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Xiong J, Ma YJ, Liao XS, Li LQ, Bao L. Gut microbiota in infants with food protein enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03424-9. [PMID: 39033251 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored the effects of two formulas, extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) and amino acid-based formula (AAF), on the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). METHODS Fecal samples of thirty infants with bloody diarrhea receiving EHF or AAF feeding were collected at enrollment, diagnosis of FPIES, and four weeks after diagnosis. The gut microbiota and SCFAs were analyzed using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Microbial diversity of FPIES infants was significantly different from that of the controls. FPIES infants had a significantly lower abundance of Bifidobacterium and a higher level of hexanoic acid compared with controls. In EHF-fed FPIES infants, microbial richness was significantly decreased over time; while the microbial diversity and richness in AAF-fed FPIES infants exhibited no differences at the three time points. By four weeks after diagnosis, EHF-fed FPIES infants contained a decreased abundance of Acinetobacter, whereas AAF-fed FPIES infants contained an increased abundance of Escherichia-Shigella. EHF-fed infants experienced significantly decreased levels of butyric acid and hexanoic acid at four weeks after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Infants with FPIES had intestinal dysbiosis and different formulas differentially affected gut microbiota and SCFAs in FPIES infants. IMPACT We firstly report the impacts of two different nutritional milk formulas on the gut microbial composition and SCFAs levels in infants with FPIES. We show that infants with FPIES have obvious intestinal dysbiosis and different formulas differentially affect gut microbiota and SCFAs in FPIES infants. Understanding the effects of different types of formulas on gut microbial colonization and composition, as well as the related metabolites in infants with FPIES could help provide valuable insights for making choices about feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiong
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Jue Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Sheng Liao
- Department of Neonatology, The first People's Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Quan Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Bastos-Moreira Y, Ouédraogo L, De Boevre M, Argaw A, de Kok B, Hanley-Cook GT, Deng L, Ouédraogo M, Compaoré A, Tesfamariam K, Ganaba R, Huybregts L, Toe LC, Lachat C, Kolsteren P, De Saeger S, Dailey-Chwalibóg T. A Multi-Omics and Human Biomonitoring Approach to Assessing the Effectiveness of Fortified Balanced Energy-Protein Supplementation on Maternal and Newborn Health in Burkina Faso: A Study Protocol. Nutrients 2023; 15:4056. [PMID: 37764838 PMCID: PMC10535470 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fortified balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplementation is a promising intervention for improving maternal health, birth outcomes and infant growth in low- and middle-income countries. This nested biospecimen sub-study aimed to evaluate the physiological effect of multi-micronutrient-fortified BEP supplementation on pregnant and lactating women and their infants. Pregnant women (15-40 years) received either fortified BEP and iron-folic acid (IFA) (intervention) or IFA only (control) throughout pregnancy. The same women were concurrently randomized to receive either a fortified BEP supplement during the first 6 months postpartum in combination with IFA for the first 6 weeks (i.e., intervention) or the postnatal standard of care, which comprised IFA alone for 6 weeks postpartum (i.e., control). Biological specimens were collected at different timepoints. Multi-omics profiles will be characterized to assess the mediating effect of BEP supplementation on the different trial arms and its effect on maternal health, as well as birth and infant growth outcomes. The mediating effect of the exposome in the relationship between BEP supplementation and maternal health, birth outcomes and infant growth were characterized via biomonitoring markers of air pollution, mycotoxins and environmental contaminants. The results will provide holistic insight into the granular physiological effects of prenatal and postnatal BEP supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bastos-Moreira
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, MYTOXSOUTH Coordination Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Lionel Ouédraogo
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 390, Burkina Faso
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, MYTOXSOUTH Coordination Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Alemayehu Argaw
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Brenda de Kok
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Giles T. Hanley-Cook
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Lishi Deng
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Moctar Ouédraogo
- Agence de Formation de Recherche et d’Expertise en Santé pour l’Afrique (AFRICSanté), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 298, Burkina Faso; (M.O.); (A.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Anderson Compaoré
- Agence de Formation de Recherche et d’Expertise en Santé pour l’Afrique (AFRICSanté), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 298, Burkina Faso; (M.O.); (A.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Kokeb Tesfamariam
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Rasmané Ganaba
- Agence de Formation de Recherche et d’Expertise en Santé pour l’Afrique (AFRICSanté), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 298, Burkina Faso; (M.O.); (A.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Lieven Huybregts
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
- Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition Policy, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Laeticia Celine Toe
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
- Unité Nutrition et Maladies Métaboliques, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, MYTOXSOUTH Coordination Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Trenton Dailey-Chwalibóg
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.O.); (A.A.); (B.d.K.); (G.T.H.-C.); (L.D.); (K.T.); (L.H.); (L.C.T.); (C.L.); (P.K.)
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Liu Y, Ma J, Zhu B, Liu F, Qin S, Lv N, Feng Y, Wang S, Yang H. A health-promoting role of exclusive breastfeeding on infants through restoring delivery mode-induced gut microbiota perturbations. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1163269. [PMID: 37492252 PMCID: PMC10363731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1163269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of human gut microbiota in early life is closely associated with both short- and long-term infant health. Delivery mode and feeding pattern are two important determinants of infant gut microbiota. In this longitudinal cohort study, we examined the interplay between the delivery mode and feeding pattern on the dynamics of infant gut microbiota from 6 weeks to 6 months post-delivery in 139 infants. We also assessed the relationship between infant respiratory infection susceptibility and gut microbial changes associated with delivery mode and feeding pattern. At 6 weeks postpartum, the composition and structure of gut microbiota of cesarean section-delivered (CSD) infants differed from those of vaginally delivered (VD) infants, with decreased Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella and increased Klebsiella, Veillonella, and Enterococcus. At 6 months postpartum, these delivery mode-induced microbial shifts were restored by exclusive breastfeeding, resulting in similar gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were exclusively breastfed (P = 0.57) and more variable gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were mixed fed (P < 0.001). We identified that the VD-associated genera were enriched in healthy infants, while the CSD-associated genera were enriched in infants who suffered from respiratory infections. Our findings indicate that exclusive breastfeeding may play a health-promoting role by reducing infant respiratory infection susceptibility through the restoration of gut microbiota perturbations caused by cesarean section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtang Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lv
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing, China
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Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Morales J, Martín-Masot R, Climent E, Silva Á, Martinez-Blanch JF, Enrique M, Tortajada M, Ramon D, Alvarez B, Chenoll E, Gil Á. Innova 2020: A Follow-Up Study of the Fecal Microbiota of Infants Using a Novel Infant Formula between 6 Months and 12 Months of Age. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7392. [PMID: 37108555 PMCID: PMC10139017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding on demand until at least the sixth month of life. Breast milk or infant formula is the infant's primary food source until the age of one year, followed by the gradual introduction of other foods. During weaning, the intestinal microbiota evolves to a profile close to that of the adult, and its disruption can result in an increased incidence of acute infectious diseases. We aimed to determine whether a novel starting formula (INN) provides gut microbiota compositions more similar to those of breastfed (BF) infants from 6 to 12 months of age compared to a standard formula (STD). This study included 210 infants (70 per group) who completed the intervention until they reached the age of 12 months. In the intervention period, infants were divided into three groups. Group 1 received an INN formula with a lower protein content, a casein to whey protein ratio of approximately 70/30, twice as much docosahexaenoic acid as the STD formula, a thermally inactivated postbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BPL1TM HT), and twice as much arachidonic acid as the STD formula contained. The second group received the STD formula, while the third group was exclusively BF for exploratory purposes. In the course of the study, visits were conducted at 6 months and 12 months of age. Compared to the BF and STD groups, the Bacillota phylum levels in the INN group were significantly reduced after 6 months. At the end of 6 months, the alpha diversity indices of the BF and INN groups differed significantly from those of the STD group. At 12 months, the Verrucomicrobiota phylum levels in the STD group were significantly lower than those in the BF and INN groups. Based on the comparison between 6 and 12 months, the Bacteroidota phylum levels in the BF group were significantly higher than those in the INN and STD groups. When comparing the INN group with the BF and STD groups, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was significantly higher in the INN group. The STD group had higher levels of calprotectin than the INN and BF groups at 6 months. The immunoglobulin A levels in the STD group were significantly lower than those in the INN and BF groups after 6 months. Both formulas had significantly higher levels of propionic acid than the BF group at 6 months. At 6 months, the STD group showed a higher quantification of all metabolic pathways than the BF group. The INN formula group exhibited similar behavior to the BF group, except for the superpathway of phospholipid biosynthesis (E. coli). We hypothesize that the novel INN formula may promote an intestinal microbiota that is more similar to the microbiota of an infant who consumes only human milk before the weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n. Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Morales
- Product Development Department, Alter Farmacia SA, 28880 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Masot
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n. Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eric Climent
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Ángela Silva
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 València, Spain
| | | | - María Enrique
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramon
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Empar Chenoll
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Wilson A, Bogie B, Chaaban H, Burge K. The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:909. [PMID: 37110332 PMCID: PMC10144239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is frequently implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. While no particular organism has been associated with NEC development, a general reduction in bacterial diversity and increase in pathobiont abundance has been noted preceding disease onset. However, nearly all evaluations of the preterm infant microbiome focus exclusively on the bacterial constituents, completely ignoring any fungi, protozoa, archaea, and viruses present. The abundance, diversity, and function of these nonbacterial microbes within the preterm intestinal ecosystem are largely unknown. Here, we review findings on the role of fungi and viruses, including bacteriophages, in preterm intestinal development and neonatal intestinal inflammation, with potential roles in NEC pathogenesis yet to be determined. In addition, we highlight the importance of host and environmental influences, interkingdom interactions, and the role of human milk in shaping fungal and viral abundance, diversity, and function within the preterm intestinal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hala Chaaban
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kathryn Burge
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Awan I, Schultz E, Sterrett JD, Dawud LM, Kessler LR, Schoch D, Lowry CA, Feldman-Winter L, Phadtare S. A Pilot Study Exploring Temporal Development of Gut Microbiome/Metabolome in Breastfed Neonates during the First Week of Life. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2023; 26:99-115. [PMID: 36950061 PMCID: PMC10025571 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2023.26.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exclusive breastfeeding promotes gut microbial compositions associated with lower rates of metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Its cessation is implicated in increased microbiome-metabolome discordance, suggesting a vulnerability to dietary changes. Formula supplementation is common within our low-income, ethnic-minority community. We studied exclusively breastfed (EBF) neonates' early microbiome-metabolome coupling in efforts to build foundational knowledge needed to target this inequality. Methods Maternal surveys and stool samples from seven EBF neonates at first transitional stool (0-24 hours), discharge (30-48 hours), and at first appointment (days 3-5) were collected. Survey included demographics, feeding method, medications, medical history and tobacco and alcohol use. Stool samples were processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and lipid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Alpha and beta diversity analyses and Procrustes randomization for associations were carried out. Results Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the most abundant taxa. Variation in microbiome composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.001). Palmitic, oleic, stearic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant lipids. Variation in lipid composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.040). Multivariate composition of the metabolome, but not microbiome, correlated with time (p=0.030). Total lipids, saturated lipids, and unsaturated lipids concentrations increased over time (p=0.012, p=0.008, p=0.023). Alpha diversity did not correlate with time (p=0.403). Microbiome composition was not associated with each samples' metabolome (p=0.450). Conclusion Neonate gut microbiomes were unique to each neonate; respective metabolome profiles demonstrated generalizable temporal developments. The overall variability suggests potential interplay between influences including maternal breastmilk composition, amount consumed and living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Awan
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Emily Schultz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - John D. Sterrett
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lamya’a M. Dawud
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lyanna R. Kessler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Deborah Schoch
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lori Feldman-Winter
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sangita Phadtare
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Analysis of Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) in Healthy Children during the First Two Years of Life: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020367. [PMID: 36678236 PMCID: PMC9864378 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. The aim is to analyze the influence of perinatal factors, which can affect the gut microbiota, on the concentrations of fecal SCFAs over the first two years of life. Gas chromatography was used to analyze SCFA in a total of 456 fecal samples from 86 children. Total SCFA concentrations increased until 12 months and stabilized after that. Antibiotic treatment during pregnancy was associated with an increase in acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in meconium and a decrease in the same SCFAs at 6 months. Butyric acid was increased after Caesarean delivery until 1 month. In formula-fed children, propionic acid (at 1 month) and butyric acid and total SCFA (at 12 months) were increased. Acetic and linear butyric acids and total SCFAs were also increased at 12 months in children born vaginally that were also formula-fed. Higher butyric acid was observed in children of mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight and adequate weight gain during pregnancy. Butyric acid was also elevated in 6-month-old infants with a higher body weight (≥85th percentile). Acetic acid concentrations were significantly higher in 2-year-old females vs. males. We conclude that perinatal factors are linked to changes in fecal SCFAs and further long-term epidemiological studies are warranted.
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Łoniewski I, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Stachowska L, Fraszczyk-Tousty M, Tousty P, Łoniewska B. Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:939194. [PMID: 35898706 PMCID: PMC9310010 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.939194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. It has been shown that the microbiota and its metabolic activity in children are highly influenced by the type of diet and age. Our aim was to analyse the concentration of fecal SCFAs over two years of life and to evaluate the influence of feeding method on the content of these compounds in feces. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase/Ebsco/Cinahl/Web of Science from the database inception to 02/23/2021 without language restriction for observational studies that included an analysis of the concentration of fecal SCFAs in healthy children up to 3 years of age. The primary outcome measures-mean concentrations-were calculated. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis of outcomes for which ≥2 studies provided data. A subgroup analysis was related to the type of feeding (breast milk vs. formula vs. mixed feeding) and the time of analysis (time after birth). The initial search yielded 536 hits. We reviewed 79 full-text articles and finally included 41 studies (n = 2,457 SCFA analyses) in the meta-analysis. We found that concentrations of propionate and butyrate differed significantly in breastfed infants with respect to time after birth. In infants artificially fed up to 1 month of age, the concentration of propionic acid, butyric acid, and all other SCFAs is higher, and acetic acid is lower. At 1–3 months of age, a higher concentration of only propionic acid was observed. At the age of 3–6 months, artificial feeding leads to a higher concentration of butyric acid and the sum of SCFAs. We concluded that the type of feeding influences the content of SCFAs in feces in the first months of life. However, there is a need for long-term evaluation of the impact of the observed differences on health later in life and for standardization of analytical methods and procedures for the study of SCFAs in young children. These data will be of great help to other researchers in analyzing the relationships between fecal SCFAs and various physiologic and pathologic conditions in early life and possibly their impact on health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
| | - Laura Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Tousty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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9
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Iglesia Altaba I, Larqué E, Mesa MD, Blanco-Carnero JE, Gomez-Llorente C, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Moreno LA. Early Nutrition and Later Excess Adiposity during Childhood: A Narrative Review. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 95:112-119. [PMID: 34758469 DOI: 10.1159/000520811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on childhood obesity mainly focus on the genetic component and on the lifestyle that may be associated with the development of obesity. However, the study of perinatal factors in their programming effect toward future obesity in children or adults is somewhat more recent, and there are still mechanisms to be disentangled. SUMMARY In this narrative review, a comprehensive route based on the influence of some early factors in life in the contribution to later obesity development is presented. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain have been pointed out as independent determinants of infant later adiposity. Lifestyle interventions could have an impact on pregnant mothers through epigenetic mechanisms capable of redirecting the genetic expression of their children toward a future healthy weight and body composition and dietary-related microbiome modifications in mothers and newborns might also be related. After birth, infant feeding during the first months of life is directly associated with its body composition and nutritional status. From this point of view, all the expert committees in the world are committed to promote exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age and to continue at least until the first year of life together with complementary feeding based on healthy dietary patterns such as Mediterranean Diet. KEY MESSAGES To develop future effective programs to tackle early obesity, it is necessary not only by controlling lifestyle behaviors like infant feeding but also understanding the role of other mechanisms like the effect of perinatal factors such as maternal diet during pregnancy, epigenetics, or microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Iglesia Altaba
- Aragon Health Research Institute, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Maternal-Infant and Developmental Health Network (SAMID), RETICS Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Maternal-Infant and Developmental Health Network (SAMID), RETICS Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Mesa
- Maternal-Infant and Developmental Health Network (SAMID), RETICS Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy. Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,ibs.GRANADA, Biosanitary Research Institute, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Gomez-Llorente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy. Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,ibs.GRANADA, Biosanitary Research Institute, Granada, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez-Martínez
- Aragon Health Research Institute, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Maternal-Infant and Developmental Health Network (SAMID), RETICS Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Aragon Health Research Institute, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Wong-Chew RM, de Castro JAA, Morelli L, Perez M, Ozen M. Gut immune homeostasis: the immunomodulatory role of Bacillus clausii, from basic to clinical evidence. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:717-729. [PMID: 35674642 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2085559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gut microbiota affects the development of the gut immune system in early life. Perturbations to microbiota structure and composition during this period can have long-term consequences on the health of the individual, through its effects on the immune system. Research in the last few decades has shown that probiotic administration can reverse these effects in strain- and environment-specific ways. Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) has been in use for many decades as a safe and efficacious probiotic, but its mode of action has not yet been completely elucidated. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss how the gut immune system works, the factors that affect its functioning, and the plethora of research highlighting its role in various diseases. We also discuss the known modes of action of Bacillus probiotics, and highlight the preclinical and clinical evidence that reveal how B. clausii acts to bolster gut defense. EXPERT OPINION We anticipate that the treatment and/or prevention of dysbiosis will be central to managing human health and disease in the future. Discovering the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, infections, allergies, and some cancers will aid our understanding of the key role played by microbial communities in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Wong-Chew
- Facultad de Medicina, División de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Cdmx
| | - Jo-Anne A de Castro
- Department of Pediatrics de la Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute (DLSMHSI), Dasmariñas Cavite, Philippines; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng Maynila (PLM), College of Medicine Intramuros, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza - Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Metehan Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul Turkey
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11
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Ioannou A, Knol J, Belzer C. Microbial Glycoside Hydrolases in the First Year of Life: An Analysis Review on Their Presence and Importance in Infant Gut. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631282. [PMID: 34122357 PMCID: PMC8194493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The first year of life is a crucial period during which the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota develop to stabilize and resemble that of adults. Throughout this process, the gut microbiota has been found to contribute to the maturation of the immune system, in gastrointestinal physiology, in cognitive advancement and in metabolic regulation. Breastfeeding, the “golden standard of infant nutrition,” is a cornerstone during this period, not only for its direct effect but also due to its indirect effect through the modulation of gut microbiota. Human milk is known to contain indigestible carbohydrates, termed human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), that are utilized by intestinal microorganisms. Bacteria that degrade HMOs like Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium breve dominate the infant gut microbiota during breastfeeding. A number of carbohydrate active enzymes have been found and identified in the infant gut, thus supporting the hypothesis that these bacteria are able to degrade HMOs. It is suggested that via resource-sharing and cross-feeding, the initial utilization of HMOs drives the interplay within the intestinal microbial communities. This is of pronounced importance since these communities promote healthy development and some of their species also persist in the adult microbiome. The emerging production and accessibility to metagenomic data make it increasingly possible to unravel the metabolic capacity of entire ecosystems. Such insights can increase understanding of how the gut microbiota in infants is assembled and makes it a possible target to support healthy growth. In this manuscript, we discuss the co-occurrence and function of carbohydrate active enzymes relevant to HMO utilization in the first year of life, based on publicly available metagenomic data. We compare the enzyme profiles of breastfed children throughout the first year of life to those of formula-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Ioannou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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12
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Zhou H, Sun L, Zhang S, Zhao X, Gang X, Wang G. The crucial role of early-life gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:249-265. [PMID: 32712802 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-life healthy gut microbiota has a profound implication on shaping the mucosal immune system as well as maintaining healthy status later in life, especially at the prenatal or neonatal stages, while intestinal dysbiosis in early life is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Since the gut microbiome is potentially modifiable, optimizing the intestinal bacterial composition in early life may be a novel option for T1D prevention. In this review, we will review current data depicting the crucial role of early-life intestinal microbiome in the development of T1D and discuss the possible mechanisms whereby early-life intestinal microbiome influences the T1D progression. We also summarize recent findings on environmental factors affecting gut microbiota colonization and interventions that may successfully alter microbial composition to discuss potential means of preventing T1D progression in at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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13
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Shin DY, Park J, Yi DY. Comprehensive Analysis of the Effect of Probiotic Intake by the Mother on Human Breast Milk and Infant Fecal Microbiota. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e58. [PMID: 33650336 PMCID: PMC7921370 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human breast milk (HBM) contains optimal nutrients for infant growth. Probiotics are used to prevent disease and, when taken by the mother, they may affect infant microbiome as well as HBM. However, few studies have specifically investigated the effect of probiotic intake by the mother on HBM and infant microbiota at genus/species level. Therefore, we present a comprehensive analysis of paired HBM and infant feces (IF) microbiome samples before and after probiotic intake by HBM-producing mothers. METHODS Lactating mothers were administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (n = 9) or Saccharomyces boulardii capsules (n = 9), for 2 months; or no probiotic (n = 7). Paired HBM and IF samples were collected before and after treatment and analyzed by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Forty-three HBM and 49 IF samples were collected and sequenced. Overall, in 43 HBM samples, 1,190 microbial species belonging to 684 genera, 245 families, 117 orders, and 56 classes were detected. In 49 IF samples, 372 microbial species belonging to 195 genera, 79 families, 42 orders, and 18 classes were identified. Eight of 20 most abundant genera in both HBM and IF samples overlapped: Streptococcus (14.42%), Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella, which were highly abundant in the HBM samples; and Bifidobacterium (27.397%), Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium, which were highly abundant in the IF samples. Several major bacterial genera and species were detected in the HBM and IF samples after probiotic treatment, illustrating complex changes in the microbiomes upon treatment. CONCLUSION This is the first Korean microbiome study in which the effect of different probiotic intake by the mother on the microbiota in HBM and IF samples was investigated. This study provides a cornerstone to further the understanding of the effect of probiotics on the mother and infant microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dae Yong Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
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14
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Raba AA, O'Sullivan A, Miletin J. Pathogenesis of necrotising enterocolitis: The impact of the altered gut microbiota and antibiotic exposure in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:433-440. [PMID: 32876963 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality seen predominately in preterm infants. Multiple factors are associated with the pathogenesis of NEC. The widespread use of antibiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit might play a role in the pathogenesis of NEC in preterm infants. This review provides a summary on the intestinal microbiota in preterm infants with a focus on how antibiotic exposure may reduce the biodiversity of the intestinal microbiota and may predispose preterm infants to NEC. CONCLUSION: Prolonged antibiotic therapy has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of NEC in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmed Raba
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Sciences Dublin Ireland
- Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Jan Miletin
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Sciences Dublin Ireland
- Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin Ireland
- Institute for the Care of Mother and Child Prague Czech Republic
- 3rd School of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
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15
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Jain N. The early life education of the immune system: Moms, microbes and (missed) opportunities. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1824564. [PMID: 33043833 PMCID: PMC7781677 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1824564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The early life immune system is characterized by unique developmental milestones. Functionally diverse immune cells arise from distinct waves of hematopoietic stem cells, a phenomenon referred to as 'layered' immunity. This stratified development of immune cells extends to lineages of both innate and adaptive cells. The defined time window for the development of these immune cells lends itself to the influence of specific exposures typical of the early life period. The perinatal immune system develops in a relatively sterile fetal environment but emerges into one filled with a multitude of antigenic encounters. A major burden of this comes in the form of the microbiota that is being newly established at mucosal surfaces of the newborn. Accumulating evidence suggests that early life microbial exposures, including those arising in utero, can imprint long-lasting changes in the offspring's immune system and determine disease risk throughout life. In this review, I highlight unique features of early life immunity and explore the role of intestinal bacteria in educating the developing immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Jain
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Charlestown, MA, USA
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16
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Kok CR, Brabec B, Chichlowski M, Harris CL, Moore N, Wampler JL, Vanderhoof J, Rose D, Hutkins R. Stool microbiome, pH and short/branched chain fatty acids in infants receiving extensively hydrolyzed formula, amino acid formula, or human milk through two months of age. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:337. [PMID: 33167908 PMCID: PMC7650147 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early infant feeding with intact or extensively hydrolyzed (EH) proteins or free amino acids (AA) may differentially affect intestinal microbiota composition and immune reactivity. This multicenter, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group, pilot study compared stool microbiota from Baseline (1-7 days of age) up to 60 days of age in healthy term infants who received mother's own milk (assigned to human milk [HM] reference group) (n = 25) or were randomized to receive one of two infant formulas: AA-based (AAF; n = 25) or EH cow's milk protein (EHF; n = 28). Stool samples were collected (Baseline, Day 30, Day 60) and 16S rRNA genes were sequenced. Alpha (Shannon, Simpson, Chao1) and beta diversity (Bray Curtis) were analyzed. Relative taxonomic enrichment and fold changes were analyzed (Wilcoxon, DESEq2). Short/branched chain fatty acids (S/BCFA) were quantified by gas chromatography. Mean S/BCFA and pH were analyzed (repeated measures ANOVA). RESULTS At baseline, alpha diversity measures were similar among all groups; however, both study formula groups were significantly higher versus the HM group by Day 60. Significant group differences in beta diversity at Day 60 were also detected, and study formula groups were compositionally more similar compared to HM. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium increased over time and was significantly enriched at Day 60 in the HM group. In contrast, a significant increase in members of Firmicutes for study formula groups were detected at Day 60 along with butyrate-producing species in the EHF group. Stool pH was significantly higher in the AAF group at Days 30 and 60. Butyrate increased significantly from Baseline to Day 60 in the EHF group and was significantly higher in study formula groups vs HM at Day 60. Propionate was also significantly higher for EHF and AAF at Day 30 and AAF at Day 60 vs HM. Total and individual BCFA were higher for AAF and EHF groups vs HM through Day 60. CONCLUSIONS Distinct patterns of early neonatal microbiome, pH, and microbial metabolites were demonstrated for infants receiving mother's own milk compared to AA-based or extensively hydrolyzed protein formula. Providing different sources of dietary protein early in life may influence gut microbiota and metabolites. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02500563 . Registered July 28, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Car Reen Kok
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Bradford Brabec
- Midwest Children’s Health Research Institute, LLC, 3262 Salt Creek Circle, Lincoln, NE 68504 USA
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Global Nutrition Science, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721 USA
| | - Cheryl L. Harris
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721 USA
| | - Nancy Moore
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Wampler
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721 USA
| | - Jon Vanderhoof
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Gastroenterology, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Devin Rose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, 268 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
| | - Robert Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, 258 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The human milk microbiome is an emerging scientific area. Careful, accurate collection and measurement for microbial sequencing is imperative. There is controversy about a core microbiome, and little is known about factors that influence composition. Even less known are ways that the milk microbiome might seed the infant gut and affect health. RESEARCH AIM The aim of this paper is to provide a critical appraisal of milk microbiome research. The four areas of critical appraisal were collection and measurement, composition, effects on composition, and potential health effects for infants related to the milk microbiome. METHODS Using a PRISMA-ScR scoping review, we reviewed sources of evidence extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and PSYCHINFO data sets using the following criteria: English language, published in past 6 years, primary data, and sequencing using Next Generation Sequencing. Charting of sources of evidence included authors, title, journal year, sample, design, and results. The research questions posed were: How is human milk collected and how are the microbes identified? What is the composition and what factors affect the human milk microbiome? What is the relationship of the human milk microbiome to infant biology and health? RESULTS The reviewed studies were quantitative, cross sectional, or longitudinal. A core microbiome may be present. The microbiome may seed the early infant gut and promote physiological functions and thus influence human health. CONCLUSIONS We have suggested concerns about collection and measurement that lead to gaps in knowledge generation, and mechanistic studies are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wimberly Groer
- 7831 University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, FL, USA.,Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, FL, USA.,4292 University of Tennessee College of Nursing, Knoxville, TN, USA
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18
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Kim KU, Kim WH, Jeong CH, Yi DY, Min H. More than Nutrition: Therapeutic Potential of Breast Milk-Derived Exosomes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7327. [PMID: 33023062 PMCID: PMC7582863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early infant growth and development. Breast-fed children are known to have a low prevalence and reduced risk of various diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroenteritis, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia. In recent years, HBM has been found to contain a microbiome, extracellular vesicles or exosomes, and microRNAs, as well as nutritional components and non-nutritional proteins, including immunoregulatory proteins, hormones, and growth factors. Especially, the milk-derived exosomes exert various physiological and therapeutic function in cell proliferation, inflammation, immunomodulation, and cancer, which are mainly attributed to their cargo molecules such as proteins and microRNAs. The exosomal miRNAs are protected from enzymatic digestion and acidic conditions, and play a critical role in immune regulation and cancer. In addition, the milk-derived exosomes are developed as drug carriers for delivering small molecules and siRNA to tumor sites. In this review, we examined the various components of HBM and their therapeutic potential, in particular of exosomes and microRNAs, towards cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Uk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Wan-Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Chi Hwan Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Dae Yong Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
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19
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Wang Z, Neupane A, Vo R, White J, Wang X, Marzano SYL. Comparing Gut Microbiome in Mothers' Own Breast Milk- and Formula-Fed Moderate-Late Preterm Infants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:891. [PMID: 32528425 PMCID: PMC7264382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome plays an important role in adult human health and diseases. However, how nutritional factors shape the initial colonization of gut bacteria in infants, especially in preterm infants, is still not completely known. In this study, we compared the effects of feeding with mothers' own breast milk (MBM) and formula on the initial composition and gene expression of gut bacteria in moderate-late preterm infants. Fecal samples were collected from ten formula-fed and ten MBM healthy infants born between 32 and 37 weeks' gestation after they reached full-volume enteral feedings. Total DNAs were extracted from fecal samples for amplicon sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and total RNA with rRNA depletion for metatranscriptome RNA-Seq 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing results showed that the alpha-diversity was similar between the MBM- and formula-fed preterm infants, but the beta-diversity showed a significant difference in composition (p = 0.002). The most abundant taxa were Veillonella (18.4%) and Escherichia/Shigella (15.2%) in MBM infants, whereas the most abundant taxa of formula-fed infants were Streptococcus (18.6%) and Klebsiella (17.4%). The genera Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, and Finegoldia and order Clostridiales had significantly higher relative abundance in the MBM group than the formula group, whereas bacteria under family Enterobacteriaceae, genera Enterococcus and Veillonella, and class Bacilli were more abundant in the formula group. In general, microbiomes from both diet groups exhibited high functional levels of catalytic activity and metabolic processing when analyzed for gene ontology using a comparative metatranscriptome approach. Statistically, the microbial genes in the MBM group had an upregulation in expression related to glycine reductase, periplasmic acid stress response in Enterobacteria, acid resistance mechanisms, and L-fucose utilization. In contrast, the formula-fed group had upregulations in genes associated with methionine and valine degradation functions. Our data suggest that the nutritional source plays a role in shaping the moderate-late preterm gut microbiome as evidenced by the differences in bacterial composition and gene expression profiles in the fecal samples. The MBM group enriched Propionibacterium. Glycine reductase was highly upregulated in the microbiota from MBM along with the upregulated acid stress tolerance genes, suggesting that the intensity of fermentation process was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Achal Neupane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Richard Vo
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford Children’s Hospital, Sanford USD Medical Center, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Jessica White
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford Children’s Hospital, Sanford USD Medical Center, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Shin-Yi Lee Marzano
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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20
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Kongnum K, Taweerodjanakarn S, Hongpattarakere T. Impacts of Prebiotic-Supplemented Diets and Breastmilk on Population and Diversity of Lactobacilli Established in Thai Healthy Infants. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1191-1202. [PMID: 32088749 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The relative abundance and diversity of lactobacilli present in feces of infants fed with breastmilk and fructooligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide (FOS-GOS)-, and inulin-galactooligosaccharide (inulin-GOS)-supplemented infant formulae and combination of both were compared. Fecal lactobacilli rapidly colonized and reached maximum total cell counts, which were significantly higher in the infants fed by combining breastmilk with a formula containing either FOS-GOS (C1-A infant) or inulin-GOS (C2-C infant) and the exclusively formula fed ones (F1-F and F2-H infants) than those detected in the exclusively breast-fed (B1-D and B2-E infants) (P < 0.05). The greatest relative abundance of fecal lactobacilli species was observed in all infant receiving prebiotic-containing diets, whereas bifidobacteria appeared predominantly in exclusively breast-fed infants. The species composition of lactobacilli was highly unique among individual and more variable in both groups of infants receiving breastmilk than the exclusively formula-fed infants. Breastmilk seem to be a great source of indigenous lactobacilli vertically transferred and continuously seeded infants' gut. Meanwhile, prebiotic supplementation in infant formulae enhanced and sustained the successful colonization of lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanitta Kongnum
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Taweerodjanakarn
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Hongpattarakere
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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21
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Burge K, Bergner E, Gunasekaran A, Eckert J, Chaaban H. The Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Protection from Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020546. [PMID: 32093194 PMCID: PMC7071410 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis, a potentially fatal intestinal inflammatory disorder affecting primarily premature infants, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. While the etiology of the disease is, as yet, unknown, a number of risk factors for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis have been identified. One such risk factor, formula feeding, has been shown to contribute to both increased incidence and severity of the disease. The protective influences afforded by breastfeeding are likely attributable to the unique composition of human milk, an extremely potent, biologically active fluid. This review brings together knowledge on the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis and current thinking on the instrumental role of one of the more prominent classes of bioactive components in human breast milk, glycosaminoglycans.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Feeding
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/etiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/pathology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/prevention & control
- Female
- Glycosaminoglycans/pharmacology
- Humans
- Infant Formula/adverse effects
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/etiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/pathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Male
- Milk, Human/chemistry
- Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Risk Factors
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22
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Van Daele E, Knol J, Belzer C. Microbial transmission from mother to child: improving infant intestinal microbiota development by identifying the obstacles. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:613-648. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1680601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Van Daele
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Gut Biology and Microbiology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Salli K, Anglenius H, Hirvonen J, Hibberd AA, Ahonen I, Saarinen MT, Tiihonen K, Maukonen J, Ouwehand AC. The effect of 2'-fucosyllactose on simulated infant gut microbiome and metabolites; a pilot study in comparison to GOS and lactose. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13232. [PMID: 31520068 PMCID: PMC6744565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) shape gut microbiota during infancy by acting as fermentable energy source. Using a semi-continuous colon simulator, effect of an HMO, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), on composition of the infant microbiota and microbial metabolites was evaluated in comparison to galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) and lactose and control without additional carbon source. Data was analysed according to faecal sample donor feeding type: breast-fed (BF) or formula-fed (FF), and to rate of 2'-FL fermentation: fast or slow. Variation was found between the simulations in the ability to utilise 2'-FL. The predominant phyla regulated by 2'-FL, GOS and lactose were significant increase in Firmicutes, numerical in Actinobacteria, and numerical decrease in Proteobacteria compared to control. Verrucomicrobia increased in FF accounted for Akkermansia, whereas in fast-fermenting simulations Actinobacteria increased with trend for higher Bifidobacterium, and Proteobacteria decrease accounted for Enterobacteriaceae. Short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid with 2'-FL were produced in intermediate levels being between ones generated by the control and GOS or lactose. In 2'-FL fast-fermenting group, acetic acid specifically increased with 2'-FL, whereas lactose and GOS also increased lactic acid. The results highlight specificity of 2'-FL as energy source for only certain microbes over GOS and lactose in the simulated gut model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Salli
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland.
| | - Heli Anglenius
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Hirvonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Ashley A Hibberd
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Genomics & Microbiome Science, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Markku T Saarinen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Kirsti Tiihonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
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24
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Ho NT, Li F, Lee-Sarwar KA, Tun HM, Brown BP, Pannaraj PS, Bender JM, Azad MB, Thompson AL, Weiss ST, Azcarate-Peril MA, Litonjua AA, Kozyrskyj AL, Jaspan HB, Aldrovandi GM, Kuhn L. Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4169. [PMID: 30301893 PMCID: PMC6177445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the differences in gut microbiota between exclusively breastfed (EBF) and non-EBF infants have provided highly variable results. Here we perform a meta-analysis of seven microbiome studies (1825 stool samples from 684 infants) to compare the gut microbiota of non-EBF and EBF infants across populations. In the first 6 months of life, gut bacterial diversity, microbiota age, relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and predicted microbial pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism are consistently higher in non-EBF than in EBF infants, whereas relative abundances of pathways related to lipid metabolism, vitamin metabolism, and detoxification are lower. Variation in predicted microbial pathways associated with non-EBF infants is larger among infants born by Caesarian section than among those vaginally delivered. Longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding is associated with reduced diarrhea-related gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, differences in gut microbiota between EBF and non-EBF infants persist after 6 months of age. Our findings elucidate some mechanisms of short and long-term benefits of exclusive breastfeeding across different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan T Ho
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kathleen A Lee-Sarwar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hein M Tun
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, AB, Canada
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bryan P Brown
- Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bender
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, AB, Canada
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
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25
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HIV-exposure, early life feeding practices and delivery mode impacts on faecal bacterial profiles in a South African birth cohort. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5078. [PMID: 29567959 PMCID: PMC5864830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on meconium and faecal bacterial profiles from African infants and their mothers. We characterized faecal bacterial communities of infants and mothers participating in a South African birth cohort. Stool and meconium specimens were collected from 90 mothers and 107 infants at birth, and from a subset of 72 and 36 infants at 4-12 and 20-28 weeks of age, respectively. HIV-unexposed infants were primarily exclusively breastfed at 4-12 (49%, 26/53) and 20-28 weeks (62%, 16/26). In contrast, HIV-exposed infants were primarily exclusively formula fed at 4-12 (53%; 10/19) and 20-28 weeks (70%, 7/10). Analysis (of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the V4 hypervariable region) of the 90 mother-infant pairs showed that meconium bacterial profiles [dominated by Proteobacteria (89%)] were distinct from those of maternal faeces [dominated by Firmicutes (66%) and Actinobacteria (15%)]. Actinobacteria predominated at 4-12 (65%) and 20-28 (50%) weeks. HIV-exposed infants had significantly higher faecal bacterial diversities at both 4-12 (p = 0.026) and 20-28 weeks (p = 0.002). HIV-exposed infants had lower proportions of Bifidobacterium (p = 0.010) at 4-12 weeks. Maternal faecal bacterial profiles were influenced by HIV status, feeding practices and mode of delivery. Further longitudinal studies are required to better understand how these variables influence infant and maternal faecal bacterial composition.
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26
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Le Doare K, Holder B, Bassett A, Pannaraj PS. Mother's Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:361. [PMID: 29599768 PMCID: PMC5863526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution. In addition to providing a source of nutrition, breast milk contains a diverse array of microbiota and myriad biologically active components that are thought to guide the infant’s developing mucosal immune system. It is believed that bacteria from the mother’s intestine may translocate to breast milk and dynamically transfer to the infant. Such interplay between mother and her infant is a key to establishing a healthy infant intestinal microbiome. These intestinal bacteria protect against many respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, but are subject to environmental stresses such as antibiotic use. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the synthesis of which are partially determined by the maternal genotype. HMOs are thought to play a role in preventing pathogenic bacterial adhesion though multiple mechanisms, while also providing nutrition for the microbiome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, carry a diverse cargo, including mRNA, miRNA, and cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins, and are readily detectable in human breast milk. Strongly implicated in cell–cell signaling, EVs could therefore may play a further role in the development of the infant microbiome. This review considers the emerging role of breast milk microbiota, bioactive HMOs, and EVs in the establishment of the neonatal microbiome and the consequent potential for modulation of neonatal immune system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Le Doare
- Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Beth Holder
- Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Bassett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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27
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Obesity and Asthma: A Missing Link. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071490. [PMID: 28696379 PMCID: PMC5535980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and asthma are two chronic conditions that affect millions of people. Genetic and lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and early exposure to micro-organisms are important factors that may contribute to the escalating prevalence of both conditions. The prevalence of asthma is higher in obese individuals. Recently, two major phenotypes of asthma with obesity have been described: one phenotype of early-onset asthma that is aggravated by obesity, and a second phenotype of later-onset asthma that predominantly affects women. Systemic inflammation and mechanical effect, both due to the expansion of the adipose tissue, have been proposed as the main reasons for the association between obesity and asthma. However, the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. Moreover, it has also been suggested that insulin resistance syndrome can have a role in the association between these conditions. The intestinal microbiota is an important factor in the development of the immune system, and can be considered a link between obesity and asthma. In the obese state, higher lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serum levels as a consequence of a microbiota dysbiosis have been found. In addition, changes in microbiota composition result in a modification of carbohydrate fermentation capacity, therefore modifying short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels. The main objective of this review is to summarize the principal findings that link obesity and asthma.
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28
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Pannaraj PS, Li F, Cerini C, Bender JM, Yang S, Rollie A, Adisetiyo H, Zabih S, Lincez PJ, Bittinger K, Bailey A, Bushman FD, Sleasman JW, Aldrovandi GM. Association Between Breast Milk Bacterial Communities and Establishment and Development of the Infant Gut Microbiome. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171:647-654. [PMID: 28492938 PMCID: PMC5710346 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Establishment of the infant microbiome has lifelong implications on health and immunity. Gut microbiota of breastfed compared with nonbreastfed individuals differ during infancy as well as into adulthood. Breast milk contains a diverse population of bacteria, but little is known about the vertical transfer of bacteria from mother to infant by breastfeeding. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the maternal breast milk and areolar skin and infant gut bacterial communities. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a prospective, longitudinal study, bacterial composition was identified with sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene in breast milk, areolar skin, and infant stool samples of 107 healthy mother-infant pairs. The study was conducted in Los Angeles, California, and St Petersburg, Florida, between January 1, 2010, and February 28, 2015. EXPOSURES Amount and duration of daily breastfeeding and timing of solid food introduction. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Bacterial composition in maternal breast milk, areolar skin, and infant stool by sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. RESULTS In the 107 healthy mother and infant pairs (median age at the time of specimen collection, 40 days; range, 1-331 days), 52 (43.0%) of the infants were male. Bacterial communities were distinct in milk, areolar skin, and stool, differing in both composition and diversity. The infant gut microbial communities were more closely related to an infant's mother's milk and skin compared with a random mother (mean difference in Bray-Curtis distances, 0.012 and 0.014, respectively; P < .001 for both). Source tracking analysis was used to estimate the contribution of the breast milk and areolar skin microbiomes to the infant gut microbiome. During the first 30 days of life, infants who breastfed to obtain 75% or more of their daily milk intake received a mean (SD) of 27.7% (15.2%) of the bacteria from breast milk and 10.3% (6.0%) from areolar skin. Bacterial diversity (Faith phylogenetic diversity, P = .003) and composition changes were associated with the proportion of daily breast milk intake in a dose-dependent manner, even after the introduction of solid foods. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this study indicate that bacteria in mother's breast milk seed the infant gut, underscoring the importance of breastfeeding in the development of the infant gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia S. Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chiara Cerini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey M. Bender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Shangxin Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adrienne Rollie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Helty Adisetiyo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sara Zabih
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pamela J. Lincez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Aubrey Bailey
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - John W. Sleasman
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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29
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Jinno S, Toshimitsu T, Nakamura Y, Kubota T, Igoshi Y, Ozawa N, Suzuki S, Nakano T, Morita Y, Arima T, Yamaide F, Kohno Y, Masuda K, Shimojo N. Maternal Prebiotic Ingestion Increased the Number of Fecal Bifidobacteria in Pregnant Women but Not in Their Neonates Aged One Month. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030196. [PMID: 28245628 PMCID: PMC5372859 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. Here, we investigated the effect of maternal FOS ingestion on maternal and neonatal gut bifidobacteria. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we administered 8 g/day of FOS or sucrose to 84 women from the 26th week of gestation to one month after delivery. The bifidobacteria count was detected using quantitative PCR in maternal (26 and 36 weeks of gestation) and neonatal (one month after delivery) stools. Maternal stool frequency was recorded from 24 to 36 weeks of gestation. The number of fecal Bifidobacterium spp. and Bifidobacterium longum in the FOS group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group at 36 weeks of gestation (2.7 × 1010/g vs. 1.1 × 1010/g and 2.3 × 1010/g vs. 9.7 × 109/g). In their neonates, these numbers did not differ between the groups. Also, stool frequency in the FOS group was slightly higher than that in the placebo group two weeks after the intervention (1.0 vs. 0.8 times/day), suggesting a potential constipation alleviation effect. In conclusion, the maternal FOS ingestion showed a bifidogenic effect in pregnant women but not in their neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Jinno
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-465-37-3674
| | - Takayuki Toshimitsu
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takayuki Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yuka Igoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Naoko Ozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Shimoshizu Hospital, Chiba 284-0003, Japan;
| | - Taiji Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yoshinori Morita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Takayasu Arima
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Fumiya Yamaide
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yoichi Kohno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | | | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
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Davis EC, Wang M, Donovan SM. The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:143-171. [PMID: 28068209 PMCID: PMC5390825 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1278104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the human infant intestinal microbiota is a sequential process that begins in utero and continues during the first 2 to 3 years of life. Microbial composition and diversity are shaped by host genetics and multiple environmental factors, of which diet is a principal contributor. An understanding of this process is of clinical importance as the microbiota acquired in early life influence gastrointestinal, immune and neural development, and reduced microbial diversity or dysbiosis during infancy is associated with disorders in infancy and later childhood. The goal of this article was to review the published literature that used culture-independent methods to describe the development of the gastrointestinal microbiota in breast- and formula-fed human infants as well as the impact of prebiotic and probiotic addition to infant formula, and the addition of solid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Davis
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA,CONTACT Sharon M. Donovan University of Illinois, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 339 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
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Perinatal Microbiomes' Influence on Preterm Birth and Preterms' Health: Influencing Factors and Modulation Strategies. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:e193-e203. [PMID: 27019409 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities inhabiting the human host play important roles in maintaining health status, including reproduction and early life programming, which is particularly important in the context of preterm neonates' health. Preterm birth (PTB) is often the result of a microbial dysbiosis or infection. In addition, preterm neonates experience different levels of organ immaturity and an abnormal gut microbiota establishment, as compared to full-term neonates. This exacerbates their developmental problems and can have negative consequences at systemic level. In addition, preterm babies are commonly exposed to delayed enteral feeding and hospital environments, which increases the risk of short- and long-term health problems. Some of these clinical conditions, such as necrotizing enterocolitis or sepsis, may be life threatening, whereas others may translate into life-long conditions, including cognitive problems. Increasing scientific interest has focused on understanding developmental problems in preterm neonates related to abnormalities in the settlement of their microbial communities, with the final goal of selecting appropriate microbiome-targeted strategies (eg, probiotics), to reduce preterm health risks and improve overall quality of life.This review aims to summarize current knowledge on microbiological factors influencing PTB initiation and gastrointestinal development, and on the health consequences to the preterm neonate. Scientific evidences on dietary strategies reducing PTB incidence and minimizing sequelae in this particularly sensitive human group subpopulation are also discussed.
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Vongbhavit K, Underwood MA. Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Through Manipulation of the Intestinal Microbiota of the Premature Infant. Clin Ther 2016; 38:716-32. [PMID: 26872618 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In spite of four decades of research, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains the most common gastrointestinal complication in premature infants with high mortality and long-term morbidity. The composition of the intestinal microbiota of the premature infant differs dramatically from that of the healthy term infant and appears to be an important risk factor for NEC. METHODS We review the evidence of an association between intestinal dysbiosis and NEC and summarize published English language clinical trials and cohort studies involving attempts to manipulate the intestinal microbiota in premature infants. FINDINGS Promising NEC prevention strategies that alter the intestinal microbiota include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, lacteroferrin, and human milk feeding. IMPLICATIONS Shaping the intestinal microbiota of the premature infant through human milk feeding and dietary supplements decreases the risk of NEC. Further studies to identify the ideal microbial composition and the most effective combination of supplements are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannikar Vongbhavit
- Department of Pediatrics, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakornayok, Thailand; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
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The impact of early life gut colonization on metabolic and obesogenic outcomes: what have animal models shown us? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 7:15-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rise in the occurrence of obesity to epidemic proportions has made it a global concern. Great difficulty has been experienced in efforts to control this growing problem with lifestyle interventions. Thus, attention has been directed to understanding the events of one of the most critical periods of development, perinatal life. Early life adversity driven by maternal obesity has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease and obesity in the offspring later in life. Although a mechanistic link explaining the relationship between maternal and offspring obesity is still under investigation, the gut microbiota has come forth as a new factor that may play a role modulating metabolic function of both the mother and the offspring. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a much larger role in mediating the risk of developing non-communicable disease, including obesity and metabolic dysfunction in adulthood. With the observation that the early life colonization of the neonatal and postnatal gut is mediated by the perinatal environment, the number of studies investigating early life gut microbial establishment continues to grow. This paper will review early life gut colonization in experimental animal models, concentrating on the role of the early life environment in offspring gut colonization and the ability of the gut microbiota to dictate risk of disease later in life.
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Spaiser SJ, Culpepper T, Nieves C, Ukhanova M, Mai V, Percival SS, Christman MC, Langkamp-Henken B. Lactobacillus gasseri KS-13, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1, and Bifidobacterium longum MM-2 Ingestion Induces a Less Inflammatory Cytokine Profile and a Potentially Beneficial Shift in Gut Microbiota in Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:459-69. [PMID: 25909149 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.983249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined whether older adults who consumed a probiotic mixture would have a greater proportion of circulating CD4+ lymphocytes, altered cytokine production, and a shift in intestinal microbiota toward a healthier microbial community. METHODS Participants (70 ± 1 years [mean ± SEM]; n = 32) consumed a probiotic (Lactobacillus gasseri KS-13, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1, and Bifidobacterium longum MM2) or a placebo twice daily for 3 weeks with a 5-week washout period between intervention periods. Blood and stools were collected before and after each intervention. The percentage of circulating CD4+ lymphocytes and ex vivo mitogen-stimulated cell cytokine production were measured. In stools, specific bacterial targets were quantified via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and community composition was determined via pyrosequencing. RESULTS During the first period of the crossover the percentage of CD4+ cells decreased with the placebo (48% ± 3% to 31% ± 3%, p < 0.01) but did not change with the probiotic (44% ± 3% to 42% ± 3%) and log-transformed concentrations of interleukin-10 increased with the probiotic (1.7 ± 0.2 to 3.4 ± 0.2, p < 0.0001) but not the placebo (1.7 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.2). With the probiotic versus the placebo a higher percentage of participants had an increase in fecal bifidobacteria (48% versus 30%, p < 0.05) and lactic acid bacteria (55% versus 43%, p < 0.05) and a decrease in Escherichia coli (52% versus 27%, p < 0.05). Several bacterial groups matching Faeacalibactierium prausnitzii were more prevalent in stool samples with the probiotic versus placebo. CONCLUSIONS The probiotic maintained CD4+ lymphocytes and produced a less inflammatory cytokine profile possibly due to the changes in the microbial communities, which more closely resembled those reported in healthy younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Spaiser
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Tyler Culpepper
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Carmelo Nieves
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Maria Ukhanova
- b Department of Epidemiology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Volker Mai
- b Department of Epidemiology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Susan S Percival
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Mary C Christman
- c Department of Statistics , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida.,d MCC Statistical Consulting , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Bobbi Langkamp-Henken
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
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Thompson AL, Monteagudo-Mera A, Cadenas MB, Lampl ML, Azcarate-Peril MA. Milk- and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:3. [PMID: 25705611 PMCID: PMC4318912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the infant intestinal microbiome in response to dietary and other exposures may shape long-term metabolic and immune function. We examined differences in the community structure and function of the intestinal microbiome between four feeding groups, exclusively breastfed infants before introduction of solid foods (EBF), non-exclusively breastfed infants before introduction of solid foods (non-EBF), EBF infants after introduction of solid foods (EBF+S), and non-EBF infants after introduction of solid foods (non-EBF+S), and tested whether out-of-home daycare attendance was associated with differences in relative abundance of gut bacteria. Bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed on 49 stool samples collected longitudinally from a cohort of 9 infants (5 male, 4 female). PICRUSt metabolic inference analysis was used to identify metabolic impacts of feeding practices on the infant gut microbiome. Sequencing data identified significant differences across groups defined by feeding and daycare attendance. Non-EBF and daycare-attending infants had higher diversity and species richness than EBF and non-daycare attending infants. The gut microbiome of EBF infants showed increased proportions of Bifidobacterium and lower abundance of Bacteroidetes and Clostridiales than non-EBF infants. PICRUSt analysis indicated that introduction of solid foods had a marginal impact on the microbiome of EBF infants (24 enzymes overrepresented in EBF+S infants). In contrast, over 200 bacterial gene categories were overrepresented in non-EBF+S compared to non-EBF infants including several bacterial methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP) involved in signal transduction. The identified differences between EBF and non-EBF infants suggest that breast milk may provide the gut microbiome with a greater plasticity (despite having a lower phylogenetic diversity) that eases the transition into solid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria B. Cadenas
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michelle L. Lampl
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. A. Azcarate-Peril
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
The field of genomics has expanded into subspecialties such as metagenomics over the course of the last decade and a half. The development of massively parallel sequencing capabilities has allowed for increasingly detailed study of the genome of the human microbiome, the microbial super organ that resides symbiotically within the mucosal tissues and integumentary system of the human host. The gut microbiome, and particularly the study of its origins in neonates, has become subtopics of great interest within the field of genomics. This brief review seeks to summarize recent literature regarding the origins and establishment of the neonatal gut microbiome, beginning in utero, and how it is affected by neonatal nutritional status (breastfed versus formula fed) and gestational age (term versus preterm). We also explore the role of dysbiosis, a perturbation within the fragile ecosystem of the microbiome, and its role in the origin of select pathologic states, specifically, obesity and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. We discuss the evidence supporting enteral pre- and pro-biotic supplementation of commensal organisms such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the neonatal period, and their role in the prevention and amelioration of NEC in premature infants. Finally, we review directions to consider for further research to promote human health within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Gritz
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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Rogier EW, Frantz AL, Bruno MEC, Wedlund L, Cohen DA, Stromberg AJ, Kaetzel CS. Lessons from mother: Long-term impact of antibodies in breast milk on the gut microbiota and intestinal immune system of breastfed offspring. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:663-8. [PMID: 25483336 PMCID: PMC4615880 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.969984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From birth to adulthood, the gut microbiota matures from a simple community dominated by a few major bacterial groups into a highly diverse ecosystem that provides both benefits and challenges to the host. Currently there is great interest in identifying environmental and host factors that shape the development of our gut microbiota. Breast milk is a rich source of maternal antibodies, which provide the first source of adaptive immunity in the newborn's intestinal tract. In this addendum, we summarize our recent data demonstrating that maternal antibodies in breast milk promote long-term intestinal homeostasis in suckling mice by regulating the gut microbiota and host gene expression. We also discuss important unanswered questions, future directions for research in this field, and implications for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Rogier
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology; and Molecular Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA,Current address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria; Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Aubrey L Frantz
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology; and Molecular Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA,Current address: Division of Liberal Arts & Life Sciences; University of North Texas at Dallas; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Maria EC Bruno
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology; and Molecular Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
| | - Leia Wedlund
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology; and Molecular Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
| | - Donald A Cohen
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology; and Molecular Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
| | | | - Charlotte S Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology; and Molecular Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA,Correspondence to: Charlotte S Kaetzel;
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Bacharier LB. Early-life weight gain, prematurity, and asthma development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1330-1. [PMID: 24766877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo.
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Food Omics Validation: Towards Understanding Key Features for Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Human Health. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cooperativity among secretory IgA, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and the gut microbiota promotes host-microbial mutualism. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:10-21. [PMID: 24877874 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in the intestinal tract form the first line of antigen-specific immune defense, preventing access of pathogens as well as commensal microbes to the body proper. SIgA is transported into external secretions by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). Evidence is reported here that the gut microbiota regulates production of SIgA and pIgR, which act together to regulate the composition and activity of the microbiota. SIgA in the intestinal mucus layer helps to maintain spatial segregation between the microbiota and the epithelial surface without compromising the metabolic activity of the microbes. Products shed by members of the microbial community promote production of SIgA and pIgR by activating pattern recognition receptors on host epithelial and immune cells. Maternal SIgA in breast milk provides protection to newborn mammals until the developing intestinal immune system begins to produce its own SIgA. Disruption of the SIgA-pIgR-microbial triad can increase the risk of infectious, allergic and inflammatory diseases of the intestine.
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Chan YK, Estaki M, Gibson DL. Clinical consequences of diet-induced dysbiosis. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2013; 63 Suppl 2:28-40. [PMID: 24217034 DOI: 10.1159/000354902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various disease states are associated with an imbalance of protective and pathogenic bacteria in the gut, termed dysbiosis. Current evidence reveals that dietary factors affect the microbial ecosystem in the gut. Changes to community structure of the intestinal microbiota are not without consequence considering the wide effects that the microbes have on both local and systemic immunity. The goal of this review is to give insight into the importance of gut microbiota in disease development and the possible therapeutic interventions in clinical settings. We introduce the complex tripartite relationship between diet, microbes and the gut epithelium. This is followed by a summary of clinical evidence of diet-induced dysbiosis as a contributing factor in the development of gastrointestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer, as well as systemic diseases like obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Finally, the current dietary and microbial interventions to promote a healthy microbial profile will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Kwan Chan
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, B.C., Canada
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Safety and immunomodulatory effects of three probiotic strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants in healthy adults: SETOPROB study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78111. [PMID: 24205115 PMCID: PMC3810271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described the isolation and characterization of three probiotic strains from the feces of exclusively breast-fed newborn infants: Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034, Bifidobacterium breve CNCM I-4035 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036. These strains were shown to adhere to intestinal mucus in vitro, to be sensitive to antibiotics and to resist biliary salts and low pH. In the present study, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 100 healthy volunteers in three Spanish cities was carried out to evaluate the tolerance, safety, gut colonization and immunomodulatory effects of these three probiotics. Volunteers underwent a 15-day washout period, after which they were randomly divided into 5 groups that received daily a placebo, a capsule containing one of the 3 strains or a capsule containing a mixture of two strains for 30 days. The intervention was followed by another 15-day washout period. Patients did not consume fermented milk for the entire duration of the study. Gastrointestinal symptoms, defecation frequency and stool consistency were not altered by probiotic intake. No relevant changes in blood and serum, as well as no adverse events occurred during or after treatment. Probiotic administration slightly modified bacterial populations in the volunteers’ feces. Intestinal persistence occurred in volunteers who received L. rhamnosus CNCM I-4036. Administration of B. breve CNCM I-4035 resulted in a significant increase in fecal secretory IgA content. IL-4 and IL-10 increased, whereas IL-12 decreased in the serum of volunteers treated with any of the three strains. These results demonstrate that the consumption of these three bacterial strains was safe and exerted varying degrees of immunomodulatory effects.
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