) model mice were treated with NHP. Biochemical analyses were carried out to determine the lipid profiles. Western blotting and real-time PCR were employed to analyze FGF21, AMPK and the related proteins or mRNA expressions. Body weight and food intake were measured in DIO mice. siRNA or inhibitors of FGF21 or AMPK were utilized in further study. NHP showed potent hypolipidemic effect in HepG2 cells loaded with FFAs and reversed the pathological changes of lipid in the acute or chronic dyslipidemia mouse model. It obviously improved the lipid profiles in plasma, liver and gastrocnemius muscles in DIO mice, and led to a significant body weight loss. Simultaneously, FGF21 protein expression or secretion, and AMPK/sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) axis or related molecules, was improved by NHP in HepG2 cells and/or DIO mice. Furthermore, the siRNA or inhibitor targeting FGF21 or AMPK rejected the triglyceride-lowering effect of NHP. In conclusion, NHP regulates lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro via FGF21 and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshu Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Lovadi E, Csereklyei M, Merkli H, FüLöp K, Sebők Á, Karcagi V, Komoly S, Pál E. Elevated FGF 21 in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and mitochondrial diseases. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:564-569. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emese Lovadi
- Department of Neurology; University of Pécs; Pécs Rét u. 2 Hungary
| | - Márta Csereklyei
- Department of Neurology; University of Pécs; Pécs Rét u. 2 Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Merkli
- Department of Neurology; University of Pécs; Pécs Rét u. 2 Hungary
| | - Krisztina FüLöp
- Neuropathology Unit; Department of Pathology, University of Pécs; Hungary
| | - Ágnes Sebők
- Department of Neurology; University of Pécs; Pécs Rét u. 2 Hungary
| | - Veronika Karcagi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Environmental Health; Budapest Hungary
| | - Sámuel Komoly
- Department of Neurology; University of Pécs; Pécs Rét u. 2 Hungary
| | - Endre Pál
- Department of Neurology; University of Pécs; Pécs Rét u. 2 Hungary
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17
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Cuevas-Ramos D, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Modulation of energy balance by fibroblast growth factor 21. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2016-0023/hmbci-2016-0023.xml. [PMID: 27318658 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a superfamily of 22 proteins related to cell proliferation and tissue repair after injury. A subgroup of three proteins, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, are major endocrine mediators. These three FGFs have low affinity to heparin sulfate during receptor binding; in contrast they have a strong interaction with the cofactor Klotho/β-Klotho. FGF21 has received particular attention because of its key role in carbohydrate, lipids, and energy balance regulation. FGF21 improves glucose and lipids metabolism as well as increasing energy expenditure in animal models and humans. Conditions that induce human physical stress such as exercise, lactation, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes influence FGF21 circulating levels. FGF21 also has an anti-oxidant function in human metabolic diseases which contribute to understanding the FGF21 compensatory increment in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, energy expenditure and weight loss is induced by FGF21. The mechanism involved is through "browning" of white adipose tissue, increasing brown adipose tissue activity and heat production. Therefore, clinical evaluation of therapeutic action of exogenous FGF21 administration is warranted, particularly to treat diabetes and obesity.
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18
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González E, Díez JJ, Bajo MA, del Peso G, Grande C, Rodríguez O, Díaz-Almirón M, Iglesias P, Selgas R. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Natural History and Metabolic Implications. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151698. [PMID: 26986485 PMCID: PMC4795603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine liver hormone that stimulates adipocyte glucose uptake independently of insulin, suppresses hepatic glucose production and is involved in the regulation of body fat. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients suffer potential interference with FGF-21 status with as yet unknown repercussions. Objectives The aim of this study was to define the natural history of FGF-21 in PD patients, to analyze its relationship with glucose homeostasis parameters and to study the influence of residual renal function and peritoneal functional parameters on FGF-21 levels and their variation over time. Methods We studied 48 patients with uremia undergoing PD. Plasma samples were routinely obtained from each patient at baseline and at 1, 2 and 3 years after starting PD therapy. Results Plasma FGF-21 levels substantially increased over the first year and were maintained at high levels during the remainder of the study period (253 pg/ml (59; 685) at baseline; 582 pg/ml (60.5–949) at first year and 647 pg/ml (120.5–1116.6) at third year) (p<0.01). We found a positive correlation between time on dialysis and FGF-21 levels (p<0.001), and also, those patients with residual renal function (RRF) had significantly lower levels of FGF-21 than those without RRF (ρ -0.484, p<0.05). Lastly, there was also a significant association between FGF-21 levels and peritoneal protein losses (PPL), independent of the time on dialysis (ρ 0.410, p<0.05). Conclusion Our study shows that FGF-21 plasma levels in incident PD patients significantly increase during the first 3 years. This increment is dependent on or is associated with RRF and PPL (higher levels in patients with lower RRF and higher PPL). FGF-21 might be an important endocrine agent in PD patients and could act as hormonal signaling to maintain glucose homeostasis and prevent potential insulin resistance. These preliminary results suggest that FGF-21 might play a protective role as against the development of insulin resistance over time in patients undergoing a continuous glucose load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena González
- Department of Nephrology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, FRIAT-IRSIN, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Díez
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Auxiliadora Bajo
- Department of Nephrology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, FRIAT-IRSIN, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria del Peso
- Department of Nephrology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, FRIAT-IRSIN, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Grande
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, FRIAT-IRSIN, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Díaz-Almirón
- Biostatistics Section, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, FRIAT-IRSIN, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Iglesias
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Rafael Selgas
- Department of Nephrology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, FRIAT-IRSIN, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
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Song H, Zheng Z, Wu J, Lai J, Chu Q, Zheng X. White Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) Juice Attenuates Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149670. [PMID: 26914024 PMCID: PMC4767368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis are the most common complications of obesity. Pitaya is an important source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoid and vitamin C which are related to its antioxidant activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of white pitaya juice (WPJ) on obesity-related metabolic disorders (e.g. insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis) in high-fat diet-fed mice. Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice were assigned into four groups and fed low-fat diet with free access to water or WPJ, or fed high-fat diet with free access to water or WPJ for 14 weeks. Our results showed that administration of WPJ improved high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and adipose hypertrophy, but it exerted no influence on body weight gain in mice. Hepatic gene expression analysis indicated that WPJ supplement not only changed the expression profile of genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism (Srebp1, HMGCoR, Cpt1b, HL, Insig1 and Insig2) but also significantly increased the expression levels of FGF21-related genes (Klb, FGFR2, Egr1 and cFos). In conclusion, WPJ protected from diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, which was associated with the improved FGF21 resistance and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhao Song
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zihuan Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jia Lai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Song H, Chu Q, Xu D, Xu Y, Zheng X. Purified Betacyanins from Hylocereus undatus Peel Ameliorate Obesity and Insulin Resistance in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:236-244. [PMID: 26653843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural bioactive compounds in food have been shown to be beneficial in preventing the development of obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that betacyanins possess free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities, suggesting their beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. The main objective of this study was to isolate and identify the betaycanins from Hylocereus undatus (white-fleshed pitaya) peel and evaluate their ability to ameliorate obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. The purified pitaya peel betacyanins (PPBNs) were identified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), and the male C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet, HFD, or HFD supplemented with PPBNs for 14 weeks. Our results showed that the white-fleshed pitaya peel contains 14 kinds of betacyanins and dietary PPBNs reduced HFD-induced body weight gain and ameliorated adipose tissue hypertrophy, hepatosteatosis, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Moreover, the hepatic gene expression analysis indicated that PPBN supplementation increased the expression levels of lipid-metabolism-related genes (AdipoR2, Cpt1a, Cpt1b, Acox1, PPARγ, Insig1, and Insig2) and FGF21-related genes (β-Klotho and FGFR1/2) but decreased the expression level of Fads2, Fas, and FGF21, suggesting that the protective effect of PPBNs might be associated with the induced fatty acid oxidation, decreased fatty acid biosynthesis, and alleviated FGF21 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhao Song
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, and ‡Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, and ‡Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, and ‡Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, and ‡Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, and ‡Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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21
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McCarty MF. Practical prospects for boosting hepatic production of the "pro-longevity" hormone FGF21. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2015-0057/hmbci-2015-0057.xml. [PMID: 26741352 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), produced mainly in hepatocytes and adipocytes, promotes leanness, insulin sensitivity, and vascular health while down-regulating hepatic IGF-I production. Transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 enjoy a marked increase in median and maximal longevity comparable to that evoked by calorie restriction - but without a reduction in food intake. Transcriptional factors which promote hepatic FGF21 expression include PPARα, ATF4, STAT5, and FXR; hence, fibrate drugs, elevated lipolysis, moderate-protein vegan diets, growth hormone, and bile acids may have potential to increase FGF21 synthesis. Sirt1 activity is required for optimal responsiveness of FGF21 to PPARα, and Sirt1 activators can boost FGF21 transcription. Conversely, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibits PPARα's transcriptional impact on FGF21, and type 1 deacetylase inhibitors such as butyrate therefore increase FGF21 expression. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases hepatic expression of both PPARα and Sirt1; acarbose, which increases intestinal GLP-1 secretion, also increases FGF21 and lifespan in mice. Glucagon stimulates hepatic production of FGF21 by increasing the expression of the Nur77 transcription factor; increased glucagon secretion can be evoked by supplemental glycine administered during post-absorptive metabolism. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has also been reported recently to promote FGF21 transcription. Bilirubin is known to be an agonist for this receptor, and this may rationalize a recent report that heme oxygenase-1 induction in the liver boosts FGF21 expression. There is reason to suspect that phycocyanorubin, a bilirubin homolog that is a metabolite of the major phycobilin in spirulina, may share bilirubin's agonist activity for AhR, and perhaps likewise promote FGF21 induction. In the future, regimens featuring a plant-based diet, nutraceuticals, and safe drugs may make it feasible to achieve physiologically significant increases in FGF21 that promote metabolic health, leanness, and longevity.
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22
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Li E, Wang T, Wang F, Wang T, Sun LQ, Li L, Niu SH, Zhang JY. FGF21 protects against ox-LDL induced apoptosis through suppressing CHOP expression in THP1 macrophage derived foam cells. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015. [PMID: 26223891 PMCID: PMC4518604 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-015-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FGF21,as a member of the fibroblast growth factor superfamily, is an important endogenous regulator to systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Elevated serum FGF21 levels have been reported in subjects with coronary heart disease and carotid artery plaques. The formation and apoptosis of foam cell, induced by ox-LDL and oxysterols, are key steps in the development of atherosclerosis. Methods In this study, THP1 derived macrophages were induced into foam cells by ox-LDL or sterols. The formation and apoptosis of foam cells treated with or without FGF21 were analyzed. Results We demonstrated that the accumulation of cholesterol was decreased after FGF21 treatment in THP1 macrophage derived foam cells. Consistently, the apoptosis of macrophage was alleviated dramatically with FGF21 treatment. ERK1/2 knockdown didn’t abrogate the effect of FGF21 on THP1 macrophage derived foam cells. However, FGF21 suppressed the induced expression of CHOP and DR5 in THP1 macrophage derived foam cells. Conclusion FGF21 protects against the formation and apoptosis of THP1 macrophages derived foam cells through suppressing the expression of CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- Department of Cardiovascular internal medicine, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China. .,Department of Cardiovascular internal medicine, The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shaanxi People's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Gerontology, The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Li-qiang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular internal medicine, The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cardiovascular internal medicine, The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Shao-hui Niu
- Department of Cardiovascular internal medicine, The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular internal medicine, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
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Sypniewska G. Laboratory assessment of cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese children. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jiang X, Chen J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Tan Y, Feng W, Skibba M, Xin Y, Cai L. The protective effect of FGF21 on diabetes-induced male germ cell apoptosis is associated with up-regulated testicular AKT and AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1156-70. [PMID: 25560828 PMCID: PMC6285187 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic regulator that is required for normal spermatogenesis and protects against diabetes-induced germ cell apoptosis. Here, we tried to define whether diabetes-induced germ cell apoptosis that is predominantly due to increased oxidative stress was associated with impaired glucose and fatty acid metabolism, by examining the effects of Fgf21 gene knockout (FGF21-KO) or FGF21 treatment on the glucose and fatty acid metabolic pathways in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Western blottings revealed that protein kinase B (AKT)-mediated glucose signaling was down-regulated in diabetic testes and further decreased in FGF21-KO diabetic group both 10 days and 2 months after diabetes onset, reflected by reduced glycogen synthase (GS) kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation and increased GS phosphorylation. Deletion of the Fgf21 gene also inactivated fatty acid metabolism-related factors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), along with exacerbating diabetes-induced testicular oxidative stress and damage. Treatment with recombinant FGF21 partially prevented these diabetic effects. In FGF21-KO nondiabetic mice, testicular AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling was down-regulated and AKT1 and murine double minute 2 were inactivated along with the increased p53 expression but not AKT2, GSK-3β, and GS. These results suggest that the role of FGF21 in maintaining spermatogenesis is associated with its activation of AKT1 and inhibition of p53. Deletion of the Fgf21gene significantly exacerbates diabetes-induced down-regulation of testicular AKT/GSK-3β/GS and AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathways and testicular oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University (X.J., Z.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Pathobiology (Y.X.), Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics (X.J., J.C., Z.Z., Y.T., Y.X., L.C.), and Departments of Medicine (W.F.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (Y.T., W.F., M.S., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville 40202; and Nursing School of Wenzhou Medical University (J.C.) and The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (C.Z., Y.T., M.S., L.C.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Lee JB, Kim TW. Passive heat loading links lipolysis and regulation of fibroblast growth factor-21 in humans. J Therm Biol 2014; 45:163-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Lin XL, He XL, Zeng JF, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Tan JK, Wang Z. FGF21 Increases Cholesterol Efflux by Upregulating ABCA1 Through the ERK1/2–PPARγ–LXRα Pathway in THP1 Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:514-21. [PMID: 24735204 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Lin
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Pathology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Guangdong Huizhou, China
| | - Xing-Lan He
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun-Fa Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jian-Kai Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Eckardt K, Görgens SW, Raschke S, Eckel J. Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1087-99. [PMID: 24676645 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an active endocrine organ releasing a host of so-called myokines. These myokines are part of a complex network that mediates communication between muscle, the liver, adipose tissue, the brain and other organs. Recent data suggest that myokines regulated by muscle contraction may play a key role in mediating the health-promoting effects of regular physical activity. Although hundreds of myokines have recently been described in proteomic studies, we currently have a rather limited knowledge of the specific role these myokines play in the prevention of insulin resistance, inflammation and associated metabolic dysfunction. Several myokines are known to have both local and endocrine functions, but in many cases the contribution of physical activity to the systemic level of these molecules remains as yet unexplored. Very recently, novel myokines such as irisin, which is thought to induce a white to brown shift in adipocytes, have gained considerable interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarise the most recent findings on the role of myokines in the regulation of substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. We further explore the role of myokines in the regulation of inflammation and provide a critical assessment of irisin and other myokines regarding their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Eckardt
- German Diabetes Center, Paul Langerhans Group for Integrative Physiology, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bisgaard A, Sørensen K, Johannsen TH, Helge JW, Andersson AM, Juul A. Significant gender difference in serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 in Danish children and adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 2014:7. [PMID: 24883065 PMCID: PMC4039053 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel metabolic factor with effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, and shown to be elevated in diseases related to metabolic syndrome. Due to the increasing frequency of metabolic syndrome in the pediatric population, and as FGF21 studies in children are limited, we investigated baseline serum levels of FGF21 in healthy children during an oral glucose tolerance test. Methods A total of 179 children and adolescents from the COPENHAGEN Puberty Study were included. An OGTT with glucose and insulin measurements, a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan and a clinical examination including pubertal staging were done on all subjects. Serum levels of FGF21, adiponectin, and leptin were determined by immunoassays at baseline. Results The girls had significantly higher levels of FGF21 compared with boys (155 pg/mL vs. 105 pg/mL, P = 0.04). 38 children (21%) had levels below detection limit of assay. Baseline levels of FGF21 showed positive correlation with triglycerides, but no significant correlations were found between FGF21-concentration and body mass index (BMI), DXA-derived fat percentage, LDL- HDL- and non-HDL cholesterol, leptin or adiponectin levels, respectively. Neither was any correlation found between baseline FGF21-levels and the dynamic changes in glucose and insulin levels during the OGTT. Conclusion FGF21 is independent of adiposity in children, and the significant metabolic effect seems to be limited to pathological conditions associated with insulin resistance. The higher levels of triglycerides in the girls may explain the significantly higher levels of FGF21 in girls compared with boys. Systematic review registration The COPENHAGEN Puberty Study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT01411527), and approved by the local ethics committee (reference no. KF 01 282214 and KF 11 2006–2033).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Bisgaard
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, section 5064 Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar Sørensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, section 5064 Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Holm Johannsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, section 5064 Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, section 5064 Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, section 5064 Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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FGF21 inhibits apolipoprotein(a) expression in HepG2 cells via the FGFR1-ERK1/2-Elk-1 pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:33-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Otero YF, Lundblad TM, Ford EA, House LM, McGuinness OP. Liver but not adipose tissue is responsive to the pattern of enteral feeding. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00250. [PMID: 24744913 PMCID: PMC3966249 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional support is an important aspect of medical care, providing calories to patients with compromised nutrient intake. Metabolism has a diurnal pattern, responding to the light cycle and food intake, which in turn can drive changes in liver and adipose tissue metabolism. In this study, we assessed the response of liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) to different feeding patterns under nutritional support (total enteral nutrition or TEN). Mice received continuous isocaloric TEN for 10 days or equal calories of chow once a day (Ch). TEN was given either at a constant (CN, same infusion rate during 24 h) or variable rate (VN, 80% of calories fed at night, 20% at day). Hepatic lipogenesis and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) expression increased in parallel with the diurnal feeding pattern. Relative to Ch, both patterns of enteral feeding increased adiposity. This increase was not associated with enhanced lipogenic gene expression in WAT; moreover, lipogenesis was unaffected by the feeding pattern. Surprisingly, leptin and adiponectin expression increased. Moreover, nutritional support markedly increased hepatic and adipose FGF21 expression in CN and VN, despite being considered a fasting hormone. In summary, liver but not WAT, respond to the pattern of feeding. While hepatic lipid metabolism adapts to the pattern of nutrient availability, WAT does not. Moreover, sustained delivery of nutrients in an isocaloric diet can cause adiposity without the proinflammatory state observed in hypercaloric feeding. Thus, the liver but not adipose tissue is responsive to the pattern of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda F. Otero
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tammy M. Lundblad
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric A. Ford
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lawrence M. House
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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High sugar intake and development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and inflammation in mice: a protective role for PPAR- δ agonism. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:509502. [PMID: 23861559 PMCID: PMC3703883 DOI: 10.1155/2013/509502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR)-δ agonists may serve for treating metabolic diseases. However, the effects of PPAR-δ agonism within the skeletal muscle, which plays a key role in whole-body glucose metabolism, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the signaling pathways activated in the gastrocnemius muscle by chronic administration of the selective PPAR-δ agonist, GW0742 (1 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks), in male C57Bl6/J mice treated for 30 weeks with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), the major sweetener in foods and soft-drinks (15% wt/vol in drinking water). Mice fed with the HFCS diet exhibited hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia. In the gastrocnemius muscle, HFCS impaired insulin and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and reduced GLUT-4 and GLUT-5 expression and membrane translocation. GW0742 administration induced PPAR-δ upregulation and improvement in glucose and lipid metabolism. Diet-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase and intercellular-adhesion-molecule-1 were attenuated by drug treatment. These effects were accompanied by reduction in the serum concentration of interleukin-6 and increase in muscular expression of fibroblast growth factor-21. Overall, here we show that PPAR-δ activation protects the skeletal muscle against the metabolic abnormalities caused by chronic HFCS exposure by affecting multiple levels of the insulin and inflammatory cascades.
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Oishi K, Yamamoto S, Uchida D, Doi R. Ketogenic diet and fasting induce the expression of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein with time-dependent hypothermia in the mouse liver. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:192-5. [PMID: 23772393 PMCID: PMC3668523 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) induced by cold stress modulates the molecular circadian clock in vitro. The present study examines the effect of a ketogenic diet (KD) and fasting on Cirbp expression in the mouse liver. Chronic KD administration induced time-dependent Cirbp expression with hypothermia in mice. The circadian expression of clock genes such as Bmal1 and Clock was phase-advanced and augmented in the liver of mice fed with a KD. Transient food deprivation also induced time-dependent Cirbp expression with hypothermia in mice. These findings suggest that hypothermia is involved in the increased expression of Cirbp under ketogenic or fasting conditions. A ketogenic diet and fasting induce time-of-day-dependent hypothermia in mice. A ketogenic diet and fasting induce time-of-day-dependent Cirbp expression in mice. A ketogenic diet affects the expression of circadian genes in the mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan ; Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Jiang X, Zhang C, Xin Y, Huang Z, Tan Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Feng W, Li X, Li W, Qu Y, Cai L. Protective effect of FGF21 on type 1 diabetes-induced testicular apoptotic cell death probably via both mitochondrial- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent pathways in the mouse model. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:65-76. [PMID: 23499715 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel member identified and was reported to express predominantly in pancreas, liver and adipose tissue, and relatively less in other organs, such as the testis. However, the role of FGF21 in the testis has never been addressed. The present study examined FGF21 expression at mRNA level by real-time RT-PCR assay in the testis of fasting and non-fasting mice or mice with type 1 diabetes that was induced with streptozotocin. We also examined the effect of Fgf21 gene deletion or supplementation of the exogenous FGF21 on the testicular apoptotic cell death spontaneously or induced by type 1 diabetes in FGF21 knockout (FGF21-KO) mice. Deletion of Fgf21 gene does not affect testicular cell proliferation, but significantly increases the spontaneous incidence of testicular TUNEL positive cells with increases in the Bax/Bcl2 expression ratio and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) expression. Diabetes induced significant increases in testicular TUNEL positive cells, Bax/Bcl2 expression ratio, AIF expression, CHOP and cleaved caspase-12 expression, and oxidative damage, but did not change the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8. Deletion of Fgf21 gene also significantly enhances diabetes-induced TUNEL positive cells along with the increased expression of Bax/Bcl2 ratio, AIF, CHOP, cleaved caspase-12, and oxidative damage, which was significantly prevented by the supplementation of exogenous FGF21. These results suggest that Fgf21 gene may involve in maintaining normal spermatogenesis and also protect the germ cells from diabetes-induced apoptotic cell death probably via the prevention of diabetes-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Cancer Center at the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Guo W, Wong S, Li M, Liang W, Liesa M, Serra C, Jasuja R, Bartke A, Kirkland JL, Shirihai O, Bhasin S. Testosterone plus low-intensity physical training in late life improves functional performance, skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial quality control in male mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51180. [PMID: 23240002 PMCID: PMC3519841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone supplementation increases muscle mass in older men but has not been shown to consistently improve physical function and activity. It has been hypothesized that physical exercise is required to induce the adaptations necessary for translation of testosterone-induced muscle mass gain into functional improvements. However, the effects of testosterone plus low intensity physical exercise training (T/PT) on functional performance and bioenergetics are unknown. In this pilot study, we tested the hypothesis that combined administration of T/PT would improve functional performance and bioenergetics in male mice late in life more than low-intensity physical training alone. 28-month old male mice were randomized to receive T/PT or vehicle plus physical training (V/PT) for 2 months. Compare to V/PT control, administration of T/PT was associated with improvements in muscle mass, grip strength, spontaneous physical movements, and respiratory activity. These changes were correlated with increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and expression of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis. Mice receiving T/PT also displayed increased expression of key elements for mitochondrial quality control, including markers for mitochondrial fission-and-fusion and mitophagy. Concurrently, mice receiving T/PT also displayed increased expression of markers for reduced tissue oxidative damage and improved muscle quality. Conclusion: Testosterone administered with low-intensity physical training improves grip strength, spontaneous movements, and respiratory activity. These functional improvements were associated with increased muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and improved mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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