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Shaffer M, Thurimella K, Sterrett JD, Lozupone CA. SCNIC: Sparse correlation network investigation for compositional data. Mol Ecol Resour 2023; 23:312-325. [PMID: 36001047 PMCID: PMC9744196 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome studies are often limited by a lack of statistical power due to small sample sizes and a large number of features. This problem is exacerbated in correlative studies of multi-omic datasets. Statistical power can be increased by finding and summarizing modules of correlated observations, which is one dimensionality reduction method. Additionally, modules provide biological insight as correlated groups of microbes can have relationships among themselves. To address these challenges, we developed SCNIC: Sparse Cooccurrence Network Investigation for compositional data. SCNIC is open-source software that can generate correlation networks and detect and summarize modules of highly correlated features. Modules can be formed using either the Louvain Modularity Maximization (LMM) algorithm or a Shared Minimum Distance algorithm (SMD) that we newly describe here and relate to LMM using simulated data. We applied SCNIC to two published datasets and we achieved increased statistical power and identified microbes that not only differed across groups, but also correlated strongly with each other, suggesting shared environmental drivers or cooperative relationships among them. SCNIC provides an easy way to generate correlation networks, identify modules of correlated features and summarize them for downstream statistical analysis. Although SCNIC was designed considering properties of microbiome data, such as compositionality and sparsity, it can be applied to a variety of data types including metabolomics data and used to integrate multiple data types. SCNIC allows for the identification of functional microbial relationships at scale while increasing statistical power through feature reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shaffer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kumar Thurimella
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John D. Sterrett
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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2
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Serrano-Villar S, Wu K, Hunt PW, Lok JJ, Ron R, Sainz T, Moreno S, Deeks SG, Bosch RJ. Predictive value of CD8+ T cell and CD4/CD8 ratio at two years of successful ART in the risk of AIDS and non-AIDS events. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104072. [PMID: 35644125 PMCID: PMC9156990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While increased CD8 counts and low CD4/CD8 ratio during treated HIV correlate with immunosenescence, their additional predictive values to identify individuals with HIV at higher risk of clinical events remain controversial. METHODS We selected treatment-naive individuals initiating ART from ACTG studies 384, 388, A5095, A5142, A5202, and A5257 who had achieved viral suppression at year 2. We examined the effect of CD8+ T cell counts and CD4/CD8 at year 2 on the probability of AIDS and serious non-AIDS events in years 3-7. We used inverse probability weighting methods to address informative censoring, combined with multivariable logistic regression models. FINDINGS We analyzed 5133 participants with a median age of 38 years; 959 (19%) were female, pre-ART median CD4 counts were 249 (Q1-Q3 91-372) cell/µL. Compared to participants with CD8 counts between 500/µL and 1499/µL, those with >1500/µL had a higher risk of clinical events during years 3-7 (aOR 1.75; 95%CI 1.33-2.32). CD4/CD8 ratio was not predictive of greater risk of events through year 7. Additional analyses revealed consistent CD8 count effect sizes for the risk of AIDS events and noninfectious non-AIDS events, but opposite effects for the risk of severe infections, which were more frequent among individuals with CD8 counts <500/µL (aOR 1.70; 95%CI 1.09-2.65). INTERPRETATION The results of this analysis with pooled data from clinical trials support the value of the CD8 count as a predictor of clinical progression. People with very high CD8 counts during suppressive ART might benefit from closer monitoring and may be a target population for novel interventions. FUNDING This research was supported by NIH/NIAID awards UM1 AI068634, UM1 AI068636, and UM1 AI106701 and Carlos III Health Institute and FEDER funds (BA21/00017 and BA21/00022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km 9.100, Madrid 28034, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kunling Wu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Raquel Ron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km 9.100, Madrid 28034, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Talía Sainz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Paz and La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km 9.100, Madrid 28034, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ronald J Bosch
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Discrimination is associated with C-reactive protein among young sexual minority men. J Behav Med 2022; 45:649-657. [PMID: 35394239 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-022-00307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This report examines associations between everyday discrimination, microaggressions, and CRP to gain insight on potential mechanisms that may underlie increased CVD risk among sexual minority male young adults. The sample consisted of 60 participants taken from the P18 cohort between the ages of 24 and 28 years. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between perceived everyday discrimination and LGBQ microaggressions with C-reactive protein cardiovascular risk categories of low-, average-, and high-risk, as defined by the American Heart Association and Centers for Disease Control. Adjustments were made for BMI. Individuals who experienced more everyday discrimination had a higher risk of being classified in the high-risk CRP group compared to the low-risk CRP group (RRR = 3.35, p = 0.02). Interpersonal LGBQ microaggressions were not associated with CRP risk category. Everyday discrimination, but not specific microaggressions based on sexual orientation, were associated with elevated levels of CRP among young sexual minority men (YSMM). Thus, to implement culturally and age-appropriate interventions, further researcher is needed to critically examine the specific types of discrimination and the resultant impact on YSMM's health.
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Yamada E, Martin CG, Moreno-Huizar N, Fouquier J, Neff CP, Coleman SL, Schneider JM, Huber J, Nusbacher NM, McCarter M, Campbell TB, Lozupone CA, Palmer BE. Intestinal microbial communities and Holdemanella isolated from HIV+/- men who have sex with men increase frequencies of lamina propria CCR5 + CD4 + T cells. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1997292. [PMID: 34818131 PMCID: PMC8632320 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1997292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Men who have sex with men (MSM), regardless of HIV infection status, have an intestinal microbiome that is compositionally distinct from men who have sex with women (MSW) and women. We recently showed HIV-negative MSM have elevated levels of intestinal CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5, a critical co-receptor for HIV. Whether elevated expression of CCR5 is driven by the altered gut microbiome composition in MSM has not been explored. Here we used in vitro stimulation of gut Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells (LPMCs) with whole intact microbial cells isolated from stool to demonstrate that fecal bacterial communities (FBCs) from HIV-positive/negative MSM induced higher frequencies of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells compared to FBCs from HIV-negative MSW and women. To identify potential microbial drivers, we related the frequency of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells to the abundance of individual microbial taxa in rectal biopsy of HIV-positive/negative MSM and controls, and Holdemanella biformis was strongly associated with increased frequency of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells. We used in vitro stimulation of gut LPMCs with the type strain of H. biformis, a second strain of H.biformis and an isolate of the closely related Holdemanella porci , cultured from either a HIV-positive or a HIV-negative MSM stool. H. porci elevated the frequency of both CCR5+ CD4+ T cells and the ratio of TNF-α/IL-10 Genomic comparisons of the 3 Holdemanella isolates revealed unique cell wall and capsular components, which may be responsible for their differences in immunogenicity. These findings describe a novel mechanism potentially linking intestinal dysbiosis in MSM to HIV transmission and mucosal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Yamada
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Casey G. Martin
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nancy Moreno-Huizar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Fouquier
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Preston Neff
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan Huber
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nichole M. Nusbacher
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA,CONTACT Brent E. Palmer Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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5
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Liu A, Wei Q, Lin H, Ding Y, Sun YV, Zhao D, He J, Ma Z, Li F, Zhou S, Chen X, Shen W, Gao M, He N. Baseline Characteristics of Mitochondrial DNA and Mutations Associated With Short-Term Posttreatment CD4+T-Cell Recovery in Chinese People With HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793375. [PMID: 34970271 PMCID: PMC8712318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) profiles and contributions of mtDNA variants to CD4+T-cell recovery in Euramerican people living with HIV (PLWH) may not be transferred to East-Asian PLWH, highlighting the need to consider more regional studies. We aimed to identify mtDNA characteristics and mutations that explain the variability of short-term CD4+T-cell recovery in East-Asian PLWH. Method Eight hundred fifty-six newly reported antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve Chinese PLWH from the Comparative HIV and Aging Research in Taizhou (CHART) cohort (Zhejiang Province, Eastern China) were enrolled. MtDNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood of those PLWH at HIV diagnosis, amplified, and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction and gene array. Characterization metrics such as mutational diversity and momentum were developed to delineate baseline mtDNA mutational patterns in ART-naïve PLWH. The associations between mtDNA genome-wide single nucleotide variants and CD4+T-cell recovery after short-term (within ~48 weeks) ART in 724 PLWH were examined using bootstrapping median regressions. Results Of 856 participants, 74.18% and 25.82% were male and female, respectively. The median age was 37 years; 94.51% were of the major Han ethnicity, and 69.04% and 28.62% were of the heterosexual and homosexual transmission, respectively. We identified 2,352 types of mtDNA mutations and mtDNA regions D-loop, ND5, CYB, or RNR1 with highest mutational diversity or volume. Female PLWH rather than male PLWH at the baseline showed remarkable age-related uptrends of momentum and mutational diversity as well as correlations between CD4+T <200 (cells/μl) and age-related uptrends of mutational diversity in many mtDNA regions. After adjustments of important sociodemographic and clinical variables, m.1005T>C, m.1824T>C, m.3394T>C, m.4491G>A, m.7828A>G, m.9814T>C, m.10586G>A, m.12338T>C, m.13708G>A, and m.14308T>C (at the Bonferroni-corrected significance) were negatively associated with short-term CD4+T-cell recovery whereas m.93A>G, m.15218A>G, and m.16399A>G were positively associated with short-term CD4+T-cell recovery. Conclusion Our baseline mtDNA characterization stresses the attention to East-Asian female PLWH at risk of CD4+T-cell loss-related aging and noncommunicable chronic diseases. Furthermore, mtDNA variants identified in regression analyses account for heterogeneity in short-term CD4+T-cell recovery of East-Asian PLWH. These results may help individualize the East-Asian immune recovery strategies under complicated HIV management caused by CD4+T-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qian Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghui Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihu Li
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujuan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Meiyang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Commission of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Armstrong AJS, Quinn K, Fouquier J, Li SX, Schneider JM, Nusbacher NM, Doenges KA, Fiorillo S, Marden TJ, Higgins J, Reisdorph N, Campbell TB, Palmer BE, Lozupone CA. Systems Analysis of Gut Microbiome Influence on Metabolic Disease in HIV-Positive and High-Risk Populations. mSystems 2021; 6:e01178-20. [PMID: 34006628 PMCID: PMC8269254 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01178-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor metabolic health, characterized by insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, is higher in people living with HIV and has been linked with inflammation, antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs, and ART-associated lipodystrophy (LD). Metabolic disease is associated with gut microbiome composition outside the context of HIV but has not been deeply explored in HIV infection or in high-risk men who have sex with men (HR-MSM), who have a highly altered gut microbiome composition. Furthermore, the contribution of increased bacterial translocation and associated systemic inflammation that has been described in HIV-positive and HR-MSM individuals has not been explored. We used a multiomic approach to explore relationships between impaired metabolic health, defined using fasting blood markers, gut microbes, immune phenotypes, and diet. Our cohort included ART-treated HIV-positive MSM with or without LD, untreated HIV-positive MSM, and HR-MSM. For HIV-positive MSM on ART, we further explored associations with the plasma metabolome. We found that elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) was the most important predictor of impaired metabolic health and network analysis showed that LBP formed a hub joining correlated microbial and immune predictors of metabolic disease. Taken together, our results suggest the role of inflammatory processes linked with bacterial translocation and interaction with the gut microbiome in metabolic disease among HIV-positive and -negative MSM.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome in people living with HIV (PLWH) is of interest since chronic infection often results in long-term comorbidities. Metabolic disease is prevalent in PLWH even in well-controlled infection and has been linked with the gut microbiome in previous studies, but little attention has been given to PLWH. Furthermore, integrated analyses that consider gut microbiome, together with diet, systemic immune activation, metabolites, and demographics, have been lacking. In a systems-level analysis of predictors of metabolic disease in PLWH and men who are at high risk of acquiring HIV, we found that increased lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, an inflammatory marker indicative of compromised intestinal barrier function, was associated with worse metabolic health. We also found impaired metabolic health associated with specific dietary components, gut microbes, and host and microbial metabolites. This study lays the framework for mechanistic studies aimed at targeting the microbiome to prevent or treat metabolic endotoxemia in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J S Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers the State University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Fouquier
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sam X Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Nichole M Nusbacher
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katrina A Doenges
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Suzanne Fiorillo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tyson J Marden
- Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Janine Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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7
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van der Heijden WA, Van de Wijer L, Keramati F, Trypsteen W, Rutsaert S, Horst RT, Jaeger M, Koenen HJ, Stunnenberg HG, Joosten I, Verweij PE, van Lunzen J, Dinarello CA, Joosten LA, Vandekerckhove L, Netea MG, van der Ven AJ, de Mast Q. Chronic HIV infection induces transcriptional and functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145928. [PMID: 33630761 PMCID: PMC8119206 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction play a key role in the development of non-AIDS–related comorbidities. The aim of our study was to characterize the functional phenotype of immune cells in people living with HIV (PLHIV). We enrolled a cross-sectional cohort study of PLHIV on stable antiretroviral therapy and healthy controls. We assessed ex vivo cytokine production capacity and transcriptomics of monocytes and T cells upon bacterial, fungal, and viral stimulation. PLHIV exhibited an exacerbated proinflammatory profile in monocyte-derived cytokines, but not in lymphocyte-derived cytokines. Particularly, the production of the IL-1β to imiquimod, E. coli LPS, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was increased, and this production correlated with plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble CD14. This increase in monocyte responsiveness remained stable over time in subsequent blood sampling after more than 1 year. Transcriptome analyses confirmed priming of the monocyte IL-1β pathway, consistent with a monocyte-trained immunity phenotype. Increased plasma concentrations of β-glucan, a well-known inducer of trained immunity, were associated with increased innate cytokine responses. Monocytes of PLHIV exhibited a sustained proinflammatory immune phenotype with priming of the IL-1β pathway. Training of the innate immune system in PLHIV likely plays a role in long-term HIV complications and provides a promising therapeutic target for inflammation-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A van der Heijden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Van de Wijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Farid Keramati
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim Trypsteen
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hans Jpm Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center and Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leo Ab Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - André Jam van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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8
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Chahine A, Koru-Sengul T, Feaster DJ, Dilworth SE, Antoni MH, Klatt N, Roach ME, Pallikkuth S, Sharkey M, Salinas J, Stevenson M, Pahwa S, Fuchs D, Carrico AW. Blue Monday: Co-occurring Stimulant Use and HIV Persistence Predict Dysregulated Catecholamine Synthesis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:353-360. [PMID: 33165125 PMCID: PMC11215553 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal study examined whether co-occurring stimulant use and HIV disease processes predicted greater risk for depression via dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for neurotransmitters. METHODS In total, 110 sexual minority men (ie, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men) living with HIV who had biologically confirmed recent methamphetamine use were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. The kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) and phenylalanine/tyrosine (P/T) ratios were measured over 15 months to index dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for serotonin and catecholamines. Markers of gut-immune dysregulation such as lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 (sCD14), HIV persistence in immune cells (ie, proviral HIV DNA), and stimulant use were examined as predictors. These bio-behavioral measures, including the K/T and P/T ratios, were also examined as predictors of greater risk for depression over 15 months. RESULTS Higher time-varying sCD14 levels (β = 0.13; P = 0.04) and time-varying detectable viral loads (β = 0.71; P < 0.001) were independent predictors of a higher K/T ratio. Time-varying reactive urine toxicology results for stimulants (β = 0.53; P < 0.001) and greater proviral HIV DNA at baseline (β = 0.34; P < 0.001) independently predicted an increased P/T ratio. Greater time-varying, self-reported methamphetamine use uniquely predicted higher odds of screening positive for depression (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.17). CONCLUSIONS Ongoing stimulant use and HIV persistence independently predict dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for catecholamines, but this did not explain amplified risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chahine
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tulay Koru-Sengul
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J. Feaster
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
| | - Samantha E. Dilworth
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael H. Antoni
- University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Psychology Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Nichole Klatt
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine; Department of Surgery; Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Margaret E. Roach
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology Miami, FL, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark Sharkey
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Salinas
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Innsbruck Medical University; Institute for Biochemistry, Biocentre; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adam W. Carrico
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
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9
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Piggott DA, Tuddenham S. The gut microbiome and frailty. Transl Res 2020; 221:23-43. [PMID: 32360945 PMCID: PMC8487348 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome is constituted by an extensive network of organisms that lie at the host/environment interface and transduce signals that play vital roles in human health and disease across the lifespan. Frailty is a critical aging-related syndrome marked by diminished physiological reserve and heightened vulnerability to stress, predictive of major adverse clinical outcomes including death. While recent studies suggest the microbiome may impact key pathways critical to frailty pathophysiology, direct evaluation of the microbiome-frailty relationship remains limited. In this article, we review the complex interplay of biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that may influence shifts in gut microbiome composition and function in aging populations and the putative implications of such shifts for progression to frailty. We discuss HIV infection as a key prototype for elucidating the complex pathways via which the microbiome may precipitate frailty. Finally, we review considerations for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damani A Piggott
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Susan Tuddenham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Abstract
Recent studies have raised interest in the possibility that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome (i.e., the communities of bacteria residing in the intestine) in HIV-infected patients could contribute to chronic immune activation, and, thus, to elevated mortality and increased risk of inflammation-related clinical diseases (e.g., stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, long-bone fractures, and renal dysfunction) found even in those on effective antiretroviral therapy. Yet, to date, a consistent pattern of HIV-associated dysbiosis has not been identified. What is becoming clear, however, is that status as a man who has sex with men (MSM) may profoundly impact the structure of the gut microbiota, and that this factor likely confounded many HIV-related intestinal microbiome studies. However, what factor associated with MSM status drives these gut microbiota-related changes is unclear, and what impact, if any, these changes may have on the health of MSM is unknown. In this review, we outline available data on changes in the structure of the gut microbiome in HIV, based on studies that controlled for MSM status. We then examine what is known regarding the gut microbiota in MSM, and consider possible implications for research and the health of this population. Lastly, we discuss knowledge gaps and needed future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Tuddenham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wei Li Koay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s
National Hospital, Washington, D.C.;,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington
University, Washington, D.C
| | - Cynthia Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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11
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Paukszto L, Mikolajczyk A, Szeszko K, Smolinska N, Jastrzebski JP, Kaminski T. Transcription analysis of the response of the porcine adrenal cortex to a single subclinical dose of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1228-1245. [PMID: 31520703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin which can participate in the induction of inflammatory responses. LPS may also play a significant role in some neurodegenerative, oncological and metabolic disorders. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of a subclinical low single dose of LPS from Salmonella Enteritidis administrated in vivo on the transcriptome of porcine adrenal cortex cells, especially gene expression levels, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) profiles, alternative splicing events and RNA editing sites using RNA-seq technology. The subclinical dose of LPS changed the expression of 354 genes, 27 lncRNA loci and other unclassified RNAs. An analysis of alternative splicing events revealed 104 genes with differentially expressed splice junction sites, and the single nucleotide variant calling approach supported the identification of 376 canonical RNA editing candidates and 7249 allele-specific expression variants. The obtained results suggest that the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, may play a more important role than the Toll-like signaling pathway after the administration of a subclinical dose of LPS. Single subclinical dose of LPS can affect the expression profiles of genes coding peptide hormones, steroidogenic enzymes and transcriptional factors, and modulate the endocrine functions of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anita Mikolajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Karol Szeszko
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jan P Jastrzebski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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12
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Claiborne DT, Scully EP, Palmer CD, Prince JL, Macharia GN, Kopycinski J, Michelo CM, Wiener HW, Parker R, Nganou-Makamdop K, Douek D, Altfeld M, Gilmour J, Price MA, Tang J, Kilembe W, Allen SA, Hunter E. Protective HLA alleles are associated with reduced LPS levels in acute HIV infection with implications for immune activation and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007981. [PMID: 31449552 PMCID: PMC6730937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the mechanisms of HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis, it is clear that much remains to be discovered, as exemplified by protective HLA alleles like HLA-B*81 which are associated with profound protection from CD4+ T cell decline without robust control of early plasma viremia. Here, we report on additional HLA class I (B*1401, B*57, B*5801, as well as B*81), and HLA class II (DQB1*02 and DRB1*15) alleles that display discordant virological and immunological phenotypes in a Zambian early infection cohort. HLA class I alleles of this nature were also associated with enhanced immune responses to conserved epitopes in Gag. Furthermore, these HLA class I alleles were associated with reduced levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the plasma during acute infection. Elevated LPS levels measured early in infection predicted accelerated CD4+ T cell decline, as well as immune activation and exhaustion. Taken together, these data suggest novel mechanisms for HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis that do not necessarily involve significant control of early viremia and point to microbial translocation as a direct driver of HIV-1 pathogenesis rather than simply a consequence. During acute HIV infection, there exists a complex interplay between the host immune response and the virus, and the balance of these interactions dramatically affects disease trajectory in infected individuals. Variations in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles dictate the potency of the cellular immune response to HIV, and certain well-studied alleles (HLA-B*57, B*27) are associated with control of HIV viremia. However, though plasma viral load is indicative of disease progression, the number of CD4+ T cells in the blood is a better measurement of disease severity. Through analysis of a large Zambian acute infection cohort, we identified HLA alleles that were associated with protection for CD4+ T cell loss, without dramatic affect on early plasma viremia. We further link these favorable HLA alleles to reduction in a well-known contributor to HIV pathogenesis, the presence of microbial products in the blood, which is indicative of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, a process which accelerates disease progression in HIV infected individuals. Ultimately, these results suggest a new mechanism by which the cellular immune response can combat HIV-associated pathogenesis, and further highlight the contribution of gut damage and microbial translocation to accelerating disease progression, even at early stages in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Claiborne
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen P. Scully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Prince
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gladys N. Macharia
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rachel Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krystelle Nganou-Makamdop
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Virus Immunology Unit, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt A. Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Susan A. Allen
- Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Li SX, Sen S, Schneider JM, Xiong KN, Nusbacher NM, Moreno-Huizar N, Shaffer M, Armstrong AJS, Severs E, Kuhn K, Neff CP, McCarter M, Campbell T, Lozupone CA, Palmer BE. Gut microbiota from high-risk men who have sex with men drive immune activation in gnotobiotic mice and in vitro HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007611. [PMID: 30947289 PMCID: PMC6448819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Men who have sex with men (MSM) have differences in immune activation and gut microbiome composition compared with men who have sex with women (MSW), even in the absence of HIV infection. Gut microbiome differences associated with HIV itself when controlling for MSM, as assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing, are relatively subtle. Understanding whether gut microbiome composition impacts immune activation in HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM has important implications since immune activation has been associated with HIV acquisition risk and disease progression. To investigate the effects of MSM and HIV-associated gut microbiota on immune activation, we transplanted feces from HIV-negative MSW, HIV-negative MSM, and HIV-positive untreated MSM to gnotobiotic mice. Following transplant, 16S rRNA gene sequencing determined that the microbiomes of MSM and MSW maintained distinct compositions in mice and that specific microbial differences between MSM and MSW were replicated. Immunologically, HIV-negative MSM donors had higher frequencies of blood CD38+ HLADR+ and CD103+ T cells and their fecal recipients had higher frequencies of gut CD69+ and CD103+ T cells, compared with HIV-negative MSW donors and recipients, respectively. Significant microbiome differences were not detected between HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM in this small donor cohort, and immune differences between their recipients were trending but not statistically significant. A larger donor cohort may therefore be needed to detect immune-modulating microbes associated with HIV. To investigate whether our findings in mice could have implications for HIV replication, we infected primary human lamina propria cells stimulated with isolated fecal microbiota, and found that microbiota from MSM stimulated higher frequencies of HIV-infected cells than microbiota from MSW. Finally, we identified several microbes that correlated with immune readouts in both fecal recipients and donors, and with in vitro HIV infection, which suggests a role for gut microbiota in immune activation and potentially HIV acquisition in MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam X. Li
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sharon Sen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ka-Na Xiong
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nichole M. Nusbacher
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nancy Moreno-Huizar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Shaffer
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Abigail J. S. Armstrong
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin Severs
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristine Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles P. Neff
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin McCarter
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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14
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Armstrong AJS, Shaffer M, Nusbacher NM, Griesmer C, Fiorillo S, Schneider JM, Preston Neff C, Li SX, Fontenot AP, Campbell T, Palmer BE, Lozupone CA. An exploration of Prevotella-rich microbiomes in HIV and men who have sex with men. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:198. [PMID: 30396369 PMCID: PMC6219090 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiome characteristics associated with HIV infection are of intense research interest but a deep understanding has been challenged by confounding factors across studied populations. Notably, a Prevotella-rich microbiome described in HIV-infected populations is now understood to be common in men who have sex with men (MSM) regardless of HIV status, but driving factors and potential health implications are unknown. RESULTS Here, we further define the MSM-associated gut microbiome and describe compositional differences between the fecal microbiomes of Prevotella-rich MSM and non-MSM that may underlie observed pro-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, we show relatively subtle gut microbiome changes in HIV infection in MSM and women that include an increase in potential pathogens that is ameliorated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Lastly, using a longitudinal cohort, we describe microbiome changes that happen after ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an in-depth characterization of microbiome differences that occur in a US population infected with HIV and demonstrates the degree to which these differences may be driven by lifestyle factors, ART, and HIV infection itself. Understanding microbiome compositions that occur with sexual behaviors that are high risk for acquiring HIV and untreated and ART-treated HIV infection will guide the investigation of immune and metabolic functional implications to ultimately target the microbiome therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. S. Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Michael Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Nichole M. Nusbacher
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Christine Griesmer
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Suzanne Fiorillo
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - C. Preston Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Sam X. Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Andrew P. Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Thomas Campbell
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
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15
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Mikołajczyk A, Złotkowska D. Neuroimmunological Implications of Subclinical Lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103274. [PMID: 30360353 PMCID: PMC6214136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in neuroimmunological responses, but the body’s response to subclinical doses of bacterial endotoxin remains poorly understood. The influence of a low single dose of LPS from Salmonella Enteritidis, which does not result in any clinical symptoms of intoxication (subclinical lipopolysaccharide), on selected cells and signal molecules of the neuroimmune system was tested. Five juvenile crossbred female pigs were intravenously injected with LPS from S. Enteritidis (5 μg/kg body weight (b.w.)), while five pigs from the control group received sodium chloride in the same way. Our data demonstrated that subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis increased levels of dopamine in the brain and neuropeptides such as substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and active intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cervical lymph nodes with serum hyperhaptoglobinaemia and reduction of plasma CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes seven days after lipopolysaccharide administration. CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes from the cervical lymph node and serum interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor α showed no significant differences between the control and lipopolysaccharide groups. Subclinical lipopolysaccharide from S. Enteritidis can affect cells and signal molecules of the neuroimmune system. The presence of subclinical lipopolysaccharide from S. Enteritidis is associated with unknown prolonged consequences and may require eradication and a deeper search into the asymptomatic carrier state of Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Złotkowska
- Department of Food Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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16
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Neff CP, Krueger O, Xiong K, Arif S, Nusbacher N, Schneider JM, Cunningham AW, Armstrong A, Li S, McCarter MD, Campbell TB, Lozupone CA, Palmer BE. Fecal Microbiota Composition Drives Immune Activation in HIV-infected Individuals. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:192-202. [PMID: 29650491 PMCID: PMC5952409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory properties of the enteric microbiota of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals are of considerable interest because of strong evidence that bacterial translocation contributes to chronic immune activation and disease progression. Altered enteric microbiota composition occurs with HIV infection but whether altered microbiota composition or increased intestinal permeability alone drives peripheral immune activation is controversial. To comprehensively assess the inflammatory properties of HIV-associated enteric microbiota and relate these to systemic immune activation, we developed methods to purify whole fecal bacterial communities (FBCs) from stool for use in in vitro immune stimulation assays with human cells. We show that the enteric microbiota of untreated HIV-infected subjects induce significantly higher levels of activated monocytes and T cells compared to seronegative subjects. FBCs from anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals induced intermediate T cell activation, indicating an only partial correction of adaptive immune cell activation capacity of the microbiome with ART. In vitro activation levels correlated with activation levels and viral load in blood and were particularly high in individuals harboring specific gram-positive opportunistic pathogens. Blockade experiments implicated Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and Toll-Like Receptor-2 (TLR2), which recognizes peptidoglycan, as strong mediators of T cell activation; This may contradict a previous focus on lipopolysaccharide as a primary mediator of chronic immune activation. These data support that increased inflammatory properties of the enteric microbiota and not increased permeability alone drives chronic inflammation in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Preston Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Owen Krueger
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathy Xiong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sabrina Arif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nichole Nusbacher
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer M Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Annie W Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Abigail Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sam Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas B Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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17
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Substance-associated elevations in monocyte activation among methamphetamine users with treated HIV infection. AIDS 2018; 32:767-771. [PMID: 29369159 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microbial translocation and monocyte activation predict mortality in treated HIV. We examined whether substance use independently contributes to these pathophysiologic processes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study at baseline for a randomized controlled trial. METHODS HIV-positive, methamphetamine-using MSM with undetectable HIV viral load (less than 40 copies/ml) were enrolled. We examined if plasma biomarkers of monocyte activation and intestinal barrier integrity were associated with the following: reactive urine toxicology results (Tox+) for stimulants (i.e., methamphetamine or cocaine) and substance use severity measured by the Addiction Severity Index. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, antiretroviral therapy regimen, CD4 T-cell count, interleukin-6, and alcohol use severity. RESULTS The sample of 84 virally suppressed MSM had a median CD4 T-cell count of 645 cells/μl. Those who were Tox+ for stimulants displayed higher soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels (2087 versus 1801 ng/ml; P = 0.009), and this difference remained significant after adjusting for covariates (standardized beta = 0.23, P = 0.026). Greater substance use severity was also independently associated with higher sCD14 after adjusting for covariates (standardized beta = 0.29, P = 0.013). Being Tox+ for stimulants and substance use severity were not associated with soluble CD163 (sCD163) or intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP) levels (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Monocyte activation is one plausible mechanism by which stimulant use may increase clinical HIV progression.
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18
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Keefer MC, Zheng B, Rosenberg AF, Kobie JJ. Increased Steady-State Memory B Cell Subsets Among High-Risk Participants in an HIV Vaccine Trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 32:1143-1148. [PMID: 27612555 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of an HIV vaccine will require induction of a protective immune response in the most at-risk populations. The increased incidence of HIV infection in high-risk populations is assumed to be primarily the result of more frequent exposure to the virus or a greater inoculum of the virus; however, underlying variations in immune homeostasis may also contribute to HIV susceptibility and potentially impact vaccine responses and those required for protection. As an effective humoral immune response is likely to be a critical component of a protective HIV vaccine, we evaluated the steady-state phenotypic profile of peripheral blood B cells by flow cytometry from participants in the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 203 Phase 2a HIV vaccine trial considered to be at higher risk and lower risk for HIV acquisition. Overall, high-risk participants exhibited increased frequency of unswitched IgM memory and activated switched IgD-CD95+ memory B cells than low-risk participants. Most (93%) of the high-risk male participants were men who have sex with men who engaged in high-risk sexual behavior. High-risk males had a significantly increased frequency of CXCR3+ IgD-CD95+ B cells than low-risk males. These results suggest that high-risk populations have altered B cell homeostasis. The increased frequency of activated and memory B cells may suggest increased immune activation in high-risk populations, which may contribute to possible differential responses to HIV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Keefer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Bo Zheng
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Contoreggi C, Chrousos GP, Mascio MD. Chronic distress and the vulnerable host: a new target for HIV treatment and prevention? NEUROBEHAVIORAL HIV MEDICINE 2016; 7:53-75. [PMID: 34295195 PMCID: PMC8293862 DOI: 10.2147/nbhiv.s86309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic stress (distress) disturbs immune, cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral homeostasis. Individuals living with HIV and those at risk are vulnerable to stress disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is critical in neuroendocrine immune regulation. CRH, a neuropeptide, is distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts principally on CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1). CRH in the brain modulates neuropsychiatric disorders. CRH and stress modulation of immunity is two-pronged; there is a direct action on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids and through immune organ sympathetic innervation. CRH is a central and systemic proinflammatory cytokine. Glucocorticoids and their receptors have gene regulatory actions on viral replication and cause central and systemic immune suppression. CRH and stress activation contributes to central nervous system (CNS) viral entry important in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and HIV-associated dementia. CNS CRH overproduction short-circuits reward, executive, and emotional control, leading to addiction, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric comorbidity. CRHR1 is an important therapeutic target for medication development. CRHR1 antagonist clinical trials have focused on psychiatric disorders with little attention paid to neuroendocrine immune disorders. Studies of those with HIV and those at risk show that concurrent stress-related disorders contribute to higher morbidity and mortality; stress-related conditions, addiction, immune dysfunction, and comorbid psychiatric illness all increase HIV transmission. Neuropsychiatric disease, chronic inflammation, and substance abuse are endemic, and chronic distress is a pathologic factor. It is being understood that stress and CRH are fundamental to neuroendocrine immunity; therapeutic interventions with existing and novel agents hold promise for restoring homeostasis, reducing morbidity and mortality for those with HIV and possibly reducing future disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contoreggi
- Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George P Chrousos
- Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Michele Di Mascio
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Increased frequencies of CD8 +CD57 + T cells are associated with antibody neutralization breadth against HIV in viraemic controllers. J Int AIDS Soc 2016; 19:21136. [PMID: 27938646 PMCID: PMC5149708 DOI: 10.7448/ias.19.1.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An effective prophylactic vaccine against HIV will need to elicit antibody responses capable of recognizing and neutralizing rapidly evolving antigenic regions. The immunologic milieu associated with development of neutralizing antibody breadth remains to be fully defined. In this study, we sought to identify immunological signatures associated with neutralization breadth in HIV controllers. We applied an immune monitoring approach to analyze markers of T cell and myeloid cell activation by flow cytometry, comparing broad neutralizers with low- and non-neutralizers using multivariate and univariate analyses. Methods Antibody neutralization breadth was determined, and cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained for T cell and myeloid cell activation markers. Subjects were grouped according to neutralization breadth, and T cell and myeloid cell activation was analyzed by partial least squares discriminant analysis to determine immune signatures associated with high neutralization breadth. Results We show that neutralization breadth in HIV viraemic controllers (VC) was strongly associated with increased frequencies of CD8+CD57+ T cells and that this association was independent of viral load, CD4 count and time since HIV diagnosis. Conclusions Our data show elevated frequencies of CD8+CD57+ T cells in VC who develop neutralization breadth against HIV. This immune signature could serve as a potential biomarker of neutralization breadth and should be further investigated in other HIV-positive cohorts and in HIV vaccine trials.
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Piepenbrink MS, Samuel M, Zheng B, Carter B, Fucile C, Bunce C, Kiebala M, Khan AA, Thakar J, Maggirwar SB, Morse D, Rosenberg AF, Haughey NJ, Valenti W, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ. Humoral Dysregulation Associated with Increased Systemic Inflammation among Injection Heroin Users. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158641. [PMID: 27379802 PMCID: PMC4933366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Injection drug use is a growing major public health concern. Injection drug users (IDUs) have a higher incidence of co-morbidities including HIV, Hepatitis, and other infections. An effective humoral response is critical for optimal homeostasis and protection from infection; however, the impact of injection heroin use on humoral immunity is poorly understood. We hypothesized that IDUs have altered B cell and antibody profiles. Methods and Findings A comprehensive systems biology-based cross-sectional assessment of 130 peripheral blood B cell flow cytometry- and plasma- based features was performed on HIV-/Hepatitis C-, active heroin IDUs who participated in a syringe exchange program (n = 19) and healthy control subjects (n = 19). The IDU group had substantial polydrug use, with 89% reporting cocaine injection within the preceding month. IDUs exhibited a significant, 2-fold increase in total B cells compared to healthy subjects, which was associated with increased activated B cell subsets. Although plasma total IgG titers were similar between groups, IDUs had significantly higher IgG3 and IgG4, suggestive of chronic B cell activation. Total IgM was also increased in IDUs, as well as HIV Envelope-specific IgM, suggestive of increased HIV exposure. IDUs exhibited numerous features suggestive of systemic inflammation, including significantly increased plasma sCD40L, TNF-α, TGF-α, IL-8, and ceramide metabolites. Machine learning multivariate analysis distilled a set of 10 features that classified samples based on group with absolute accuracy. Conclusions These results demonstrate broad alterations in the steady-state humoral profile of IDUs that are associated with increased systemic inflammation. Such dysregulation may impact the ability of IDUs to generate optimal responses to vaccination and infection, or lead to increased risk for inflammation-related co-morbidities, and should be considered when developing immune-based interventions for this growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Memorie Samuel
- School of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Bo Zheng
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Brittany Carter
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fucile
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bunce
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle Kiebala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Atif A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Diane Morse
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - William Valenti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Trillium Health, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Palmer CD, Romero-Tejeda M, Sirignano M, Sharma S, Allen TM, Altfeld M, Jost S. Naturally Occurring Subclinical Endotoxemia in Humans Alters Adaptive and Innate Immune Functions through Reduced MAPK and Increased STAT1 Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:668-77. [PMID: 26643479 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown correlates of immune activation with microbial translocation and plasma LPS during HIV infection. It is unclear whether this activation is due to LPS, residual viral replication, or both. Few studies have addressed the effects of persistent in vivo levels of LPS on specific immune functions in humans in the absence of chronic viral infection or pathological settings such as sepsis. We previously reported on a cohort of HIV-negative men with subclinical endotoxemia linked to alterations in CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and plasma cytokine levels. This HIV-negative cohort allowed us to assess cellular immune functions in the context of different subclinical plasma LPS levels ex vivo without confounding viral effects. By comparing two samples of differing plasma LPS levels from each individual, we now show that subclinical levels of plasma LPS in vivo significantly alter T cell proliferative capacity, monocyte cytokine release, and HLA-DR expression, and induce TLR cross-tolerance by decreased phosphorylation of MAPK pathway components. Using this human in vivo model of subclinical endotoxemia, we furthermore show that plasma LPS leads to constitutive activation of STAT1 through autocrine cytokine signaling, suggesting that subclinical endotoxemia in healthy individuals might lead to significant changes in immune function that have thus far not been appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Todd M Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; and Department of Viral Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
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